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R&S®ESR
EMI Test Receiver
User Manual
(;ÙÔÒ2)
1175706802
Version 13
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This manual covers the following products:
●
R&S ESR3 (1316.3003.03)
●
R&S ESR7 (1316.3003.07)
●
R&S ESR26 (1316.3003.26)
●
R&S FSV-B9
●
R&S ESR-B50 (1316.3584.02)
●
R&S ESR-K53 (1316.3590.02)
●
R&S ESR-K56 (1316.3610.02)
The contents of this manual correspond to firmware version 3.66 or higher.
© 2021 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1175.7068.02 | Version 13 | R&S®ESR
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®ESR is indicated as
R&S ESR.
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R&S®ESR
Contents
Contents
1 Safety and Regulatory Information.................................................... 19
1.1 Safety Instructions......................................................................................................19
1.2 Warning Messages in the Documentation................................................................22
1.3 Korea certification class A......................................................................................... 22
2 Documentation Overview....................................................................23
2.1 Getting Started Manual...............................................................................................23
2.2 User Manuals and Help...............................................................................................23
2.3 Service Manual............................................................................................................ 23
2.4 Instrument Security Procedures................................................................................24
2.5 Basic Safety Instructions........................................................................................... 24
2.6 Data Sheets and Brochures....................................................................................... 24
2.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA).....................................24
2.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.......................................24
3 Conventions Used in the Documentation..........................................25
3.1 Typographical Conventions....................................................................................... 25
3.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions................................................................. 25
3.3 Notes on Screenshots................................................................................................ 25
4 Instrument Tour....................................................................................26
4.1 The Front Panel........................................................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Touchscreen Display.....................................................................................................27
4.1.2 Function Keys on the Front Panel.................................................................................28
4.1.3 USB Interface................................................................................................................30
4.1.4 Noise Source Control.................................................................................................... 31
4.1.5 RF Input 50Ω.................................................................................................................31
4.1.6 Probe Power................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.7 AF Output......................................................................................................................31
4.1.8 Tracking Generator Output (Optional)...........................................................................32
4.2 Rear Panel View...........................................................................................................32
4.2.1 AC Power Supply Connection and Main Power Switch................................................ 33
4.2.2 LAN............................................................................................................................... 33
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Contents
4.2.3 VGA Interface................................................................................................................33
4.2.4 Ext Trigger / Gate In......................................................................................................33
4.2.5 Ref In.............................................................................................................................33
4.2.6 Ref Out..........................................................................................................................33
4.2.7 GPIB Interface...............................................................................................................34
4.2.8 Trigger Output............................................................................................................... 34
4.2.9 IF / Video.......................................................................................................................34
4.2.10 USB...............................................................................................................................34
4.2.11 AUX Port....................................................................................................................... 34
4.2.12 OCXO option (R&S FSV-B4).........................................................................................35
4.2.13 Device ID.......................................................................................................................35
5 Preparing For Use................................................................................36
5.1 Lifting and Carrying.................................................................................................... 36
5.2 Unpacking and Checking........................................................................................... 36
5.3 Choosing the Operating Site......................................................................................37
5.4 Setting up the R&S ESR............................................................................................. 37
5.5 Placing the R&S ESR on a Bench Top...................................................................... 37
5.6 Mounting the R&S ESR in a Rack..............................................................................38
5.7 Connecting the AC Power.......................................................................................... 39
5.8 Connecting to a DC Power Source (Optional)..........................................................39
5.9 Switching the Instrument On and Off........................................................................40
5.10 Connecting to LAN......................................................................................................41
5.11 Connecting a Keyboard..............................................................................................42
5.12 Connecting an External Monitor................................................................................42
5.13 Windows Operating System.......................................................................................43
5.14 Logging On.................................................................................................................. 44
5.15 Checking the Supplied Options.................................................................................46
5.16 Performing a Self Alignment and a Self Test............................................................46
5.17 Considerations for Test Setup................................................................................... 47
6 Firmware Update and Installation of Firmware Options...................48
6.1 Firmware Update......................................................................................................... 48
6.2 Activating Firmware Options..................................................................................... 49
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Contents
7 Basic Operations..................................................................................51
7.1 Information in the Diagram Area............................................................................... 51
7.1.1 Channel Display............................................................................................................ 52
7.1.2 Display of Hardware Settings........................................................................................53
7.1.3 Measurement Settings Information............................................................................... 54
7.1.4 Diagram-specific and Trace Information....................................................................... 55
7.1.5 Instrument and Status Information................................................................................ 57
7.2 Means of User Interaction.......................................................................................... 58
7.2.1 Toolbar.......................................................................................................................... 59
7.2.2 Touchscreen..................................................................................................................60
7.2.3 On-screen Keyboard..................................................................................................... 61
7.2.4 Keypad.......................................................................................................................... 61
7.2.5 Rotary Knob.................................................................................................................. 62
7.2.6 Arrow Keys, UNDO/REDO Keys...................................................................................63
7.2.7 Softkeys........................................................................................................................ 64
7.2.8 Context-sensitive Menus...............................................................................................65
7.2.9 Dialog Boxes................................................................................................................. 66
7.3 Setting Parameters..................................................................................................... 67
7.3.1 Entering Numeric Parameters.......................................................................................67
7.3.2 Entering Alphanumeric Parameters.............................................................................. 67
7.3.3 Navigating in Dialog Boxes........................................................................................... 69
7.4 Changing the Display................................................................................................. 72
7.4.1 Changing the Focus...................................................................................................... 72
7.4.2 Switching between Split and Maximized Display.......................................................... 72
7.4.3 Soft and Mini Soft Front Panel Display......................................................................... 72
7.4.4 Enlarging the Display Area............................................................................................75
7.4.5 Displaying the Toolbar...................................................................................................76
7.4.6 Zooming into the Diagram.............................................................................................76
7.4.7 Adding a Title to the Diagram Header...........................................................................78
7.4.8 Removing the Diagram Footer...................................................................................... 78
7.4.9 Selecting a Theme........................................................................................................ 79
7.4.10 Displaying and Setting the Date and Time....................................................................79
7.4.11 Changing the Display Update Rate...............................................................................80
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8.1.1.1 Increasing the Frequency Resolution............................................................................82
8.1.1.2 Setting the Reference Level..........................................................................................83
Contents
8 Basic Measurement Examples............................................................81
8.1 Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal.................................................................................. 81
8.1.1 Measuring the Level and Frequency Using Markers.....................................................81
8.1.2 Measuring the Signal Frequency Using the Frequency Counter.................................. 84
8.2 Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals........................................................... 85
8.3 Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals......................................................89
8.3.1 Separating Signals by Selecting the Resolution Bandwidth..........................................89
8.3.2 Measuring the Modulation Depth of an AM-Modulated Carrier (Span > 0)...................93
8.3.3 Measuring AM-Modulated Signals................................................................................ 94
8.4 Measurements in Zero Span...................................................................................... 96
8.4.1 Measuring the Power Characteristic of Burst Signals................................................... 96
8.4.1.1 Measuring the Power of a GSM Burst During the Activation Phase............................. 96
8.4.1.2 Measuring the Edges of a GSM Burst with High Time Resolution................................98
8.4.2 Measuring the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Burst Signals................................................ 100
8.4.3 Measuring FM-Modulated Signals.............................................................................. 103
8.5 Storing and Loading Instrument Settings...............................................................107
8.5.1 Storing an Instrument Configuration (without Traces).................................................107
8.5.2 Storing Traces.............................................................................................................108
8.5.3 Loading an Instrument Configuration (with Traces).................................................... 108
8.5.4 Configuring Automatic Loading................................................................................... 109
9 Measurement Modes..........................................................................110
9.1 Receiver Mode........................................................................................................... 110
9.2 Spectrum Mode......................................................................................................... 110
9.3 I/Q Analyzer Mode..................................................................................................... 111
9.4 Real Time Mode......................................................................................................... 111
9.5 Measurement Mode Root Menus (HOME Key)........................................................111
10 Receiver Mode....................................................................................112
10.1 Measurements and Result Displays........................................................................ 112
10.1.1 Bargraph Measurement...............................................................................................112
10.1.2 IF Spectrum Analysis...................................................................................................113
10.1.3 Scans...........................................................................................................................114
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10.1.3.1 Stepped Scans in the Frequency Domain...................................................................115
10.1.3.2 Time Domain Scans in the Frequency Domain...........................................................116
10.1.3.3 The Scan Table............................................................................................................116
10.1.3.4 Scan on a Fixed Frequency.........................................................................................118
10.1.6.1 How a Spectrogram Works......................................................................................... 121
10.1.6.2 Color Map....................................................................................................................122
10.1.7.1 Running Scans and Measurements............................................................................ 126
10.1.7.2 Selecting the Result Display....................................................................................... 126
10.1.7.3 Bargraph Control.........................................................................................................127
Contents
10.1.4 Peak List and Data Reduction.....................................................................................118
10.1.5 Final Measurement..................................................................................................... 120
10.1.6 Spectrogram................................................................................................................121
10.1.7 Measurement Control..................................................................................................126
10.1.7.4 Scan Control............................................................................................................... 128
10.1.7.5 Final Measurement Control.........................................................................................130
10.1.7.6 Measurement Settings................................................................................................ 132
10.1.7.7 Spectrogram Configuration......................................................................................... 134
10.2 Measurement Basics................................................................................................ 136
10.2.1 Measurement Bandwidth............................................................................................ 136
10.2.2 Detectors.....................................................................................................................137
10.2.3 Trace Modes............................................................................................................... 141
10.2.4 AF Demodulation........................................................................................................ 142
10.2.5 V-Networks Control (LISN)..........................................................................................143
10.2.6 Transducers................................................................................................................ 145
10.2.7 Preamplifier................................................................................................................. 146
10.2.8 Exported Peak List...................................................................................................... 146
10.2.9 Formats for Returned Values: ASCII Format and Binary Format................................ 147
10.3 Common Measurement Settings............................................................................. 149
10.3.1 Defining the Frequency and Span...............................................................................149
10.3.2 Configuring the Level Display and the RF Input..........................................................151
10.3.3 Selecting the Bandwidth..............................................................................................154
10.3.4 Configuring the Scan...................................................................................................155
10.3.5 Configuring the Trigger................................................................................................156
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10.3.7.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 158
10.3.7.2 Scan Table.................................................................................................................. 160
10.3.7.3 Peak Search................................................................................................................162
10.3.7.4 Peak Lists....................................................................................................................164
10.3.7.5 Trace / Final Meas.......................................................................................................166
10.3.7.6 LISN Settings.............................................................................................................. 166
10.4.2.1 Controlling Markers..................................................................................................... 170
10.4.2.2 Positioning Markers.....................................................................................................174
Contents
10.3.6 Controlling Inputs and Outputs....................................................................................157
10.3.7 Test Automation.......................................................................................................... 158
10.4 Common Analysis Functions...................................................................................168
10.4.1 Trace Configuration.....................................................................................................168
10.4.2 Markers....................................................................................................................... 170
10.4.2.3 Markers in Spectrograms............................................................................................ 177
10.4.3 (Limit) Lines.................................................................................................................178
10.4.3.1 Softkeys of the Lines Menu.........................................................................................179
10.4.3.2 Display Lines...............................................................................................................183
10.4.3.3 Limit Lines (Frequency/Time Lines)............................................................................ 184
10.4.3.4 Working with Lines...................................................................................................... 185
10.4.3.5 Selecting a Limit Line.................................................................................................. 185
10.4.3.6 Creating a New Limit Line........................................................................................... 186
10.4.3.7 Editing an Existing Limit Line...................................................................................... 189
10.4.3.8 Creating a New Limit Line Based upon an Existing Limit Line....................................189
10.4.3.9 Activating/Deactivating a Limit Line............................................................................ 190
11 Spectrum Measurements.................................................................. 191
11.1 Measurements...........................................................................................................191
11.1.1 Power Measurements – MEAS Key............................................................................191
11.1.1.1 Softkeys of the Power Measurement Menu................................................................ 192
11.1.1.2 Measuring Channel Power and Adjacent-Channel Power.......................................... 195
11.1.1.3 Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio......................................................................... 219
11.1.1.4 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth........................................................................... 222
11.1.1.5 Measuring with Spectrum Emission Masks.................................................................226
11.1.1.6 Measuring Spurious Emissions...................................................................................253
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11.1.1.7 Measuring the Power in Zero Span.............................................................................264
11.1.1.8 Performing EMI Measurements.................................................................................. 267
11.1.1.9 CISPR APD Measurement (Amplitude Probability Distribution)..................................277
11.1.1.10 Calculating Signal Amplitude Statistics....................................................................... 282
11.1.1.11 Measuring the Third Order Intercept Point (TOI).........................................................300
11.1.1.12 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth..........................................................................306
11.1.1.13 Measuring Harmonic Distortion...................................................................................307
11.1.2 Measurement Configuration – MEAS CONFIG Key....................................................311
11.1.3 Performing Measurements – RUN SINGLE/RUN CONT Keys................................... 311
11.2 Configuration.............................................................................................................311
11.2.1 Initializing the Configuration – PRESET Key.............................................................. 312
11.2.1.1 Presetting the Instrument............................................................................................ 312
11.2.1.2 Initial Configuration..................................................................................................... 312
Contents
11.2.2 Selecting the Frequency and Span – FREQ Key........................................................314
11.2.2.1 Softkeys of the Frequency Menu................................................................................ 314
11.2.2.2 Specifying the Frequency Axis by the Start and Stop Frequency............................... 318
11.2.2.3 Specifying the Frequency Axis by the Center Frequency and the Span.....................318
11.2.2.4 Specifying the Step Size for the Arrow Keys and the Rotary Knob.............................318
11.2.2.5 Modifying the Frequency Axis by an Offset.................................................................319
11.2.2.6 Tracking Signals (Span > 0)........................................................................................319
11.2.3 Setting the Frequency Span – SPAN Key...................................................................319
11.2.3.1 Softkeys of the Span Menu......................................................................................... 320
11.2.3.2 Specifying the Span (Alternatives).............................................................................. 320
11.2.4 Setting the Level Display and Configuring the RF Input – AMPT Key........................ 321
11.2.4.1 Softkeys of the Amplitude Menu................................................................................. 321
11.2.4.2 Specifying the Amplitude.............................................................................................326
11.2.5 Defining Automatic Settings – AUTO SET Key...........................................................326
11.2.5.1 Softkeys of the Auto Set Menu....................................................................................326
11.2.6 Setting the Bandwidths and Sweep Time – BW Key...................................................330
11.2.6.1 Softkeys of the Bandwidth Menu.................................................................................330
11.2.6.2 Specifying the Bandwidth............................................................................................336
11.2.6.3 Selecting the Appropriate Filter Type..........................................................................336
11.2.6.4 List of Available RRC and Channel Filters.................................................................. 337
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11.2.7.1 Softkeys of the Sweep Menu...................................................................................... 339
11.2.7.2 Specifying the Sweep Settings....................................................................................344
11.2.8.1 Softkeys of the Trigger Menu...................................................................................... 344
11.2.8.2 Specifying the Trigger Settings................................................................................... 351
11.2.8.3 Using Gated Sweep Operation................................................................................... 351
11.2.9.1 Softkeys of the Input/Output Menu..............................................................................353
11.2.9.2 Using Active Probes for Input......................................................................................355
11.3.1.1 Softkeys of the Trace Menu........................................................................................ 358
Contents
11.2.7 Configuring the Sweep Mode – SWEEP Key..............................................................339
11.2.8 Triggering the Sweep – TRIG Key.............................................................................. 344
11.2.9 Input/Output Configuration – INPUT/OUTPUT Key.................................................... 353
11.3 Analysis..................................................................................................................... 357
11.3.1 Trace Configuration.....................................................................................................358
11.3.1.2 Configuring Traces......................................................................................................365
11.3.1.3 Specifying the Trace Settings......................................................................................367
11.3.1.4 Description of the Averaging Method.......................................................................... 367
11.3.1.5 Detector Overview.......................................................................................................369
11.3.1.6 ASCII File Export Format............................................................................................ 369
11.3.2 Spectrogram................................................................................................................372
11.3.2.1 Working with Spectrograms........................................................................................ 372
11.3.2.2 Softkeys of the Spectrogram Menu.............................................................................375
11.3.3 Markers....................................................................................................................... 376
11.3.3.1 Controlling Markers..................................................................................................... 376
11.3.3.2 Positioning Markers (MKR➙ Key)...............................................................................381
11.3.3.3 Performing Peak Searches with Markers – PEAK SEARCH Key............................... 385
11.3.3.4 Measuring with Markers (MKR FUNC Key)................................................................ 386
11.3.4 Lines............................................................................................................................399
11.4 Advanced Measurement Examples.........................................................................400
11.4.1 Test Setup................................................................................................................... 400
11.4.2 Measurement of Harmonics........................................................................................ 401
