Rockford Fosgate Punch200 trans•ana 4-channel, Punch600 trans•ana 5-channel, Punch 200, Punch 400, Punch 600 Installation & Operation Manual

Punch200

trans•ana

4-channel

Punch400

trans•ana
4-channel

Punch600

trans•ana
4-channel

Punch800

trans•ana
4-channel

Punch600

trans•ana
5-channel

Installation
& Operation

Sections marked

TROUBLESHOOTING

include recommendations for

curing installation problems

Sections marked

INSTALLATION

include “slam dunk”

wiring connections

W elcome to Rockford Fosgate! This manual is designed to provide informa­tion for the owner, salesperson and installer. For those of you who want
quick information on how to install this product, please turn to the

Installation Section of this manual or refer to the icons listed below. Other
information can be located by using the Table of Contents. We, at Rockford
Fosgate, have worked very hard to make sure all the information in this
manual is current. But, as we are constantly finding new ways to improve
our product, this information is subject to change without notice.

GETTING STARTED

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TROUBLE-

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Visit our website for the latest information on all Rockford products.

If, after reading your manual, you still have questions regarding this product, we
recommend that you see your Rockford Fosgate dealer. If you need further assis­tance, you can call us direct at 1-800-669-9899. Be sure to have your serial num­ber, model number and date of purchase available when you call.

The serial number can be found on the outside of the box. Please record it in the
space provided below as your permanent record. This will serve as verification of
your factory warranty and may become useful in recovering your amplifier if it is
ever stolen.

Serial Number: __________________________________
Model Number: __________________________________

–i–

Dear Customer,
Congratulations on your purchase of the world's finest brand of car audio amplifiers.

At Rockford Fosgate we are fanatics about musical reproduction at its best, and we
are pleased you chose our product. Through years of engineering expertise, hand
craftsmanship and critical testing procedures, we have created a wide range of prod­ucts that reproduce music with all the clarity and richness you deserve.

For maximum performance we recommend you have your new Rockford Fosgate
product installed by an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer, as we provide spe­cialized training through Rockford Technical Training Institute (RTTI).

Please read your warranty and retain your receipt and original carton for possible
future use.

Great product and competent installations are only a piece of the puzzle when it
comes to your system. Make sure that your installer is using 100% authentic instal­lation accessories from Connecting Punch in your installation. Connecting Punch
has everything from RCA cables and speaker wire to Power line and battery con­nectors. Insist on it! After all, your new system deserves nothing but the best.

To add the finishing touch to your new Rockford Fosgate image order your Rockford
wearables, which include everything from T-shirts and jackets to hats and sunglass­es.

To get a free brochure on Rockford Fosgate products and Rockford accessories, in
the U.S. call 480-967-3565 or FAX [phone]. For all other countries, call +001­480-967-3565 or FAX [phone].

PRACTICE SAFE SOUND™

CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS OVER 100dBMAY

CAUSE PERMANENT HEARING LOSS

. HIGH POWERED AUTOSOUND SYSTEMS

MAY PRODUCE SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS WELL OVER

130dB. USE COMMON

SENSE AND PRACTICE SAFE SOUND

.

– ii –

Specifications

PUNCH 200 PUNCH 400 PUNCH 600 PUNCH 800 PUNCH 600
4-channel 4-channel 4-channel 4-channel 5-channel

DynamicPowerRating (IHF-202 Standard)

- Measured at 14.4 Volts Front/Rear + Subwoofer
Bridged into a 4Ω Load

165 Watts x 2 220 Watts x 2 317 Watts x 2 525 Watts x 2 240 Watts x

2+ -

Per channel into a 2Ω Load

85 Watts x 4 130 Watts x 4 175 Watts x 4 270 Watts x 4 120 Watts x 4 + 240 Watts x 1

Per channel into a 4Ω Load

55 Watts x 4 85 Watts x 4 99 Watts x 4 150 Watts x 4 75 Watts x 4 + 115 Watts x 1
Continuous Power Rating (Competition Standard) - Measured at 13.8 Battery Volts
RMS continuous power per channel,

25 Watts x 4 50 Watts x 4 75 Watts x 4 100 Watts x 4 50 Watts x 4 + 100 Watts x 1
both channels driven into a 4Ω load
from 20 to 20,000 Hz with less than

0.05% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD+N)
RMS continuous power per channel,

50 Watts x 4 100 Watts x 4 150 Watts x 4 200 Watts x 4 100 Watts x 4 + 200 Watts x 1
both channels driven into a 2Ω load
from 20 to 20,000 Hz, with less than

0.1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD+N)
RMS continuous power bridged into a

