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ELEKTRA
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Rohde&Schwarz ELEKTRA User Manual

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R&S®ELEKTRA EMI Test Software User Manual
1178396302 Version 15
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This user manual describes the R&S®ELEKTRA EMI Test Software, order no. 5601.0030.02, for electro­magnetic interference (EMI) tests, software version V4.50 and later
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0 Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1178.3963.02 | Version 15 | R&S®ELEKTRA
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol, for example R&S®ELEKTRA is indica­ted as R&S ELEKTRA.
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1 Welcome................................................................................................. 9
1.1 Key features...................................................................................................................9
1.2 EMI standards..............................................................................................................10
1.3 Documentation overview............................................................................................13
1.3.1 User manual and help................................................................................................... 13
1.3.2 Brochures and data sheets........................................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA)............................................ 13
1.3.4 Application notes, white papers, etc..............................................................................14
1.3.5 Video tutorials................................................................................................................14
2 Software installation............................................................................15

Contents

Contents
2.1 System requirements..................................................................................................15
2.2 Software installation procedure................................................................................ 16
2.3 License dongle............................................................................................................ 19
2.3.1 Using the smart card reader..........................................................................................20
2.4 Configuration Wizard for creating basic data...........................................................23
2.4.1 Recovering data............................................................................................................ 26
2.5 Language selection.....................................................................................................26
2.6 Migration Tool - XML data converter......................................................................... 27
2.7 Network firewall settings............................................................................................30
2.8 Modify, repair or remove installation.........................................................................30
3 Getting started......................................................................................34
3.1 User login.....................................................................................................................36
3.2 Graphical user interface............................................................................................. 36
3.3 Common action buttons.............................................................................................38
3.4 Touch operation.......................................................................................................... 43
3.5 Measurement settings................................................................................................ 44
3.6 Performing a test.........................................................................................................45
3.7 Test results.................................................................................................................. 46
3.8 Verdict.......................................................................................................................... 48
3.8.1 Editing the verdict..........................................................................................................49
3.8.2 Unexpected verdict....................................................................................................... 50
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3.9 Reporting..................................................................................................................... 50
4 Configuration........................................................................................52
4.1 Home menu..................................................................................................................52
4.2 Dashboard................................................................................................................... 54
4.3 Tests............................................................................................................................. 55
4.3.1 Configuring tests........................................................................................................... 56
4.3.2 Configuring test charts.................................................................................................. 58
4.3.2.1 Chart............................................................................................................................. 58
4.3.2.2 Trace............................................................................................................................. 63
4.3.2.3 Marker........................................................................................................................... 65
4.3.3 Configuring test tables.................................................................................................. 68
4.4 Test Templates ............................................................................................................73
Contents
4.4.1 General Settings........................................................................................................... 78
4.4.2 Measurement Flow........................................................................................................86
4.4.3 Flow Details...................................................................................................................99
4.4.4 Test Information...........................................................................................................115
4.4.5 Actions.........................................................................................................................116
4.5 Report Templates...................................................................................................... 121
4.5.1 Configuring report templates.......................................................................................121
4.6 Device List................................................................................................................. 127
4.6.1 Action buttons in the Device List................................................................................. 129
4.6.2 Device properties........................................................................................................ 139
4.6.3 General properties...................................................................................................... 140
4.6.4 LISN............................................................................................................................ 142
4.6.4.1 Details......................................................................................................................... 144
4.6.4.2 Measurement Correction.............................................................................................145
4.6.4.3 Functional Check........................................................................................................ 146
4.6.5 Receiver...................................................................................................................... 146
4.6.5.1 Connection properties................................................................................................. 148
4.6.5.2 Details......................................................................................................................... 149
4.6.5.3 Functional Check........................................................................................................ 149
4.6.6 Signal Path..................................................................................................................149
4.6.6.1 Measurement Correction.............................................................................................150
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4.6.7 TEM Waveguide..........................................................................................................150
4.6.7.1 Measurement Correction.............................................................................................151
4.6.8 Transducer.................................................................................................................. 152
4.6.8.1 Transducer Type......................................................................................................... 153
4.6.8.2 Measurement Correction.............................................................................................154
4.7 Tables......................................................................................................................... 155
4.7.1 Limit Lines................................................................................................................... 158
4.7.2 Attenuation.................................................................................................................. 160
4.7.3 Frequency List.............................................................................................................161
4.7.4 Transducer Correction.................................................................................................161
4.8 Tools........................................................................................................................... 162
4.8.1 Export..........................................................................................................................163
4.8.2 Import.......................................................................................................................... 164
Contents
4.8.3 Configuration Wizard...................................................................................................165
4.8.4 Unit Converter............................................................................................................. 166
4.9 Administration...........................................................................................................166
4.9.1 Data Management.......................................................................................................166
4.9.1.1 Backup........................................................................................................................ 167
4.9.2 External Mixer Settings............................................................................................... 170
4.9.3 Test Settings................................................................................................................173
4.9.4 Graphics Settings........................................................................................................174
4.9.5 Report Settings........................................................................................................... 177
4.9.6 License Management..................................................................................................178
4.9.7 Log Settings................................................................................................................ 182
4.9.8 General Settings......................................................................................................... 184
5 Measurement basics..........................................................................187
5.1 Fundamental principles............................................................................................187
5.2 Test matrix................................................................................................................. 187
5.3 Detectors....................................................................................................................189
5.4 Attenuation in signal paths...................................................................................... 190
5.4.1 EMI measurement correction...................................................................................... 190
6 Special software features..................................................................192
6.1 Handling changed items...........................................................................................192
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6.2 Dashboard search.....................................................................................................192
6.3 Searches.................................................................................................................... 193
6.4 Arranging elements in tests.....................................................................................195
6.4.1 Charts and tables........................................................................................................ 195
6.4.2 Dialogs........................................................................................................................ 196
6.4.3 Cross icons................................................................................................................. 197
6.5 Keyboard shortcuts.................................................................................................. 198
7 Running tests..................................................................................... 201
7.1 EMI tests.................................................................................................................... 202
7.1.1 Automated measurement ...........................................................................................204
7.1.2 Interactive measurement ............................................................................................204
7.2 Using the test control elements...............................................................................205
Contents
7.2.1 Test control top menu..................................................................................................205
7.2.2 Test control toolbar......................................................................................................206
7.2.3 Test Components........................................................................................................ 209
7.2.4 Measurement Flow Control......................................................................................... 211
7.2.5 Accessories.................................................................................................................212
7.2.5.1 LISN............................................................................................................................ 212
7.2.5.2 TEM Waveguide..........................................................................................................213
7.2.5.3 Triple Loop.................................................................................................................. 213
7.2.6 Frequency Control.......................................................................................................213
7.2.7 Parameter................................................................................................................... 215
7.2.8 Measurements............................................................................................................ 215
7.2.9 Test Validation............................................................................................................. 217
7.3 Test result tables....................................................................................................... 218
7.3.1 Merged overview results............................................................................................. 219
7.3.2 Editing critical points................................................................................................... 220
7.3.3 Margin......................................................................................................................... 220
7.4 Test result graphics.................................................................................................. 220
8 Measurement examples.....................................................................222
9 Getting help........................................................................................ 224
9.1 Embedded help......................................................................................................... 224
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9.2 Log information.........................................................................................................226
9.3 Troubleshooting information................................................................................... 227
9.4 Product information..................................................................................................228
9.5 R&S ELEKTRA on the internet.................................................................................230
9.6 Support...................................................................................................................... 230
9.6.1 Contacting customer support...................................................................................... 230
9.7 Training...................................................................................................................... 231
Contents
Glossary: Frequently Used Terms and Abbreviations................... 232
Index....................................................................................................240
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Contents
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1 Welcome

1.1 Key features

Welcome
Key features
R&S ELEKTRA is the Rohde & Schwarz system software for electromagnetic interfer­ence measurements (EMI or "emission" tests).
This chapter introduces key features of the EMI Test Software, refers to the applicable test standards and provides an overview of the available documentation.
● Key features..............................................................................................................9
● EMI standards.........................................................................................................10
● Documentation overview.........................................................................................13
R&S ELEKTRA is optimized for 64-bit Microsoft Windows operating systems, espe­cially Windows 10 or later versions.
It is designed to act as a virtual instrument.
The software combines the convenience of an intuitive graphical user interface with maximum flexibility. It includes touchscreen and remote operation, both for controlling test instrumentation and for running EMI tests.
R&S ELEKTRA provides high measurement speeds by using multi-threading technol­ogy. Enhanced data transfer with next generation EMI receivers enables handling the extended data volume of those receivers.
Among others, R&S ELEKTRA provides the following key features:
●
Graphical user interface (GUI) with optional Touch operation
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Template-based test preparation, measurement and report generation
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Storage of test results
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Simple selection of test templates, tables and devices, supported by an advanced search functionality
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Remote access to devices via VISA interface using LAN or GPIB
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Dynamic application extensions and device drivers
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Automated device search dialog
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Compatible with international harmonized EMI standards, guidelines & directives
●
Enhanced usability for beginners and customer-specific solutions
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1.2 EMI standards

Welcome
EMI standards
Screenshots
Sample screenshots in this documentation are used to illustrate as much as possible of the functions provided by R&S ELEKTRA and of potential interdependencies between parameters. Note that:
●
Values in these screenshots do not necessarily represent realistic test situations.
●
The values must not at all be considered as recommended by Rohde & Schwarz.
●
The screenshots shown can differ, depending on your particular equipment and configuration.
R&S ELEKTRA enables measuring electromagnetic interference in compliance with all relevant EMI standards worldwide. For the currently supported standards, refer to the data sheet.
It is not within the scope of this manual to reproduce those standards. Instead, obtain original information on the various standards, directives, rules, regulations, proceed­ings and associated publications, for example at the following websites:
●
CISPR / IEC / ISO (international)
●
EN / CENELEC / ETSI (Europe), FCC / CFR (USA), CCC (China), ...
●
MIL-STD / EDSTAR / VG (search title "EMV") / DEF STAN / GAM (military)
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RTCA (aviation / airborne), BSI (wind turbines), DIN (special interest), ...
Among the standards listed above, CISPR (or the equivalent EN standards in Europe, see Table 1-1) are especially relevant for commercial applications. The US standard MIL-STD-461 is pivotal for military and aerospace applications (see Table 1-2).
Table 1-1: Overview of CISPR / EN standards for test applications
Publication Description
CISPR 10 CISPR organization, rules and procedures
CISPR 11,
EN 55011
CISPR 12,
EN 55012
CISPR 13,
EN 55013
Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment containing a radio-frequency generator: Emission
Vehicles, motor boats and internal combustion engines: Emission - protection of off-board receivers
Sound / television broadcast receivers and associated equipment: Emission (see CISPR 32)
CISPR 14-1,
EN 55014-1
CISPR 14-2,
EN 55014-2
CISPR 15,
EN 55015
CISPR 16-1,
EN 55016-1
Household appliances, portable electrical tools and similar apparatus, part 1: Emission
Household appliances, portable electrical tools and similar apparatus, part 2: Immunity
Electrical lighting and similar equipment, for example fluorescent lamps: Emission
Specification for EMI/EMS measurement apparatus and methods, part 1: Apparatus
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Publication Description
Welcome
EMI standards
CISPR 16-2,
EN 55016-2
CISPR 16-3,
EN 55016-3
CISPR 16-4,
EN 55016-4
CISPR 17,
EN 55017
CISPR 18,
EN 55018
CISPR 20,
EN 55020
CISPR 22,
EN 55022
CISPR 24,
EN 55024
CISPR 25,
EN 55025
CISPR 28 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment containing a radio-frequency generator: Emission within ITU
CISPR 29 Electronic control gear for fluorescent lamps and discharge lamps
Specification for EMI/EMS measurement apparatus and methods, part 2: Methods
Specification for EMI/EMS measurement apparatus and methods, part 3: Reports
Specification for EMI/EMS measurement apparatus and methods, part 4: Uncertainties
Measurement methods for the characteristics of suppression components, for example passive radio interfer­ence filters
Overhead power lines and high-voltage equipment: Emission
Sound / television broadcast receivers and associated equipment: Immunity
Information technology equipment (ITE): Emission (see CISPR 32)
Information technology equipment (ITE): Immunity
Vehicles, motor boats and internal combustion engines: Emission - protection of on-board receivers
bands
CISPR 32,
EN 55032
CISPR 35,
EN 55035
CISPR 36,
EN 55036
Multimedia equipment: Emission (replaced CISPR 13, CISPR 22 and EN 55103-1 on 5 March 2017, transition period ended 5 May 2018)
Multimedia equipment: Immunity (published in August 2016, replacing CISPR 20 and CISPR 24, transition period until 2021)
Electric and hybrid electric road vehicles: Emission - protection of off-board receivers below 30 MHz
Detailed guidance for users of the CISPR standards can be found on the internet.
In contrast with civilian applications, testing to MIL-STD-461 is more expensive due to wider frequency ranges, higher EMS power levels, lower limits and the required higher sensitivity. It is typically also used for aerospace applications.
The following table shows an excerpt of MIL-STD-461 regarding EMI (emission) tests.
Table 1-2: Overview of MIL-STD-461
Test type Requirement Description
Conducted emission
Radiated emission
CE101 Power leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CE102 Power leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
CE106 Antenna terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
RE101 Magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
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Test type Requirement Description
RE102 Electric field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz
RE103 Antenna spurious and harmonic outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
The requirements (CE101 through RE103) specified in Table 1-2 are assigned to the various areas of application as shown in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3: Application areas of MIL-STD-461 requirements
Welcome
EMI standards
Equipment installed in, on, or launched from the following platforms
101 102 106 101 102 103
Surface ships A A L A A L
Submarines A A L A A L
Aircraft, army & flight line A A L A A L
Aircraft, navy L A L L A L
Aircraft, air force
Space systems & launch vehicles
Ground, army
Ground, navy
Ground, air force
A = Applicable, L = Limited as specified in the individual sections of this standard, S = Procuring activity must be specified in pro­curement documentation
Table 1-4: History of MIL-STD-461 revisions
Publication Year issued Description
CE RE
A L
A L
A L
A L
A L
Requirement applicability
A L
A L
A L
A L
A L
MIL-STD-461C 1986 Specific description of measurements and limits, as well as
MIL-STD-461D 1993
MIL-STD-461E 1999
MIL-STD-461F 2007
MIL-STD-461G 2015
The former MIL-STD-462D (measurement equipment and methods, issued 1993) was canceled in 1999. From then on, MIL-STD-461 is referenced, as specified above.
measurement equipment and methods. Note that using the most recent revision of MIL-STD-461 is
not necessarily mandatory. The applicable revision is typically agreed upon in a commercial contract between producer and procuring authority.
Besides MIL-STD-461, other US military standards exist that can be relevant for spe­cial applications, such as MIL-STD-449D, -464, -469A, -1310G, -1512, -1541A,
-1542B, -1605, -1795A and -1857.
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1.3 Documentation overview

Welcome
Documentation overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S ELEKTRA user documentation. Unless specified otherwise, you find the documents at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/elektra
This website provides the following:
●
Rohde & Schwarz contacts for information, quotes and demos
●
Key facts, features and options of R&S ELEKTRA
●
An overview of available software options
●
Brochures and data sheets
●
The user manual for the basic software version with "ELEMI-E" license
●
The current Software version, the Release Notes and OSA
●
Documents & Articles like application sheets, tips and tricks for R&S ELEKTRA
●
Video tutorials and training videos
●
Related products

1.3.1 User manual and help

This user manual, which is available both in PDF format and in the context-sensitive help system embedded in the software. It provides explanations, step-by-step proce­dures, figures and examples to support users during their first experience with the soft­ware, from installation and configuration to the various EMI measurements.
The basic version of this manual / help is available in online format (HTM) and down­load format (PDF) at the following internet page:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/elektra-emc

1.3.2 Brochures and data sheets

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S ELEKTRA. The bro­chure provides an overview of the software and deals with its specific characteristics.

1.3.3 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current software version, and describe the software installation.
The open-source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the used open source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/software/elektra-emc
The R&S ELEKTRA installer saves the release notes, the open source acknowledg­ment and some application notes also in the following directory on your computer:
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1.3.4 Application notes, white papers, etc.