11.4.3 Measuring the Spectra of Complex Signals................................................................ 403
11.4.3.1 Separating Signals by Selecting an Appropriate Resolution Bandwidth..................... 403
11.4.3.2 Intermodulation Measurements...................................................................................404
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11.4.4.1 Measurement Example – Measuring Level at Low S/N Ratios................................... 407
11.4.5.1 Measuring Noise Power Density................................................................................. 412
11.4.5.2 Measurement of Noise Power within a Transmission Channel...................................414
11.4.5.3 Measuring Phase Noise.............................................................................................. 416
11.4.6.1 Measuring Channel Power and Adjacent Channel Power.......................................... 418
11.4.6.2 Amplitude Distribution Measurements........................................................................ 425
Contents
11.4.4 Measuring Signals in the Vicinity of Noise.................................................................. 406
11.4.5 Noise Measurements...................................................................................................411
11.4.6 Measurements on Modulated Signals.........................................................................418
12 I/Q Analyzer........................................................................................ 428
12.1 Softkeys and Parameters of the I/Q Analyzer Menu.............................................. 429
12.2 Softkeys of the Amplitude Menu in I/Q Analyzer Mode......................................... 434
12.3 Softkeys of the Marker To Menu in I/Q Analyzer Mode..........................................439
12.4 Softkeys of the Trigger Menu in I/Q Analyzer Mode.............................................. 439
12.5 Working with I/Q Data............................................................................................... 443
12.5.1 Sample Rate and Maximum Usable Bandwidth (RF Input).........................................444
13 Tracking Generator............................................................................446
13.1 Softkeys of the Tracking Generator Menu..............................................................446
13.2 Connecting External Tracking Generators............................................................. 451
13.2.1 Overview of Generators Supported by the R&S ESR................................................. 452
13.3 Configuring Tracking Generators............................................................................455
13.3.1 Internal Tracking Generator........................................................................................ 455
13.3.2 External Tracking Generator....................................................................................... 457
13.4 Tracking Generator Functions.................................................................................462
13.4.1 Calibration mechanism................................................................................................462
13.4.2 Calibrating for transmission and reflection measurement........................................... 463
13.4.3 Transmission measurement........................................................................................464
13.4.4 Reflection measurement............................................................................................. 464
13.4.5 Normalization.............................................................................................................. 464
13.4.6 Modulation (internal Tracking Generator only)............................................................468
13.5 Displayed Information and Errors........................................................................... 470
14 System Configuration........................................................................472
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15.1.3.1 iq-tar File Format Specification................................................................................... 508
Contents
14.1 Manual Operation – Local Menu.............................................................................. 472
14.2 User-Defined Menu – USER key.............................................................................. 473
14.3 Instrument Setup and Interface Configuration – SETUP Key............................... 474
14.3.1 Softkeys of the Setup Menu........................................................................................ 475
15 Data Management and Documentation............................................499
15.1 Saving and Recalling Settings Files – SAVE/RCL Key.......................................... 499
15.1.1 Softkeys of the SAVE/RCL Menu................................................................................500
15.1.2 File Selection Dialog Boxes........................................................................................ 506
15.1.3 Importing and Exporting I/Q Data................................................................................508
15.2 Measurement Documentation – PRINT Key........................................................... 513
15.3 Working with Test Reports....................................................................................... 517
15.3.1 Designing a Test Report Template.............................................................................. 517
15.3.2 Creating a Test Report................................................................................................ 521
16 Remote Control.................................................................................. 524
16.1 Remote Control - Basics.......................................................................................... 524
16.1.1 Remote Control Interfaces and Protocols................................................................... 524
16.1.1.1 VISA Libraries............................................................................................................. 526
16.1.1.2 Messages....................................................................................................................526
16.1.1.3 LAN Interface.............................................................................................................. 527
16.1.1.4 GPIB Interface (IEC 625/IEEE 418 Bus Interface)......................................................530
16.1.2 Starting a Remote Control Session.............................................................................534
16.1.3 Returning to Manual Operation................................................................................... 535
16.1.4 SCPI command structure............................................................................................ 535
16.1.4.1 Syntax for common commands...................................................................................535
16.1.4.2 Syntax for instrument-specific commands.................................................................. 536
16.1.4.3 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................537
16.1.4.4 Overview of syntax elements...................................................................................... 540
16.1.4.5 Structure of a command line....................................................................................... 541
16.1.4.6 Responses to queries................................................................................................. 542
16.1.5 Command Sequence and Synchronization.................................................................543
16.1.5.1 Preventing overlapping execution............................................................................... 544
16.1.6 Status Reporting System............................................................................................ 546
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16.1.6.1 Hierarchy of Status Registers..................................................................................... 546
16.1.6.2 Structure of a SCPI status register..............................................................................546
16.1.6.3 Contents of the Status Register.................................................................................. 548
16.1.6.4 Application of the Status Reporting System................................................................560
16.1.6.5 Reset Values of the Status Reporting System............................................................ 562
16.2.1.1 Configuring the R&S ESR for Remote Operation....................................................... 566
16.2.1.2 Configuring the Controller........................................................................................... 567
16.2.1.3 Starting and Terminating Remote Operation...............................................................569
16.2.1.4 Deactivating the R&S ESR via Remote Operation......................................................571
Contents
16.1.7 General programming recommendations....................................................................563
16.1.8 The IECWIN tool......................................................................................................... 563
16.2 Controlling the R&S ESR Remotely........................................................................ 565
16.2.1 Setting Up Windows Remote Desktop........................................................................ 565
16.2.2 Setting Up a VNC Client..............................................................................................571
16.2.3 Configuring the GPIB Interface................................................................................... 572
16.2.4 Setting up a network (LAN) connection.......................................................................573
16.2.4.1 Connecting the instrument to the network...................................................................573
16.2.4.2 Assigning the IP address............................................................................................ 574
16.2.4.3 Using computer names............................................................................................... 577
16.2.4.4 Changing the windows firewall settings...................................................................... 578
16.2.5 How to configure the LAN using the web browser interface....................................... 578
16.2.5.1 LAN configuration........................................................................................................579
16.2.6 Configuring the Network..............................................................................................580
16.2.6.1 Operating the Instrument Without a Network.............................................................. 581
16.2.6.2 Creating Users............................................................................................................ 581
16.2.6.3 Changing the User Password..................................................................................... 581
16.2.6.4 Mapping Network Drives............................................................................................. 582
16.2.6.5 Sharing Directories (only with Microsoft Networks).....................................................583
16.2.7 Brief Introduction to Remote Control...........................................................................584
16.2.7.1 Basic Steps in Remote Control Programming.............................................................584
16.2.7.2 Detailed Programming Examples................................................................................591
16.3 Selecting the Operating Mode................................................................................. 603
16.4 Remote Commands in Receiver Mode....................................................................605
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16.4.1.1 Display Configuration.................................................................................................. 605
16.4.1.2 Bargraph Control.........................................................................................................606
16.4.1.3 Scan Control............................................................................................................... 608
16.4.1.4 Final Measurements and Automated Test Sequence Control.....................................610
16.4.1.5 Trace Data and Result Query......................................................................................612
16.4.1.6 Fixed Frequency Scans.............................................................................................. 616
16.4.1.7 Demodulating Analog Signals..................................................................................... 616
16.4.1.8 Spectrogram Control................................................................................................... 618
Contents
16.4.1 Measurements and Result Displays............................................................................605
16.4.2 Defining the Frequency............................................................................................... 633
16.4.3 Configuring the Vertical Axis....................................................................................... 636
16.4.4 Selecting the Bandwidth..............................................................................................639
16.4.5 Controlling Inputs and Outputs....................................................................................641
16.4.6 Test Automation.......................................................................................................... 641
16.4.6.1 General Scan Configuration........................................................................................642
16.4.6.2 Scan Table.................................................................................................................. 643
16.4.6.3 Peak Search................................................................................................................647
16.4.6.4 Peak Lists....................................................................................................................650
16.4.6.5 Trace Configuration.....................................................................................................651
16.4.6.6 LISN Settings.............................................................................................................. 653
16.4.7 Working with Markers..................................................................................................656
16.4.7.1 Configuring Marker Functionality................................................................................ 656
16.4.7.2 Using Markers............................................................................................................. 660
16.4.7.3 Using Delta Markers....................................................................................................665
16.4.8 Limit Lines................................................................................................................... 672
16.4.8.1 Using Display Lines.....................................................................................................672
16.4.8.2 Using Frequency Lines............................................................................................... 673
16.4.8.3 Using Limit Lines.........................................................................................................674
16.5 Remote Commands in Spectrum Analyzer Mode.................................................. 688
16.5.1 Measurements and Result Displays............................................................................688
16.5.1.1 Controlling Power Measurements............................................................................... 688
16.5.1.2 Measuring Channel Power..........................................................................................695
16.5.1.3 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth........................................................................... 716
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16.5.1.4 Measuring Spurious Emissions...................................................................................717
16.5.1.5 Testing Against a Spectrum Emission Mask............................................................... 728
16.5.1.6 Performing EMI Measurements.................................................................................. 747
16.5.1.7 Measuring the Modulation Depth................................................................................ 753
16.5.1.8 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion.............................................................................755
16.5.1.9 Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio......................................................................... 759
16.5.1.10 Measuring the Third Order Intercept Point..................................................................759
16.5.1.11 Measuring Statistics.................................................................................................... 760
16.5.1.12 Measuring in the Time Domain................................................................................... 768
16.5.1.13 Measuring the Pulse Power........................................................................................ 780
16.5.1.14 Performing List Evaluations........................................................................................ 784
16.5.1.15 Probe Configuration.................................................................................................... 789
16.5.2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements.........................................................................791
Contents
16.5.2.1 Frequency Settings..................................................................................................... 791
16.5.2.2 Automatic Measurement Configuration.......................................................................796
16.5.2.3 Bandwidth Settings..................................................................................................... 799
16.5.2.4 Sweep Configuration...................................................................................................802
16.5.2.5 Trigger Configuration...................................................................................................805
16.5.2.6 Vertical Axis Configuration.......................................................................................... 812
16.5.3 Analyzing Spectrum Measurements........................................................................... 816
16.5.3.1 Trace Configuration.....................................................................................................816
16.5.3.2 Spectrogram................................................................................................................825
16.5.3.3 Limit Lines................................................................................................................... 829
16.5.3.4 Markers....................................................................................................................... 830
16.6 Remote Commands in I/Q Analyzer Mode.............................................................. 856
16.6.1 Using the I/Q Analyzer................................................................................................ 856
16.6.2 I/Q Gating....................................................................................................................868
16.7 Remote Commands to Control the Tracking Generator........................................869
16.7.1 Controlling the Internal Tracking Generator................................................................ 869
16.7.2 Controlling the External Tracking Generator...............................................................876
16.8 Common commands.................................................................................................884
16.9 System Configuration...............................................................................................888
16.9.1 General System Configuration.................................................................................... 888
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R&S®ESR
16.10.1 Managing Data Files................................................................................................... 909
16.10.2 Saving and Restoring Customized Data..................................................................... 915
16.13.1 Designing a Test Report Template.............................................................................. 935
Contents
16.9.2 Checking the System Configuration............................................................................893
16.9.3 Coupling Parameters.................................................................................................. 896
16.9.4 Controlling In- and Ouputs.......................................................................................... 900
16.9.5 Configuring the Reference Frequency........................................................................ 903
16.9.6 Calibrating the R&S ESR............................................................................................ 904
16.9.7 Using Service Functions............................................................................................. 907
16.10 Data Management..................................................................................................... 909
16.11 Using Transducers....................................................................................................919
16.12 Documentation.......................................................................................................... 926
16.13 Working with Test Reports....................................................................................... 935
16.13.1.1 Selecting the Test Report Contents.............................................................................935
16.13.1.2 Designing the Header of the Test Report.................................................................... 938
16.13.1.3 Defining the Contents of the Title Page.......................................................................940
16.13.1.4 Managing Templates...................................................................................................941
16.13.2 Creating a Test Report................................................................................................ 942
16.13.2.1 Configuring and Printing the Test Report.................................................................... 942
16.13.2.2 Adding and Removing Datasets..................................................................................943
16.13.2.3 Selecting Datasets for the Report............................................................................... 944
16.13.3 Deprecated Commands (Test Report)........................................................................ 945
16.14 Display Configuration...............................................................................................946
16.14.1 Controlling Display Elements...................................................................................... 946
16.14.2 Selecting Items to Store and Restore......................................................................... 954
16.15 Network Connection................................................................................................. 956
16.15.1 Configuring Network Connections...............................................................................956
16.15.2 Emulating HP Instruments.......................................................................................... 960
16.16 Status Register..........................................................................................................963
16.16.1 General Status Register Commands.......................................................................... 964
16.16.2 Reading out the EVENt Part....................................................................................... 964
16.16.3 Reading Out the CONDition Part................................................................................ 965
16.16.4 Controlling the ENABle Part........................................................................................965
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R&S®ESR
16.16.5 Controlling the Negative Transition Part......................................................................966
16.16.6 Controlling the Positive Transition Part....................................................................... 966
16.17 Remote Control – Programming Examples............................................................ 967
16.17.1 Service Request..........................................................................................................968
16.17.1.1 Initiate Service Request.............................................................................................. 968
16.17.1.2 Waiting for the Arrival of a Service Request................................................................970
16.17.1.3 Waiting Without Blocking the Keyboard and Mouse................................................... 972
16.17.1.4 Service Request Routine............................................................................................ 972
16.17.1.5 Reading Out the Output Buffer....................................................................................973
16.17.1.6 Reading Error Messages............................................................................................ 974
16.17.1.7 Evaluation of SCPI Status Registers...........................................................................974
16.17.1.8 Evaluation of Event Status Register............................................................................975
16.17.2 Using Marker and Delta Marker.................................................................................. 976
Contents
16.17.2.1 Shape Factor Measurement (using n dB down)..........................................................976
16.17.2.2 Measuring the Third Order Intercept Point..................................................................977
16.17.2.3 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth..........................................................................978
16.17.3 Limit Lines and Limit Test............................................................................................979
16.17.4 Measuring the Channel and Adjacent Channel Power............................................... 981
16.17.5 Occupied Bandwidth Measurement............................................................................ 984
16.17.6 Time Domain Power Measurement.............................................................................985
16.17.7 Fast Power Measurement on Power Ramps.............................................................. 985
16.17.7.1 Power Measurement with Multi-Summary Marker...................................................... 986
16.17.7.2 Multi-Burst Power Measurement.................................................................................987
16.17.8 Fast Level Measurement Using Frequency Lists........................................................ 989
16.17.9 Level Correction of Transducers................................................................................. 991
16.17.10 Measuring the Magnitude and Phase of a Signal....................................................... 992
16.17.11 Reading and Writing Files........................................................................................... 994
16.17.11.1 Reading a File from the Instrument.............................................................................994
16.17.11.2 Creating a File on the Instrument................................................................................994
16.17.12 Spectrum Emission Mask Measurement.....................................................................995
16.17.12.1 Using Predefined Standard Wibro...............................................................................995
16.17.12.2 Defining 5 Ranges with all Parameters....................................................................... 996
16.17.13 Spurious Emissions Measurement..............................................................................999
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R&S®ESR
16.17.14 Averaging I/Q Data....................................................................................................1002
16.17.15 Using IQ Gating.........................................................................................................1003
16.17.16 Usage of Four Spectrum Instances...........................................................................1008
16.18 GPIB Commands of HP Models 856xE, 8566A/B, 8568A/B and 8594E.............. 1010
16.18.1 GPIB languages........................................................................................................ 1010
16.18.2 Command set of models 8560E, 8561E, 8562E, 8563E, 8564E, 8565E, 8566A/B,
8568A/B, 8591E, 8594E, 71100C, 71200C, and 71209A......................................... 1012
16.18.3 Special features of the syntax parsing algorithms for 8566A and 8568A models..... 1035
16.18.4 Special behavior of commands................................................................................. 1036
16.18.5 Model-dependent default settings............................................................................. 1037
16.18.6 Data output formats...................................................................................................1038
16.18.7 Trace data output formats......................................................................................... 1038
16.18.8 Trace data input formats........................................................................................... 1038
Contents
16.18.9 GPIB status reporting................................................................................................1038
17 Troubleshooting............................................................................... 1040
17.1 Error Information.....................................................................................................1040
17.2 Error Messages....................................................................................................... 1041
17.3 Collecting Information for Support........................................................................1042
17.4 Contacting customer support................................................................................1043
18 Transporting.....................................................................................1045
19 Maintenance, Storage, Transport and Disposal............................ 1046
19.1 Cleaning................................................................................................................... 1046
19.2 Changing Fuses...................................................................................................... 1046
19.3 Storage.....................................................................................................................1046
19.4 Disposal................................................................................................................... 1047
List of commands............................................................................ 1048
Index..................................................................................................1065
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R&S®ESR
Safety and Regulatory Information
Safety Instructions
1 Safety and Regulatory Information
The product documentation helps you use the product safely and efficiently. Follow the
instructions provided here and in the following chapters.