100 Watts x 2 200 Watts x 2 300 Watts x 2 400 Watts x 2 200 Watts x 2 + ­4Ω load from 20 to 20,000 Hz, with
less than 0.1% Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD+N)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio >100dB A-weighted
Crossover Slope (Butterworth) 12dB/octave 12dB/octave 12dB/octave 12dB/octave 12dB/octave + 24dB/octave
Crossover Frequency 80Hz 80Hz

50Hz – 210Hz 50Hz – 210Hz 50Hz – 210Hz + 50Hz – 210Hz

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

– iii –

Dimensions PUNCH 200 PUNCH 400 PUNCH 600 PUNCH 800 PUNCH 600

4-channel 4-channel 4-channel 4-channel 5-channel

2.4” H 2.4” H 2.4” H 2.4” 2.4” H

(6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm)

9.9” W 9.9” W 9.9” W9.9” W9.9” W

(25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm)

13.4” L 13.4” L 14.4” L 18.4” L 18.4” L

(34.04cm) (34.04cm) (36.57cm) (46.74cm) (46.74cm)

Frequency Response 20Hz to 20kHz ±0.5dB
Bandwidth 20Hz to 200kHz ±3dB

Damping Factor @ 4Ω (at output connector ) >200
Slew Rate 30 Volts/ ms
IM Distortion (IHF) <0.05%

Source Unit Compatibility (+15dB gain overlap) All All All All All
Input Sensitivity (+0dB gain overlap) Variable from 250mV to 4V (low level in)

Variable from 650mV to 11V (high level in)

Protection NOMAD - Internal analog-computer output protection circuitry limits power in case of

overload. Thermal switch shuts down the amplifier in case of overheating.

Battery Fuse Rating (External to Amplifier) 30A 50A 50A 60A* 50A
Fuse Type ATC AGU AGU AGU AGU

Equalization (45Hz Punch Bass) Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable

(0 to +18dB) (0 to +18dB) (0 to +18dB) (0 to +18dB) (0 to +18dB)

Input Impedance 20k ohms 20k ohms 20k ohms 20k ohms 20k ohms
* recommended fuse not supplied with amplifier Specifications are subject to change without notice.

– iv –

Table of Contents

Specifications............................................................................................ii

Introduction ..............................................................................................1

Amplifier Accessory Pack..........................................................................1

Feature Chart ............................................................................................2

Design Features ........................................................................................4

Installation Considerations........................................................................7

Mounting Location....................................................................................8

Battery and Charging ................................................................................9

Wiring the System ....................................................................................9

Using Passive Crossovers ........................................................................11

Table of Component Values ....................................................................12

Installation ..............................................................................................13

System Diagrams ....................................................................................25

Troubleshooting ......................................................................................29

Dynamic Power Measurements ..............................................................31

Warranty Information..............................................................................33

International Information ........................................................................35

Introduction

Rockford engineers designed the Punch multi-channel amplifiers to with­stand the rugged automotive environment while delivering superior sound
quality in a flexible, reliable, and efficient package. TRANS•ana is a low
voltage circuit in the preamp stage of all Punch multi-channel amplifiers
that lets the music sound crystal clear and very real, even when played at
high volume levels. This is matched with TOPAZ, a unique grounding cir­cuit used to eliminate noise problems associated with car audio systems
and their installation. Flexibility is accomplished with the use of high-level
inputs and a built-in crossover. The use of a protection circuit called
NOMAD, along with MOSFET and DSM (Discrete Surface Mount) and our
innovative MEHSA heat dissipating technology improves amplifier efficien­cy. The result of these components give the Punch amplifier awesome
sound quality in a “Bullet Proof” package.

– 1 –

Punch Amplifier Accessory Pack

The accessory pack shipped with the Punch multi-channel amplifiers
includes the mounting hardware necessary to secure the amp to the
vehicle.

Installation & Operation Manual
Punch Verification Certificate
(4) Amplifier mounting screws (#8 x 3/4" Phillips)
(4) Speaker/Power connector set screws (3/32" Allen)
(4) Endbell mounting screws (9/64" Allen)
(1) Allen wrench (3/32")
(1) Allen wrench (9/64")

(2) High Level Input harness (Punch 200/400/600/800, 4-channel)

- Replacement part #CC-1992 - 4 position molex

(1) High Level Input harness (Punch 600, 5-channel)

- Replacement part #CC-2347 - 8 pin mini-DIN
(1) Inline fuseholder (except Punch 800, 4-channel)
(1) ATC 30 amp fuse (Punch 200, 4-channel)
(1) ATC 50 amp fuse (Punch 400/600, 4-channel & Punch 600, 5-channel)

NOTE: Refer to the specifications section for recommended fuse size on
the Punch 800, 4-channel amplifier.