1.3.5 Video tutorials

Welcome
Documentation overview
C:\Program Files\Rohde-Schwarz\ELEKTRA\x.xx\Documentation
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu­lar topics. The documents & articles with application sheets, tips and tricks for R&S ELEKTRA are available at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnotes (search for elektra)
www.rohde-schwarz.com/search/common-library_63448.html?term=elektra-emc
Video tutorials and a series of training videos offer guided examples and demonstra­tions on using R&S ELEKTRA.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/elektra > R&S ELEKTRA Training Video Series
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R&S®ELEKTRA

2 Software installation

Software installation
System requirements
This chapter contains information on how to install R&S ELEKTRA, downloaded from
www.rohde-schwarz.com/software/elektra. The installation of several different ver-
sions of R&S ELEKTRA on one local computer is possible.
Existing data sets of other software packages are not affected by R&S ELEKTRA. If any version of R&S ES-SCAN has previously been installed, it is not required to unin­stall it before installing R&S ELEKTRA.
When the System requirements are provided, R&S ELEKTRA can be installed: Follow the procedure described in Chapter 2.2, "Software installation procedure", on page 16. A wizard in the setup file ELEKTRASetup_Vx.xx.exe guides the instal­lation.
● System requirements.............................................................................................. 15
● Software installation procedure...............................................................................16
● License dongle........................................................................................................19
● Configuration Wizard for creating basic data.......................................................... 23
● Language selection.................................................................................................26
● Migration Tool - XML data converter....................................................................... 27
● Network firewall settings......................................................................................... 30
● Modify, repair or remove installation....................................................................... 30

2.1 System requirements

Before installing R&S ELEKTRA, make sure that the computer meets the following minimum system requirements:
●
Microsoft-Windows-based PC with Intel Core i5 processor or Laptop / tablet PC with Intel Core i7 processor
●
Clock rate: at least 2 GHz (recommended)
●
Memory: >8 GByte RAM recommended
●
Storage: 250 GByte hard drive, solid-state disk (SSD) recommended Free storage: >50 GByte free drive space recommended
●
Operating system (64 bit): Windows 10
●
Administrator access rights (only for software installation)
●
Super VGA monitor, display resolution at least 1280 x 720 pixels, 65536 colors
●
USB 2.0 interface
●
100 Mbit LAN interface
If your computer does not meet these requirements, the performance of the software can be impaired.
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2.2 Software installation procedure

Software installation
Software installation procedure
R&S VISA for control of local area networks (LAN) is included in the installation, but you can use any VISA version already available on your computer (optionally support­ing GPIB, too).
If you install the software on a tablet computer and you need more USB ports than it provides, you can connect an external USB hub that offers more USB ports.
For connecting your tablet computer to the Ethernet, consider using a wireless LAN connection (Wi-Fi).
To install the software on a local computer or within a computer network:
1. Terminate other active programs (recommended). If any other instances of R&S ELEKTRA are active, be sure to terminate them.
2. In your browser, navigate to www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/elektra > Software.
3. Download the R&S ELEKTRA setup file.
4. Navigate to your download directory.
5. Double-click ELEKTRASetup_Vx.xx.exe
6. Wait for the R&S ELEKTRA installation wizard to launch.
7. The wizard automatically checks the installation prerequisites:
● Microsoft .NET Framework
● Visual C++ 2010 SP1 Redistributable x64
● Visual C++ 2012 Redistributable x64
● Firebird Server 3.0 (64-bit)
● R&S License Server
● R&S Smart Card Minidriver
● R&S VISA
● VISA Shared Components If any of these programs in the required versions are missing on the computer, the
wizard installs them in a background process. Depending on the installation environment, the wizard can bring up additional mes­sages. In this case, proceed as indicated.
8. The installation wizard brings up the following dialog:
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Software installation
Software installation procedure
To continue the installation, the software expects you to agree to the license terms and conditions. If you know the content and agree with it, activate the checkbox, click "INSTALL" and proceed with step 11.
9. Otherwise click the link for "Licenses terms and conditions" to read them. The following "End User License Agreement" (EULA) comes up:
If you wish to print the license text, click the printer icon on top of the text.
10. To continue the installation, select "Accept and Install".
11. Wait while the wizard executes the installation of R&S ELEKTRA:
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Software installation
Software installation procedure
12. If the wizard finds one or more previous installations of R&S ELEKTRA, it prompts you with the following dialog:
Figure 2-1: Dialog for installing a clean database (left) or copying data from an existing database
Select your preference as in the figure above. The wizard either installs a clean new database or copies existing data into the
database of your new installation.
13. Click "Next" to proceed without or with copying data from a previous database, according to your selection.
14. In the final setup dialog, select how to complete the installation:
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Software installation
License dongle
Select one of the following actions:
● Open the "Release Notes" document.
● "Run" the software.
● "Finish" the installation.
Once the Software installation is completed, double-click the new desktop icon to start R&S ELEKTRA:

2.3 License dongle

R&S ELEKTRA is protected by encryption. You can start the software with licenses installed only, if the [R&S EMCPC] license dongle is connected to the computer. This dongle is a mini smart-card reader within a USB flash drive that contains a license smart card. It unlocks the licenses that have been activated for your R&S ELEKTRA serial number.
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Software installation
License dongle
If your computer has a smart card reader slot, you can directly insert the license smart card into this slot, without using the dongle, as described in Chapter 2.3.1, "Using the
smart card reader", on page 20.
To start R&S ELEKTRA with your set of licenses, connect the license dongle to a USB port of your computer.
If you start R&S ELEKTRA without the license dongle connected, the software can only run in demo mode. The following dialog comes up:
Figure 2-2: Demo mode message, if there is a missing license dongle
The "Details" section on the right side of the dialog provides information on the high­lighted license.
In this dialog, you can select how to proceed:
●
"OK": Run R&S ELEKTRA without licenses, hence, in demo mode. No physical measurements can be made, but you can execute tests with simulated data.
●
"Close": Shut down the software.
●
"Restart": Using this button is the easiest procedure, if you have not yet connec­ted the license dongle, but the dialog just reminded you of doing it now. Insert the license dongle to a USB port of your computer, then click "Restart". The software shuts down and automatically restarts. With the license dongle connected, the "Demo Mode" dialog does not come up. Instead, the software starts with the licenses available on the dongle, see License
Management.

2.3.1 Using the smart card reader

The R&S ELEKTRA software requires a smart card containing the software license to be connected to the PC when you are using the software. The R&S EMCPC license dongle that contains the software license consists of a smart card and a USB dongle. The smart card can be used in the supplied USB dongle or in a smart card reader. The
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Software installation
License dongle
R&S EMCPC license dongle is available as a separate product and must be ordered in addition to the software.
You can connect the smart card in two ways.
●
Connect the smart card in SIM format. To connect the smart card in SIM format, use the USB smart card reader (dongle) provided with the smart card.
●
Connect the smart card in its full format. To connect the smart card in full format, an interface compatible to the card format is required.
The following devices are able to read the smart card in full format. – Smart card reader integrated in a keyboard, notebook, or in a desktop PC (e.g.
OMNIKEY)
– Smart card reader connected to the computer via serial bus or USB (e.g.
OMNIKEY)
– USB reader connected to a LAN-to-USB converter to distribute the license via
the network (e.g DIGI AnywhereUSB/2)
Licensing support
If you have any difficulties with the licensing system, support is only assured when you are using the R&S EMCPC license dongle.
Using the R&S EMCPC USB smart card reader (dongle)
1. The R&S EMCPC license dongle consists of a smart card in full format and a USB smart card reader (dongle).
2. Break out the smart card in SIM format.
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Software installation
License dongle
3. Twist out the upper part of the smart card reader.
4. Insert the smart card with the chip facing upwards and the angled corner facing the USB dongle, whose "Rohde & Schwarz" label is also facing upwards.
Insert the smart card as far as possible.
5. Twist the smart card reader back into its original state.
The smart card reader is ready for use on any USB interface.
Drivers
When you connect the reader to the computer, MS Windows automatically installs the necessary drivers. If not, you can install the drivers manually from the Internet site of the manufacturer at http://support.identiv.com/utrust-token-standard/.
Problems during login due to smart card reader
When the smart card reader is connected, the operating system may falsely identify the smart card as a medium to perform a login procedure on the PC. In this case, the windows lock screen is displayed instead of a login window.
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Software installation
Configuration Wizard for creating basic data
You can solve this issue by editing the "DisableCAD" ("Disable Ctrl-Alt-Del") registry key in the system registry. This key is located at
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ policies\system.
Administration rights
Security policies of your network environment might prevent you from editing the sys­tem registry or installing drivers. Contact your IT administration in that case.
To change the registry key
1. From the Windows "Start Menu", select the "Run" item. (Windows 10: "Start > All applications > Windows System > Run")
2. Enter regedit in the dialog box to open the system registry.
3. Look for
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ policies\system.
4. Set the value of DisableCad to 0.

2.4 Configuration Wizard for creating basic data

In the original delivery state of R&S ELEKTRA, the newly installed database is empty. To prepare some basic data for tests, you can run a special wizard tool at any time: The "Configuration Wizard" is designed to generate only dedicated content for your use cases, to avoid overstuffing the database with unnecessary data. Such a cus­tomer-specific software setup facilitates the process of getting started with the required EMI tests.
The content and data generated from the configuration wizard shows examples for typ­ical cases and can differ from the actual requirement. Before executing the test, we recommend that you update the parameters accordingly to the requirement.
Avoid overstuffing the database
We recommend not to create more data than necessary. Here is one reason for limiting the number of entries that you let the wizard create: With more data subsets, deleting device entries from the Device List becomes very complex due to interdependencies between related entries. For example, test templates that have references to specific devices prevent deleting these device entries.
Instead, you can always come back to the wizard and let it create additional entries that you may require later.
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Configuration Wizard for creating basic data
Depending on your test scenarios, instruct the wizard to load sets of suitable data into the database. This data includes the appropriate limit lines, device drivers, specific test templates for the applicable standards, and the like.
The "Configuration Wizard" is available as follows:
●
From any dialog, by going to "Home" > "Tools" > "Configuration Wizard".
●
In the Welcome screen with configuration wizard for creating sample test data, which is optionally shown on startup of the software:
Figure 2-3: Welcome screen with configuration wizard for creating sample test data
From the welcome screen, you can skip the wizard and run R&S ELEKTRA without creating basic data, by selecting "Start using ELEKTRA". Otherwise, select "Create sample test data".
To execute the "Configuration Wizard", proceed as follows:
1. Start with the following dialog:
2. Select "All" or "Default" or (recommended) exactly those data that you want the wizard to create:
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Configuration Wizard for creating basic data
3. Click "Finish & Execute" to complete the procedure. The wizard creates sample data:
4. During the data creation, you can select which logging information is shown.
● "Process" shows all logging information
● "Info" shows the next higher level, only
● "Warning" shows warnings and errors, only
● "Error" shows errors, only While the dialog is still shown, you can open the log in a viewer by clicking the
"Open Log" button on the lower right. Later, you can still find it as an "Import_(...).log" file in a time-stamped subdirectory of the folder "c:\ProgramData\Rohde-Schwarz\ELEKTRA\x.xxx\Logs\...".
5. Wait for the wizard to complete the sample data creation. When this process is completed, R&S ELEKTRA shows the following dialog:
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2.4.1 Recovering data

Software installation
Language selection
6. Optionally click "Log" to see information about the creation procedure.
7. Click "Go to ..." or "Done" or "Close" to leave this dialog.
If R&S ELEKTRA crashes or is shut down unexpectedly during a running test, the soft­ware automatically tries to recover data that was not saved. The restarted R&S ELEK­TRA brings up a dialog that asks you how to proceed with recovered items:
●
"Keep" = recover the data (hence, save it to the database)
●
"View" = open a dialog to view, edit and save the data
●
"Discard" = delete the data (hence, the data is not recovered)
The recovery feature's auto save function is executed approximately every 5 minutes. Even if data recovery is possible, any data that was created within the last few minutes (up to 5 minutes) before the shut-down can still be lost.

2.5 Language selection

To adjust the language setting, especially when running R&S ELEKTRA for the first time, click the globe symbol and select your language:
Figure 2-4: Language options are German / English / Chinese
Upon selecting a language that is different from the current setting, a dialog opens to let you decide:
●
"No": The dialog closes and the software remains active with the previous lan­guage setting.
●
"Yes": R&S ELEKTRA immediately shuts down and restarts to activate the new language setting.
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2.6 Migration Tool - XML data converter

Software installation
Migration Tool - XML data converter
The help content (accessible via [F1] or ) is only available in English, independent of the selected language.
Access:
C:\Program Files\Rohde-Schwarz\ELEKTRA\x.xx.xx\ ELEKTRAMigrationTool.exe
Or use the MS Windows "Start" button > All programs > R&S ELEKTRA > x.xx.xx >
ELEKTRA x.xx.xx Migration Tool
The "ELEKTRA Migration Tool" converts data from R&S ES-SCAN or R&S EMC32 to XML data for R&S ELEKTRA.
To convert data from a previous version of R&S ELEKTRA to a current version, use the "Export" and "Import" functions in R&S ELEKTRA.
Previous EMI Test Software products like R&S ES-SCAN are based on a file system that allows editing data manually. In contrast, R&S ELEKTRA is based on a database that does not permit direct user access to any data or file content. To view or modify data, always use the functions provided by the user interface of R&S ELEKTRA. For more information, see Test container.
To convert data from R&S ES-SCAN to an XML format that can be interpreted by R&S ELEKTRA, run the program ELEKTRAMigrationTool.exe. A two-step dialog comes up: first select the source application, which is R&S ES-SCAN, then select the data folder:
Figure 2-5: Selecting an R&S ES-SCAN data folder as the source for data migration
In Figure 2-5, in the dialog on the left-hand side, click "Next". In the dialog on the right­hand side, select a "Data Folder" that contains files generated by R&S ES-SCAN, then click "Next".
Make sure that the C:\ProgramData folder, which contains the data files, is not hid­den. To do so, verify the folder properties in Windows Explorer: If the folder has the attribute "hidden", uncheck this attribute.
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Migration Tool - XML data converter
With your source data selection, R&S ELEKTRA prepares the appropriate settings in the following dialog window:
Figure 2-6: Start window of the XML converter
1 = Selection of "Source Data File Path" 2 = Selection of the "XML Destination File Path" 3 = Logging information (can be hidden) 4 = Selection of the folders with the "Source Data" files 5 = Recommendation pop-up message on using the migration tool 6 = Selection of "Source Data" files, files are available only after the "Validate" button is clicked
The following subsection describes using R&S ELEKTRA migration tool.
R&S ELEKTRA displays an information message dialog box and the following dialog window. You can start using the tool after acknowledging the information message (5).
You can select the "Source Data File Path" (1) in detail. For example, let the tool only migrate files from specific subdirectories.
By default, when converting EMC32 data, the tool selects the "Test Templates" folder automatically. When migrating a template, the migration tool also converts all relevant referenced data in the test templates, such as hardware setups, device list and correc­tion table. Hence, we recommend that you migrate the test templates first.
When you click "Validate", the tool triggers a plausibility check for the selected items or dependent files and generates validation statuses for each data file in the selected folders. There are three validation statuses:
●
Green checkmark - no errors found The data files can be converted.
●
Yellow exclamation mark - warnings found. The data files can be converted, but requires attention, additional manual interac­tion or data input.
●
Red exclamation mark - errors found The data files cannot be converted.
You can also validate multiple files.
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Migration Tool - XML data converter
The selections described above determine the list of "Source Data" files that are avail­able for migration:
Figure 2-7: Source data selected for conversion to XML data (EMC32)
1 = Selection of "Source Data" files 2 = Selection of the "Converting XML File Mode" 3 = "Folder Summary" 4 = List of "Logging Information"
The source data selection interface has the same operation as that of the EMC32 (Fig-
ure 2-7), but differs in that you can select the data files directly instead.
In the list of "Source Data" files (1), you can select the available files individually. In this dialog section, if you check the checkbox on top of the list, the tool selects all files that have passed validation (see sections (3) and (4) in Figure 2-7).
In section (2), specify a destination path for saving the result of the data migration. Also specify in this dialog, if you want the migration tool to create one combined XML file containing all the converted data or separate XML files.
Section (3) provides a summary of the folder's content. R&S ELEKTRA validates the available files and lists their "Logging Information" (4). It shows either "Validation Pass" or briefly describes any issues.
When the data selection, validation and destination are completed, click "Con­vert > > >".
The migration tool executes the XML data conversion and shows a "Conversion Report".
As a result, XML files that contain the converted data are now available for import, as described in Chapter 4.8.2, "Import", on page 164.
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2.7 Network firewall settings

Software installation
Modify, repair or remove installation
At some point in time, typically while configuring devices or during a first measurement, the Windows firewall system brings up the following security alert:
Tick all checkboxes to make sure that R&S ELEKTRA can communicate with devices in any kind of network. Then click "Allow access".