Intended use
The product is intended for the development, production and verification of electronic
components and devices in industrial, administrative, and laboratory environments.
Use the product only for its designated purpose. Observe the operating conditions and
performance limits stated in the data sheet.
Where do I find safety information?
Safety information is part of the product documentation. It warns you of potential dangers and gives instructions on how to prevent personal injury or damage caused by
dangerous situations. Safety information is provided as follows:
●
In Chapter 1.1, "Safety Instructions", on page 19. The same information is provided in many languages as printed "Safety Instructions". The printed "Safety
Instructions" are delivered with the product.
●
Throughout the documentation, safety instructions are provided when you need to
take care during setup or operation.
1.1 Safety Instructions
Products from the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies are manufactured according
to the highest technical standards. To use the products safely, follow the instructions
provided here and in the product documentation. Keep the product documentation
nearby and offer it to other users.
Use the product only for its intended use and within its performance limits. Intended
use and limits are described in the product documentation such as the data sheet,
manuals and the printed "Safety Instructions". If you are unsure about the appropriate
use, contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service.
Using the product requires specialists or specially trained personnel. These users also
need sound knowledge of at least one of the languages in which the user interfaces
and the product documentation are available.
Never open the casing of the product. Only service personnel authorized by
Rohde & Schwarz are allowed to repair the product. If any part of the product is damaged or broken, stop using the product. Contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service at
http://www.customersupport.rohde-schwarz.com.
Lifting and carrying the product
The product is heavy. Do not move or carry the product by yourself. A single person
can only carry a maximum of 18 kg safely depending on age, gender and physical condition. Look up the maximum weight in the data sheet. Use the product handles to
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R&S®ESR
Safety and Regulatory Information
Safety Instructions
move or carry the product. Do not lift by the accessories mounted on the product.
Accessories are not designed to carry the weight of the product.
To move the product safely, you can use lifting or transporting equipment such as lift
trucks and forklifts. Follow the instructions provided by the equipment manufacturer.
Choosing the operating site
Only use the product indoors. The product casing is not waterproof. Water that enters
can electrically connect the casing with live parts, which can lead to electric shock,
serious personal injury or death if you touch the casing. If Rohde & Schwarz provides
accessories designed for your product, e.g. a carrying bag, you can use the product
outdoors.
Unless otherwise specified, you can operate the product up to an altitude of 2000 m
above sea level. The product is suitable for pollution degree 2 environments where
nonconductive contamination can occur. For more information on environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity, see the data sheet.
Setting up the product
Always place the product on a stable, flat and level surface with the bottom of the product facing down. If the product is designed for different positions, secure the product so
that it cannot fall over.
If the product has foldable feet, always fold the feet completely in or out to ensure stability. The feet can collapse if they are not folded out completely or if the product is
moved without lifting it. The foldable feet are designed to carry the weight of the product, but not an extra load.
If stacking is possible, keep in mind that a stack of products can fall over and cause
injury.
If you mount products in a rack, ensure that the rack has sufficient load capacity and
stability. Observe the specifications of the rack manufacturer. Always install the products from the bottom shelf to the top shelf so that the rack stands securely. Secure the
product so that it cannot fall off the rack.
Connecting to power
The product is an overvoltage category II product. Connect the product to a fixed
installation used to supply energy-consuming equipment such as household appliances and similar loads. Keep in mind that electrically powered products have risks, such
as electric shock, fire, personal injury or even death.
Take the following measures for your safety:
●
Before switching on the product, ensure that the voltage and frequency indicated
on the product match the available power source. If the power adapter does not
adjust automatically, set the correct value and check the rating of the fuse.
●
Only use the power cable delivered with the product. It complies with country-specific safety requirements. Only insert the plug into an outlet with protective conductor terminal.
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R&S®ESR
Safety and Regulatory Information
Safety Instructions
●
Only use intact cables and route them carefully so that they cannot be damaged.
Check the power cables regularly to ensure that they are undamaged. Also ensure
that nobody can trip over loose cables.
●
If the product needs an external power supply, use the power supply that is delivered with the product or that is recommended in the product documentation or a
power supply that conforms to the country-specific regulations.
●
Only connect the product to a power source with a fuse protection of maximum
20 A.
●
Ensure that you can disconnect the product from the power source at any time.
Pull the power plug to disconnect the product. The power plug must be easily
accessible. If the product is integrated into a system that does not meet these
requirements, provide an easily accessible circuit breaker at the system level.
Connecting headphones
Take the following measures to prevent hearing damage. Before using headphones,
check the volume and reduce it if necessary. If you monitor varying signal levels, take
off the headphones and wait until the signal has settled. Then adjust the volume.
Cleaning the product
Use a dry, lint-free cloth to clean the product. When cleaning, keep in mind that the
casing is not waterproof. Do not use liquid cleaning agents.
Meaning of safety labels
Safety labels on the product warn against potential hazards.
Potential hazard
Read the product documentation to avoid personal injury or product damage.
Heavy product
Be careful when lifting, moving or carrying the product. Carrying the product requires a suffi-
cient number of persons or transport equipment.
Electrical hazard
Indicates live parts. Risk of electric shock, fire, personal injury or even death.
Hot surface
Do not touch. Risk of skin burns. Risk of fire.
Protective conductor terminal
Connect this terminal to a grounded external conductor or to protective ground. This connec-
tion protects you against electric shock if an electric problem occurs.
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R&S®ESR
Safety and Regulatory Information
Korea certification class A
1.2 Warning Messages in the Documentation
A warning message points out a risk or danger that you need to be aware of. The signal word indicates the severity of the safety hazard and how likely it will occur if you do
not follow the safety precautions.
WARNING
Potentially hazardous situation. Could result in death or serious injury if not avoided.
CAUTION
Potentially hazardous situation. Could result in minor or moderate injury if not avoided.
NOTICE
Potential risks of damage. Could result in damage to the supported product or to other
property.
1.3 Korea certification class A
이 기기는 업무용(A급) 전자파 적합기기로서 판매자 또는 사용자는 이 점을 주의하시기
바라며, 가정외의 지역에서 사용하는 것을 목적으로 합니다.
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R&S®ESR
Documentation Overview
Service Manual
2 Documentation Overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S ESR user documentation. Unless specified otherwise, you find the documents on the R&S ESR product page at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/esr
2.1 Getting Started Manual
Introduces the R&S ESR and describes how to set up and start working with the product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general information, e.g. safety instructions, etc.
A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for download on the Internet.
2.2 User Manuals and Help
Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:
●
Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control commands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.
●
Manuals for (optional) firmware applications
Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, including remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S ESR is not
included.
The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S ESR. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and
the firmware applications.
All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Internet.
2.3 Service Manual
Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replacement and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for download for registered users on the global
Rohde & Schwarz information system (GLORIS):
23User Manual 1175.7068.02 ─ 13
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R&S®ESR
Documentation Overview
Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.
https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com).
2.4 Instrument Security Procedures
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S ESR in secure areas. It is available for download on the Internet.
2.5 Basic Safety Instructions
Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.
2.6 Data Sheets and Brochures
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S ESR. It also lists the
options and their order numbers as well as optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/esr
2.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA)
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The open source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/esr
2.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/esr
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R&S®ESR
Conventions Used in the Documentation
Notes on Screenshots
3 Conventions Used in the Documentation
3.1 Typographical Conventions
The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:
Convention Description
"Graphical user interface elements"
[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.
Filenames, commands,
program code
Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.
Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.
"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-
All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.
Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distinguished by their font.
tion marks.
3.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions
When operating the instrument, several alternative methods may be available to perform the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen is described.
Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using an additionally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the instrument or
the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard operating procedures.
The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the
touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a keyboard.
3.3 Notes on Screenshots
When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These
screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and
possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent
realistic usage scenarios.
The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options installed. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your particular product configuration.
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
4 Instrument Tour
On the instrument tour, you can learn about the different control elements and connectors on the front and back panel of the R&S ESR.
4.1 The Front Panel
The front panel of the R&S ESR is shown in Figure 4-1. Each element (function keys
and connectors) is described in more detail in the subsequent sections.
Figure 4-1: Front panel of the R&S ESR
1 = Function keys
2 = USB interface
3 = Power button
4 = Display
5 = Access to operating system and online keyboard
6 = Display options
7 = Navigation options for menus
8 = Measurement configuration
9 = Marker functions
10 = Measurement control
11 = Measurement start
12 = Data entry keys
13 = Rotary knob
14 = Navigation keys
15 = Undo / redo function
16 = AF output incl. volume control
17 = Noise source control
18 = Supply voltage for accessories
19 = Supply voltage for accessories
20 = Tracking generator output
21 = RF input 2
22 = RF input 1
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
4.1.1 Touchscreen Display
The touchscreen on the front panel of the R&S ESR displays the measurement results.
Additionally, the screen display provides status and setting information and allows you
to switch between various measurement tasks. The screen is touch-sensitive, offering
an alternative means of user interaction for quick and easy handling of the instrument.
Figure 4-2: Touchscreen elements
1 = Toolbar with standard application functions, e.g. print, save/open file etc.
2 = Tabs for individual measurement tasks
3 = Channel information bar for current measurement settings
4 = Diagram header with diagram-specific (trace) information
5 = Measurement results area
6 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on measurement mode
7 = Error indicator
8 = Error message, if available
9 = Device status
10 = Progress bar for measurement
11 = Date and time display
12 = Softkeys for menu access
A touchscreen is a screen that is touch-sensitive, i.e. it reacts in a specified way when
a particular element on the screen is tapped by a finger or a pointing device, for example. Any user interface elements that can be clicked on by a mouse pointer can also be
tapped on the screen to trigger the same behavior, and vice versa.
Using the touchscreen, the following tasks (among others) can be performed by the tap
of your finger:
●
Changing a setting
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R&S®ESR
●
Changing the display
●
Moving a marker
●
Selecting a new evaluation method
●
Scrolling through a result list
●
Saving or printing results and settings
4.1.2 Function Keys on the Front Panel
A detailed description of the corresponding menus and the other function keys is provided in chapter 6 "Instrument Functions" of the Operating Manual.
Table 4-1: Function keys
Turns the instrument on and off.
Restores the default configuration of the R&S ESR.
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
Provides functionality to save, restore and manage instrument settings and other
files.
Provides functionality for general instrument configuration, for example:
●
to configure the display
●
to set the date and time
●
to establish a LAN connection
Provides functionality to configure printers and hardcopys.
Displays the online help.
Selects the operating mode or firmware application.
Opens the Windows "Start" menu
Turns the on-screen keyboard on and off. Repeatedly pressing the key changes
the position of the keyboard (top or bottom of the display).
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
Selects alphanumeric characters.
Opens a dialog box to turn screen elements on or off.
Switches between maximized and split display of focus area.
Switches focus area between table and diagram.
Allows you to define and use softkeys to load custom configurations.
Opens the root menu of the current application.
FREQ (CHANNEL) Provides functionality to define frequency parameters, for example:
SPAN Provides functionality to configure the frequency span.
AMPT (SCALE) Provides functionality to configure amplitude or level characteristics, for example:
AUTO SET Provides functionality to automatically define various parameters like the level or
BW Provides functionality to define the resolution and video bandwidth.
SWEEP Provides functionality to configure the sweep, for example:
●
the center or receiver frequency
●
the frequency offset
(CHANNEL is for special applications)
In the realtime application, the span is coupled to the RBW and restricted to
40 MHz.
●
the reference level
●
the attenuation
●
the input impedance
●
the scale of the level axis
●
the preamplifier
frequency.
In the realtime application, the RBW is coupled to the span. Video bandwidth is
not available.
●
the measurement time
●
the number of measurement points
●
the measurement mode (single or continuous measurements)
In the realtime application, the number of measurement points is a fix value (801
points).
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
TRACE Provides functionality to configure data acquisition and analyze measured data,
for example:
●
the trace mode
●
the detector
TRIG Provides functionality to configure triggered and gated measurements, for exam-
ple:
MKR Provides functionality to activate and position absolute and relative markers
(markers and delta markers).
PEAK SEARCH Performs a peak search for active markers.
If no marker is active, Marker 1 is activated and the peak search is performed for
it.
MKR FUNC Provides additional analysis functions of the measurement markers, for example:
MKR➙ Provides functionality to position and control markers, for example:
MEAS Provides the measurement functions, for example:
MEAS CONFIG Provides functionality to configure the measurement.
LINES Provides functionality to control display and limit lines.
INPUT/OUTPUT Provides functionality to configure inputs and outputs.
●
the frequency counter
●
the noise measurement
●
the phase noise measurement
●
the AM/FM audio demodulator
In the realtime application, marker functions are not available.
●
to position the marker on the center frequency
●
to define the marker search area
●
to configure the peak excursion
●
the bargraph measurement (in Receiver mode)
●
the scan and final measurement (in Receiver mode)
●
the AF demodulation (in Receiver mode)
●
IF analysis (in Receiver mode with option R&S ESR-K56)
●
the realtime spectrum (in Realtime mode)
●
the spectrogram measurement (in Realtime mode)
●
the persistence spectrum (in Realtime mode)
●
the channel power and ACLR measurement (in Spectrum mode)
●
the occupied bandwidth measurement (in Spectrum mode)
●
the Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM) measurement (in spectrum mode)
●
the spurious emission measurement (in spectrum mode)
●
the signal statistics (in spectrum mode)
RUN SINGLE Starts a single measurement.
RUN CONT Starts a continuous measurement.
UNDO Reverts the last operation.
REDO Repeats previously reverted operation.
4.1.3 USB Interface
The front panel provides two female USB connectors to connect devices like an external keyboard or mouse. You can also connect a memory stick to save and restore
instrument settings and measurement data.
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
The Front Panel
4.1.4 Noise Source Control
The noise source control female connector is used to provide the supply voltage for an
external noise source, for example to measure the noise figure and gain of amplifiers
and frequency converting DUTs.
Conventional noise sources require a voltage of +28 V in order to be switched on and
0 V to be switched off. The output supports a maximum load of 100 mA.
4.1.5 RF Input 50Ω
The R&S ESR provides two RF inputs for connection of a device under test (DUT) to
the R&S ESR. The DUT is connected to the RF Input via cable and an approriate connector (for example a male N connector).
The first RF Input supports a frequency range from 9 kHz to f
range from 0 dB to 75 dB. The second RF Input supports a frequency range from
9 kHz to 1 GHz and an attenuation range from 10 dB to 75 dB. Attenuation levels
smaller than 10 dB are not possible at RF Input 2.
With option R&S ESR-B29, the minimum frequency is extended to 10 Hz at both RF
inputs.
4.1.6 Probe Power
The R&S ESR provides two connectors to supply accessories like transducers or
probes with power.
The probe power connector with five pins supports supply voltages of ±10 V and
ground. The maximum permissible current is 200 mA. This probe power connector is
suitable, for example, for transducers from Rohde & Schwarz.
The probe power connector with three pins supports supply voltages from +15 V to
-12.6 V and ground. The maximum permissible current is 150 mA. This probe power
connector is suitable, for example, for high-impedance probes from Agilent.
4.1.7 AF Output
and an attenuation
max
Headphones equipped with a miniature jack plug can be connected to the AF output
female connector. The internal impedance is 10 Ω. The output voltage can be set by
using the volume control to the right of the female connector. If a plug is connected, the
internal loudspeaker is automatically switched off.
See also "Connecting headphones" on page 21.
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R&S®ESR
Instrument Tour
Rear Panel View
4.1.8 Tracking Generator Output (Optional)
The R&S ESR is equipped with an optional tracking generator and therefore provides a
tracking generator output connector.
The output of the tracking generator is connected to the DUT via a cable equipped with
a male N connector. The female connector is available only with the tracking generator
option (R&S FSV-B9).