Punch Multi-Channel Amplifier Feature Chart

PUNCH AMPLIFIER MODEL 200 400 600 800 600

F/R + SUB

# of CHANNELS 44 4 4 5
RMS Power Stereo (4Ω) 25x4 50x4 75x4 100x4 50x4 + 100x1
RMS Power Stereo (2Ω) 50x4 100x4 150x4 200x4 100x4 + 200x1
RMS Power Bridged (4Ω) 100x2 200x2 300x2 400x2 200x2 + –
Stable Into: (each channel) 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω +2Ω
Stable into: (bridged) 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω + –
CIRCUITRY

1

TRANS•ana – circuit topology xx x x x

TRANS•nova – patented circuit topology2

–– – – –

Class-G – high efficiency topology –– – –SUB only
MEHSA – heat dissipating technology – xxx x

TOPAZ – patented noise eliminating circuitry

3

xx x x x

DSM – discrete surface mount xx x x x
MOSFETs – power supply & output devices xx x x x
NOMAD – protection circuit xx x x x
FEATURES
Die Cast Heatsink xx x x x
Hi-Level Inputs – for factory radios x x x x F/R only
RCA Inputs – for aftermarket radios xx x x x
Balanced Inputs –– – – –
Input Switches – eliminates “Y” adaptors xx x x x
Pass-Thru – feeds signal to aux. amp xx x x –
Pwr/Spk Screw Terminals –– – – Spk
Pwr/Spk Block Terminals x x x x Pwr
4 Gauge PWR/GND –– – – –

– 2 –

PUNCH AMPLIFIER MODEL 200 400 600 800 600

Adjustable Punch Bass –––– –
(0dB/+6dB/+12dB @ 45Hz)

Variable Punch Bass ––xx x
(0dB ~+18dB @ 45Hz)

Adjustable Xover (80Hz) –––– –
Variable Xover (50Hz ~ 210Hz)

HP/FULL/LP4HP/FULL/LP4HP/FULL/LP4HP/FULL/LP4HP/FULL/LP

4

Crossover Slope (Butterworth) 12dB 12dB 12dB 12dB 12dB + 24dB

5

Phase Warp (0 ~ 180) –––– –

GENERAL

B+ Fuse Size 30A ATC 50A AGU 50A AGU 60A AGU

6

50A AGU

Dimensions (H x W x L)

– 3 –

1 Additional information on features, specifications and system designs can be

found at: www.rockfordfosgate.com

2 Trans•nova is patented under "U.S. Patent No. 4,467,288"

3 TOPAZ is patented under "U.S. Patent No. 5,751,823"

4 HP = 12dB/octave High-Pass / LP = 12dB/octave Low-Pass / FULL = Full Range

5 Front/Rear = 12dB/octave + Sub = 24dB/octave Low-Pass

6 Recommended fuse not supplied with amplifier

--INTERNAL USE ONLY--

Heatsink Type #4 #4 #5 #6 #6

2.4” H 2.4” H 2.4” H 2.4”H 2.4” H
(6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm) (6.09cm)

9.9” W9.9” W 9.9” W 9.9” W9.9” W
(25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm) (25.15cm)

13.4” L 13.4” L 14.4” L 18.4” L 18.4” L
(34.04cm) (34.04cm) (36.57cm) (46.74cm) (46.74cm)