2.8 Modify, repair or remove installation

If R&S ELEKTRA is already installed, rerunning ElektraSetup_Vx.xx.exe for the same software version does not overwrite the installation, but calls up a wizard to mod­ify, repair or remove it:
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Modify, repair or remove installation
●
"Modify" brings up a dialog for custom selection of desired components to be installed:
To execute the installation of custom selected components, click "Modify". In the next step, if the wizard finds one or more previous installations of R&S ELEKTRA, it prompts you with a dialog for handling the database of this installation:
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Modify, repair or remove installation
– "Install clean database" resets your database to the clean state of the first
installation of this version. If you have generated data in the meanwhile, the wizard creates a Backup and
then overwrites the existing database with its default ("clean") state. – "Use existing database" leaves your current database unchanged. – "Copy data from another installed version" lets you select the database of an
older installation for overwriting your current database.
If you have generated data in the meanwhile, the wizard creates a Backup and
then overwrites the existing database with the selected older database.
Loss of settings and measurements
If you have already generated any data in the current database (settings and measure­ments), you lose this data when you select "Install clean database" or "Copy data from another installed version". If you do not wish that R&S ELEKTRA overwrites any data, select "Use existing database".
●
"Repair" brings up a dialog for running an installation repair routine:
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Modify, repair or remove installation
To execute the repair procedure, click "Repair". This selection leaves your current database unchanged.
●
"Remove" brings up a dialog for removing R&S ELEKTRA from the computer:
To execute the removal procedure, click "Remove".
Removing / uninstalling the software does not delete the database. However, migrating to a different (higher) version of R&S ELEKTRA can require to
copy the database of the previous (lower) version of R&S ELEKTRA, as described in
step 12 of the installation procedure.
Alternatively, you can Export old data and Import it into the new version of R&S ELEK­TRA.
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3 Getting started

Getting started
This chapter guides through the basic steps of operating the software. Starting with an overview of the software structure and the user interface, it describes the test prepara­tion, test execution, results evaluation and reporting.
Software structure overview
To understand the interaction of the main components for EMI tests in R&S ELEKTRA and their Configuration, it is important to know the specific hierarchy that they follow:
Figure 3-1: Hierarchy of main components within R&S ELEKTRA
What does this figure tell about components in the various hierarchical levels?
For example, the test is on the highest level of hierarchy. It can contain every other component (tags, reports, test templates, devices, etc.), but it cannot be contained in any of those components. The following list gives a complete overview.
A test is generated and stored in the database as a unique set of data, which is also called the Test container. It contains:
●
Exactly one copy of a test template, which has: – General Settings – A Measurement Flow with Flow Details – Frequency Ranges – Test Information – Actions
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The test template can be made up of several frequency ranges, each containing a
limit line and a hardware setup with references to the following components in the Device List:
– The Test Receiver – A Signal Path – A LISN, Transducer or TEM Waveguide
●
Optionally one or several report templates for generating an arbitrary number of
reports, which are exclusively contained in a test.
●
Optionally one or several user tags
Where do the components integrated in a Test container come from? Integrated components are either newly created, or copies, or references. In detail:
●
Those components, which are newly created for a test, or which are copies of original components in a list of items, include:
– The test template – Report templates – Reports (which are, however, never copied, but always newly created out of
report templates)
●
Those components, which are references, include: – Limit lines within the test template ...and references that link to items in the Device List: – The receiver – The signal path – The LISN, transducer or TEM waveguide
From Figure 3-1, you can see how these components are integrated into each other on different hierarchical levels. From the note above, you can see where the components come from. To summarize this structure:
●
References for the receiver, the signal path, the transducing device and the limit line are part of the test template and its integrated hardware setups.
●
The copy of a test template is integrated into a test, which is stored as a Test con-
tainer.
●
Reports are created from report templates to compile test results. Reports are exclusively stored in the test container.
For an illustrative example, see Chapter 8, "Measurement examples", on page 222.
The configuration of all components is described in detail in Chapter 4, "Configura-
tion", on page 52.
The following sections explain how to get started with:
● User login................................................................................................................36
● Graphical user interface..........................................................................................36
● Common action buttons.......................................................................................... 38
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3.1 User login

Getting started
Graphical user interface
● Touch operation.......................................................................................................43
● Measurement settings.............................................................................................44
● Performing a test.....................................................................................................45
● Test results..............................................................................................................46
● Verdict.....................................................................................................................48
● Reporting.................................................................................................................50
When you start R&S ELEKTRA with your License dongle connected, and if more than the default "Admin" user (R&S ELEKTRA administrator) is defined, the following "User Login" dialog comes up:
Figure 3-2: User login dialog
●
If you are the default administrator, your "User Name" is Admin and your "Pass­word" is either empty or you have set it already during a previous session.
●
If you are no administrator but any other user of R&S ELEKTRA, get your "User Name" from an administrator. Your "Password" is either empty or you have set it already during a previous session. If you have lost your password, an administrator can reset it.
For changing your password, see "User Information" on page 53.
Each user is identified by an individual "User Name", which is assigned to a combina­tion of roles and groups:
●
The role assignment "Operator", "Expert" or "Admin" establishes specific permis­sions.
●
The assignment to one or more groups establishes specific data access rights.
For example, as a member of an operator group, typically you have restrictions on modifying or deleting some basic content, such as test templates or device entries. Ask your administrator for the roles and permissions that apply to you.

3.2 Graphical user interface

R&S ELEKTRA features a graphical user interface (GUI) in a versatile design. The main dialog is the "Dashboard", which is always available via "Home" > "Dashboard" from any other dialog. The "Dashboard" dialog provides direct access to all software components.
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Getting started
Graphical user interface
Figure 3-3: The Dashboard dialog
1 = Tab bar area with the "Home" button, which brings up the home menu (2) with the most recently
selected dialog (here: the "Dashboard"). Next to the home button, two more tabs are available in the tab bar area in this example: a test template and a test
2 = Home menu with the "Dashboard" dialog currently selected (highlighted in blue). Buttons for other dia-
logs are below: "Tests", "Test Templates" etc. 3 = Title bar 4 = Global function buttons in the title bar, see Home menu 5 = Dashboard search field, here with default filter for searching everywhere 6 = Filter buttons for the Dashboard search 7 = Create button (here for a new test template). To the right: equivalent buttons for creating other items 8 = Search button (here for "Test Templates"). To the right: equivalent buttons for searching other items 9 = Pinned "Test Templates", with the first one being selected (checkbox and blue frame) and some others
being "Pinned as New Test Direct" (for "Create test from template"), see EMI tests 10 = Pinned "Tests", with the last one being a search result list for tests with the keyword "Conducted" 11 = Pinned "Report Templates" 12 = Item details, here for the selected "Test Template" (9) among the pinned items 13 = Actions bar, contains action buttons for all actions that can be executed for the selected one or more
items, here a "Test Template" (9) 14 = Device status bar, shows connectivity status of devices in the Device List and allows checking or
searching for connections
The "Dashboard" dialog shown in the figure above summarizes your pinned (favorite) items in the following categories:
●
"Test Templates"
●
"Tests"
●
"Report Templates"
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Common action buttons
Instead of executing an action in the individual dialog of any of these items, most actions can also be executed in the "Home" > "Dashboard" dialog: Check an item's checkbox and click the required action button.
As a prerequisite, the item must be pinned to the "Dashboard".
A pinned item can have one of the following functions:
●
It can act as a link for opening this item.
●
It can act as a link for creating a test from a test template.
●
It can act as a link for opening a pinned search.
In the home menu (labeled (2) in Figure 3-3), below the "Dashboard" button, you have access to the following software components:
●
Tests
●
Test Templates
●
Report Templates
●
Device List
●
Tables
●
Tools
●
Administration
For details on how to work with these components, see the chapters listed above and
Chapter 4, "Configuration", on page 52 and Chapter 6, "Special software features",
on page 192.

3.3 Common action buttons

This chapter describes the usage of several common action buttons that are available in many dialog windows of R&S ELEKTRA. The buttons are located in the actions bar of the Graphical user interface. Some action buttons are also located directly in each row of the list of items.
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Getting started
Common action buttons
The available set of buttons depends on the exact selection and type of items. An example is shown in Figure 3-4:
Figure 3-4: Example of some action buttons that are available for a selected report template
For details on how to handle the other, dialog-specific action buttons, see Chapter 4,
"Configuration" and its subchapters:
●
Chapter 4.3, "Tests"
●
Chapter 4.4, "Test Templates ", especially section Handling test template items
●
Chapter 4.5, "Report Templates"
●
Chapter 4.6.1, "Action buttons in the Device List" (different from the action but-
tons described below)
Refer also to the following Special software features:
●
Handling changed items
●
Dashboard search
●
Searches
●
Arranging elements in tests
●
Keyboard shortcuts
Save (in component configuration dialogs, tables and tests)
Saves the configuration you defined, for example in a new test template, or saves a completed test. If you have changed any settings, you can leave but not close the dia­log. To close a changed configuration dialog or an executed test, you must decide if you want to save or discard the changes or measurement results.
R&S ELEKTRA supports the shortcut key "[Ctrl + s]" for the "Save" command.
Save (in Administration settings dialogs)
Saves the changes you made, for example at Administration > "Graphic Settings". If you leave this dialog without saving, the changes in your settings have no effect and are lost upon shutting down R&S ELEKTRA.
The shortcut key "[Ctrl + s]" is not supported.
Save As
Saves a configured component with a name you can specify. Only available, if the component has been saved before.
R&S ELEKTRA supports the shortcut key "[F12]" for the "Save As" command in com­ponent configuration dialogs, tables and tests.
Discard all Changes
Resets your changes in a settings dialog to the previously saved values.
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Common action buttons
Reset to Default
Overwrites any changes you made in a settings dialog with preset default values.
Select ...
To select any existing item (typically a row in a table), either directly click this item, or click the item's checkbox.
●
Clicking checkboxes allows both multiple selections and unselecting items.
●
To Rename an item, click the item name.
Depending on the selection and type of items, additional action buttons are displayed.
Note: For a disambiguation of the term "select", see Select / Create New / Edit.
Pin to Dashboard (Edit)
Adds ("pins") the selected one or more items to the "Dashboard". Multiple selected items can be pinned simultaneously. Once pinned, the icon changes to .
For the special
version of this button, called "Pin to Dashboard (Create Test)", as
opposed to , see Handling test template items. Note: Instead of pinning individual items to the "Dashboard" dialog, they can also be
included there by a pinned Search.
Figure 3-5: A search labeled "EUT-55" is pinned to the Dashboard
Clicking such a pinned search brings up a list of search results, see
Figure 6-2.
Unpin from Dashboard (Edit)
Removes ("unpins") the selected one or more items from the "Dashboard". Multiple selected items can be unpinned simultaneously. Once unpinned, the icon changes to
.
For the special
version of this button, called "Unpin from Dashboard (run test)", as
opposed to , see Handling test template items.
Open
Click "Open" to view, configure, edit or evaluate the selected item or items. Multiple selected items can be opened simultaneously.
Delete
Click "Delete" to delete the selected item or items. Deletion is protected by the follow­ing alert: "Are you sure you want to delete the selected item(s)?"
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Common action buttons
Confirm with "OK" or "Cancel" the deletion process. Multiple selected items can be deleted simultaneously.
Create: ...
Generates a new item of a type that depends on the current dialog context. In some cases, the type of item must be selected from a list, before the dialog for specifying the new item opens. If any content in such a dialog is entered or changed, this state is marked in the dialog's tab by an asterisk (*), which disappears upon saving.
A new item must be saved to keep the entries, or it can be closed without saving to discard the entries. Closing an item without saving is protected by the following alert: "Would you like to save your changes?"
Options are "Save", "Don't Save" or "Cancel" to return to the dialog without saving.
Copy
Generates an identical copy of the selected item or items. The new copy of an item is listed with the addition " - Copy" in its name, or " - Copy (1)" etc., if previous copies exist. Multiple selected items can be copied simultaneously.
Rename
Edit the name of any single selected item. Alternatively, the name can be clicked directly to edit it:
Import ...
Only available for Tables. Imports a table from an external file into the R&S ELEKTRA database as described in "Importing tables" on page 156.
Select / Create New / Edit
In many cases, the button brings up a dialog for selecting an item. Depending on the context, you can create an item of the same type, add a device, edit or rename one of the listed items. To quit from this dialog, click "Cancel".
Figure 3-6: Example of selecting a limit line
‐
with additional options Create New or Edit
Note: The term "to select" has an ambiguous meaning, illustrated in Figure 3-6:
1.) The item highlighted in blue is "selected" (or marked) by clicking the checkbox or the row.
2.) To use this item in a given context, it can be "selected" (or adopted) by the "Select" button:
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Common action buttons
Most of the Common action buttons require to select an item in the first meaning of "marking" it, to decide what to do next with this item.
However, in the remainder of this manual, "selecting" an item typically has the second meaning of "adopting" it for further usage. For example, select a limit line to integrate it into a test template.
Details
To see information details of an item in any components dialog (for example "Home" > "Tests"), select the checkbox at the left end of the item's row. This selection brings up a "Details" list in the right part of the components dialog.
To see information details of a pinned item in the "Dashboard" dialog, select the check­box in the top right corner of the component's icon. This selection brings up a "Details" list in the right part of the "Dashboard" dialog.
Figure 3-7: Example of a details list (here of a test), left: before searching for references, right: after
The information in the list depends on the type of the selected item and its content. If you select more than one item, the software displays only information that is common
to all selected items.
Tags ← Details
Displays user-defined "Tags" of the selected component or components. Tagging espe­cially facilitates finding groups of components that you have labeled with the same spe­cific tag or tags.
To add a tag to an item, select the item to display the "Details" dialog, enter the tag text and hit [Return] or click the "+" sign next to the input field.
A search cannot be tagged. Tags are shown for selected items in the "Dashboard" and in the lists of items (for
example "Tests"). Note that tags are not visible in opened items, except while using the "Save" dialog. This dialog shows tags and also allows defining new tags.
To delete a tag, click the "X" sign next to it. Note: If R&S ELEKTRA recovers an item, for example a test or a test template, after
an unexpected program shut-down, the tag "Recovered Data" is automatically added to this component.
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Touch operation
Find References ← Details
"Find References" searches for references from the selected component to other com­ponents, which either use this component or are used by it. For example, a test can have references to a test template.
Once you have executed a search for references, the "Find References" button changes to "Refresh References", which allows repeating the search.
Pinned "Search" items do not have any references.
Note: A test is always based on a copy of the test template, that was used to create the test. Upon test creation, this copy is integrated into the Test container. Therefore, the original test template is not directly referenced in the test. This relationship becomes obvious, for example, if you modify the original test tem­plate: the copy of this test template inside the test container remains unmodified.
Nevertheless, just for operator orientation, the displayed reference indicates that the test was created using this test template.
Refresh References ← Details
Repeats the search for references and displays the updated results. Refreshing can be useful, for example, after modifying a referenced item.
Collapse Content
The arrow pointing down indicates that some expanded content below the arrow can be collapsed.
Click to collapse (hence minimize) the content, for example a settings dialog or a list.
Expand Content
The arrow pointing to the right indicates that some collapsed content can be expanded. Click to expand (hence unfold) the content, for example a settings dialog or a list.

3.4 Touch operation

R&S ELEKTRA can be installed on a tablet computer (MS Windows) with a touch-sen­sitive display. In this case, finger-touch operation intuitively replaces conventional mouse operation of the software.
Example:
You can zoom a test chart in conventional mouse operation by drawing a rectangle around the area that you wish to see enlarged. On the contrary, in touch operation, you would enlarge this area by stretching the chart by a two-fingers gesture.
The following touch actions replace mouse actions:
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Table 3-1: Correlation of mouse and touch actions
Mouse operation Touch operation Gesture icon
Click Tap
Double-click Double-tap
Click and hold Touch and hold
Right-click Touch, hold for 1 second and release
Drag-&-drop (= click and hold, then drag and release)
Zoom by drawing a rectangle Two-finger zoom ("pinch to zoom")
Mouse wheel to scroll up or down Swiping a window area down or up
Dragging scrollbars to scroll up or down, left or right
Touch and hold, then drag and release
Swiping a window area down or up, right or left
This manual describes all user operations as if executed with a mouse. If instead you use a tablet computer with touch operation, proceed according to the correlations given in Table 3-1. Exceptions apply in those cases that are considerably different from the general correlations. In these cases, both types of operation are described.
On the tablet computer, if you select a field for keyboard input, R&S ELEKTRA auto­matically brings up an on-screen keyboard. If it overlaps with an input field or covers a relevant display area, undock the on-screen keyboard. Once it floats, you can move it out of the way.

3.5 Measurement settings

R&S ELEKTRA controls your test devices during EMI measurements. Some devices require dedicated measurement settings, depending on the test scenario.
Measurement settings vs. device properties
R&S ELEKTRA stores measurement settings in each test template, which makes these settings available in each test based on this test template. However, measure­ment settings can differ among your test templates, which allows adapting the settings individually (per test template) to your various testing requirements.
On the contrary, device properties are stored directly in the Device List, which assures that these properties are globally available only once for each device. How­ever, test templates also provide a view of the device properties. Be aware of the fol­lowing: If you modify any device properties anywhere (in the device list or in a test tem­plate), these properties are changed for all instances that use this device.
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Note that settings in the "Functional Check" dialogs in the device list are no globally effective measurement settings and do not take effect in any test templates or tests. Use these settings only for functional checks of the device.
However, for simplicity, the devices' measurement settings are described in the "Func­tional Check" dialogs, because you can find this place easily. It is always available in the user interface, independent of your configuration scenario.
Dialogs for specifying measurement settings
To specify measurement settings for your tests, use the following dialogs:
●
"EMI": in an EMI test template, proceed as follows: – Select (highlight) the "Overview Measurement" or the "Final Measurement" in
the Measurement Flow.
– Then go to the "Measurement Settings" dialog in the "Flow Details", see Fig-
ure 4-12.
– In a frequency range, select (highlight) an active device, for example the test
receiver or spectrum analyzer.
– Go to the Settings (Overview) or Settings (Final) dialog.