Sensitive DUTs concerning matching
For DUTs with sensitive RF characteristics with regard to matching (VSWR) at the
input, insert a 10 dB attenuator between the DUT and the tracking generator.
4.2 Rear Panel View
The rear panel of the R&S ESR is shown in Figure 4-3. Each element is described in
more detail in the subsequent sections.
Figure 4-3: R&S ESR rear panel
1 = LAN interface
2 = Trigger output
3 = IF / Video connector
4 = USB interface
5 = AUX port
6 = External trigger / gate input
7 = VGA interface
8 = Reference in
9 = Reference out
10 = GPIB interface
11 = AC power supply and main switch
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4.2.1 AC Power Supply Connection and Main Power Switch
The AC power supply connector and main power switch are located in a unit on the
rear panel of the instrument.
The main power switch works as follows.
●
Position "I": The instrument is supplied with power and in operation.
The OCXO reference frequency is warmed up.
●
Position "O": The instrument is disconnected from the AC power supply.
For more information see Chapter 5.7, "Connecting the AC Power", on page 39.
4.2.2 LAN
The LAN interface can be used to connect the R&S ESR to a local network for remote
control, printouts and data transfer. The assignment of the RJ-45 connector supports
twisted-pair category 5 UTP/STP cables in a star configuration (UTP stands for
unshielded twisted pair, and STP for shielded twisted pair).
Instrument Tour
Rear Panel View
4.2.3 VGA Interface
The female VGA connector is used to connect an external monitor. Instructions on how
to connect an external monitor are provided in Chapter 5.12, "Connecting an External
Monitor", on page 42.
4.2.4 Ext Trigger / Gate In
The female connector for external trigger or gate input is used to control the measurement by means of an external signal. The voltage levels can range from 0.5 to 3.5 V.
The default value is 1.4 V. The typical input impedance is 10 kΩ.
4.2.5 Ref In
As a reference signal, you can either use the internal reference, or connect an external
one. The setup menu is used to switch between the internal and an external reference.
The REF IN female connector is used as an input for a 1-20 MHz reference signal. The
required input level is 0-10 dBm.
4.2.6 Ref Out
This connector can be used to provide an external reference signal (e.g. the OCXO) to
other devices that are connected to this instrument. The REF OUT female connector
can output a 10 MHz reference signal with an output level of 0 dBm.
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Instrument Tour
Rear Panel View
4.2.7 GPIB Interface
The GPIB interface is in compliance with IEEE488 and SCPI. A computer for remote
control can be connected via this interface. To set up the connection, a shielded cable
is recommended.
For more information, refer to Chapter 16.1.1.4, "GPIB Interface (IEC 625/IEEE 418
Bus Interface)", on page 530.
4.2.8 Trigger Output
The female BNC connector can be used to provide a signal to another device. The signal is TTL compatible (0 V / 5 V).
You can control the trigger output with the functionality provided in the "In-/Output"
menu ([INPUT/OUTPUT] key).
The trigger output also controls signals by the frequency mask trigger available in realtime mode (R&S ESR-K55).
4.2.9 IF / Video
The female BNC connector can be used for various outputs:
●
Intermediate frequency (IF) output of 32 MHz
●
Video output (1 V)
You can select between IF and video output with the functionality provided in the "In-/
Output" menu ([INPUT/OUTPUT] key).
4.2.10 USB
The rear panel provides two female USB connectors to connect devices like an external keyboard or mouse. You can also connect a memory stick to save and restore
instrument settings and measurement data.
4.2.11 AUX Port
The 9 pole SUB-D male connector provides control signals for controlling external devices. The voltage levels are of the TTL type (5 V).
Pin Signal Description
1 +5 V / max. 250 mA Supply voltage for external circuits
2 I/O Control Phase N
3 I/O Controls the 150 kHz highpass filter
4 I/O Controls Phase L3
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4.2.12 OCXO option (R&S FSV-B4)
Instrument Tour
Rear Panel View
Pin Signal Description
5 I/O not used
6 I/O Controls Phase L1
7 I/O Controls Phase L2
8 GND Ground
9 READY FOR TRIGGER Signal indicating that the instrument is ready to
receive a trigger signal (Low active = 0 V)
Short-circuit hazard
Always observe the designated pin assignment. A short-circuit can damage the port.
This option generates a very precise 10 MHz reference signal. If installed, this signal is
used as an internal reference. It can also be used to synchronize other connected devices via the REF OUT connector.
Warm-up time for OCXO
When the instrument is switched on, the OCXO requires an extended warm-up time
(see data sheet).
4.2.13 Device ID
The unique device identifier is provided as a barcode sticker on the rear panel of the
R&S ESR.
It consists of the device order number and a serial number.
The serial number is used to define the default instrument name, which is:
<Type><variant>-<serial_number>
For example, ESR3-123456.
The instrument name is required to establish a connection to the instrument in a LAN.
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Preparing For Use
Unpacking and Checking
5 Preparing For Use
Here, you can find basic information about setting up the product for the first time.
● Lifting and Carrying.................................................................................................36
● Unpacking and Checking........................................................................................ 36
● Choosing the Operating Site...................................................................................37
● Setting up the R&S ESR......................................................................................... 37
● Placing the R&S ESR on a Bench Top....................................................................37
● Mounting the R&S ESR in a Rack...........................................................................38
● Connecting the AC Power.......................................................................................39
● Connecting to a DC Power Source (Optional)........................................................ 39
● Switching the Instrument On and Off...................................................................... 40
● Connecting to LAN..................................................................................................41
● Connecting a Keyboard...........................................................................................42
● Connecting an External Monitor..............................................................................42
● Windows Operating System....................................................................................43
● Logging On..............................................................................................................44
● Checking the Supplied Options...............................................................................46
● Performing a Self Alignment and a Self Test...........................................................46
● Considerations for Test Setup.................................................................................47
5.1 Lifting and Carrying
The carrying handles are designed to lift or carry the instrument. Do not apply excessive external force to the handles.
See "Lifting and carrying the product" on page 19.
5.2 Unpacking and Checking
1. Unpack the R&S ESR carefully.
2. Retain the original packing material. Use it when transporting or shipping the
R&S ESR later.
3. Using the delivery notes, check the equipment for completeness.
4. Check the equipment for damage.
If the delivery is incomplete or equipment is damaged, contact Rohde & Schwarz.
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5.3 Choosing the Operating Site
Specific operating conditions ensure proper operation and avoid damage to the product and connected devices. For information on environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity, see the data sheet.
See also "Choosing the operating site" on page 20.
Electromagnetic compatibility classes
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) class indicates where you can operate the
product. The EMC class of the product is given in the data sheet under "General data".
●
Class B equipment is suitable for use in:
– Residential environments
– Environments that are directly connected to a low-voltage supply network that
supplies residential buildings
●
Class A equipment is intended for use in industrial environments. It can cause
radio disturbances in residential environments due to possible conducted and radiated disturbances. It is therefore not suitable for class B environments.
If class A equipment causes radio disturbances, take appropriate measures to
eliminate them.
Placing the R&S
ESR on a Bench Top
5.4 Setting up the R&S ESR
See also:
●
"Setting up the product" on page 20
●
"Intended use" on page 19
5.5 Placing the R&S ESR on a Bench Top
To place the product on a bench top
1. Place the product on a stable, flat and level surface. Ensure that the surface can
support the weight of the product. For information on the weight, see the data
sheet.
CAUTION! Foldable feet can collapse. See "Setting up the product" on page 20.
2.
Always fold the feet completely in or out. With folded-out feet, do not place anything on top or underneath the product.
WARNING! A stack of products can fall over and cause injury. Never stack more
3.
than three products on top of each other. Instead, mount them in a rack.
Stack as follows:
● If the products have foldable feet, fold them in completely.
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Mounting the R&S
ESR in a Rack
● All products must have the same dimensions (width and length).
● Do not exceed a total load of 50 kg placed on the product at the bottom of the
stack.
Left = Stacked correctly
Middle left = Stacked incorrectly, too many products
Middle right = Stacked incorrectly, different dimensions
Right = Stacked incorrectly, different dimensions, folded-out feet
NOTICE! Overheating can damage the product.
4.
Prevent overheating as follows:
● Keep a minimum distance of 10 cm between the fan openings of the product
and any object in the vicinity.
● Do not place the product next to heat-generating equipment such as radiators
or other products.
5.6 Mounting the R&S ESR in a Rack
To prepare the rack
1. Observe the requirements and instructions in "Setting up the product" on page 20.
NOTICE! Insufficient airflow can cause overheating and damage the product.
2.
Design and implement an efficient ventilation concept for the rack.
To mount the R&S ESR in a rack
1. Use an adapter kit to prepare the R&S ESR for rack mounting.
a) Order the rack adapter kit designed for the R&S ESR. For the order number,
see the data sheet.
b) Mount the adapter kit. Follow the assembly instructions provided with the
adapter kit.
2. Lift the R&S ESR to shelf height.
3. Grab the handles and push the R&S ESR onto the shelf until the rack brackets fit
closely to the rack.
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Connecting to a DC Power Source (Optional)
4. Tighten all screws in the rack brackets with a tightening torque of 1.2 Nm to secure
the R&S ESR in the rack.
To unmount the R&S ESR from a rack
1. Loosen the screws at the rack brackets.
2. Remove the R&S ESR from the rack.
3. If placing the R&S ESR on a bench top again, unmount the adapter kit from the
R&S ESR. Follow the instructions provided with the adapter kit.
5.7 Connecting the AC Power
The R&S ESR is equipped with an AC power supply connector.
The R&S ESR can be used with different AC power voltages and adapts itself automatically to it. Refer to the datasheet for the requirements of voltage and frequency.
For safety information, see "Connecting to power" on page 20.
To connect the AC power
1. Plug the AC power cable into the AC power connector on the rear panel of the
instrument. Only use the AC power cable delivered with the R&S ESR.
2. Plug the AC power cable into a power outlet with ground contact.
The required ratings are listed next to the AC power connector and in the data
sheet.
For details on the connector, refer to Chapter 4.2.1, "AC Power Supply Connection
and Main Power Switch", on page 33.
3. Install the remaining cables before switching on the product.
5.8 Connecting to a DC Power Source (Optional)
You can equip the R&S ESR with the optional DC power supply adapter (R&S FSVB30) and connect it to a DC power source, for example a battery. The DC power supply adapter allows you to operate the instrument with a DC voltage of 10 V to 28 V.
To connect the DC power
1. Install the DC power supply adapter to the R&S ESR.
For more information about the installation process, refer to the installation guide
delivered with the adapter.
Using external power supplies to supply the R&S ESR with DC safety extra low
voltage (SELV) can lead to physical injuries resulting from an electrical shock.
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Switching the Instrument On and Off
To avoid physical injuries, make sure the requirements for reinforced or double
insulation are met, according to DIN/EN/IEC 61010 (UL61010, CAN CSA C22.2
No. 61010) or DIN/EN/IEC 60950 (UL60950, CAN CSA C22.2 No. 60950). Use a
cable with a maximum length of 3 m.
2. Connect an appropriate DC power cable to the DC power supply adapter.
3. Connect the cable to the DC power source.
4. Set the switch on the DC power supply adapter to "I".
A green LED indicates that the DC power supply is ready for operation.
Note: The DC power supply switches off automatically in case of overvoltage or
undervoltage.
This state is indicated by means of a red LED.
5.9 Switching the Instrument On and Off
Table 5-1: Overview of power states
Status LED on Power key Position of main power switch
Off
Standby
Ready
gray
orange
green
[0]
[I]
[I]
To switch on the R&S ESR
The R&S ESR is off but connected to power.
1. Set the switch on the power supply to position [I].
See Chapter 4.2.1, "AC Power Supply Connection and Main Power Switch",
on page 33.
The LED of the Power key is orange.
See Chapter 4.1.2, "Function Keys on the Front Panel", on page 28.
2. Press the Power key.
See Chapter 4.1.2, "Function Keys on the Front Panel", on page 28.
The LED changes to green.
The R&S ESR boots.
After booting, the instrument is ready for operation.
Warm-up time for OCXO
When the instrument is switched on, the OCXO requires an extended warm-up time
(see data sheet).
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Connecting to LAN
To shut down the product
The product is in the ready state.
► Press the [Power] key.
The operating system shuts down. The LED changes to orange.
If the instrument temperature exceeds the limit specified in the data sheet, the
R&S ESR automatically shuts down to protect the instrument from damage.
To disconnect from power
The R&S ESR is in the standby state.
NOTICE! Risk of data loss. If you disconnect the product from power when it is in
1.
the ready state, you can lose settings and data. Shut it down first.
Set the switch on the power supply to position [0].
See Chapter 4.2.1, "AC Power Supply Connection and Main Power Switch",
on page 33.
The LED of the Power key is switched off.
2. Disconnect the R&S ESR from the power source.
5.10 Connecting to LAN
You can connect the instrument to a LAN for remote operation via a PC.
For details on the connector, see Chapter 4.2.2, "LAN", on page 33.
Provided the network administrator has assigned you the appropriate rights and adapted the Windows firewall configuration, you can use the interface, for example:
●
To transfer data between a controlling device and the test device, e.g. to run a
remote control program
●
To access or control the measurement from a remote computer using the "Remote
Desktop" application (or a similar tool)
●
To connect external network devices (e.g. printers)
●
To transfer data from a remote computer and back, e.g. using network folders
Network environment
Before connecting the product to a local area network (LAN), consider the following:
●
Install the latest firmware to reduce security risks.
●
For internet or remote access, use secured connections, if applicable.
●
Ensure that the network settings comply with the security policies of your company.
Contact your local system administrator or IT department before connecting your
product to your company LAN.
●
When connected to the LAN, the product may potentially be accessed from the
internet, which may be a security risk. For example, attackers might misuse or
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Preparing For Use
Connecting an External Monitor
damage the product. For more information about IT security and how to operate
the product in a secure LAN environment, see the Rohde & Schwarz white paper
1EF96: Malware Protection Windows 10.
NOTICE! Risk of network failure.
►
Consult your network administrator before performing the following tasks:
● Connecting the instrument to the network
● Configuring the network
● Changing IP addresses
● Exchanging hardware
Errors can affect the entire network.
Connect the R&S ESR to the LAN via the LAN interface on the rear panel of the
instrument.
Windows automatically detects the network connection and activates the required
drivers.
By default, the R&S ESR is configured to use DHCP and no static IP address is
configured.
The default instrument name is <Type><variant>-<serial_number>, for example,
ESR3-123456. For information on determining the serial number, see Chapter 4.2.13,
"Device ID", on page 35.
For more information on LAN configuration, see the R&S ESR user manual.
5.11 Connecting a Keyboard
The keyboard is detected automatically when it is connected. The default input language is English – US.
To configure the keyboard language
1. To access the Windows operating system, press the Windows key on the external
keyboard.
2. Select "Start > Settings > Time & language > Region & language > Add a language" .
5.12 Connecting an External Monitor
You can connect an external monitor to the "MONITOR" connector on the instrument's
rear panel.
For details on the connector refer to Chapter 4.2.3, "VGA Interface", on page 33.
1. Connect the external monitor to the R&S ESR.
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Windows Operating System
2. Press the [SETUP] key.
3. Press the "General Setup" softkey.
4. Press the "More" softkey.
5. Press the "Configure Monitor" softkey.
The configuration of the connected monitor is determined and displayed in the
standard Windows configuration dialog box.
6. In the configuration dialog box, you can switch from the internal monitor (laptop
icon) to the external monitor (monitor icon), or both (double monitor icon).
If the external monitor is selected, the R&S ESR display is disabled. The screen
content (measurement screen) formerly displayed on the R&S ESR is displayed on
the external screen. If you select both monitors, the R&S ESR screen and the
external screen are both active.
5.13 Windows Operating System
The instrument contains the Microsoft Windows operating system which has been configured according to the instrument's features and needs. Changes in the system setup
are only required when peripherals like a keyboard or a printer are installed or if the
network configuration does not comply with the default settings. After the R&S ESR is
started, the operating system boots and the instrument firmware is started automatically.
Tested software
The drivers and programs used on the instrument under Microsoft Windows are adapted to the instrument. Only install update software released by Rohde & Schwarz to
modify existing instrument software.
You can install additional software on the instrument; however, additional software can
impair instrument function. Thus, run only programs that Rohde & Schwarz has tested
for compatibility with the instrument software.
The following program packages have been tested:
●
Symantec Endpoint Security – virus-protection software
●
FileShredder - for reliable deletion of files on the hard disk
Service packs and updates
Microsoft regularly creates security updates and other patches to protect Windowsbased operating systems. They are released through the Microsoft Update website and
associated update server. Update instruments using Windows regularly, especially
instruments that connect to a network.
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Logging On
Firewall settings
A firewall protects an instrument by preventing unauthorized users from gaining access
to it through a network. Rohde & Schwarz highly recommends using the firewall on
your instrument. Rohde & Schwarz instruments are shipped with the Windows firewall
enabled. All ports and connections for remote control are enabled.
Note that changing firewall settings requires administrator rights.
Virus protection
Take appropriate steps to protect your instruments from infection. Use strong firewall
settings and scan any removable storage device used with a Rohde & Schwarz instrument regularly. It is also recommended that you install anti-virus software on the instrument. Rohde & Schwarz does NOT recommend running anti-virus software in the
background ("on-access" mode) on Windows-based instruments, due to potentially
degrading instrument performance. However, Rohde & Schwarz does recommend running it during non-critical hours.
For details and recommendations, see the following Rohde & Schwarz white paper:
●
1EF96: Malware Protection Windows 10
To access the "Start" menu
The Windows "Start" menu provides access to the Microsoft Windows functionality and
installed programs.
► Press the "Windows" key on the front panel, or press the "Windows" key or the
[CTRL + ESC] key combination on the (external) keyboard.
The "Start" menu and the Windows taskbar are displayed.
The Windows taskbar also provides quick access to commonly used programs, for
example Paint or WordPad. IECWIN, the auxiliary remote control tool provided free of
charge and installed by Rohde & Schwarz, is also available from the taskbar or "Start"
menu.
For details on the IECWIN tool, see the "Network and Remote Control" chapter of the
R&S ESR user manual.
All necessary system settings can be defined in the "Start > Settings" menu.
For required settings, refer to the Microsoft Windows documentation and to the hardware description.
5.14 Logging On
Microsoft Windows requires that users identify themselves by entering a user name
and password in a login window. By default, the R&S ESR provides two user accounts:
●
"NormalUser": a standard user account with limited access
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Logging On
●
"Instrument": an administrator account with unrestricted access to the computer/
domain
Some administrative tasks require administrator rights (e.g. the configuration of a LAN
network). Refer to the description of the basic instrument Setup ([Setup] menu) to find
out which functions are affected.
Passwords
For all default user accounts, the initial password is 894129. Note that this password is
very weak, and we recommend changing the password for both users after initial login.
An administrator can change the password in Microsoft Windows for any user at any
time via "Start" > "Settings" > "Account" > "SignIn Options" > "Password" > "Change".
Auto-login
When shipped, the instrument automatically logs on the default "Instrument" user to
Microsoft Windows using the default password. This function is active until an administrator explicitly deactivates it or changes the password.
Changing the password and use of auto-login function
Note that when you change the default password, the default auto-login function no
longer works!
In this case, you must enter the new password manually to log on.
Deactivating the automatic login function
1. Select the "Windows" icon on the front panel to access the operating system of the
R&S ESR (see also "To access the "Start" menu" on page 44).
2. In the Windows "Start" menu, select "Run".
The "Run" dialog box is displayed.
3. Enter the command C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\NO_AUTOLOGIN.REG.
4. Press the [ENTER] key to confirm.
The auto-login function is reactivated with the changed password. It will be applied
the next time the instrument is switched on.
Adapting the auto-login function to a new password
If you change the password that is used during auto-login, this function no longer
works. Adapt the settings for the auto-login function first.
1. Select the "Windows" icon on the front panel to access the operating system of the
R&S ESR (see also "To access the "Start" menu" on page 44).
2. Open the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\NO_AUTOLOGIN.REG file in any text editor (e.g.
Notepad).
3. In the line "DefaultPassword"="894129", replace the default password
(894129) by the new password for automatic login.
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Performing a Self Alignment and a Self Test
4. Save the changes to the file.
5. In the Windows "Start" menu, select "Run".
The "Run" dialog box is displayed.
6. Enter the command C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\AUTOLOGIN.REG.
7. Press the [ENTER] key to confirm.
The auto-login function is reactivated with the changed password. It will be applied
the next time the instrument is switched on.
Switching users when using the auto-login function
Which user account is used is defined during login. If auto-login is active, the login window is not displayed. However, you can switch the user account to be used even when
the auto-login function is active.
1. Select the "Windows" icon on the front panel to access the operating system of the
R&S ESR (see also "To access the "Start" menu" on page 44).
2. Press [CTRL] + [ALT] + [DEL], then select "Sign out".
The "Login" dialog box is displayed, in which you can enter the different user
account name and password.
5.15 Checking the Supplied Options
The instrument may be equipped with both hardware and firmware options. In order to
check whether the installed options correspond to the options indicated on the delivery
note, proceed as follows.
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "System Info" softkey.
3. Press the "Versions + Options" softkey.
A list with hardware and firmware information is displayed.
4. Check the availability of the hardware options as indicated in the delivery note.
For an overview of the available options, refer to the datasheet.
5.16 Performing a Self Alignment and a Self Test
Operating temperature
Before performing this functional test, make sure that the instrument has reached its
operating temperature (for details, refer to the data sheet).
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Considerations for Test Setup
Performing a self alignment
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "Alignment" softkey.
3. Press the "Self Alignment" softkey.
Once the system correction values have been calculated successfully, a message
is displayed.
To display the alignment results again later
●
Press the [SETUP] key.
●
Press the "Alignment" softkey.
●
Press the "Show Align Results" softkey.
Performing a self test
The self test does not need to be repeated every time the instrument is switched on. It
is only necessary when instrument malfunction is suspected.
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "More" softkey.
3. Press the "Service" softkey.
4. Press the "Selftest" softkey.
Once the instrument modules have been checked successfully, a message is displayed.
5.17 Considerations for Test Setup
Cable selection and electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can affect the measurement results.
To suppress electromagnetic radiation during operation:
●
Use high-quality shielded cables, for example, double-shielded RF and LAN
cables.
●
Always terminate open cable ends.
●
Ensure that connected external devices comply with EMC regulations.
Signal input and output levels
Information on signal levels is provided in the data sheet and on the instrument, next to
the connector. Keep the signal levels within the specified ranges to avoid damage to
the R&S ESR and connected devices.
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Firmware Update and Installation of Firmware Options
Firmware Update
6 Firmware Update and Installation of Firm-
ware Options
This chapter describes how to update the firmware and how to activate optional firmware packages.
Updating the firmware or installing optional firmware requires administrator rights (see
Chapter 5.13, "Windows Operating System", on page 43).
6.1 Firmware Update
You can install a new firmware version using one of the following methods:
●
Copying the files to the instrument using USB devices (e.g. a memory stick), GPIB,
or LAN
●
Using the "Remote Installation" feature in a LAN network
Copying the files to the instrument
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "More" softkey.
3. Press the "Firmware Update" softkey.
The "Firmware Update" dialog box is displayed.
4. Enter the drive name and directory via the keypad.
Example: The installation files are stored on a memory stick in the Update direc-
tory. After you insert the memory stick, it will be detected as drive D:. Therefore,
the required path specification is D:\UPDATE.
5. If you install via LAN using the Remote Desktop application, enter the drive name
and directory or press the "Browse" button to locate the directory:
a) In the displayed dialog box, select the drive.
b) On the selected drive, select the folder that contains the installation file (*.exe).
c) Press the "Select" button to confirm your selection and go back to the "Firm-
ware Update" dialog box.
6. Press "Execute"
The installation program will guide you through the installation.
7. After the firmware update, the "UNCAL" status display indicates the necessity of a
self alignment. Perform a self alignment (for details refer to Chapter 5.16, "Perform-
ing a Self Alignment and a Self Test", on page 46).
Remote command: SYST:FIRM:UPD 'D:\FW_UPDATE'
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Firmware Update and Installation of Firmware Options
Activating Firmware Options
Performing a remote installation from a Windows PC
This method requires a LAN connection from the instrument to a Windows PC (see
Chapter 16.2.4.1, "Connecting the instrument to the network", on page 573).
1. Run the Setup.exe file on your PC.
2. Select "Remote Installation" and click the "Next" button.
3. Select the packages you want to install and click the "Next" button.
4. Your LAN subnet is scanned and all found instruments are listed.
Note: The setup procedure communicates with the instrument via LAN, which
means the file must pass the firewall. Therefore, add the Setup.exe file to your
firewall rules, then restart the scan by clicking "Rescan".
5. Select the instruments you want to update. You can select up to 5 instruments to
update at the same time.
Note: All instruments in your LAN structure are included in the list. Make sure you
select the correct instruments!
To display further options, click the "Options" button.
6. Start installation by clicking "Install".
7. Confirm that you want to reboot the instrument in order to activate the firmware
update. The instrument restarts automatically.
6.2 Activating Firmware Options
Firmware options are enabled by entering license keys as described here.
To activate firmware options
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "More" softkey.
3. Press the "Option Licenses" softkey.
4. Press the "Install Option" softkey.
An edit dialog box is displayed.
5. Enter the option key number using the keypad.
6. Press the [ENTER] key.
If validation is successful, the message "option key valid" is displayed. If the validation fails, the option software is not installed.
7. Reboot the instrument.
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Firmware Update and Installation of Firmware Options
Activating Firmware Options
With time-limited licenses, a message box appears if an option is about to expire.
Press the "OK" button to resume using the R&S ESR. If an option has already expired,
a message box appears for you to confirm. In this case, all instrument functions are
unavailable (including remote control) until the R&S ESR is rebooted.
Alternatively, you can activate options using an XML file.
To activate firmware options using an XML file
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "More" softkey.
3. Press the "Option Licenses" softkey.
4. Press the "Install Option by XML" softkey.
An edit dialog box is displayed.
5. Enter or browse for the name of an XML file on the instrument that contains the
option key.
6. Press "Select."
If validation is successful, the message "option key valid" is displayed. If the validation fails, the option software is not installed.
7. Reboot the instrument.
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Information in the Diagram Area
7 Basic Operations
This chapter gives an overview on how to work with the R&S ESR. It describes what
kind of information is displayed in the diagram area, how to operate the R&S ESR via
the front panel keys and other interaction methods, and how to use the Online Help.
Remote control
In addition to working with the R&S ESR interactively, located directly at the instrument, it is also possible to operate and control it from a remote PC.
Various methods for remote control are supported:
●
Connecting the instrument to a (LAN) network
●
Using the web browser interface in a LAN network
●
Using the Windows Remote Desktop application in a LAN network
●
Connecting a PC via the GPIB interface
How to configure the remote control interfaces is described in the R&S ESR user manual.
7.1 Information in the Diagram Area
The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following
sections.
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Information in the Diagram Area
1 = Operation mode tabs
2 = Hardware information
3 = Header of the result display containing trace information
4 = Result display
5 = Footer of the result display containing general measurement settings
6 = Calibration status
7 = Error messages
8 = Measurement status information
9 = Measurement progress bar
10 = Date and time
11 = Softkeys
7.1.1 Channel Display
Using the R&S ESR you can handle several different measurement tasks (channels) at
the same time (although they can only be performed asynchronously). For each channel, a separate tab is displayed on the screen. In order to switch from one channel display to another, simply press the corresponding tab.
The icon on the tab label indicates that the displayed trace no longer matches the
current instrument settings. This may be the case, for example, if a trace is frozen and
the instrument settings are changed. As soon as a new measurement is performed, the
icon disappears.
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Information in the Diagram Area
To start a new channel
1. Click the icon in the toolbar at the top of the screen (see also Chapter 7.2.1, "Tool-
bar", on page 59 on how to display the toolbar).
2. Select the softkey for the required measurement mode.
A new tab is displayed for the new channel.
7.1.2 Display of Hardware Settings
Information on hardware settings are displayed in the channel bar above the diagram.
Invalid settings
A bullet next to the hardware setting indicates that user-defined settings are used, not
automatic settings. A green bullet indicates this setting is valid and the measurement is
correct. A red bullet indicates an invalid setting that does not provide useful results.
It is the user's responsibility to remedy such a situation.
Editing settings in the channel bar
All settings that are displayed in the channel bar can easily be edited by touching the
setting in the display (with a finger or mouse pointer). The corresponding (edit) dialog
box is displayed where you can edit the setting.
In receiver mode, the R&S ESR shows the following settings:
Demod Active AF demodulation.
Input Number of the RF Input and the type of coupling currently used.
RBW Resolution bandwidth currently used.
Att Current (RF) attenuation level.
MT Measurement time currently used.
Preamp Current preamplification level.
SGL Current scan count.
Step Current frequency step mode.
no label Active transducer factor.
no label Active LISN.
In spectrum mode, the R&S ESR shows the following settings:
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Ref Level Reference level
Att RF attenuation level.
Ref Offset Reference level offset
SWT Sweep time that has been set.
If the sweep time does not correspond to the value for automatic coupling,
a bullet is displayed in front of the field. The color of the bullet turns red if
the sweep time is set below the value for automatic coupling. In addition,
the UNCAL flag is shown. In this case, the sweep time must be increased.
RBW Resolution bandwidth that has been set.
If the bandwidth does not correspond to the value for automatic coupling,
a green bullet appears in front of the field.
VBW Video bandwidth that has been set.
If the bandwidth does not correspond to the value for automatic coupling,
a green bullet is displayed in front of the field.
Compatible Compatible device mode (FSP, FSU, default; default not displayed)
Mode Indicates which sweep mode type is selected:
●
"Auto FFT": automatically selected FFT sweep mode
●
"Auto sweep": automatically selected swept sweep mode
●
"FFT": manually selected FFT sweep mode
●
"Sweep": manually selected swept sweep mode
7.1.3 Measurement Settings Information
In addition to the common hardware settings, the channel bar above the diagram also
displays information on instrument settings that affect the measurement results even
though this is not immediately apparent from the display of the measured values. This
information is displayed in gray font and only when applicable for the current measurement, as opposed to the common hardware settings that are always displayed.
In Receiver mode, the R&S ESR shows the following information.
TRG Trigger source
(for details see trigger settings in the "TRIG" menu in the Operating manual)
●
EXT: External
●
VID: Video
75 Ω The input impedance of the instrument is set to 75 Ω.
In Spectrum mode, the following types of information may be displayed, if applicable.
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Information in the Diagram Area
Label Description
SGL The sweep is set to single sweep mode.
Sweep Count The current signal count for measurement tasks that involve a specific number of subse-
quent sweeps
(see "Sweep Count" setting in "Sweep" menu in the Operating manual)
TRG Trigger source
(for details see trigger settings in the "TRIG" menu in the Operating manual)
●
EXT: External
●
VID: Video
●
RFP: RF power
●
IFP: IF power
●
TIM: Time
●
SQL: Squelch
6dB/RRC/CHN Filter type for sweep bandwidth
(see BW menu in the Operating manual)
PA The preamplifier is activated.
GAT The frequency sweep is controlled via the [EXT TRIG/GATE IN] connector.
TDF A transducer factor is activated.
75 Ω The input impedance of the instrument is set to 75 Ω.
FRQ A frequency offset ≠ 0 Hz is set.
DC/AC An external DC or AC calibration signal is in use.
Inp Input source: digital I/Q (option R&S FSV-B17 only)
7.1.4 Diagram-specific and Trace Information
Diagram-specific information, e.g. concerning traces, is indicated in the diagram
header and footer.
Trace information in diagram header
The diagram header (above the diagram) contains the following trace information:
The header may contain a user-defined introductory title, see Chapter 7.4.7, "Adding a
Title to the Diagram Header", on page 78.
Editing settings in the diagram header
All settings that are displayed in the diagram header can easily be edited by selecting
the setting in the display (by tapping or clicking). The corresponding (edit) dialog box is
displayed in which you can edit the setting.
Norm/NCor
Correction data is not used.
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Information in the Diagram Area
Trace color
Trace no.
Detector
Trace Mode
AP AUTOPEAK detector
Pk MAX PEAK detector
Mi MIN PEAK detector
Sa SAMPLE detector
Av AVERAGE detector
Rm RMS detector
QP QUASIPEAK detector
CA CISPR Average detector
RA RMS Average detector
Clrw CLEAR/WRITE
Max MAX HOLD
Color of trace display in diagram
Trace number (1 to 6)
Selected detector:
Sweep mode:
Min MIN HOLD
Avg AVERAGE (Lin/Log/Pwr)
View VIEW
Marker information in Diagram Grid
The x and y axis positions of the last 2 markers or delta markers that were set, as well
as their index, are displayed within the diagram grid, if available. The value in the
square brackets after the index indicates the trace to which the marker is assigned.