3.6 Performing a test

Generally, performing EMI tests with R&S ELEKTRA involves the following steps:
1. Determining, which types of test to perform, as suggested in the EUT-related Test
matrix.
This decision leads to the applicable EMI standards (for example CISPR, IEC/EN, or MIL-STD-461).
2. Determining the test concept based on those standards.
3. Planning the hardware setups for the tests of EUTs.
This planning leads to a list of required devices and signal paths. A wizard for pre-
configuring entries in the software's database support you in this task.
4. Establishing a useful data nomenclature with speaking names for saving, e.g.,
limit lines and other tables, various templates, devices and the like.
5. Physically setting up the hardware for the respective measurement, and con-
necting the devices to the PC. The software requires this setup to perform the fol­lowing steps:
6. Entering the measurement devices in R&S ELEKTRA by creating or editing entries
in the device list. A search function for network devices supports you in this task. If a firewall message comes up, see Network firewall settings.
7. Creating or editing limit lines in R&S ELEKTRA according to the relevant stand-
ards.
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8. Configuring EMI test settings (together with configuring the hardware setups) in
R&S ELEKTRA test templates.
9. Creating tests as described in Chapter 4.3.1, "Configuring tests", on page 56
10. Running tests as described in Chapter 7, "Running tests", on page 201.
Once a test is completed, save it and proceed with the following steps:
●
Evaluating the results as described in Chapter 3.7, "Test results", on page 46.
●
Generating test reports as described in Chapter 3.9, "Reporting", on page 50.
These steps can become clearer in Chapter 8, "Measurement examples", on page 222. Or refer to a "Step by Step Guide" for R&S ELEKTRA, available on the internet at www.rohde-schwarz.com/applications (search term elektra step).
For compliant EMI tests, all details of the measurement procedure must be taken from the applicable EMI standards. R&S ELEKTRA supports you in this task. However, it is outside of the scope of this software to ensure that all regulations from the relevant standards are properly applied. Therefore, the compliance of testing remains in your responsibility.

3.7 Test results

Once a test has been run and saved, the whole Test container with all measurement results is stored in the database. To see the test results, make sure to have the test opened.
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" > "... test"
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Figure 3-8: Example of a test window
1 = Side panels on left-hand side (see list below and Using the test control elements) 2 = Test charts. For details on how to work with these graphics, see Configuring test charts and Test result
graphics
3 = Test result tables. For details on how to work with these tables, see Configuring test tables, and Test
result tables
4 = Side panels on right-hand side (see list below and Using the test control elements). On the top right, find
the Test control toolbar
You can use the following side panels on the left-hand and right-hand side:
●
Test Components
●
Measurement Flow Control
●
Accessories Control Summary and Accessories
●
Frequency Control
●
Measurements
●
Test Validation
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Overview of LISN results
If the transducer used in the measurement is a LISN, the "Overview Graphic" and the "Overview Table" show merged maximum levels measured on any of the selected lines.
For example, consider a test template that defines measurements on lines N and L1: The overview results can comprise levels measured on line N in some parts of the fre­quency range and measured on line L1 in other parts of the frequency range. The "Line" column in the test table indicates, from which line the level result in each row was taken.
To see the results of an individual line, open its "Result Table" from the Test Compo-
nents dialog and click the Show Graphic Display button (
The chart in the "Overview Graphic" and the values in the "Final Results" table repre­sent a view of the test results. However, a complete EUT testing task typically also requires evaluating the measurement results. An example is finding broadband signals or specific frequencies, at which the minimum Margin between measured level and a limit line is violated. Evaluation is intended to provide crucial information (see Verdict) to decide whether an EUT conforms with a given EMI standard.
).
The software evaluates the Verdict based on the limits, only. Further evaluation of the test results is a user task.
After having performed the required evaluation tasks, proceed with Reporting.

3.8 Verdict

The "Verdict" is a label for EMI test results, which is either assigned automatically or
edited manually. It can state that a test is "Failed", "Inconclusive" or "Passed":
Figure 3-9: Test verdict: Failed, Inconclusive or Passed
The following rules apply for automatic verdict assignment:
●
Start condition: A newly created or cleared test (but not a refreshed test) is set to the verdict "Inconclusive".
●
Evaluation: R&S ELEKTRA calculates the verdict for a test, when the automatic measurement sequence is successfully completed, including the "Final Measure­ment".
●
Algorithm: The verdict depends on all margin values in the "Final Result" table. At each frequency point, the Margin is defined as the limit line's value minus the measured level value. Hence, if the level remains below the limit, the margin is positive. The three verdict states are derived as follows:
– Initially, or if there is a test interruption, the verdict is set to or stays "Inconclu-
sive"
– If no limit line is set, the verdict stays "Inconclusive"
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– If at least one frequency has a margin value < 0, the verdict is "Failed" – Else (hence, no margin value < 0), if at least one frequency has a margin value
≥ 0, the verdict is "Passed"
– Else, if no margin values exist (for example, if the measured values are not
covered by a limit line), the verdict is "Passed"
●
Revaluation: If a verdict was calculated for a completed test and you manually change one or several limit lines or measurement values in the "Final Results" table, R&S ELEKTRA immediately recalculates the verdict.
●
Interruption: If you or R&S ELEKTRA pause or suspend a test or you resume or continue it, after it was stopped by an exception, the verdict is set to "Inconclu- sive". Note that in this situation, the software does not recalculate the verdict after operator intervention, such as changing limit lines or measurement values.
●
Limitation: Interactive measurements have no influence on the verdict.
●
If the test is stopped, before it stops automatically after measuring at the last fre­quency of the last loop, R&S ELEKTRA performs no evaluation and the EMS test verdict is "Inconclusive"
●
Else, if the software does not detect any entry in the "Critical Frequencies" table after completion of the test, the EMS test verdict is "Passed"
●
Else, if the "Critical Frequencies" table has one or more entries after completion of the test, the EMS test verdict is "Failed"
Verdict

3.8.1 Editing the verdict

Independent of the automatic verdict assignment, R&S ELEKTRA allows you to select the verdict manually. This feature is in accordance with your option to edit measured values, see Chapter 7.3, "Test result tables", on page 218. As an operator, you are responsible for the test results.
To select the verdict manually, click the "Edit" button ( ) next to the verdict in an opened test. The following dialog comes up:
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Figure 3-10: Verdict types
Click the verdict type you wish to select. Your selection is immediately assigned to the test. To keep this change, save the test.

3.8.2 Unexpected verdict

If the verdict of an EMI test differs from what you expected from the displayed test results, the reason can be a mismatching detector setting in the limit line table.
If the test template skips the final measurement, use the correct detectors in the Over-
view Measurement. R&S ELEKTRA supports you in using the correct detector: When
you disable the final measurement in the test template, the software automatically sets the final measurement detector in the overview measurement and alerts you of this setting.

3.9 Reporting

To generate a report for a completed test or to open an existing test report, first open the test.
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" "... test"
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Report generation procedure
1. Click "Add Report" to create a report based on a default report template.
If you use the "Add Report" button without a preselected report template in the "Report Templates" folder of the "Test Components" menu, a non-preconfigured ("empty") report opens. Also, R&S ELEKTRA adds a non-preconfigured report template to the "Report Templates" folder. For better report preconfiguration, proceed as follows:
2. In the "Test Components" dialog, if the "Report Templates" folder is not yet open,
click its icon to open it.
3. Right-click the "Report Templates" folder.
A context menu opens.
4. Select one of the following options:
● "New Report Template" is equivalent to "Add Report" without a preselected report template. Selecting this option immediately creates a non-preconfigured report template and a report based on it.
● "Add global Report Template" allows selecting from a list of standard report templates. Selecting a template adds it to the "Report Templates" folder and immediately creates a report based on this template.
5. You can modify the report as as described in Chapter 4.5, "Report Templates", on page 121.
To update the report contents, for example, if report template components or test con­tents have changed since creating the report, click "Refresh" ( ) in the top menu of the
report. Do not confuse this button with the taller "Refresh" button in the top menu of the test.
To save a report in the R&S ELEKTRA database together with the test, select "Attach" (the paper-clip icon ). This action opens the "Reports" folder in the "Test Compo­nents" menu, where the attached report can now be seen. If the "Reports" folder is not open, click its icon to see attached reports.
Optionally, click the "Export" button or to save a report as a PDF or DOCX file in a selectable folder outside of the R&S ELEKTRA database.
To open a report in a separate window of a PDF file viewer program, or in Microsoft Word for DOCX, if installed, double-click the attached report in the "Test Components" menu.
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4 Configuration

Configuration
Home menu
R&S ELEKTRA supports the creation of user-specific test cases for custom application scenarios.
This chapter describes the configuration of the following software components:
●
The Home menu - see page 52
●
The Dashboard dialog - see page 54
●
Tests - see page 55
●
Test Templates - see page 73
(with included hardware setup and Limit Lines)
●
Report Templates - see page 121
●
The Device List - see page 127 (with the receiver, signal paths and various transducing devices)
●
Various Tables - see page 155
This chapter also describes the use and configuration of the following:
●
Tools - see page 162
●
Administrative settings - see page 166
Related subjects:
●
The configuration wizard is a tool for the application-specific generation of sample data and templates for tests.
●
Measurement devices connected to the computer that runs R&S ELEKTRA can be automatically searched, checked and integrated into the Device List.
●
For an overview of the "Dashboard" dialog, see Chapter 3.2, "Graphical user inter-
face", on page 36.
●
For the most basic action buttons, see Chapter 3.3, "Common action buttons", on page 38.

4.1 Home menu

This chapter describes the configurable items in the "Home" view of the Graphical user
interface. You can configure settings in the dialogs of the home menu (or navigation
menu, left) and in the title bar (top right).
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Home menu
Figure 4-1: Configurable items in the home menu and in the title bar
Red frame at left hand = Configurable items in the home menu Red frame on top right = Configurable settings in the title bar
For a description of the configurable settings in the title bar (top), see below. For the
button see Embedded help, for the button see Product information.
For a description of the configurable items in the home menu (left), refer to the appro­priate chapter, which you can select from the overview in Chapter 4, "Configuration", on page 52.
Dashboard search
For a description of the dashboard search, see Chapter 6.2, "Dashboard search", on page 192.
Language selection
The language selection button in the title bar selects one of the available language options. For description of the language settings, see Chapter 2.5, "Language selec-
tion", on page 26.
User Information
The user icon is available in the title bar only, if more users than the default "Admin" user are defined. To open the "User Information" dialog, click the icon.
The dialog displays the "Login" (= user name, see User login) together with your "Name", "Role" and all "Groups" assigned to you. You cannot edit this information here. Instead, only an administrator can edit it in the "User Admin" dialog, which is exclu­sively available to users with administration rights.
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Dashboard
The "User Information" dialog also allows changing your password. To do so, click the "Change Password" button to expand the dialog as in Figure 4-2.
Enter your current password in the field "Old Password". If an administrator has previ­ously reset your old password, leave this field blank.
Then enter your new password in the field "New Password" and repeat it in the field "Confirm Password". No special rules and requirements apply to the length and com­plexity of your password or to the characters that you use. Complete the change of password by clicking "OK".
Figure 4-2: User information dialog with some example data
If you have forgotten your password, ask an administrator to reset it.

4.2 Dashboard

Access: "Home" > "Dashboard"
The user-configurable "Dashboard" dialog (see Graphical user interface) displays the icons of pinned items. Use these icons for one-click access to your favorite items. The configuration of this dialog is described in the section "Handling pinned items" on page 55.
To pin an item, select "Pin to Dashboard" . The pin icon changes to .
Access, for example: "Home" > "Test Templates"
This function is available in many dialogs (such as "Tests" or "Test Templates"), but not in the "Home" > "Dashboard" dialog. For an example, see Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3: Pinning a component (here: a report template) to the "Dashboard" dialog
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4.3 Tests

Configuration
Tests
Once a component is pinned, it can be opened directly from the "Dashboard" dialog by clicking the item there.
Handling pinned items
To see Details of a pinned item and get access to the Common action buttons available for this item, check the checkbox in its top right corner.
Checking more than one item reduces the displayed details and action buttons to those details and buttons, which are commonly valid for the checked items.
You can limit the categories of pinned items to be displayed in the "Dashboard" dialog, see "Dashboard: Show ..." on page 185.
Tests are used to measure the electromagnetic interference of EUTs. Each test is based on a single Test Template, which must be configured before running the test.
The software structure shows that a test contains one test template.
By creating a test and selecting a test template for it, all settings of this test template are copied into a newly generated Test container. If the original test template is modi- fied later on, its changes do not influence any previously created tests.
See Chapter 7, "Running tests", on page 201 for information on how to run tests and how to work with the test control elements in an opened test.
Handling test items
Access: "Home" > "Tests"
Depending on the selection of one or several tests, different action buttons are availa­ble in the actions bar. Most of them are common action buttons, described in Chap-
ter 3.3 on page 38. The dialog-specific action buttons for tests are:
"Delete" removes the selected one or more tests from the database. But if a test is associated with an EUT, deleting the test also removes it from the test plan of this EUT.
Deletion is protected with a confirmation warning.
For information on how to proceed from "Create: Test", see Chapter 4.3.1, "Configur-
ing tests", on page 56
Use the "Open" button to view or configure selected tests (see Configuring test charts and Configuring test tables) or to evaluate the Test results.
The following chapters describe how to configure tests, test charts and test tables.
● Configuring tests..................................................................................................... 56
● Configuring test charts............................................................................................ 58
● Configuring test tables............................................................................................ 68
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4.3.1 Configuring tests

Configuration
Tests
Access: "Home" > "Tests"
Click "Create: Test" to generate a new test as described below.
Figure 4-4: New Test configuration dialog for EMI tests
Test Name
Specifies a test name. R&S ELEKTRA suggests a default name.
Specifying a test name is a prerequisite for creating a test.
Test Template
Selects a test template from a list of preconfigured items.
The configuration of test templates for EMI tests is described in Chapter 4.4, "Test
Templates ", on page 73.
Selecting a test template is a prerequisite for creating a test.
Limit Line
The limit line is automatically entered in this field by R&S ELEKTRA, when the test template is selected (which is obligatory), but only, if the test template contains exactly one limit line. Afterwards, you can optionally select a different limit line from the list of preconfigured items. But if you do so and then select a test template after that, your limit line selection is overwritten by the setting in the test template.
If no limit line is suggested by the software upon selecting a test template, this lack of a suggestion can have two different reasons:
●
The test template contains no limit line, which is indicated by a placeholder "<none>" in the empty "Limit Line" field
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●
The test template contains more than one limit line (for various frequency ranges), which is indicated by a placeholder "<Multiple Selection>" in the empty "Limit Line" field
In either case, you can decide:
●
Leave this field blank. In this case, R&S ELEKTRA does not overwrite anything.
●
Select any limit line. In this case, if different limit lines have been specified in the test template, R&S ELEKTRA overwrites them all with the limit line that you have selected.
Therefore, unless you are sure, we recommend leaving a blank limit line field blank in this instance, to avoid overwriting different limit lines in the test template's frequency ranges.
Instead of selecting a limit line in this field, we recommend to first create the test and then open the test template inside the test. This way, you can better decide, if a limit line (or different ones) needs to be selected.
The configuration of limit lines is described in Chapter 4.7.1, "Limit Lines", on page 158.
Selecting a limit line is optional for creating a test.
Report Template
Selects a report template from a list of preconfigured items.
The configuration of report templates is described in Chapter 4.5, "Report Templates", on page 121.
Selecting a report template is optional for creating a test.
Test Information
Allows specifying test information, especially such information that is valid for every test based on this template.
Click "Add Information" tent" of each line as required.
To move a line up or down, first double-click it to highlight the whole line. You can also click once inside the line, but this click must be anywhere outside of the editable fields, hence the dark blue area in the following figure:
Once the line is highlighted, click the enabled up or down arrows to move the line.
to create more lines of information. Edit the "Title" and "Con-
To remove a line that you do not need, click the "Delete Information" button .
You can add individual, test-specific information per measurement in the Test Compo-
nents dialog.
Specifying test information is optional for creating a test.
New Test
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4.3.2 Configuring test charts

Configuration
Tests
Click "New Test" to run an EMI test or "Cancel" to quit the test configuration immedi­ately.
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" "... test"
Figure 4-5: Example of an EMI test chart
PK+ Level = Trace of "Max Peak" detector measurements QPK Level = Trace of "Quasi Peak" detector measurements (here: two frequency ranges, overlapping at
M1 = Marker 1 (in color of its own trace), see Marker D2[M1] = Delta marker 2 (referenced to M1, in color of reference trace), see Set Reference M3 = Unreferenced marker 3 (light blue = selected) D4S[M3] = Synchronized delta marker 4 (referenced to M3, in color of reference trace)
In an existing EMI test (which has previously been executed and saved, as described in EMI tests), you can configure the test results presentation as described in the follow­ing chapters.
● Chart....................................................................................................................... 58
● Trace.......................................................................................................................63
● Marker.....................................................................................................................65
4.3.2.1 Chart
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" "... test" > "Chart Menu" button
In the charts configuration, you can determine how one or more charts are displayed and how the axes are scaled. You can determine the graphic properties and make the content of charts available outside of R&S ELEKTRA.
8 MHz to 10 MHz)
Hide / show charts.........................................................................................................59
Close / Close all............................................................................................................ 59
Arrange charts...............................................................................................................59
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Chart............................................................................................................................. 59
└ Connect Charts...............................................................................................59
└ Set Logarithmic x-Axis in all Graphics............................................................ 60
└ Set Linear x-Axis in all Graphics.....................................................................60
└ Axis X..............................................................................................................60
└ X Axis Logarithmic................................................................................60
└ Change scale........................................................................................60
└ Manual frequency scaling...........................................................60
└ Do Autoscale........................................................................................ 61
└ Autoscale to measurement result......................................................... 61
└ Axis Y..............................................................................................................61
└ Y Axis Logarithmic................................................................................61
└ Change scale........................................................................................61
└ Manual level scaling................................................................... 61
└ Do Autoscale........................................................................................ 62
Copy To Clipboard.........................................................................................................62
Save Image to File........................................................................................................ 62
Store Zoom Settings..................................................................................................... 62
Graphic Properties........................................................................................................ 62
Print...............................................................................................................................63
Zoom.............................................................................................................................63
Hide / show charts
The top "Graphics" bar toggles between hiding and showing all charts. If both graphics and tables are visible (half screen, each), hiding the graphics shows the tables in full size. Hiding the tables, too, leaves the two top bars visible, only. Opening the graphics while the tables are hidden shows the charts in full size.
Close / Close all
Closes the selected chart or all charts that are shown. To reopen closed charts, dou­ble-click their names in the Test Components side panel.
Arrange charts
To arrange charts horizontally, vertically or cascade them behind each other, use the buttons
Chart
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Chart" (or clicking the "Chart Menu" button ) provides access to the chart configuration functions described below. If more than one chart is open, clicking the "Chart Menu" button also requires selecting the chart for which you want to access the chart configuration functions.
Connect Charts ← Chart
Right-clicking a chart and selecting "Chart" > "Connect Charts" allows moving markers jointly in different charts. The connect function is only available, if at least two charts are present and at least one marker is set in one of the charts. Setting or moving a marker in another chart moves the "active" marker (the one that was selected last) in each of the connected charts to the same frequency.
. Available only, if more than one chart is open.
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Synchronized markers within the same chart remain synchronized, even when connec­ted to a marker in a different chart. A marker in a connected chart is no longer dis­played, if it moves out of the frequency range of "its" trace, while following a marker in a different chart. When it is moved back into that frequency range, it is displayed again.
Note that markers cannot be referenced to markers in other charts. Instead, display the trace in question within the same chart by "Add Trace" on page 64.
The joint movement of connected markers can best be seen in charts that are dis­played next to each other by "Arrange charts" on page 59.
To terminate the connect function, click "Chart" > "Connect Charts" again. Deleting all markers in one chart also terminates the connect function.
Set Logarithmic x-Axis in all Graphics ← Chart
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Chart" allows enabling "Set Logarithmic x-Axis in all Graphics".
Set Linear x-Axis in all Graphics ← Chart
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Chart" allows enabling "Set Linear x-Axis in all Graphics".
Axis X ← Chart
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Chart" > "Axis X" provides access to the X-axis configuration functions described below.
X Axis Logarithmic ← Axis X ← Chart
Toggles between logarithmic and linear X-axis. Alternatively, right-clicking the X-axis allows enabling or disabling the logarithmic scale.
Note: Logarithmic scale is not available, if zero or negative values are shown on the axis.
Change scale ← Axis X ← Chart
Opens a dialog to set the frequency range limits for the X-axis. Alternatively, right-click­ing the X-axis and selecting "Change scale" opens the same dialog.
Manual frequency scaling ← Change scale ← Axis X ← Chart
Clicking, holding and horizontally drawing the mouse pointer in the left, center or right third of the X-axis allows a manual frequency scale adjustment:
●
In the left third, the lower (left) end of the frequency scale is manipulated.
●
In the center third, the whole frequency scale is shifted up or down.
●
In the right third, the upper (right) end of the frequency scale is manipulated.
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Green circles = Direction indicators for manual scale adjustment of the frequency axis (only one
indicator visible at a time) Red arrows in red ovals Blue circles = Mouse pointer positions in the left, center and right third of the axis
= Left 1/3, center 1/3 and right 1/3 of the frequency axis
Do Autoscale ← Axis X ← Chart
Automatically adjusts the scale of the X-axis to the frequency range used for measure­ments. Alternatively, right-click the X-axis and select "Do Autoscale" or hit the [Shift] + [x] keys to do the same.
Autoscale to measurement result ← Axis X ← Chart
Truncates frequencies outside the measured range: R&S ELEKTRA adjusts the boun­daries on the X-axis to the values displayed in the chart. Alternatively, right-clicking the X-axis and selecting "Autoscale to measurement result" allows doing the same.
Axis Y ← Chart
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Chart" > "Axis Y" provides access to the Y-axis configuration functions described below.
Y Axis Logarithmic ← Axis Y ← Chart
Toggles between logarithmic and linear Y-axis. Alternatively, right-clicking the Y-axis allows enabling or disabling the logarithmic scale.
Note: Logarithmic scale is not available, if zero or negative values are shown on the axis. Logarithmic Y-axis is not available for dB levels, because dB levels are logarithmic already.
Change scale ← Axis Y ← Chart
Opens a dialog to set the level range limits for the Y-axis. Alternatively, right-clicking the Y-axis and selecting "Change scale" opens the same dialog.
Manual level scaling ← Change scale ← Axis Y ← Chart
Clicking, holding and vertically drawing the mouse pointer in the upper, middle or lower third of the Y-axis allows a manual level scale adjustment:
●
In the upper third, the upper end of the level scale is manipulated.
●
In the middle third, the whole level scale is shifted up or down.
●
In the lower third, the lower end of the level scale is manipulated.
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Green circles = Direction indicators for manual scale adjustment of the level axis (only one indica-
tor visible at a time) Red arrows in red ovals Blue circles = Mouse pointer positions in the upper, middle and lower third of the axis
= Upper 1/3, middle 1/3 and lower 1/3 of the level axis
Do Autoscale ← Axis Y ← Chart
Automatically adjusts the scale of the Y-axis to a range that is a bit wider than the mea­sured levels. Alternatively, right-click the Y-axis and select "Do Autoscale" or hit the [Shift] + [y] keys to do the same.
Copy To Clipboard
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Copy To Clipboard" captures a screenshot bit­map of the active chart and copy it to the clipboard. Outside of R&S ELEKTRA, this bitmap chart can then be entered into any application that allows pasting graphics.
Save Image to File
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Save to Image File" saves a screenshot bitmap of the active chart outside of R&S ELEKTRA in portable network graphics (PNG) for­mat.
Store Zoom Settings
Saves the current view, when you have zoomed into a chart. The saved view with its individual zoom settings is available in the "Test Content" > "Graphics" section of the
Test Components dialog, where you can rename it by a right-click. Double-clicking a
saved view opens this chart with the stored zoom settings. Double-clicking a different saved view of the same graphic changes the view of the displayed chart accordingly. Double-clicking the basic node of the same graphic returns the displayed chart to its full view.
You can integrate the saved views directly into your test reports, see Chapter 4.5.1,
"Configuring report templates", on page 121.
Graphic Properties
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Graphic Properties" opens the "Chart Options" dialog to define the settings for Graphics, Marker, Grid and Traces.
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While these settings are local for the currently opened graphic chart, the same settings can also be defined globally as a default for all new graphics, as described in Chap-
ter 4.9.4, "Graphics Settings", on page 174. However, the global settings do not influ-
ence tests that have already been created.
Note:
●
The parameter "Show Pixel Mode" in the tab "Marker" > "Pixel Mode" specifies how markers are moved along traces (especially noticeable, if only a few frequency points are visible). If "Show Pixel Mode" is enabled, markers move from pixel to pixel between frequency (measurement) points. If disabled, markers can only jump from one frequency point to the next (see Graphics Settings > Marker > "Pixel Mode").
●
The parameter "Peak Excursion" in the tab "Marker" > "Search" specifies the rela­tive level difference between peak and non-peak measurement results. The size of this difference determines whether a marker detects a peak or not (see Graphics
Settings > Marker > "Search"). The default "Peak Excursion" is 6 dB.
Print
Opens a dialog for printing the chart.
Zoom
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Zoom" allows viewing enlarged sections of a chart ("zoom into a chart"). Zooming is done by drawing a rectangle with the left mouse button, to specify the area to be zoomed. In this way, multiple zooming into the same chart is possible. The first zoom can also be done by just drawing a rectangle, as long as the mouse pointer's origin does not collide with any object in the chart. A small copy of the whole chart, superimposed in the upper right corner, provides an overview of the zoomed area (dark rectangle) in relation to the whole chart area.
Using a tablet computer with touch-sensitive display, test charts can be zoomed by stretching or shrinking them with two fingers ("pinch to zoom"): Zooming is done by touching and holding two opposite corners of the rectangular area that you want to zoom, then drawing your fingers apart or bringing them closer together.
Once zoomed, clicking and holding the chart's visible fraction allows dragging it to a different area of the full chart at the same zoom factor. Alternatively, the dark rectangle mentioned above can be dragged by clicking and holding it. However, avoid clicking the chart in a place that is occupied by a trace, line or marker, as this click would call up other functions.
The zoomed view is disabled by double-clicking the chart or by right-clicking the chart and selecting "Undo Zoom".
4.3.2.2 Trace
In the trace configuration, you can add or delete traces, move a trace to the front and set its properties.
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Trace" provides access to the trace functions described below.
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Add Trace......................................................................................................................64
└ Constant Trace............................................................................................... 64
└ Result Trace from another Test.......................................................................64
└ Global Limit Line............................................................................................. 64
└ Global Attenuation / Transducer Corr............................................................. 64
Delete Trace..................................................................................................................64
Move Trace To Front.....................................................................................................64
Trace Properties............................................................................................................64
└ Traces.............................................................................................................64
└ Line................................................................................................................. 64
└ Symbol............................................................................................................65
└ Line To Bottom................................................................................................65
Add Trace
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Trace" > "Add Trace" allows selecting the kind of trace to be added as described below.
Constant Trace ← Add Trace
Adds a horizontal line in the chart with a user-defined trace name and a constant level (Y) value.
Result Trace from another Test ← Add Trace
Adds a trace from a column selected in a result table of another test.
Global Limit Line ← Add Trace
Adds a trace from a column in "Tables" > "Limit Lines".
Global Attenuation / Transducer Corr. ← Add Trace
Adds a trace from "Tables" > "Attenuation" or from "Tables" > "Transducer Correction".
Delete Trace
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Trace" > "Delete Trace" allows selecting a trace and deleting it.
Move Trace To Front
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Trace" > "Move Trace To Front" allows selecting a trace and moving it to the front.
Trace Properties
Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Trace" > "Trace Properties" opens a dialog that defines the following trace settings. Alternatively, this dialog can be accessed by right­clicking a trace and selecting "Trace Properties".
Traces ← Trace Properties
Selects the trace, limit line or symbol trace to be configured.
Line ← Trace Properties
Specifies "Color", "Thickness" and "Style" of the selected trace.
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4.3.2.3 Marker
Configuration
Tests
Symbol ← Trace Properties
Specifies "Color", "Size" and "Shape" of symbols on the selected trace.
Line To Bottom ← Trace Properties
Specifies "Color", "Thickness" and "Style" of lines that connect symbols on the selected trace to the lower edge of the chart.
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" "... test" > "Marker Menu" button
In the marker configuration, you can add or delete markers, reference markers to each other or move them to specific positions. The Pixel Mode determines the step size for moving markers. To specify default marker properties such as flag colors and Peak Excursion, use the "Home" > Administration > Graphic Properties > Marker dialog.
All markers have a name label and, by default, a flag with the same color as "their" trace or as the trace of the referenced Delta marker.
To select a marker, click it directly or click its legend entry. The selected marker (or selected last, if multiple markers are present) is identified by a light blue flag, if color is enabled in the Graphic Properties. This blue "highlighting" color temporarily overrides the original flag color.
Moving markers manually
Click and hold a marker to drag it to any position on the same trace. Alternatively, you can use the left and right arrows on the keyboard or the mouse wheel to move the selected marker. (In Pixel Mode, these steps can be too small to see them without zooming.)
Moving markers automatically
Right-click a marker to select one of the following marker positioning functions:
●
"Marker" > To Peak
●
"Marker" > To Next Peak
●
"Marker" > To Min
●
"Marker" > To Next Min
●
"Marker" > To Position
●
"Marker" > To Trace
Alternatively, right-click the chart to select one of these functions for positioning the selected (highlighted) marker.
Be aware of the following:
●
Synchronized markers always move jointly.
●
Selected markers in other charts also move, if Connect Charts is activated.
●
The moving behavior of markers is influenced by the Pixel Mode setting.
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Right-clicking the chart and selecting "Marker" (or clicking the "Marker Menu" button ) provides access to the marker functions described below. If more than one chart is open, clicking the "Marker Menu" button also requires selecting the chart for which you want to access the marker configuration functions.
Add To Trace.................................................................................................................66
Set Reference............................................................................................................... 66
Pixel Mode.................................................................................................................... 67
To Peak......................................................................................................................... 67
└ To Next Peak...................................................................................................67
To Min............................................................................................................................67
└ To Next Min.....................................................................................................67
To Position.....................................................................................................................68
To Trace........................................................................................................................ 68
Delete Marker................................................................................................................68
Add To Trace
Allows selecting the trace, to which a new marker is to be set, and adds the marker to this trace.
●
If the marker that you set is the first one in this chart, it is immediately set to the peak of the selected trace.
●
If one or more other markers are already present in the chart, R&S ELEKTRA opens a context dialog that offers three selections: – "Trace" - allows changing the trace that you have selected for the marker – "Reference Mode" - specifies if and how the marker is referenced to another
marker, see Set Reference
– "Reference Marker" - specifies to which other marker the new marker is refer-
enced (not available for "Reference Mode" = "None")
If the Reference Mode is set to "None",R&S ELEKTRA places the new marker at the trace's peak.
Alternatively, directly double-clicking a trace and confirming the defaults in the "Add New Marker" dialog allows placing a new marker on the trace. Unless you have selected to synchronize the marker, it is placed at or near the mouse click position.
Note: If you double-click a trace to add a new marker, but the chart is zoomed, your double-click first disables the zoom. To add the new marker, double-click the trace again.
Set Reference
Opens a dialog for specifying a "Reference Mode" for any two markers. Alternatively, directly right-clicking a marker and selecting "Set Reference" opens the
same dialog, with this marker preselected. To set a reference, first select a "Marker" (or keep the preselected marker), then select
one of the following options for the "Reference Mode":
●
"Delta" shows the level difference value of the two referenced markers in the leg­end
●
"Synchronized" locks the two markers to the same frequency (only available for markers on different traces)
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●
"SynchronizedDelta" locks two markers on different traces to the same frequency
and calculates their delta
●
"None" leaves the selected marker unreferenced with any other marker (= default)
Finally, select the "Reference Marker" from a list of markers that are available for refer­encing (not available for "Reference Mode" = "None").
Pixel Mode
Opens a dialog for activating or deactivating the "Pixel Mode" function.
●
If enabled, a marker can move from pixel to pixel on the display between the fre­quency (measurement) points.
●
If disabled, the marker can only jump from one frequency point to the next. The effect of this setting becomes especially noticeable, if only a few frequency points are visible, for example when zooming deeply into a trace.
Alternatively, the setting can be accessed by right-clicking a marker and selecting "Pixel Mode", or by right-clicking the chart and selecting Graphic Properties > "Marker" > "Pixel Mode" > "Show Pixel Mode".
The global setting for "Show Pixel Mode" can be altered at "Home" > "Administration" > "Graphic Settings" > Marker > "Pixel Mode". However, this setting does not influ-
ence any test that has already been created.
To Peak
Automatically moves a marker to the peak value of a trace.
To Next Peak ← To Peak
Automatically moves a marker to the next peak value of a trace, if it has previously
been set to the overall peak ("To Peak"). Moving a marker to the next peak can be repeated until the limit is reached that is specified by the parameter "Peak Excursion". This parameter is defined by clicking the chart and selecting "Graphic Properties" > "Marker". Defaults are defined at "Home" > Administration > Graphic Properties >
Marker.
Note: Specifying the "Peak Excursion" in the Graphic Properties menu does not influ- ence a test that has already been created.
To Min
Automatically moves a marker to the minimum value of a trace.
To Next Min ← To Min
Automatically moves a marker to the next minimum value of a trace, if it has previously
been set to the overall minimum ("To Min"). Moving a marker to the next minimum can be repeated until the limit is reached that is
specified by the parameter "Peak Excursion". This parameter is defined by clicking the chart and selecting "Graphic Properties" > "Marker". Defaults are defined at "Home" >
Administration > Graphic Properties > Marker.
Note: Specifying the "Peak Excursion" in the Graphic Properties menu does not influ- ence a test that has already been created.
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4.3.3 Configuring test tables