(Example: M1[1] defines marker 1 on trace 1.) For more than 2 markers, a separate
marker table is displayed beneath the diagram.
The marker function information is not available in realtime mode.
If applicable, the active measurement function for the marker and its main results are
indicated, as well. The functions are indicated with the following abbreviations:
FXD Reference fixed marker active
PHNoise Phase noise measurement active
CNT Frequency counter active
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TRK Signal track active
NOIse Noise measurement active
MDepth Measurement of the AM modulation depth active
TOI TOI measurement active
Marker Information in Marker Table
In addition to the marker information displayed within the diagram grid, a separate
marker table may be displayed beneath the diagram. This table provides the following
information for all active markers:
Type Marker type: N (normal), D (delta), T (temporary, internal), PWR (power sensor)
Dgr Diagram number
Trc Trace to which the marker is assigned
Stimulus x-value of the marker
Response y-value of the marker
Func Activated marker or measurement function
Func .Result Result of the active marker or measurement function
Mode-dependant Information in Diagram Footer
The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the following information, depending on the current mode:
Mode Label Information
FREQ CF Center frequency (between start and stop)
SPAN CF (1.0 ms/) Zero span
Span Frequency span
For most modes, the number of sweep points shown in the display are indicated in the
diagram footer. In zoom mode, the (rounded) number of currently displayed points are
indicated.
The diagram footer can be removed from the display temporarily, see Chapter 7.4.8,
"Removing the Diagram Footer", on page 78.
7.1.5 Instrument and Status Information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram.
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Hiding the status bar
You can hide the status bar display, e.g. in order to enlarge the display area for the
measurement results.
1. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
2. In the "Display Settings" dialog box, select "Status Bar State: Off".
The status bar is no longer displayed.
●
To display the status bar again, select "Status Bar State: On".
SCPI command:
DISP:SBAR:STAT OFF
The following information is displayed:
Instrument status
The instrument is configured for operation with an external reference.
Progress
The progress of the current operation is displayed in the status bar.
Date and time
The date and time settings of the instrument are displayed in the status bar.
7.2 Means of User Interaction
The instrument provides a user interface for operation that does not require an external
keyboard, using the following means of interaction:
●
Chapter 7.2.1, "Toolbar", on page 59
●
Chapter 7.2.2, "Touchscreen", on page 60
●
Chapter 7.2.3, "On-screen Keyboard", on page 61
●
Chapter 7.2.5, "Rotary Knob", on page 62
●
Chapter 7.2.6, "Arrow Keys, UNDO/REDO Keys", on page 63
●
Chapter 7.2.7, "Softkeys", on page 64
●
Chapter 7.2.9, "Dialog Boxes", on page 66
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All tasks necessary to operate the instrument can be performed using this user interface. Apart from instrument specific keys, all other keys that correspond to an external
keyboard (e.g. arrow keys, ENTER key) operate conform to Microsoft.
For most tasks, there are at least 2 alternative methods to perform them:
●
Using the touchscreen
●
Using other elements provided by the front panel, e.g. the keypad, rotary knob, or
arrow and position keys
7.2.1 Toolbar
Standard functions can be performed via the icons in the toolbar at the top of the
screen, if available (see Chapter 7, "Basic Operations", on page 51). By default, this
toolbar is not displayed.
Displaying the toolbar
Basic Operations
Means of User Interaction
► Press the "Toolbar" icon to the right of the tabs in the display to toggle the toolbar
on or off.
Alternatively:
1. Press the [SETUP] key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "Tool Bar State On/Off" softkey.
Or:
4. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
5. In the "Display Settings" dialog box, select "Tool Bar State: On".
The toolbar is displayed at the top of the screen.
Remote:
DISP:TBAR:STAT ON
The following functions are available:
Table 7-1: Standard Application Functions in the Toolbar
Icon Description
Opens the "Select Mode" menu (see Chapter 7.1.1, "Channel Display", on page 52)
Opens an existing measurement (settings) file
Stores the current measurement file
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Icon Description
Prints the current measurement screen
Saves the current measurement screen as a file (screenshot)
Reverts last operation.
Repeats previously reverted operation.
Selection mode: the cursor can be used to select (and move) markers in a zoomed display
Zoom mode: displays a dotted rectangle in the diagram that can be expanded to define the
zoom area. Can be repeated several times.
Zoom off: the diagram is displayed in its original size
7.2.2 Touchscreen
A touchscreen is a screen that is touch-sensitive, i.e. it reacts in a specified way when
a particular element on the screen is tapped by a finger or a pointing device, for example. Any user interface elements that can be clicked on by a mouse pointer can also be
tapped on the screen to trigger the same behavior, and vice versa. Using the touchscreen, the following tasks (amoung others) can be performed by the tap of your finger:
●
Changing a setting
●
Changing the display
●
Moving a marker
●
Zooming into a diagram
●
Saving or printing results and settings
To imitate a right-click by mouse using the touchscreen, for example to open a contextsensitive menu for a specific item, press the screen for about 1 second.
Deactivating and Activating the Touchscreen Function
The touchscreen function can be deactivated, e.g. when the instrument is being used
for demonstration purposes and tapping the screen should not provoke an action.
1. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
2. In the dialog box, select one of the following options:
● "Touchscreen ON": touchscreen function is active for the entire screen
● "Touchscreen OFF": touchscreen is deactivated for the entire screen
● "DIAGRAM TOUCH OFF": touchscreen is deactivated for the diagram area of
the screen, but active for the surrounding softkeys, toolbars and menus.
SCPI command:
DISP:TOUCh:STAT OFF
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7.2.3 On-screen Keyboard
The on-screen keyboard is an additional means of interacting with the instrument without having to connect an external keyboard.
The on-screen keyboard display can be switched on and off as desired using the "OnScreen Keyboard" function key beneath the screen.
When you press this key, the display switches between the following options:
●
Keyboard displayed at the top of the screen
●
Keyboard displayed at the bottom of the screen
●
No keyboard displayed
You can use the TAB key on the on-screen keyboard to move the focus from one field
to another in dialog boxes.
7.2.4 Keypad
The keypad is used to enter alphanumeric parameters. It contains the
following keys:
●
Alphanumeric keys
Enters numbers and (special) characters in edit dialog boxes. For
details refer to Chapter 7.3.1, "Entering Numeric Parameters",
on page 67 and Chapter 7.3.2, "Entering Alphanumeric Parame-
ters", on page 67.
●
Decimal point
Inserts a decimal point "." at the cursor position.
●
Sign key
Changes the sign of a numeric parameter. In the case of an alphanumeric parameter, inserts a "-" at the cursor position.
●
Unit keys (GHz/-dBm MHz/dBm, kHz/dB and Hz/dB)
These keys add the selected unit to the entered numeric value and complete the
entry.
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In the case of level entries (e.g. in dB) or dimensionless values, all units have the
value "1" as mulitplying factor. Thus, they have the same function as an ENTER
key. The same is true for an alphanumeric entry.
●
ESC key
Closes all kinds of dialog boxes, if the edit mode is not active. Quits the edit mode,
if the edit mode is active. In dialog boxes that contain a "Cancel" button it activates
that button.
For "Edit" dialog boxes the following mechanism is used:
– If data entry has been started, it retains the original value and closes the dialog
box.
– If data entry has not been started or has been completed, it closes the dialog
box.
●
BACKSPACE key
– If an alphanumeric entry has already been started, this key deletes the charac-
ter to the left of the cursor.
– If no input field is currently active, the most recently entered value is undone,
i.e. the previous value is retrieved. Thus, you can toggle between two values
(e.g. spans).
●
ENTER key
– Concludes the entry of dimensionless entries. The new value is accepted.
– With other entries, this key can be used instead of the "Hz/dB" unit key.
– In a dialog box, presses the default or focused button.
– In a dialog box, activates the edit mode for the focused area, if available. For
details on the edit mode refer to Chapter 7.3.3, "Navigating in Dialog Boxes",
on page 69.
– In a dialog box, activates or deactivates the selected option of the focused
area, if the edit mode is active.
7.2.5 Rotary Knob
The rotary knob has several functions:
●
Increments (clockwise direction) or decrements (counter-clockwise direction) the instrument parameter at a defined step width in the case of a
numeric entry.
●
Shifts the selection bar within focused areas (e.g. lists), if the edit mode is
activated.
●
Shifts markers, limit lines, etc on the screen.
●
Acts like the ENTER key, when it is pressed. For details refer to Chap-
ter 7.3.3, "Navigating in Dialog Boxes", on page 69.
●
Moves the scroll bar vertically, if the scroll bar is focused and the edit mode
is activated.
For details on the edit mode refer to Chapter 7.3.3, "Navigating in Dialog
Boxes", on page 69.
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7.2.6 Arrow Keys, UNDO/REDO Keys
The arrow keys are used for navigation. The [UNDO]/[REDO] keys support you during
input.
UPARROW/DNARROW keys
The [UPARROW] or [DNARROW] keys do the following:
●
In a numeric edit dialog box, increase or decrease the instrument parameter.
●
In a list, scroll forward and backward through the list entries.
●
In a table, move the selection bar vertically.
●
In windows or dialog boxes with vertical scroll bar, move the scroll bar.
Basic Operations
Means of User Interaction
LEFTARROW/RIGHTARROW keys
The [LEFTARROW] or [RIGHTARROW] keys do the following:
●
In an alphanumeric edit dialog box, move the cursor.
●
In a list, scroll forward and backward through the list entries.
●
In a table, move the selection bar horizontally.
●
In windows or dialog boxes with horizontal scroll bar, move the scroll bar.
UNDO/REDO keys
●
The [UNDO] key reverts the previously performed action, i.e. the status before the
previous action is retrieved.
The undo function is useful, for example, if you are performing a zero span measurement with several markers and a limit line defined and accidentally click the
"ACP" softkey. In this case, very many settings would be lost. However, if you
press [UNDO] immediately afterwards, the previous status is retrieved, i.e. the zero
span measurement and all settings.
●
The [REDO] key repeats the previously reverted action, i.e. the most recently performed action is repeated.
The [UNDO] function is not available after a [PRESET] or "RECALL" operation. When
these functions are used, the history of previous actions is deleted.
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7.2.7 Softkeys
Softkeys are virtual keys provided by the software. Thus, more functions can be provided than those that can be accessed directly via the function keys on the device. Softkeys are dynamic, i.e. depending on the selected function key, a different list of softkeys is displayed on the right side of the screen
A list of softkeys for a certain function key is also called a menu. Each softkey can
either represent a specific function, or a submenu that in turn represents several softkeys.
Selecting softkeys
► A particular softkey is selected by pressing the key on the screen with a finger,
mouse pointer or other pointing device.
Softkeys can only be operated via the screen, there are (usually) no corresponding
function keys.
Navigating in softkey menus
●
The "More" softkey indicates that the menu contains more softkeys than can be
displayed at once on the screen. When pressed, it displays the next set of softkeys.
●
If the softkey label contains a ">" symbol, it represents a submenu of further softkeys. When you press it, the submenu is displayed.
●
The "Up" key switches to the next higher level of the menu.
●
The start menu of the current measurement mode is accessed directly by pressing
the [HOME] key on the front panel.
Softkey actions
A softkey performs one of the following actions when pressed:
●
Opens a dialog box to enter data.
●
Switches a function on or off.
●
Opens a submenu (only softkeys with a ">" symbol).
Recognizing the softkey status by color
In the factory configuration, a softkey is highlighted orange when a corresponding dialog box is open. If it is a toggle softkey, the current state is highlighted blue. If an instrument function is not available temporarily due to a specific setting, the associated softkey is deactivated and its text is colored gray.
Some softkeys belong to a certain (firmware) option. If this option is not implemented in
your device, the associated softkeys are not displayed.
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Hiding softkeys
You can hide the softkey display, e.g. when using remote control, in order to enlarge
the display area for the measurement results. When you press a function key on the
front panel, the softkeys are displayed temporarily, enabling you to perform a certain
task with the softkeys. They are then automatically hidden again when they have not
been used for a specified time. Any edit dialog boxes required for entry remain in the
display.
1. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
2. In the "Display Settings" dialog box, select "Softkey Bar State: Off".
The softkeys are no longer displayed.
► To display the softkeys again, select "Softkey Bar State: On".
Remote:
DISP:SKEY:STAT OFF
7.2.8 Context-sensitive Menus
Markers and traces in the display, as well as the information in the channel bar, have
context-sensitive menus. If you right-click on a marker or trace in the display, or information in the channel bar (or touch it for about 1 second), a menu is displayed which
contains the same functions as the corresponding softkey. This is useful, for example,
when the softkey display is hidden (see Chapter 7.2.7, "Softkeys", on page 64).
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If a menu entry contains an arrow to the right of it, a submenu is available for that
entry.
► To close the menu, press the ESC key or click in the display outside of the menu.
7.2.9 Dialog Boxes
In most cases, the R&S ESR dialog boxes are designed to enter a numeric value. In
the documentation, these dialog boxes are called "edit dialog boxes". Dialog boxes that
are not only designed for parameter entry have a more complex structure and, in the
documentation, are called "dialog boxes". The navigation in Windows dialog boxes differs in some aspects from the navigation in R&S ESR dialog boxes. For details, see
Chapter 7.3.3, "Navigating in Dialog Boxes", on page 69.
The following figure shows an example of a edit dialog box:
Figure 7-1: Edit dialog box for parameter entry
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The title bar shows the name of the parameter that was selected. The entry is performed in the editing line. When the dialog box is displayed, the focus is on the editing
line and it contains the currently used parameter value and its unit. The optional third
line shows status and error messages which always refer to the current entry.
7.3 Setting Parameters
This section describes how to perform the following basic tasks in the R&S ESR:
●
Chapter 7.3.1, "Entering Numeric Parameters", on page 67
●
Chapter 7.3.2, "Entering Alphanumeric Parameters", on page 67
●
Chapter 7.3.3, "Navigating in Dialog Boxes", on page 69
7.3.1 Entering Numeric Parameters
If a field requires numeric input, the keypad provides only numbers.
Basic Operations
Setting Parameters
1. Enter the parameter value using the keypad, or change the currently used parameter value by using the rotary knob (small steps) or the UPARROW or DNARROW
keys (large steps).
2. After entering the numeric value via keypad, press the corresponding unit key.
The unit is added to the entry.
3. If the parameter does not require a unit, confirm the entered value by pressing the
ENTER key or one of the unit keys.
The editing line is highlighted in order to confirm the entry.
7.3.2 Entering Alphanumeric Parameters
If a field requires alphanumeric input, you can use the on-screen keyboard to enter
numbers and (special) characters (see also Chapter 7.2.3, "On-screen Keyboard",
on page 61).
Figure 7-2: On-screen keyboard
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Setting Parameters
Alternatively, you can use the keypad. Every alphanumeric key provides several characters and one number. The decimal point key (.) provides special characters, and the
sign key (-) toggles between capital and small letters. For the assignment refer to
Table 7-2.
Entering numbers and (special) characters via the keypad
1. Press the key once to enter the first possible value.
2. All characters available via this key are displayed.
3. To choose another value provided by this key, press the key again, until your
desired value is displayed.
4. With every key stroke the next possible value of this key is displayed. If all possible
values have been displayed, the series starts with the first value again. For information on the series refer to Table 7-2.
5. To change from capital to small letters and vice versa, press the sign key (-).
6. When you have chosen the desired value, wait for 2 seconds (to use the same key
again), or start the next entry by pressing another key.
Entering a blank
► Press the "Space" bar, or press the "0" key and wait 2 seconds.
Correcting an entry:
1. Using the arrow keys, move the cursor to the right of the entry you want to delete.
2. Press the [BACKSPACE] key.
3. The entry to the left of the cursor is deleted.
4. Enter your correction.
Completing the entry
► Press the [ENTER] key or the rotary knob.
Aborting the entry
► Press the [ESC] key.
The dialog box is closed without changing the settings.
Table 7-2: Keys for alphanumeric parameters
Key name
(upper inscription)
7 7 µ Ω ° € ¥ $ ¢
8 A B C 8 Ä ÆÅ Ç
Series of (special) characters and number provided
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Setting Parameters
Key name
(upper inscription)
9 D E F 9 É
4 G H I 4
5 J K L 5
6 M N O 6 Ň Ö
1 P Q R S 1
2 T U V 2 Ü
3 W X Y Z 3
0 <blank> 0 – @ + / \ < > = % &
. . * : _ , ; " ' ? ( ) #
– <toggles between capital and small letters>
Series of (special) characters and number provided
7.3.3 Navigating in Dialog Boxes
Some of the dialog boxes are not only for parameter entry, and therefore have a more
complex structure. The following figure shows an example.