Configuration
Tests
To Position
Automatically moves a marker to a user-defined frequency. If this marker is synchron-
ized with another marker, both are moved jointly to the new frequency position.
To Trace
Automatically transfers a marker to another trace or limit line. Note that a marker can-
not be transferred to a trace or limit line where the same frequency position is already occupied by a synchronized marker. R&S ELEKTRA only offers the appropriate choice of targets.
Delete Marker
Allows selecting one specific marker or "All Markers" to be deleted. Alternatively, right-clicking a marker and selecting "Delete Marker" offers the same
choice.
Access: "Home" > "Tests" > "Open" "... test"
Figure 4-6: Example of a final results table in an EMI test
EMI test tables contain the following columns:
●
"Rg" - the frequency range number
●
"Frequency" - the frequency points
●
The "Level", "Limit" and "Margin" values for each detector selected in the test tem-
plate (with Margin = "Limit" minus "Level")
●
"Correction" - the accumulated amount of "Attenuation" and "Measurement Correc­tion" specified for the signal path and LISN or transducer used in this measurement
●
"Line" - only available in tests that use a LISN: label of the LISN line, for example "N" or "L1". See also Chapter 7.4, "Test result graphics", on page 220.
●
Meas BW - only available in "Final Results" tables
●
"Meas. Time" - per point, only available in "Final Results" tables
●
"Time of Meas." - only available in "Final Results" tables: R&S ELEKTRA automati­cally enters the date and time of the measurement. To toggle between a display of time only, or date and time, use the Show / Hide Column Headers button vate the "Accuracy" header. This header lets you select either "Date/Time" or just "Time".
●
"Source" - only available in "Final Results" and "Critical Points" tables:
to acti-
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– In the "Critical Points" table: The frequencies in the critical points table and in
the final measurement can originate, for example, from steps in the Data
Reduction or from interactive measurements.
– In the "Final Results" table: The measured values originate from the "Critical
Points" or from "Interactive" measurements (individually recorded).
●
"Comment" - content (which you can edit) depends on the kind of table: – In the "Overview" table: You can enter arbitrary comments in any cell of the
"Comment" column.
– In the "Critical Points" table: R&S ELEKTRA automatically enters the names of
detectors, with which a critical level value was detected in the overview mea­surement at this frequency point.
– In the "Final Results" table: During an Interactive measurement , your com-
ments from the Measurements dialog are automatically entered in the new rows that are generated in this table.
To sort the table rows by any of the columns, click the column's name header. Click the name header again for reverse order.
For the default and optional headers of test tables, see Table Headers. For information on how to work with tables, see Test result tables.
You can configure tables by the following functions:
Hide / show tables.........................................................................................................70
Close / Close all............................................................................................................ 70
Arrange tables...............................................................................................................70
Select cells....................................................................................................................70
Delete rows................................................................................................................... 70
Copy..............................................................................................................................71
Paste.............................................................................................................................71
Add new row................................................................................................................. 71
Show / Hide Columns....................................................................................................71
Show / Hide Column Headers.......................................................................................71
Select Table...................................................................................................................71
Show Graphic Display...................................................................................................72
Export to CSV file format...............................................................................................72
Set default sorting......................................................................................................... 72
Auto Scroll.....................................................................................................................72
Sort table.......................................................................................................................72
Table Headers...............................................................................................................72
└ Name.............................................................................................................. 72
└ Unit..................................................................................................................72
└ Accuracy......................................................................................................... 72
└ Detector.......................................................................................................... 73
└ Base Unit........................................................................................................ 73
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Hide / show tables
The top "Graphics" bar toggles between hide and show all tables. If both graphics and tables are visible (half screen, each), hiding the tables shows the graphics in full size. Hiding the graphics, too, leaves the two top bars visible, only. Opening the tables while the graphics are hidden shows the tables in full size.
Close / Close all
Closes the selected table or all tables that are shown. To reopen closed tables, double­click their names in the Test Components side panel.
Arrange tables
To arrange multiple tables horizontally, vertically or cascade them behind each other, use the buttons
Select cells
A single cell is selected by clicking it directly. Selected cells are marked by bold con­tent.
Multiple individual cells (not necessarily adjacent) are selected by pressing [Ctrl] while clicking the cells to be selected. You can also unselect previously selected cells by this combination of pressing [Ctrl] and clicking the cells. In tablet operation, selecting multi­ple cells requires to bring up the on-screen keyboard, tap [Ctrl] and then tap the cells to be selected.
A single row of cells is selected by clicking the row header. Selecting all cells in a row is equivalent with selecting the whole row. Selected rows are highlighted by a blue background color together with bold cell content.
Multiple adjacent rows of cells are selected by clicking the first row header, then press­ing [Shift] and clicking the last row header. In tablet operation, bring up the on-screen keyboard, tap the first row header, then tap [Shift] and tap the last row header.
A rectangular range of cells is selected by clicking a cell in one corner of the rectangle, then pressing [Shift] and clicking the cell in the opposite corner of the rectangle. This procedure is also used to select one single or multiple columns. Note that the scroll­bars can be used between clicking the two corner cells. In tablet operation, selecting multiple rows requires the following steps: Bring up the on-screen keyboard, tap a cell in one corner of the rectangle, tap [Shift] and tap the cell in the opposite corner of the rectangle. If you want to use the scrollbars between tapping the two corner cells, pro­ceed as follows: First tap one corner cell, then scroll to the opposite corner cell, tap [Shift] and tap the opposite corner cell. If a relevant part of the table is hidden by the on-screen keyboard, undock it. Once the on-screen keyboard floats, it can be moved out of the way.
An alternative for selecting a rectangular range of cells is clicking a cell and using the [Shift] + [Arrow] keys to define the selection. The [Ctrl] key can be used in combination with the [Arrow] keys to jump to the first or last row or column.
You can select also the whole table.
.
Delete rows
Deleting is only available in tables that are not controlled by a test template, for exam­ple the "Critical Points" table. Thus, it is not permitted in the "Overview" and "Final Result" table.
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To delete values of selected cells from a table, right-click any selected cells and select "Delete rows", or click the "Delete rows" button
Copy
To copy values from selected cells into the clipboard, right-click the cells and select "Copy", or click the "Copy" button inserted in a new position by Paste.
Paste
To paste cut or copied values from the clipboard into a table, right-click the new (first) cell position and select "Paste", or click the "Paste" button , or press [Ctrl] + [V].
Add new row
Adding rows is only available in tables that are not controlled by a test template, for example the "Critical Points" table. It is not permitted in the "Overview" and "Final Result" table.
To insert a new row, right-click a row header or a cell and select "Insert new row before". The new row is then inserted above the row that has been clicked.
To add a new row at the end of the table, click the button To delete selected rows, click the button
"Delete rows".
, or press [Ctrl] + [C]. The copied values can be
.
and select "Add new row".
while the rows are highlighted and select
Show / Hide Columns
To show or hide columns of a table selectively, right-click any column header and select "Show / hide columns". In the list of available columns, tick the columns to be shown and untick the columns to be hidden. Alternatively, click the "Show / hide col­umns" button You cannot hide the columns "Rg" (frequency range number) and "Frequency" (fre­quency points).
If you enable the checkbox "Use Report Relevant Column" for this table in the report template, the hidden columns are not shown in the report, either. Instead of the column selection in the report template, the report shows and hides the columns as selected in the "Show / Hide Columns" dialog. You can show a column in the GUI but hide it in the report by deactivating it using . See Chapter 4.5.1, "Configuring report templates", on page 121. Saving the test also saves the selection of columns.
Show / Hide Column Headers
To show or hide individual column headers described below, right-click any column header and activate or deactivate either of them. Alternatively, click the "Show / Hide Column Headers" button .
●
Detector shows the selected Detector types in level, limit and margin columns, but
does not allow modifying the selection.
●
Accuracy adjusts the decimal fraction of the values in the selected column.
●
Base Unit shows the selected base units, but does not allow modifying them.
and activate or deactivate the individual columns in the list accordingly.
Select Table
Selects all cells of a table. Alternatively, click any header of the first column or press [Ctrl] + [A] or right-click any cell in the table and select "Select Table".
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Show Graphic Display
Generates a graphic representation of selected table contents. Alternatively, right-click any cell and select "Graphic Display". A dialog opens up to select the columns to be displayed. The dialog allows also selecting either the generation of a new chart or the integration of the selected column's data into an existing chart.
Export to CSV file format
Exports a table's contents to a file in .csv format (comma-separated values). A dialog opens up to specify the target folder and filename.
For importing such files, see "Importing tables" on page 156. For exporting table con­tents to an Excel file, use copy and paste.
Set default sorting
Re-establishes a table's original order. Typically, a table is sorted per default by increasing frequency values.
Auto Scroll
Facilitates reading the "Final Results" or "Critical Points" table during a measurement: Enabling the checkbox keeps the row that shows the currently measured frequency
point within the display area.
Sort table
To sort the table's rows by the values in the "Rg" (frequency range number) or "Fre­quency" column, click this "Name" header. Click this header again for reverse order.
Table Headers
The Name and Unit headers are always visible, the optional Detector header is enabled per default. You can also enable Accuracy and Base Unit.
Name ← Table Headers
Shows the name of the column, as in Figure 4-6. You can change the order of rows by clicking the "Rg" or "Frequency" header. In detector columns, the name consists of an abbreviation for the Detector name and the type of trace, which can be "Level", "Limit" or Margin.
Unit ← Table Headers
To select one of the optional units for an individual column, click its "Unit" header. The software automatically converts the displayed values.
Example:
If the unit is "kHz" and the displayed value is "2,000", changing the unit to "MHz" changes the displayed value to "2".
If the unit is "dBV" and the displayed value is "-137", changing the unit to "dBµV" changes the displayed value to "-17".
Accuracy ← Table Headers
Specifies the number of decimal places of the values displayed in the selected column. You can set this parameter from 0 to 8 decimal places.
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4.4 Test Templates

Configuration
Test Templates
"Accuracy" is only available, if it is enabled at Show / Hide Column Headers.
Detector ← Table Headers
Displays the full name of the measurement detector, which is abbreviated in the "Name" header. The detector cannot be changed in this column, which is only availa­ble, if it is enabled at Show / Hide Column Headers.
Base Unit ← Table Headers
Displays the base unit of the column. The base unit cannot be edited in this column, which is only available, if it is enabled at Show / Hide Column Headers.
Test templates are used to configure EMI Tests. The software structure shows that a test contains one test template, which contains hardware setups along with Limit Lines and user-definable configuration settings.
Types of test templates
1) A test template that you create and save with your settings can be considered as a "global" test template.
2) When you create a test based on a test template, a copy of this test template is integrated into the Test container.
The differences between these two types of test templates are:
●
Global test template – Is available at "Home" > "Test Templates" – Allows creating tests – Allows modifying device properties from within the test template dialog – Changing settings in a global test template has no influence on existing tests
●
Copy of a test template in a test container – Is only available within the test, into which it is integrated – Exclusively controls the test, into which it is integrated and cannot be used for
creating other tests – Does not allow modifying device properties from within the test template dialog – Changing settings in this copy (while the test is stopped) makes R&S ELEK-
TRA clear (discard) all existing results of the test, into which the copy is inte-
grated.
(Discarding is required to keep settings and results always consistent with each
other. A saved test reflects the entirety of settings and measurement results at
the time of testing.)
Handling test template items
Access: "Home" > "Test Templates"
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Test Templates
Depending on the selection of one or several test templates, different action buttons are available in the actions bar. Most of them are common action buttons, described in
Chapter 3.3, "Common action buttons", on page 38. (For information on how to pro-
ceed with "Create: Template", see "Configuring test templates" on page 74.) The dialog-specific action buttons for test templates are:
"Pin to Dashboard (Create Test)" adds the selected test templates to the "Dashboard" with the function of directly creating a test (see "Create test from template"
"Unpin from Dashboard (Create Test)" removes the selected test templates from the "Dashboard" with the function of directly creating a test (described above).
"Create test from template" applies the selected test template for directly creating a test. From here, you can continue with step 2 of the procedure Creating and running
tests. Note that this action button is only available, if one single test template is
selected in the "Test Templates" dialog.
"New Test" creates a test based on the selected test template. Hence, using "New Test" in the "Test Templates" dialog is an abbreviation of the procedure described in
Chapter 4.3.1, "Configuring tests", on page 56: Now, you do not have to first select a
test type. Instead, the test type of the selected test template is used. Therefore, the new test configuration dialog (for example Figure 4-4) is preconfigured. Note that the "New Test" action button is only available in the "Test Templates" dialog, if one single test template is selected.
).
Configuring test templates
Access: "Home" > "Test Templates"
Click "Create: Template" to generate a new EMI test template. The following chapter explains how to configure a test template.
In a new EMI test template, the "General Settings", the "Measurement Flow" settings and the "Actions" are available only, when you have selected a test receiver. If the
Receiver in your Device List is Set as Favorite Device, R&S ELEKTRA automatically
preselects it in new EMI test templates.
A default EMI test template is partly preconfigured by R&S ELEKTRA as in Figure 4-7.
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Figure 4-7: Default test template for EMI tests
1 = General Settings globally relevant for the test execution 2 = Measurement Flow settings for overview measurement, data reduction and final measurement 3 = Flow Details (here: one frequency range, only) 4 = Test Information (can be edited also in a test components dialog) 5 = Actions with settings relevant for user interaction during tests
For a configuration example, see Figure 4-8.
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Figure 4-8: Example of a fully configured EMI test template with radiative transducer
In Figure 4-8, the EMI test template example is configured with the following settings:
General Settings
●
Setup provides the following settings:
– Operating Mode = "Test Receiver" – Scan Mode = "Stepped Scan" – Audio Demodulation Type = "OFF" (which leaves the Volume setting idle) – Level Range (Graphics) from 0 dBµA/m to 80 dBµA/m – Logarithmic X-Axis is enabled.
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●
Limit Line Settings allows selecting additional limit lines to be displayed.
●
Report allows selecting a default report template.
Measurement Flow allows selecting the test phase to be configured:
●
The Overview Measurement test phase is highlighted, therefore its settings are available in the Flow Details section.
●
The Data Reduction test phase is not highlighted, its settings are summarized in brief below the icon.
●
The Final Measurement phase is enabled but not highlighted, its settings are sum­marized in brief below the icon, for example the detectors "Quasi Peak", "Minimum Peak", "CISPR Average" and "RMS Average".
Flow Details, here for the "Overview Measurement" test phase highlighted above:
●
The Measurement settings dialog is selected. The available dialogs are either Measurement Settings and Trigger or Data Reduc-
tion Settings, depending on the test phase in the "Measurement Flow".
●
The Repeat Measurement option is enabled.
●
Four Detectors for the overview measurement, here "Maximum Peak", "Minimum Peak", "Average" and "RMS"
●
A first Frequency Range, here 9 See section Various frequency range statements in the dialog for more details.
●
The "Meas. BW (Overview)", here 200 daries. You can specify it in the settings for the overview measurement.
●
A Limit Line with the name "EN 55011 M Field 3m QP Group 2 Class B" is selected from the list of limit lines.
●
The checkbox for individual limit lines is activated, enabling different limit lines for different frequency ranges.
●
Some arbitrary Comment text is entered, here "Customer xyz".
●
For the highlighted receiver device icon, the settings for the overview measurement are configured, including, for example, the Meas. BW = 200
Hz, "Auto" ranging for the RF Attenuation and the Preamplifier = 0 dB.
50
For the same selected (highlighted) receiver icon, the dialog also provides access to the Settings (Final).
●
The Signal Path Receiver - LoopAntenna and the Transducing Device Magnetic Loop Antenna are selected.
Note that there is a "Select Device" field and a device icon for selecting this device. Instead of an antenna, you can select other types of transducers, including LISNs and TEM waveguides.
●
The Properties of the hardware setup's devices as specified in the Device List are not shown in this figure.
●
An additional second frequency range, here 150 kHz to 30 MHz (not expanded in this figure), with the same limit line
kHz to 150 kHz.
Hz, is displayed next to the frequency boun-
Hz, the Step Size =
button available below each
●
The Test Information dialog is not shown in this figure.
●
The Actions settings dialog is not shown in this figure (see Figure 4-28).
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Minimize frequency ranges
For best access to all frequency ranges within a limited display area, each of the fre­quency ranges can be minimized like the first frequency range in this example:
Or use the scrollbar, to shift the frequency range that you want to edit into the display area.
The following chapters explain how to configure an EMI test template.
For information on how to execute a test, see Chapter 7, "Running tests", on page 201.
● General Settings..................................................................................................... 78
● Measurement Flow..................................................................................................86
● Flow Details.............................................................................................................99
● Test Information.....................................................................................................115
● Actions...................................................................................................................116