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Setting Parameters
Changing the focus
The focus on the graphical user interface is moved by pressing an element on the
screen, or via the rotary knob. The focused area is marked with a blue frame (see Fig-
ure 7-3). If this area consists of more than one element, e.g. lists of options or tables,
you must first switch to the edit mode in order to make changes. A focused area in the
edit mode is marked with a dashed blue frame (see Figure 7-4).
Figure 7-3: Focused area
Figure 7-4: Focused area in edit mode
Edit mode
When using the touchscreen for focus changes, all focused areas are in the edit mode
automatically, if available. Otherwise, you must switch to edit mode manually.
Switching to edit mode
1. Press the [ENTER] key.
2. To quit the edit mode, press the [ESC] key.
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Working in dialog boxes
●
To edit alphanumeric parameters, use the keypad or the on-screen keyboard. For
details see Chapter 7.3.1, "Entering Numeric Parameters", on page 67 and Chap-
ter 7.3.2, "Entering Alphanumeric Parameters", on page 67. If you edit fields, the
edit mode is activated automatically when you start typing.
●
To move the focus to the next interface element (e.g. field, option, list), press it on
the screen, or turn the rotary knob.
●
To select or deselect an option, press the option on the screen.
Alternatively:
– If the focused area consists of more than one option and the edit mode is not
active, change into the edit mode.
– Scroll through the list of options using the arrow keys or the rotary knob (only
for vertical direction) until the option you want to activate or deactivate is highlighted.
– Press the rotary knob or the [ENTER] key to confirm your selection.
The option is activated or deactivated, depending on its previous setting.
– To leave the edit mode, press the [ESC] key.
●
To open a drop-down list, press the arrow next to the list. Alternatively, press the
[ENTER] key or the rotary knob. When opened, the list is in edit mode.
●
To select an entry without opening a drop-down list, use the arrow keys to browse
through the list entries.
●
To select a list entry, press the entry on the screen.
Alternatively:
– If the edit mode is not active, change into the edit mode.
– Scroll through the list using the arrow keys or the rotary knob until the list entry
you want to select is highlighted.
– Confirm your choice by pressing the rotary knob or the [ENTER] key.
If a drop-down list was opened, it is closed.
●
To change from one tab to the next, press the tab on the screen.
●
To press a button in a dialog box, press the button on the screen.
Alternatively:
– Place the focus on the desired button using the rotary knob.
– Confirm your choice by pressing the rotary knob or the [ENTER] key.
●
To close the dialog box and accept the changes, press the "OK" button.
●
To close the dialog box without accepting the changes, press the [ESC] key or the
"Cancel" button.
Particularities in Windows dialog boxes
In some cases, e.g. if you want to install a printer, original Windows dialog boxes are
used. In these dialog boxes, the navigation behavior is different to the one you are
used to from R&S ESR applications. In the following, the important differences and
useful tips are listed:
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●
The rotary knob and function keys do not work. Do not use them. Use the touchscreen instead.
7.4 Changing the Display
7.4.1 Changing the Focus
Any selected function is always performed on the currently focussed element in the
display, e.g. a dialog field, diagram, or table row. Which element is focussed is indicated by a blue frame (diagram, window, table) or is otherwise highlighted (softkey,
marker etc.). Moving the focus is most easily done by tapping on the element on the
touchscreen. Alternatively, use the "Tab" key on the on-screen keyboard or the rotary
knob to move the focus from one element to the next on the display.
Basic Operations
Changing the Display
To move the focus on the screen between any displayed diagrams or tables, press the
"Change focus" function key on the front panel. The focus moves from the diagram to
the first table to the next table etc. and then back to the diagram.
7.4.2 Switching between Split and Maximized Display
In some measurement modes, a table with markers or measurement results is displayed beneath the diagram. In this case, you may wish to maximize the diagram
or table display in order to see more details.
Press the [SPLIT/MAXIMIZE] key on the front panel to switch between a split screen
and a full screen (maximized display). In maximized display, the table or diagram currently focused is maximized. In split display, both the diagram and any available tables
are displayed in one screen.
SCPI command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<m>]:SIZE on page 951
7.4.3 Soft and Mini Soft Front Panel Display
When working with an external monitor or operating via remote control on a computer,
it is useful to be able to interact with the R&S ESR without requiring the keypad and
keys located on the front panel of the instrument. Therefore, a "Soft Front Panel" display is available, which simulates the entire front panel of the instrument (except for the
external connectors) on the screen. You can switch between "normal" screen display
and extended display. In the extended display, the keys and other hardware controls of
the instrument are simulated on the screen.
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Changing the Display
If you require a Soft Front Panel but do not want to lose too much space for results in
the display area, a mini soft Front Panel is available. The mini version displays only the
hardkeys in a separate window in the display area. This window can be closed automatically after pressing a key, or remain open, as desired. Using the Mini Front Panel,
the R&S ESR interface is fully operable from a monitor with a resolution of 1024x768
pixels.
Switching to soft Front Panel display
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "General Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "More" softkey.
4. Press the "Soft Front Panel" softkey.
Alternatively:
5. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
6. In the "Display Settings" dialog box, select "Front Panel State: On".
The extended display appears on the screen.
Using the F6 key you can toggle the Front Panel display on and off.
Remote: SYST:DISP:FPAN:STAT ON
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Working with the Soft Front Panel
Basic operation with the soft Front Panel is identical to normal operation. To activate a
key, either press the key on the touchscreen, or click on it with the mouse pointer. To
simulate the use of the rotary knob, use the additional keys displayed between the keypad and the arrow keys:
Icon Function
Turn left
Enter
Turn right
Switching to Mini Front Panel display
1. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
2. In the "Display Settings" dialog box, select "Mini Front Panel State: On".
The "Mini Front Panel" window appears on the screen. It can be moved anywhere
on the screen where it does not interfere with your current task.
Using the key combination [ALT + M] you can toggle the Mini Front Panel display on
and off.
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Changing the Display
Auto close option
By default, the "Auto close" option is activated and the Mini Front Panel window closes
automatically after you select a key. This is useful if you only require the Front Panel
display to press a single function key.
If you want the window to remain open, deactivate the "Auto close" option. You can
close the window manually by clicking "Close Panel" or the key combination [ALT + M].
7.4.4 Enlarging the Display Area
You can enlarge the screen display area if you are using an external monitor or the
Soft and Mini Soft Frontpanel display (see Chapter 7.4.3, "Soft and Mini Soft Front
Panel Display", on page 72). To do so, drag the lower right corner of the window to
the required size. In standard display, a small icon is displayed in the lower right
corner of the screen.
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7.4.5 Displaying the Toolbar
Standard file functions can be performed via the icons in the toolbar at the top of the
screen (see the Chapter 7.2.1, "Toolbar", on page 59). By default, this toolbar is not
displayed.
To display the toolbar:
1. Press the DISPLAY key.
2. Under "Select Tool Bar State", select "On".
Alternatively:
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "Tool Bar State On/Off" softkey.
The toolbar is displayed at the top of the screen.
7.4.6 Zooming into the Diagram
You can zoom into the diagram to visualize the measurement results in greater detail.
Using the touchscreen or a mouse pointer you can easily define the area to be
enlarged.
Zoom and the number of sweep points
Note that zooming is merely a visual tool, it does not change any measurement settings, such as the number of sweep points!
You should increase the number of sweep points before zooming, as otherwise the
function has no real effect (see the "Sweep Points" softkey, described in the Operating
Manual and online help).
To zoom into the diagram
1. Display the toolbar as described in Chapter 7.4.5, "Displaying the Toolbar",
on page 76.
2.
Click on the "Zoom On" icon in the toolbar.
A dotted rectangle is displayed in the diagram.
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3. Drag the lower right corner of the rectangle (either via touchscreen or a mouse
pointer) to define the area in the diagram to be enlarged.
4. Repeat these steps, if necessary, to enlarge the diagram further.
Scrolling in the zoomed display
You can scroll the diagram area to display the entire diagram using the scrollbars at the
right and at the bottom of the diagram.
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To return to selection mode in the diagram
While you are in zoom mode, touching the screen changes the zoom area. In order to
select or move a trace or marker, you must switch back to selection mode:
► Click on the "Selection mode" icon in the toolbar.
To return to original display
► Click on the "Zoom Off" icon in the toolbar.
A dotted rectangle is displayed in the diagram.
Remote commands:
1. Activate the zoom mode:
DISP:ZOOM ON
2. Define the zoom area:
DISP:ZOOM:AREA 5,30,20,100
3. Hide the overview window:
DISP:ZOOM:OVER OFF
7.4.7 Adding a Title to the Diagram Header
You can add an introductory title to the trace information in the diagram header.
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "Screen Title On/Off" softkey.
An edit dialog box is displayed.
4. Enter the title and press "ENTER".
The title is displayed at the beginning of the diagram header.
7.4.8 Removing the Diagram Footer
Some additional diagram-specific information is displayed in the diagram footer (see
Chapter 7.1.4, "Diagram-specific and Trace Information", on page 55). This footer can
be removed from display if necessary.
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
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3. Press the "Annotation On/Off" softkey.
The footer is displayed beneath the diagram or removed from display.
7.4.9 Selecting a Theme
You can select a theme for the screen display. The theme defines the colors used for
keys and screen elements, for example. The default theme is "BlueOcean".
Selecting a theme
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "More" softkey.
4. Press the "Theme Selection" softkey. A list of available themes is displayed.
5. Select the desired theme from the list.
The screen display changes according to the selected theme.
SCPI command:
DISPlay:THEMe:SELect
7.4.10 Displaying and Setting the Date and Time
You can switch the date and time display in the diagram footer on or off. By default, it is
displayed. You can also switch between German and US format.
Switching the date and time display off
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "Time+Date" softkey to "Off".
Changing the format
1. Press the SETUP key.
2. Press the "Display Setup" softkey.
3. Press the "Time+Date Format" softkey until the required format is selected.
Setting the date and time
To set the date and time, click on the date and time display in the diagram footer. The
standard Windows "Date and Time Properties" dialog is displayed and you can set the
correct date and time.
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7.4.11 Changing the Display Update Rate
Basic Operations
Changing the Display
When performance is poor due to slow data transfer (for example during remote control), it may be helpful to decrease the frequency with which the screen display is updated.
To descrease the display update rate
1. Press the [DISPLAY] key.
The "Display Settings" dialog box is opened.
2. Under "Display Update Rate", select "Slow".
The display is updated less frequently, and performance for measurements should
improve. When data transfer is no longer a problem, you can set the update rate
back to "Fast" in the same way.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal
8 Basic Measurement Examples
The following measurement examples are intended as an introduction to operating the
R&S ESR. The User Manual contains additional and more advanced examples. Refer
to chapter "Advanced Measurement Examples" to find the following topics:
●
High-Sensitivity Harmonics Measurements
●
Separating Signals by Selecting an Appropriate Resolution Bandwidth
●
Intermodulation Measurements
●
Measuring Signals in the Vicinity of Noise
●
Measuring Noise Power Density
●
Measurement of Noise Power within a Transmission Channel
●
Measuring Phase Noise
●
Measuring Channel Power and Adjacent Channel Power
For a more detailed description of the basic operating steps, e.g. selecting menus and
setting parameters, refer to Chapter 7, "Basic Operations", on page 51.
8.1 Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal
One of the most common measurement tasks that can be handled by using a signal
analyzer is determining the level and frequency of a signal. When measuring an
unknown signal, you can usually start with the presettings.
Test setup
NOTICE! Risk of instrument damage. Signal levels exceeding 30 dBm can damage
1.
the RF attenuator or the input mixer. For the level calculation, take the total power
of all occuring signals into account.
If you measure signals higher than +30 dBm (= 1 W), insert a power attenuator
before the RF input of the analyzer.
2. Connect the RF output of the signal generator to the RF input of R&S ESR.
Table 8-1: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Frequency 128 MHz
Level -30 dBm
8.1.1 Measuring the Level and Frequency Using Markers
The level and frequency of a sinusoidal signal can be measured easily by using the
marker function. The R&S ESR always displays its amplitude and frequency at the
marker position. The frequency measurement uncertainty is determined by the frequency reference of the R&S ESR, the resolution of the marker frequency display and
the number of sweep points.
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Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal
1. Reset the instrument by pressing the [PRESET] key.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Connect the signal to be measured to the RF INPUT analyzer input on the instrument front panel.
4. Set the center frequency to 128 MHz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key.
The dialog box for the center frequency is displayed.
b) In the dialog box, enter 128 using the numeric keypad and confirm the entry
with the MHz key.
5. Reduce the frequency span to 1 MHz.
a) Press the [SPAN] key.
b) In the dialog box, enter 1 using the numeric keypad and confirm the entry by
pressing the [MHz] key.
Note: Coupled settings. When the frequency span is defined, the resolution bandwidth, the video bandwidth and the sweep time are automatically adjusted,
because these functions are defined as coupled functions in the presettings.
6. Measure the level and frequency using the marker by pressing the [MKR] key.
The marker is activated and automatically set on the maximum of the trace.
The level and frequency values measured by the marker are displayed in the
marker field at the top edge of the screen. They can be taken as the measurement
result.
M1[1] -30.00 dBm
The field header indicates the number of the marker (Marker 1) and the trace on
which the marker is located ([1] = Trace 1).
Note: Performing a peak search. When a marker is initially activated, it automatically performs the peak search function (as shown in the example).
If a marker was already active, you have to press the [Peak Search] key on the
front panel or the "Peak" softkey in the [MKR >] menu in order to set the currently
active marker to the maximum of the displayed signal.
8.1.1.1 Increasing the Frequency Resolution
The frequency resolution of the marker is predefined by the pixel resolution of the
trace. A trace uses 691 pixels, i.e. if the frequency span is 1 MHz, each pixel corresponds to a span of approx. 1.4 kHz. This corresponds to a maximum uncertainty of +/-
0.7 kHz.
128.00000 MHz
You can increase the pixel resolution of the trace by reducing the frequency span.
Reducing the frequency span to 10 kHz
1. Press the [SPAN] key.
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8.1.1.2 Setting the Reference Level
Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal
2. Using the numeric keypad, enter 10 in the dialog box and confirm the entry with the
[kHz] key.
The generator signal is measured using a span of 10 kHz. The pixel resolution of the
trace is now approx. 14 Hz (10 kHz span / 691 pixels) , i.e. the precision of the marker
frequency display increases to approx. ±7 Hz.
With signal analyzers, the reference level is the level at the upper limit of the diagram.
To achieve the widest dynamic range possible for a spectrum measurement, use the
entire level span of the signal analyzer. In other words, the highest level that occurs in
the signal should be located at the top edge of the diagram (=reference level) or immediately below it.
Low Reference Levels
If the selected reference level is lower than the highest signal that occurs in the spectrum, the signal path in the R&S ESR is overloaded.
In this case, the message "IFOVL" is displayed in the error message field.
In the presettings, the value of the reference level is -10 dBm. If the input signal is
-30 dBm, the reference level can be reduced by 20 dB without causing the signal path
to be overloaded.
Reducing the reference level by 20 dB
1. Press the [AMPT] key.
The amplitude menu is displayed. The "Ref Level" softkey is highlighted in red to
indicate that it is activated for data entry. The dialog box for the reference level is
also opened.
2. Using the numeric keypad, enter 30 and confirm the entry with the [- dBm] key.
The reference level is set to -30 dBm. The maximum of the trace is near the maximum of the measurement diagram. However, the increase in the displayed noise is
not substantial. Thus, the distance between the signal maximum and the noise display (=dynamic range) has increased.
Setting the marker level equal to the reference level
The marker can also be used to shift the maximum value of the trace directly to the top
edge of the diagram. If the marker is located at the maximum level of the trace (as in
this example), the reference level can be moved to the marker level as follows:
1. Press the [MKR] key.
2. Press the "Ref Lvl = Mkr Lvl" softkey.
The reference level is set equal to the measured level where the marker is located.
Thus, setting the reference level is reduced to two keystrokes.
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Measuring a Sinusoidal Signal
8.1.2 Measuring the Signal Frequency Using the Frequency Counter
The built-in frequency counter allows you to measure the frequency more accurately
than measuring it with the marker. The frequency sweep is stopped at the marker, and
the R&S ESR measures the frequency of the signal at the marker position.
In the following example, the frequency of the generator at 128 MHz is shown by using
the marker.
Prerequisite
In this example, a precise frequency measurement is to be performed. Therefore, connect the signal generator's "Ref OUT" connector to the analyzer's "Ref IN" connector.
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is set to its default state.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the center frequency and the span.
a) Press the [FREQ] key and enter 128 MHz.
The center frequency of the R&S ESR is set to 128 MHz.
b) Press the [SPAN] key and enter 1 MHz.
The frequency span of the R&S ESR is set to 1 MHz.
4. In the "Setup" menu, select "Reference Ext".
5. Activate the marker by pressing the [MKR] key.
The marker is activated and set to the signal maximum. The level and the frequency of the marker are displayed in the marker field (diagram header or marker
table).
6. Activate the frequency counter by pressing the "Sig Count On/Off" softkey in the
"MKR FUNC" menu.
The result of frequency counting is displayed in the selected resolution in the
marker field.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals
Figure 8-1: Measurement of the frequency with the frequency counter
Prerequisites for using the internal frequency counter
In order to obtain a correct result when measuring the frequency with the internal frequency counter, an RF sinusoidal signal or a spectral line must be available. The
marker must be located more than 25 dB above the noise level to ensure that the
specified measurement accuracy is adhered to.
8.2 Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals
Measuring the harmonics of a signal is a very common task that can be performed
optimally by using a Signal and Spectrum Analyzer.
In the following example, the generator signal with 128 MHz and -20 dBm is used
again.
Measuring the Suppression of the First and Second Harmonic of an Input Signal
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is in the default state.
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Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the start frequency to 100 MHz and the stop frequency to 400 MHz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key.
b) Press the "Start" softkey and enter 100 MHz.
c) Press the "Stop" softkey and enter 400 MHz.
The R&S ESR displays the fundamental and the first and second harmonics of
the input signal.
4. To average (smooth) the noise, reduce the video bandwidth.
a) Press the [BW] key.
b) Press the "Video BW Manual" softkey and enter 100 kHz.
5. Set the attenuation to 0 dB.
a) Press the [AMPT] key.
b) Press the "RF Atten Manual" softkey.
c) Enter 0 dB in the edit dialog box.
6. Activate the marker by pressing the [MKR] key.
"Marker 1" is activated and positioned to the signal maximum (fundamental at 128
MHz). The level and frequency of the marker is displayed in the marker field.
7. Activate the delta marker and measure the harmonic suppression.
a) In the "MKR" menu, press the "Marker 2" softkey.
"Marker 2" is activated as a delta marker ("D2 [1]"). It is automatically set on
the largest harmonic of the signal. The frequency offset and level offset from
marker 1 are displayed in the channel information bar.
b) In the "MKR" menu, press the "Marker 3" softkey.
"Marker 3" is activated as a delta marker ("D3 [1]"). It is automatically set on
the next largest harmonic of the signal. The frequency offset and level offset
from marker 1 on the fundamental are displayed in the channel information bar
(see Figure 8-2).
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals
Figure 8-2: Measuring the harmonic suppression of the internal reference generator.
Delta markers D2 [1] and D3 [1] show the offset of the first and second harmonics from
the fundamental.
Reducing Noise
The signal analyzer offers three methods to differentiate the harmonics of a signal from
the noise effectively:
●
Reducing the video bandwidth
●
Averaging the trace
●
Reducing the resolution bandwidth
Reducing the video bandwidth and averaging the traces cause the noise from the analyzer or the DUT to be reduced, depending on which component is larger. Both averaging methods reduce the measurement uncertainty, particularly in the case of small signal-to-noise ratios, because the measurement signal is also separated from the noise.
Reducing the noise by reducing the video bandwidth
1. Press the [BW] key.
2. Press the "Video BW Manual" softkey.
3. Reduce the video bandwidth to 1 kHz (for example), by entering 1 kHz.
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Measuring Harmonics of Sinusoidal Signals
This smoothes the noise significantly, and the sweep time is increased to 200 ms.
In other words, the measurement will take significantly more time. The video bandwidth that is displayed is marked with a bullet to indicate that it is no longer coupled
to the resolution bandwidth (see Figure 8-3).
Figure 8-3: Suppression of noise during harmonics measurement by reducing video bandwidth
4. Recouple the video bandwidth to the resolution bandwidth.
a) Press the [BW] key.
b) Press the "Video BW Auto" softkey.
Reducing the noise by averaging the trace
1. Press the [TRACE] key.
2. Press the "Trace Wizard" softkey.
3. For "Trace 1", press the button in the "Trace Mode" column and select "Average"
from the list.
The noise component of the trace is smoothed by averaging 10 successive traces.
4. Switch off trace averaging by pressing the button in the "Trace Mode" column and
selecting "Clear Write" from the list.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Reducing the noise by reducing the measurement bandwidth
The noise is reduced in proportion to the bandwidth by reducing the resolution bandwidth, i.e. reducing the resolution bandwidth by a factor of 10 also reduces the noise by
a factor of 10 (which corresponds to 10 dB). The amplitude of sinusoidal signals is not
affected by reducing the resolution bandwidth.
1. Set the resolution bandwidth to 10 kHz.
a) Press the [BW] key.
b) Press the "Res BW Manual" softkey and enter 10 kHz.
The noise decreases by approx. 25 dB compared to the previous setting. Since
the video bandwidth is coupled to the resolution bandwidth, it is reduced to 30
kHz in proportion to the resolution bandwidth. This causes the sweep time to
increase to 3.0 seconds.
2. Reset the resolution bandwidth (couple it to the span) by pressing the "Res BW
Auto" softkey in the "BW" menu.
8.3 Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
8.3.1 Separating Signals by Selecting the Resolution Bandwidth
A basic feature of a Signal and Spectrum Analyzer is the ability to separate the spectral components of a mixture of signals. The resolution at which the individual components can be separated is determined by the resolution bandwidth. Selecting a resolution bandwidth that is too large may make it impossible to distinguish between spectral
components, i.e. they are displayed as a single component.
An RF sinusoidal signal is displayed using the passband characteristic of the defined
resolution filter (RBW). Its specified bandwidth is the 3 dB bandwidth of the filter.
Two signals with the same amplitude can be resolved if the resolution bandwidth is
smaller than or equal to the frequency spacing of the signal. If the resolution bandwidth
is equal to the frequency spacing, the spectrum display shows a level drop of 3 dB precisely in the center of the two signals. Decreasing the resolution bandwidth makes the
level drop larger, which thus makes the individual signals clearer.
Higher spectral resolution at a narrower bandwidth is accomplished through longer
sweep times at the same span. Reducing the resolution bandwidth by a factor of 3
increases the sweep time by a factor of 9.
Example:
Separating Two Signals
The two signals have a level of -30 dBm each at a frequency spacing of 30 kHz
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Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Table 8-2: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Signal generator 1 -30 dBm 128,00 MHz
Signal generator 2 -30 dBm 128,03 MHz
Level Frequency
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is set to its default state.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the center frequency to 128.015 MHz and the frequency span to 300 kHz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key and enter 128.015 MHz.
b) Press the [SPAN] key and enter 300 kHz.
4. Set the resolution bandwidth to 30 kHz and the video bandwidth to 1 kHz.
a) Press the [BW] key
b) Press the "Res BW Manual" softkey and enter 30 kHz.
c) Press the "Video BW Manual" softkey and enter 1 kHz.
Note: Larger video bandwidths. The video bandwidth is set to 1 kHz in order to
make the level drop in the center of the two signals clearly visible. At larger video
bandwidths, the video voltage that results from envelope detection is not sufficiently suppressed. This produces additional voltages, which are visible in the
trace, in the transition area between the two signals.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Figure 8-4: Measurement of two equally-leveled RF sinusoidal signals with the resolution band-
width which corresponds to the frequency spacing of the signals
Matching generator and R&S ESR frequencies
The level drop is located exactly in the center of the screen only if the generator
frequencies match the frequency display of the R&S ESR exactly. To achieve exact
matching, the frequencies of the generators and the R&S ESR must be synchronized.
5. Set the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz. To do so, in the bandwidth menu, press
the "Res BW Manual" softkey and enter 100 kHz.
It is no longer possible to clearly distinguish the two generator signals.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Figure 8-5: Measurement of two equally-leveled RF sinusoidal signals with a resolution band-
width which is larger than their frequency spacing
Note: Reducing the resolution bandwidth. The resolution bandwidth (RBW) can be
reduced again by turning the rotary knob counterclockwise, thus yielding a higher
frequency resolution.
6. Set the resolution bandwidth to 1 kHz. To do so, in the bandwidth menu, press the
"Res BW Manual" softkey and enter 1 kHz.
The two generator signals are shown with high resolution. However, the sweep
time becomes longer. At smaller bandwidths, the noise display decreases simultaneously (10 dB decrease in noise floor for a decrease in bandwidth by a factor of
10).
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Figure 8-6: Measurement of two equally-leveled RF sinusoidal signals with a resolution band-
width (1 kHz) which is significantly smaller than their frequency spacing
8.3.2 Measuring the Modulation Depth of an AM-Modulated Carrier (Span > 0)
In the frequency range display, the AM side bands can be resolved with a narrow
bandwidth and measured separately. The modulation depth of a carrier modulated with
a sinusoidal signal can then be measured. Since the dynamic range of a signal analyzer is very large, extremely small modulation depths can also be measured precisely.
For this purpose, the R&S ESR provides measurement routines that output the modulation depth numerically in % directly.
Test setup
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Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Table 8-3: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Frequency 128 MHz
Level -30 dBm
Modulation 50 % AM, 10 kHz AF
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is set to its default state.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the center frequency to 128 MHz and span to 50 kHz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key and enter 128 MHz.
b) Press the [SPAN] key and enter 50 kHz.
4. Activate the marker function for measuring the AM modulation depth.
a) Press the [MEAS] key.
b) Press the "More" key.
c) Press the "AM Mod Depth" softkey.
The R&S ESR automatically sets a marker to the carrier signal in the center of
the diagram and one delta marker each to the upper and lower AM sidebands.
The R&S ESR calculates the AM modulation depth from the level differences of
the delta markers to the main marker and outputs the numeric value in the
marker field.
Figure 8-7: Measurement of the AM modulation depth
The modulation depth is displayed as "MDepth". The frequency of the AF signal can be
obtained from the frequency display of the delta marker.
8.3.3 Measuring AM-Modulated Signals
The signal analyzer rectifies the RF input signal and displays it as a magnitude spectrum. The rectification also demodulates AM-modulated signals. The AF voltage can be
displayed in zero span if the modulation sidebands fall within the resolution bandwidth.
Displaying the AF of an AM-modulated signal (Zero Span)
Test setup
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Measuring Signal Spectra with Multiple Signals
Table 8-4: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Frequency 128 MHz
Level -30 dBm
Modulation 50 % AM, 1 kHz AF
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is set to its default state.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the center frequency to 128 MHz and the span to 0 Hz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key and enter 128 MHz.
b) Press the [SPAN] key and enter 0 Hz or press the "Zero Span" softkey.
4. Set the sweep time to 2.5 ms.
a) Press the [SWEEP] key.
b) Press the "Sweeptime Manual" softkey.
c) Enter 2.5 ms.
5. Set the reference level to +6 dBm and the display range to linear.
a) Press the [AMPT] key and enter 6 dBm.
b) Press the "Range" softkey.
c) Press the "Range Linear %" softkey.
6. Set triggering in response to the AF signal by using the video trigger to produce a
static image.
a) Press the [TRIG] key.
b) Press the "Trg/Gate Source" softkey and select "Video" using the arrow keys.
c) Press the "Trg/Gate Level" softkey and enter 50%.
The trigger level is displayed as a horizontal line across the entire measurement diagram. The R&S ESR displays the 1 kHz AF signal as a static image in
zero span. Use a headset to listen to the AF.
7. Activate the internal AM demodulator.
a) Press the [MKR FUNC] key.
b) Press the "Marker Demod" softkey.
The R&S ESR automatically switches on the AM audio demodulator. A 1 kHz
tone can be heard over headset. If necessary, use the volume control knob for
AF OUTPUT on the front panel to turn up the volume.
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8.4.1.1 Measuring the Power of a GSM Burst During the Activation Phase
Basic Measurement Examples
Measurements in Zero Span
8.4 Measurements in Zero Span
For radio transmission systems that use the TDMA method (e.g. GSM or IS136), transmission quality is determined not only by spectral characteristics but also by characteristics in zero span. A timeslot is assigned to each user since several users share the
same frequency. Smooth operation is ensured only if all users adhere exactly to their
assigned timeslots.
Both the power during the send phase as well as the timing and duration of the TDMA
burst, and rise and fall times of the burst, are important.
8.4.1 Measuring the Power Characteristic of Burst Signals
To measure power in zero span, the R&S ESR offers easy-to-use functions that measure the power over a predefined time.
Test setup
Table 8-5: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Frequency 890 MHz
Level 0 dBm
Modulation GSM, one timeslot activated
1. Set the signal analyzer to the default state by pressing the [PRESET] key.
The R&S ESR is set to its default state.
2. Select "Spectrum" mode.
3. Set the center frequency to 890 MHz, the span to 0 Hz and the resolution band-
width to 1 MHz.
a) Press the [FREQ] key and enter 890 MHz.
b) Press the [SPAN] key and enter 0 Hz, or press the "Zero Span" softkey.
4. Set the reference level of the R&S ESR to 10 dBm (= level of the signal generator
+10 dB) and set the attenuation to 20 dB.
a) Press the [AMPT] key.
b) Enter 10 dBm.
c) Press the "Rf Atten Manual" softkey.
d) Enter 20 dB.
5. Set the sweep time to 1 ms.
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Measurements in Zero Span
a) Press the [SWEEP] key.
b) Press the "Sweeptime Manual" softkey and enter 1 ms.
The R&S ESR shows the GSM burst continuously across the display.
6. By using the video trigger, set triggering on the rising edge of the burst.
a) Press the [TRIG] key.
b) Press the "Trg/Gate Source" softkey and select "Video" using the arrow keys.
c) Press the "Trg/Gate Level" softkey and enter 70%.
The R&S ESR shows a static image with the GSM burst at the start of the
trace. The trigger level is displayed as a horizontal line labeled with the absolute level for the trigger threshold in the measurement diagram.
7. Configure power measurement in zero span.
a) Press the [MEAS] key.
b) Press the "Time Domain Power" softkey to open the submenu.
c) Switch the "Limits" softkey to "On."
d) Press the "Left Limit" softkey.
e) By turning the rotary knob clockwise, move the vertical line to the start of the
burst.
f) Press the "Right Limit" softkey.
g) By turning the rotary knob counterclockwise, set the second vertical line to the
end of the burst.
The R&S ESR displays the average (mean) power during the activation phase of the
burst.
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measurements in Zero Span
Figure 8-8: Measurement of the average power during the burst of a GSM signal
8.4.1.2 Measuring the Edges of a GSM Burst with High Time Resolution
Because of the high time resolution of the R&S ESR at the 0 Hz display range, the
edges of TDMA bursts can be measured precisely. The edges can be shifted to the
screen area by using the trigger offset.
Test setup
Table 8-6: Signal generator settings (e.g. R&S SMU)
Frequency 890 MHz
Level 0 dBm
Modulation GSM, one timeslot activated
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Basic Measurement Examples
Measurements in Zero Span
The measurement is based on the setting in the example above for measuring the
power of the GSM during the activation phase.
1. Switch off the power measurement.
a) Press the [MEAS] key.
b) Press the "All Functions Off" softkey.
2. Increase the time resolution to 100 µs.
a) Press the [SWEEP] key.
b) Press the "Sweeptime Manual" softkey and enter 100 µs.
3. Using the trigger softkey, shift the rising edge of the GSM burst to the center of the
screen.
a) Press the [TRIG] key.
b) Press the "Trigger Offset" softkey.
c) By turning the rotary knob counterclockwise, move the trigger offset until the
burst edge can be seen in the center of the screen, or enter -50 µs.
The R&S ESR displays the rising edge of the GSM burst.
Figure 8-9: Rising edge of the GSM burst displayed with high time resolution
4. Using the trigger offset, move the falling edge of the burst to the center of the
screen. To do so, switch the "Trg/Gate Polarity" softkey to "Neg".
The R&S ESR displays the falling edge of the GSM burst.
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Measurements in Zero Span
Figure 8-10: Falling edge of the GSM burst displayed with high time resolution
8.4.2 Measuring the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Burst Signals
When TDMA transmission methods are used, the signal-to-noise ratio or the deactivation dynamic range can be measured by comparing the power values during the activation phase and the deactivation phase of the transmission burst. For this purpose, the
R&S ESR provides the function for measuring absolute and relative power in zero
span. In the following example, the measurement is performed using a GSM burst.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio of a GSM Signal
Test setup
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