4.4.1 General Settings

This dialog provides access to several settings that are relevant independent of the type of measurement.
In a new test template, the "General Settings" are available only, when you have selected the Receiver in the Hardware Setup. To have the Receiver selected automati­cally in each new test template, set it as your favourite in the device list. See Set as
Favorite Device.
The software automatically configures several settings in the background, for example the "Filter Type":
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"Filter Type"
The "Filter Type" defines the bandwidth of the measuring filter (IF filter). R&S ELEK­TRA automatically sets the IF filter bandwidth to 6 dB, if the Receiver supports this fil­ter type. If it does not support 6 dB filters, R&S ELEKTRA automatically sets the IF fil­ter bandwidth to 3 dB.
●
A normal Gaussian filter with a 3 dB filter bandwidth approximately matches the noise bandwidth.
●
EMI filters with a 6 dB filter bandwidth comply with CISPR and MIL standards. In the context of EMI tests, the 6 dB definition is more common, since it approximately matches the equivalent pulse bandwidth of broadband signals.
Figure 4-9: Definition of filter bandwidths
dB = Level in decibels f = Frequency 3 dB = Signal level 3 dB down from peak 6 dB = Signal level 6 dB down from peak 1 = Bandwidth at a level 3 dB down from peak 2 = Bandwidth at a level 6 dB down from peak
The selected filter type is shown in the test report, if you configure the Report Template to include the "EMI Test Template" and to "Show Details" of this template.
Setup.............................................................................................................................79
└ Operating Mode.............................................................................................. 80
└ Scan Mode......................................................................................................80
└ Sweep Type....................................................................................................81
└ Audio Demodulation Type...............................................................................81
└ Volume..................................................................................................82
└ Output 1.......................................................................................................... 82
└ Output 2.......................................................................................................... 84
└ Level Range (Graphics)..................................................................................84
└ Logarithmic X-Axis..........................................................................................84
└ Site Correction Factors (C2) for the GTEM Correlation..................................84
└ Create new factors................................................................................84
Limit Line Settings.........................................................................................................85
Report........................................................................................................................... 86
Setup
Specifies some basic settings for the test template.
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Operating Mode ← Setup
Specifies the type of Receiver: "Test Receiver"
"Spectrum Analyzer"
Scan Mode ← Setup
Scan modes are available only, if the Operating Mode is "Test Receiver" (not "Spec-
trum Analyzer"), and if the test receiver is capable of both "Stepped Scan" and "Time Domain Scan". For a Rohde & Schwarz test receiver, make sure that software option "Time Domain Scan" is available, for example R&S ESR-K53, and that "K53" is enabled in the Receiver properties. See "Options" in Chapter 4.6.3, "General proper-
ties", on page 140.
"Stepped Scan"
"Time Domain Scan"
Operate your measuring device in test receiver mode to perform scan measurements. This mode also enables selecting a Scan Mode, if the receiver offers both "Stepped Scan" and "Time Domain Scan".
Operate your measuring device in spectrum analyzer mode to per­form sweep measurements. During final measurements, the device performs sweeps in zero span mode.
With this selection, R&S ELEKTRA performs conventional scans.
With this selection, R&S ELEKTRA enables fast scans with support of fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. As this scanning mode is much faster than stepped scans, "Time Domain Scan" is typically the preferred selection, if available.
As a special feature only with R&S ESW receivers and only with firm­ware version 1.70 or later, R&S ELEKTRA offers the following addi­tional scan modes:
●
"TD Dynamic" uses a capability of R&S ESW receivers for opti­mizing the time domain scan with a small analysis bandwidth in favor of a high dynamic range. Consider selecting this mode, for example, if your signal requires enhanced measurement sensitiv­ity for narrowband interferers in the presence of continuous-wave signal components.
●
"TD Fast" uses a capability of R&S ESW receivers for optimizing the time domain scan with a large analysis bandwidth towards enhanced speed, reducing the dynamic range and sensitivity for pulses with frequencies below 10 Hz. Consider selecting this mode, if you know that your signal has no low-frequency pulsed interferers. However, this mode (in contrast to the other TD modes) does not ensure fully compliant testing according to the standards under all circumstances.
For more information on "TD Dynamic" and "TD Fast" modes, refer to "Selecting the mode for time domain scans" ("TDS Optimization") in the R&S ESW user manual.
If an existing test template is defined with "TD Dynamic" or "TD Fast" mode while the referenced receiver does not support that mode, R&S ELEKTRA automatically corrects it to "Time Domain" mode. If this mode also is not possible, it is automatically changed to "Stepped Scan".
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Sweep Type ← Setup
Sweep types are available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spectrum Analyzer" (not
"Test Receiver"), and if the spectrum analyzer is one of the following device types:
●
R&S ESR
●
R&S ESRP
●
R&S ESW
●
R&S FSV
●
R&S FSV30xx
●
R&S FSVA30xx
●
R&S FSW
●
R&S FSWT For these devices, the following "Sweep Type" settings are available: "Sweep"
"FFT"
With this selection (= default), R&S ELEKTRA performs conventional quasi-analog sweeps from the start to the stop frequency.
With this selection, R&S ELEKTRA lets the spectrum analyzer sam­ple on defined frequency values and transforms the sampled data to the spectrum by fast Fourier transformation (FFT).
"FFT" is not available in the following cases:
●
When using 5-Pole filters or RRC filters
●
When using one of the CISPR detectors
●
When an external generator is active (via hardware option)
●
When the preselector is on and the span covers frequencies below 8 GHz
"Auto"
If an existing test template is defined with "FFT" or "Auto" sweep type while the refer­enced spectrum analyzer does not support "FFT", R&S ELEKTRA automatically cor­rects it to "Sweep".
Audio Demodulation Type ← Setup
Available only, if the receiver supports audio demodulation (option R&S FSV-B3) and if "FSV-B3" is enabled at "Home" > "Device List" > "Receiver" > General > "Options".
Audio demodulation can improve the identification of signals in the Interactive mea-
surement mode. For example, if an FM broadcasting radio signal acts as interferer, FM
demodulation can make the original audio signal audible. Available audio demodulation types are: "OFF" "AM" "FM"
With this selection, R&S ELEKTRA automatically selects "Sweep" or "FFT", which ever is faster. For more information on the "Sweep Type", refer to the R&S FSW
user manual, section "Common Measurement Settings" > "Band-
width, Filter and Sweep Configuration" > "Bandwidth, Filter and Sweep Settings".
Disables audio signal demodulation. Enables audio demodulation of amplitude modulated RF signals. Enables audio demodulation of frequency modulated RF signals.
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Volume ← Audio Demodulation Type ← Setup
Sets the audio volume level, if Audio Demodulation Type is available. Use this feature for a receiver that is suited for controlling the audio demodulation volume (option "B3").
Output 1 ← Setup
Available only, if the Receiver type is "FSWT26", which has 2 [IF/VIDEO/DEMOD] ports [OUTPUT1] and [OUTPUT2] on its rear panel.
"Off" "IF Output"
Turns off the output.
●
The intermediate frequency (IF) is the signal of the downconver­ted received frequency (resolution bandwidth, RBW) after the IF filter. Downconversion is done by the local-oscillator and mixer hardware. Select one of the following "Output Voltage" ranges for IF output: – ±0.5 V – ±1.0 V – ±1.5 V
"I & Q"
Automatically sets Output 2 to "I & Q", too. "I & Q" is available only for both outputs or none. Select one of the following "Output Voltage" ranges for in-phase and quadrature components (I & Q):
●
±0.5 V
●
±1.0 V
●
±1.5 V
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"Video"
"FM"
"PM"
"AM"
The video signal is the "IF Output" with an additional video-bandwidth filter in the signal path. Specify the following settings for video output:
●
Select the "Output Voltage". For "AC" coupling (see below), select one of the following ranges: – ±0.5 V – ±1.0 V – ±1.5 V
For "DC" coupling (see below), select one of the following ranges: – 0 V to 0.5 V – 0 V to 1.0 V – 0 V to 3.0 V
●
Select the "Mode" as either linear or logarithmic. – For "LIN" mode, also select the coupling (see below) – For "LOG" mode, R&S ELEKTRA automatically selects "DC"
coupling
●
Select the "Coupling" (for "LIN" mode) as either alternating or direct current: – For "AC" coupling, also select the output gain (see below) – For "DC" coupling, no gain setting is available
When you change the coupling, note that the "Output Voltage" ranges also change (see above).
●
Select the "Output Gain" (for "AC" coupling, only) as automatic, linear or logarithmic. – For "AUTO" output gain, a manual gain setting is not available – For "LIN" output gain, enter a factor in the range of 0.1 to
100000
– For "LOG" output gain, enter a gain in the range of -2 dB to
100 dB
●
Select one of the following "Output Voltage" ranges for frequency modulation (FM): – ±0.5 V – ±1.0 V – ±1.5 V
●
Select the "Coupling" (for "LIN" mode) as either alternating cur­rent "AC" or direct current "DC".
●
Select one of the following "Output Voltage" ranges for phase modulation (PM): – ±0.5 V – ±1.0 V – ±1.5 V
●
Select one of the following "Output Voltage" ranges for amplitude modulation (AM): – ±0.5 V – ±1.0 V – ±1.5 V
●
Select the "Coupling" (for "LIN" mode) as either alternating cur­rent "AC" or direct current "DC".
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Output 2 ← Setup
Available only, if the Receiver type is "FSWT26". For a description of these settings, see Output 1.
Level Range (Graphics) ← Setup
Specifies the lower and upper level range limits to be displayed on the Y-axis of the test chart.
The software automatically assigns the unit of the level values depending on the Trans-
ducing Device.
You can edit the unit by entering it together with the level value, for example:
●
"ma" for mA
●
"w" for W
●
"dbm" for dBm
●
"mv" for mV
●
"dbµv" for dBµV
Logarithmic X-Axis ← Setup
Enables or disables logarithmic scaling of the test chart's x-axis.
Site Correction Factors (C2) for the GTEM Correlation ← Setup
Available only, if you have selected a TEM Waveguide as the Transducing Device. Specifies two attenuation tables with dB values for the correlation between measure-
ments in an open area test site (OATS) and in the GTEM waveguide. R&S ELEKTRA uses these tables for a correlation algorithm. It converts the results of
a measurement in a GTEM cell into equivalent results that would be measured in a true OATS with an antenna in horizontal or vertical polarization.
You can either select existing attenuation tables or let the software compute correction factors to create tables automatically.
"Horizontal"
"Vertical"
Create new factors ← Site Correction Factors (C2) for the GTEM Correlation ← Setup
Uses a set of input parameters to let R&S ELEKTRA calculate attenuation tables for GTEM correlation. The software automatically creates these tables for the frequency range 10 MHz to 30 GHz.
Name of the attenuation table that represents horizontal antenna polarization in the OATS. Use the
Name of the attenuation table that represents vertical antenna polari­zation in the OATS. Use the
button to select a table.
button to select a table.
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Figure 4-10: OATS (open area test site) factor calculation
Use the following "Input" parameters:
●
"d" = horizontal distance between EUT and antenna
●
"e" = vertical height of the EUT above the ground
●
"hmin" = minimum vertical height of the antenna above the ground
●
"hmax" = maximum vertical height of the antenna above the ground
●
"step" = step size of the vertical height variation of the antenna
●
"Anechoic Mode" = either "Semi" anechoic or "Fully" anechoic Note: Do not consider the default values suggested in the dialog as recommended by
Rohde & Schwarz. For the "Output", specify names for the attenuation tables for horizontal and vertical
polarization, respectively. Click "Calculate" to let R&S ELEKTRA automatically create and save these tables. If you try to save a GTEM test template, which requires defining the C2 factors, but you
have not yet done so, the following message comes up: "Select Horizontal and Vertical Correction Factors (C2)". In this case, open the General Settings > Setup dialog to select or create the "Site Correction Factors (C2) for the GTEM Correlation".
Note: For the GTEM conversion factor C1, see "GTEM Correction" on page 151.
Limit Line Settings
Selects an arbitrary number of Limit Lines to be shown additionally in the test charts that are based on this test template. The limit lines in this table are not used for any test evaluation, but for display only.
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4.4.2 Measurement Flow

Configuration
Test Templates
The "Add a limit line table" button allows selecting limit line tables to be added to the list of limit lines.
Optionally, enter an "Offset" to shift the limit line up ("+", positive dB values) or down ("-", negative dB values).
The "Delete the Table" button
Report
"Default Report Template" optionally selects an existing (predefined) report template to be used as a default for each test based on this test template.
This dialog provides access to various settings for the overview measurement, for the data reduction and for the final measurement. These settings are valid across all fre­quency ranges specified in the test template.
In a new test template, the "Measurement Flow" settings are available only, when you have selected the Receiver in the Hardware Setup. To have the Receiver selected automatically in each new test template, set it as your favourite in the device list. See
Set as Favorite Device.
removes a selected limit line table from the list.
Figure 4-11: Phases in the measurement flow
To access the Flow Details settings of any individual phase in the measurement flow, click the icon of this phase. If the icon has a checkbox, you must enable it before you can select the icon.
●
Overview Measurement
●
Data Reduction
●
Final Measurement
Overview Measurement................................................................................................ 86
└ Repeat Measurement..................................................................................... 90
└ Detectors.........................................................................................................91
└ Trace Mode.....................................................................................................91
└ Averaging Mode..............................................................................................91
└ Graphics per Range........................................................................................91
Data Reduction............................................................................................................. 91
Final Measurement....................................................................................................... 93
Overview Measurement
The intention of the overview measurement is finding signals and frequencies that deserve being examined in more detail. This measurement is a scan or sweep, accord­ing to the Operating Mode, the Scan Mode and the Settings (Overview). The overview measurement is executed across the full spectral range defined in the test template.
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The overview measurement can be more coarse than the Final Measurement, and if there is a LISN, it typically ignores some of the LISN lines. However, it must be fine enough to find all interference signals. Therefore, in the Settings (Overview), select a good balance of Meas. BW and Step Size.
Click the "Overview Measurement" icon to access the "Flow Details - Overview Mea­surement" settings:
Figure 4-12: The Overview icon opens Flow Details - Overview Measurement
The "Flow Details - Overview Measurement" section (Figure 4-12) offers a comprehen­sive "Measurement Settings" dialog and two brief "Accessory Settings" and Trigger dia­logs.
●
The "Measurement Settings" dialog comprises the following settings: – Repeat Measurement – Detectors – Trace Mode and Averaging Mode – Below these settings, find the frequency range list with the comprehensive Set-
tings (Overview), which are described in Chapter 4.4.3, "Flow Details",
on page 99.
●
The "Accessory Settings" dialog can comprise various "Loop Parameters".
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Figure 4-13: Example of Loop Parameters in the Accessory Settings dialog
EMI tests always run through all frequencies defined in the frequency range list. But depending on the accessories in the test setup, some tests must repeat this run with varying accessory settings. By enabling "Graphics per Position" for an "Active" loop parameter, you can enable R&S ELEKTRA to create separate charts for the test results of each position of this parameter, similar to Graphics per
Range.
For example, in a conducted EMI test setup with a LISN, you typically repeat the frequency run for each selected LISN line. Such a repetition is called a loop. The availability of "Loop Parameter" types depends on the Transducing Device: – Absent
If the transducing device is a simple transducer or probe, for example a current clamp, a coupling network, a single-line LISN or a near-field probe, the "Acces­sory Settings" dialog and any loop parameters are absent.
– "LISN Line"
If the transducing device is a LISN (but not a "Single Line LISN"), the "Acces­sory Settings" offers a line selection. Select the LISN lines that you want to include into the measurement. The following settings apply: ∙ In a hardware setup with a 2-line LISN, you can select or deselect "N" and "L1". ∙ In a hardware setup with a 4-line LISN, you can select or deselect "N", "L1", "L2" and "L3". Select at least one line for the overview measurement. During the test, the soft­ware automatically measures the selected lines one by one and stores the results both in combined and in separate result tables.
– "Polarization"
If the transducing device is a TEM Waveguide, hence, a GTEM cell, R&S ELEKTRA enables measuring on all 3 orthogonal EUT axes (X, Y, Z), as shown at the lower edge of Figure 4-12. You can activate or deactivate this polarization loop, but you cannot change the preselected setting for the X axis, Y axis and Z axis. Thus, if activated, you must run three overview measurements with the EUT in three different orthogo­nal orientations. During the test, the software prompts you to switch (hence, rotate) the EUT axis to the three orthogonal orientations X, Y or Z, respectively. The three measurements are stored in separate result tables. Note that TEM waveguides such as GTEM cells are not suited for interactive
measurements.
●
"Trigger" functions can control your receiver or spectrum analyzer during EMI measurements. Using these functions, R&S ELEKTRA can start or stop data acqui­sition based on trigger events.
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Figure 4-14: Example of settings in the Trigger dialog
The "Trigger" dialog is available only, if each frequency range uses one of the fol­lowing receiver or spectrum analyzer device types: – R&S ESCI – R&S ESPI – R&S ESR – R&S ESRP – R&S ESU – R&S ESW – R&S FSV – R&S FSVA – R&S FSW – R&S FSWT
The "Trigger" dialog provides the following parameters:
– "Trigger Source"
"Free Run" selects non-triggered operation.
"External" gives access to the following settings: – "Trigger Level" specifies the voltage threshold for detecting a trigger event. – "Trigger Offset" defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start
of the sweep. – "Timeout" defines the maximum time to wait for a trigger event to occur. – "Trigger Polarity" selects a "Positive" voltage change (rising edge) or "Nega-
tive" voltage change (falling edge). – "Drop-Out Time" is available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spectrum Ana-
lyzer"; but it is not available, if "Gate Mode" is "Edge" while "Trigger Polarity" is
"Negative".
Defines the time that the input signal must stay below the "Trigger Level"
before triggering again. Hence, if the input signal has a brief instability (drop
out) and crosses the threshold during the "Drop-Out Time", it is ignored and not
considered as a trigger event. – "Hold Off" is available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spectrum Analyzer".
It specifies a time lapse, during which no subsequent trigger event can occur. If
the next trigger signal is detected before the "Hold Off" time has passed, this
signal is ignored. – "Gate Mode" is available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spectrum Analyzer",
or if the mode is "Test Receiver" with Scan Mode = "Stepped Scan".
Setting "Gate Mode" to "Level" or "Edge" enables trigger gating, which defines
conditions for letting an input signal act as a trigger. Note that setting "Gate
Mode" to "OFF" also sets the "Trigger Source" to "Free Run", hence disables
triggering.
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A gated sweep is a spectral measurement that captures data only, while a signal from the trigger source, which is also the gate source, "opens" a channel for data acquisition. Typically, gated sweeps are used for measuring only during selected relevant test situations. For example, the gate signal can be a 5V TTL signal that is generated externally in the EUT's environment. The gate signal must be fed into a control port of the receiver or spectrum analyzer. The following "Gate Mode" options are available: – "Level": The gate opens and the measurement starts when the trigger source
signal exceeds the "Trigger Level". The gate closes and the measurement
stops when the trigger source signal drops below the "Trigger Level". You can
specify a "Gate Delay", hence a time to wait after the opening of the gate,
before the measurement starts. – "Edge": In addition to the "Level" functions, "Edge" limits the measurement's
duration: It terminates the measurement after the specified "Gate Length" or
upon the closing of the gate, which ever event happens first. – "Continuous Gate": available only, if in all frequency ranges, the hardware
setup's Receiver is an R&S FSW spectrum analyzer. Enables specifying a
"Gate Period Length" and a "Gate Period Count". The gate period length
defines how long the gate is open when it is triggered. The gate period count
determines, how many bursts are included into the current acquisition.
Repeat Measurement ← Overview Measurement
Specifies that the overview measurement is cyclically repeated in a test, until you man­ually terminate the repetition. This mode is useful for observing changes in the mea­surement results, if you modify any test conditions during test execution.
The following settings are available (see Figure 4-8):
●
"By Software" or "By Device": – "By Software" is enabled by default, hence R&S ELEKTRA controls the repeti-
tions. – "By Device" is available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spectrum Analyzer" (not
"Test Receiver"), and if the selected spectrum analyzer supports repetitions.
Selecting "By Device" enables specifying the Trace Mode and the Averaging
Mode.
●
"Repetition Mode" – "Count" specifies the number of repetitions between 1 and 100,000, how often
the measurement is repeated. – "Time Interval" is available only, if measurements are repeated "By Software".
The time interval specifies a duration between 1 s and 100,000 s, how long the
measurement is repeated.
Note: During repeated measurements, R&S ELEKTRA compares the currently mea- sured level values with the previously measured level values and keeps the maximum. Lower values in the still varying level measurements are thus ignored. Over time, this algorithm leads to a trace that approaches the maximum of the measured level values at each frequency point, with a continuously reduced variation along the trace.
To terminate the continuously repeating overview measurement while the test is run­ning, click "End Repetition" in the test's Measurement Flow Control side panel.
If you disable "Repeat Measurement", the overview measurement is executed in a sin­gle scan or sweep, only.
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See also the "Repeat Measurement" setting in the Final Measurement.
Detectors ← Overview Measurement
Selects the detector types for up to four detectors used in the overview measurement of a test.
Select at least the 1st detector. Your selection of detectors for the overview measurement also determines the auto-
matic preselection of corresponding default detectors in the final measurement set­tings, according to Table 4-1.
Note: Typically, we recommend using a single fast detector in the 1st detector position, for example "MaxPeak". More and other detectors are permitted and can be a good choice, too, depending on the test situation. For a list of all available detector types, see Chapter 5.3, "Detectors", on page 189.
Trace Mode ← Overview Measurement
Available only, if Repeat Measurement = "By Device" is enabled. Selects one of the following update modes for subsequent traces in each enabled
detector:
●
"Clear Write" overwrites the previous trace with the levels measured last at each point. See "Clear Write" on page 217.
●
"Max Hold" uses the highest level measured at each point. See "Max Hold" on page 216.
●
"Min Hold" uses the lowest level measured at each point.
●
"Average" determines the average level over all measurements at each point.
Averaging Mode ← Overview Measurement
Available only, if Repeat Measurement = "By Device" is enabled. Defines the mode with which the trace is averaged over all measurements:
●
"Video" activates logarithmic averaging, if Level Range (Graphics) uses a logarith­mic scale with values in dBm. Otherwise, if the "Level Range" uses a linear scale, "Video" performs linear averaging.
●
"Linear" converts the level values into linear units before averaging
●
"Power" converts the level values into watt units before averaging
After averaging, the software converts the data back to the original unit. The selected "Averaging Mode" applies to each detector, for which "Trace Mode"
on page 91 is set to "Average".
Graphics per Range ← Overview Measurement
Enabling this graphics option has the following consequences:
●
R&S ELEKTRA creates separate charts for the test results of each frequency range
●
The Name field becomes available for specifying name labels for each frequency range
Data Reduction
Specifies various parameters for algorithms that reduce the number of measurement results from the overview measurement.
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Test Templates
To identify the most critical results, you can decide whether the software performs either a "Peak Search" or a "Subrange Maxima" evaluation. Then R&S ELEKTRA sub­jects the outcome to an "Acceptance Analysis". To select an option, activate the check­box next to it.
The following diagram shows the interrelation of the data reduction options:
Figure 4-15: Options in the data reduction procedure
As a result of the data reduction procedure, R&S ELEKTRA stores the reduced num­ber of critical data points (frequencies and measured levels) in the "Critical Points" table.
The data reduction algorithm is based on the "Overview" results table, which contains all maximized results of the partial measurement, for example, "Overview L1" (if there is a LISN with corresponding settings). If the test template uses a LISN, the software stores the results together with the information, which individual LISN line delivered which individual critical result.
"Peak Search"
Activates a peak search evaluation. This data reduction mode finds the highest narrowband signals in the measured frequency range. The setting specifies the "Peak Excursion" (as explained in the sec­tion Marker > "Search"), which defines the relative level difference between peak and non-peak measurement results. The size of this difference determines whether a peak is detected or not. The default Peak Excursion is 6 dB.
"Subrange Maxima"
Activates a subrange maxima evaluation. This data reduction mode finds critical broadband signals in the measured frequency range. You can specify the "Number of Subranges" and the "Maxima per Subrange". If you change the default "Equidistant" setting of sub­ranges to "Individual", you can select your own Frequency List instead of entering several equidistant subranges.
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"Acceptance Analysis"
The number of frequency points for each detector, obtained from the previous data reduction steps, can often be further reduced by speci­fying an "Acceptance Offset" (default = -6 dB). The limit lines of each frequency range are shifted by the specified offset (lowered by adding a negative dB value). Frequency points with level values that fall below the shifted limit line are then discarded.
Final Measurement
Specifies the settings for the final measurements, which are performed as single mea­surements and must comply with EMI standard requirements regarding detectors, measurement bandwidth, accessory settings and measurement time.
Note: Skip "Final Measurement"?. Under certain conditions, you can use the results of the "Overview Measurement" as final results, instead of actually running the "Final Measurement". The conditions include making sure, that the "Overview Measurement" was performed at the correct critical frequencies and with the correct accessory settings. In this case, R&S ELEK­TRA can copy the frequencies from the critical points table and the corresponding overview measurement results to the final results table.
To let the software do so, disable the "Final Measurements" checkbox as in Fig-
ure 4-17.
Click the previously enabled "Final Measurement" icon (or enable the checkbox next to it) to access the "Flow Details - Final Measurement" settings:
Figure 4-16: The Final Measurement icon opens Flow Details - Final Measurement
Here is an overview of all "Measurement Settings" for the "Final Measurement":
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"Repeat Mea­surement"
Specifies that the final measurement is cyclically repeated in a test, until you manually terminate the repetition. This mode is useful for observing changes in the measurement results, if you modify any test conditions during test execution.
The following settings are available:
●
"By Software" or "By Device": – "By Software" is enabled by default, hence R&S ELEKTRA
controls the repetitions.
– "By Device" is available only, if the Operating Mode is "Spec-
trum Analyzer" (not "Test Receiver"), and if the selected spec­trum analyzer supports repetitions. Selecting "By Device" enables specifying the "Trace Mode" and the "Averaging Mode". For a description of these modes, refer to the "Over­view Measurement", see "Trace Mode" on page 91 and "Aver-
aging Mode" on page 91.
●
"Repetition Mode" – "Count" specifies the number of repetitions between 1 and
100,000, how often the measurement is repeated.
– "Time Interval" is available only, if measurements are repea-
ted "By Software". The time interval specifies a duration between 1 s and 100,000 s, how long the measurement is repeated.
Note: During repeated measurements, R&S ELEKTRA compares the currently measured level values with the previously measured level values and keeps the maximum. Lower values in the still varying level measurements are thus ignored. Over time, this algorithm leads to a trace that approaches the maximum of the measured level values at each frequency point, with a continuously reduced variation along the trace.
To terminate the continuously repeating final measurement while the test is running, click "End Repetition" in the test's Measurement Flow
Control side panel.
If you disable "Repeat Measurement", the final measurement is exe­cuted in a single scan or sweep, only. See also the Repeat Measurement setting in the Overview Measure-
ment.
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"Detectors"
Selects the detector types for up to four detectors used in the final
measurement of a test.
The following rules apply for the selection of final measurement detectors:
●
Select at least the 1st detector.
●
For the optional 2nd, 3rd and 4th detector, you can select any detector type, even if it is already selected for other detector posi­tions. Hence, there is no mutual exclusiveness, in contrast with the Detectors for the overview measurement.
●
You can select only as many detectors as for the overview mea­surement.
●
R&S ELEKTRA observes a one-to-one relation of detector posi­tions. Hence, the overview measurement made with the overview detector set in the 1st position is finalized with the final detector that is also set in the 1st position. If any position is set to "None" in the overview measurement settings, it remains deactivated in the final measurement.
●
The automatic preselection of the default final measurement detectors depends on your selection of the overview measure-
ment detectors and on the mapping in Table 4-1.
●
The default preselection is not binding, you can select an arbitrary detector on any position that is specified for an overview detector.
●
Changing final detectors does not change (overwrite) any detec­tor selection in the overview measurement settings.
●
The selection of the final measurement detectors is independent of the Transducing Device.
Table 4-1: Mapping of overview and final detectors
"Trace Mode"
"Averaging Mode"
Selected detector in overview mea­surement
Average (AVG) CISPR Average (CAV)
CISPR Average (CAV) CISPR Average (CAV)
Maximum Peak (PK+) Quasi Peak (QPK)
Minimum Peak (PK-) Minimum Peak (PK-)
Quasi Peak (QPK) Quasi Peak (QPK)
RMS RMS Average (RMSAV)
RMS Average (RMSAV) RMS Average (RMSAV)
Suggested default detector in final mea­surement
For a list of all available detector types, see Chapter 5.3, "Detectors", on page 189.
Same function as described for the "Overview Measurement", see
"Trace Mode" on page 91.
Same function as described for the "Overview Measurement", see
"Averaging Mode" on page 91.
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"Pause before Final Measure­ment for Inter­active Data Reduction"
Interrupts the test before the final measurement for an interactive data reduction. You can use this pause during a test to manipulate the measured levels. This manipulation influences the critical results considered for further evaluation. Note that you are allowed to manip­ulate the measured results, but you are responsible for this manipula­tion.
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"Use Critical Points as Final Results"
Per default, the checkbox next to the "Final Measurement" icon is enabled, as in Figure 4-16, and R&S ELEKTRA performs final mea-
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surements at the frequencies of the previously identified critical points. However, you can apply a "skip" mode and use the critical points results as final results. To apply this mode, disable the checkbox as in
Figure 4-17.
Figure 4-17: Skipping the final measurements uses the critical points as final
result
This deselection lets R&S ELEKTRA skip the final measurements. Instead, the software copies the previously identified critical frequen-
cies and their levels from the overview measurement into the final results table.
●
If you use a TEM waveguide, the software copies the field­strength overview values (dBµV/m) calculated from the measured overview X / Y / Z levels (dBµV) in the result tables. Doing so, it uses the same H/V polarizations that were found to have critical points.
●
If you use a LISN, the software copies the overview levels from the same LISN lines that were found to have critical points.
Note: Double-check final detectors. When you disable the "Final Measurement", the software also overwrites the final measurement "Detectors" with the detectors selected for the overview measure­ment. For example, it replaces the "Quasi Peak" detector by the "Maximum Peak" detector. The updated final detectors remain selected when you enable the "Final Measurement" again. You can edit the overwritten selection. However, if you miss this potential change of detectors for the "Final Measurement", disabling and enabling the "Final Measurement" can cause an unintended misconfiguration of your test template.
Also note that without a final measurement, you must configure the overview measurement according to the standard requirements, such that the measured values qualify as final results.
Disabling the "Final Measurement" also disables additional measure­ment settings (repeat / pause measurement), if available.
Note: Consider TD scan. We recommend using the time domain (TD) option for the final measurement, if the overview measurement data is sufficient for a standard-compliant characterization of the RF emis­sion. This option is typically reasonable, if you operate the receiver in
Scan Mode "Time Domain Scan" with a compliant detector, for exam-
ple QuasiPeak. Even with this slow detector, a "Time Domain Scan" is often faster than a "Stepped Scan" with a fast non-compliant detec­tor, for example "MaxPeak". This speed effect is especially relevant within the relatively small frequency ranges of conducted measure-
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ments. As the detector is standard-compliant, you can skip the final measurement and use the levels at the critical points of the overview measurement as the final results. However, in some special cases of a "Time Domain Scan", it can be an advantage to run the overview measurement with a fast non-com­pliant detector, for example "MaxPeak". An example is a broad fre­quency range that requires measurements in many frequency seg­ments. In this case, using the "MaxPeak" detector for the overview measurement and the compliant "QuasiPeak" detector for the final measurement on critical points, only, can be faster. For this mode, enable the checkbox for the final measurements.
"Perform Final Measurement on Critical Points"
"Measure Criti­cal Points on these LISN Lines"
The "Trigger" dialog is the same as described for the "Overview Measurement", but providing also the "Video Trigger", see Figure 4-14.
Available only if the following criteria are all met:
●
The license "ELEMI-S" is deactivated
●
The EMI test template uses a LISN (not a different transducer) as the Transducing Device
If selected, the software runs the final measurement on the critical points. At each critical point, it measures at the same LISN line that was found to have a critical level at this frequency in the overview measurement.
Available only, if the following criteria are all met:
●
The license "ELEMI-S" is deactivated
●
The EMI test template uses a LISN (not a different transducer) as the Transducing Device
If selected, this setting specifies the LISN lines, across which the measurements are to be repeated at the previously identified critical frequencies: "N" and "L1" for a 2-line LISN, or "N", "L1", "L2" or "L3" for a 4-line LISN. Select at least one LISN line for the final measurement. The selection is independent from the selection in the Overview Measurement.

4.4.3 Flow Details

This dialog provides settings for the different phases of the measurement flow and for all frequency ranges.
All settings that are located above the list of frequency ranges are described in Chap-
ter 4.4.2, "Measurement Flow", on page 86, because the availability of these settings
greatly changes with the selected (highlighted) measurement phase.
●
For "Measurement Settings", "Accessory Settings" and "Trigger", see Figure 4-12
The following sections describe these functions:
Add Frequency Range................................................................................................ 100
Shift Frequency Range Up / Down..............................................................................100
Active.......................................................................................................................... 101
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Name...........................................................................................................................101
Frequency Range........................................................................................................101
Meas. BW (Overview)................................................................................................. 102
Limit Line.....................................................................................................................102
└ Use individual Limit Lines............................................................................. 102
Comment.....................................................................................................................103
Copy............................................................................................................................103
Delete Frequency Range............................................................................................ 103
Hardware Setup.......................................................................................................... 103
└ Receiver........................................................................................................104
└ Signal Path....................................................................................................105
└ Transducing Device...................................................................................... 105
Settings (Overview).....................................................................................................105
└ Meas. BW..................................................................................................... 106
└ CISPR BW..........................................................................................106
└ Step Size.......................................................................................................107
└ Points............................................................................................................107
└ Measurement Time.......................................................................................108
└ Time Per Point....................................................................................109
└ Total Time........................................................................................... 109
└ Video BW............................................................................................109
└ Input Selection.............................................................................................. 110
└ Auto ID Threshold............................................................................... 111
└ RF Attenuation.............................................................................................. 112
└ Min Attenuation...................................................................................113
└ Preamplifier...................................................................................................113
└ IF Gain.......................................................................................................... 113
└ Reference Level............................................................................................113
Settings (Final)............................................................................................................ 113
Settings........................................................................................................................114
Properties.................................................................................................................... 114
Add Frequency Range
Creates an additional frequency range in the same test template and with the following default settings:
●
The lower limit of the new frequency range is automatically set equal to the upper limit of the highest existing frequency range in this test template.
●
The upper limit of the new frequency range is automatically set 10 MHz above its lower limit, if permitted by the selected devices.
●
The following settings and selections are copied, if available, from the frequency range that was previously selected (highlighted in blue). – All selected devices in the hardware setup – The limit line – All measurement settings in the dialogs Settings (Overview) and Settings
(Final)
Shift Frequency Range Up / Down
Available only, if at least one other frequency range is displayed above / below the selected frequency range. The buttons swap the position of the selected frequency range with the one above / below it.
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