– 4 –

Design Features

Punch 200, 4-channel
Punch 400, 4-channel

Punch 600, 4-channel

10

Front High

Level Inputs

Gain

Gain

Crossover
Frequency

Front

R

L

R

L

RearPass-Thru

4-2

Input

Punch

Bass

HP-FULL-LP
Crossover

Front

Rear High

Level Inputs

Crossover
Frequency

Punch

Bass

Rear

L+
L–

R+
R–

Hz

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

Hz

L+
L–

R+
R–

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

HP-FULL-LP
Crossover

REM

B+ GND

LED

LR+ LR– RR+ RR– LF– LF+ RF– RF+

2

3

211

2

56

109

810 6 10 84

9

7

1

L+
L–

R+

R–

L+

L–

R+
R–

8

10

465610

8

7

2

3 2 11 2

1

Front
Gain

HP–Full–LP
Front 80Hz

Crossover

Front
High
Level
Input

Front

Pass-Thru

Rear

RR

LL

Rear
High
Level
Input

4 – 2
Input

HP-Full-LP
Rear 80Hz

Crossover

Rear

Gain

REM

LED

LR+ LR–

RR+ RR–

B+

GND

LF– LF+ RF– RF+

Design Features

– 5 –

Punch 800, 4-channel

10

2

3

11

2

5

8

10

7

1

LR+ LR- RR+ RR-

REM

B+ GND

LED

LF- LF+ RF+RF-

Hz

Front
Crossover
Frequency

Front
Gain

Front High
Level Input

L+

L–

R+
R–

Front
Punch

Bass

Front Pass-Thru Rear

RR

LL

Rear

High
Level
Input

Rear

Punch

Bass

Crossover
HP-Full-LP

Crossover

HP-Full-LP

4-2

Input

Rear

Crossover

Frequency

Rear

Gain

L+

L–

R+

R–

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

Hz

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

2

10

6 9

10

6

9

4

8

Punch 600, 5-channel

549 6

10

9 9

10

10

10 10

1

Sub LP

Crossover

Frequency

Sub

Gain

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

6/4/2
Input

Sub Rear Front

R

L

R

L

Sub

Punch

Bass

Rear
Crossover
Frequency

Rear

Punch

Bass

Rear
Gain

High Level

Input

Front

Crossover

Frequency

Front

Punch

Bass

Front
Gain

HP-Full-LP

Front

Crossover

HP-Full-LP

Rear

Crossover

65

80

55

50

110

210

Hz

145

190

GND

LF-LF+

RF+

RF-

LR+

RR-

RR+

LR-

LR+

LR-

RR+

RR-

RF- LF+ Sub-

RF+ LF- Sub+

REM

B+

GND

LED

LR+

LR-

RR+

RR-

RF- LF+ Sub-

RF+ LF- Sub+

11

232 888

– 6 –

1. Cast Aluminum Heatsink – The cast aluminum heatsink of the Punch
amplifier dissipates heat generated by the amplifier's circuitry. The
inherent advantage of casting provides a 30% improvement of cooling
over conventional extrusion heatsink designs.

2. Speaker/Power Terminals – The heavy duty, gold-plated terminal block
connectors (+ and –) will accept wire sizes from 8 AWG to 18 AWG
and are immune to corrosion that can cause signal degradation. The
Punch 600, 5-channel also utilizes a barrier strip that will accept #8
spade lugs or bare speker wires sized from 12-18 AWG.

3. REM Terminal – This spade terminal is used to remotely turn on and
turn off the amplifier when +12V DC is applied.

4. Signal Input Switch – This switch allows the amplifier to be driven with
either 2 or 4 pairs of inputs. The Punch 600, 5-channel allows the
amplifier to be driven with either 2, 4, or 6 pairs of inputs.

5. RCA Input Jacks – The industry standard RCA jacks provide an easy
connection for signal level input. They are gold-plated to resist the sig­nal degradation caused by corrosion.

6. High Level Inputs – The high level inputs use a detachable connector
terminated with 20 AWG leads. These inputs should be used if the
source unit has only speaker line (high level) outputs and not RCA out­puts.

7. RCA Pass-Thru Jacks – The Pass-Thru provides a convenient source for
daisy-chaining an additional amplifier without running an extra set of
RCA cables from the front of the vehicle to the rear amplifier location.

8. Gain Control – The input gain control is preset to match the output of
most source units. It can be adjusted to match output levels from a vari­ety of source units.

9. Punch Bass – The Punch Bass helps correct for acoustical deficiencies
in the listening environment by helping reproduce full range sound
without adding excessive boost. The Punch Bass control is a narrow
band adjustment centered at 45Hz variable from 0dB to +18dB.

10. Internal Crossover – The internal crossover is a 12dB/octave
Butterworth filter selectable for High-Pass (HP), Full Range (FULL), or
Low-Pass (LP) operation. The Punch 200/400, 4-channel amplifiers
utilize a fixed 80Hz crossover. The Punch 600/800, 4-channel and
Punch 600, 5-channel amplifiers utilize a crossover variable from
50Hz to 210Hz with the Sub channel operating at 24dB/octave.

11. LED Power Indicator – The LED illuminates when the unit is turned on.

Installation Considerations

The following is a list of tools you will need for installing the Punch
amplifier:
Voltmeter Wire strippers
Electric hand drill w/assorted bits Battery post wrench
17' (5 m) Red Power Wire Wire cutters
12' (4 m) Remote Turn-On Wire Assorted connectors

1.5' (45 cm) Black Grounding Wire Wire crimpers

– 7 –

This section focuses on some of the vehicle considerations for installing
your new Punch amplifier. Checking your battery and present sound sys­tem, as well as pre-planning your system layout and best wiring routes, will
save installation time. When deciding how to lay out your new system, be
sure that each component will be easily accessible for making adjustments.

Before beginning any installation, be sure to follow these simple rules:

1. Be sure to carefully read and understand the instructions before
attempting to install the amplifier.

2. For safety, disconnect the negative lead from the battery prior to begin-
ning the installation.

3. For easier assembly, we suggest you run all wires prior to mounting
your amplifier in place.

4. Route all of the RCA cables close together and away from any high cur­rent wires.

5. Use high quality connectors for a reliable installation and to minimize
signal or power loss.

6. Think before you drill! Be careful not to cut or drill into gas tanks, fuel
lines, brake or hydraulic lines, vacuum lines or electrical wiring when
working on any vehicle.

7. Never run wires underneath the vehicle. Running the wires inside the
vehicle provides the best protection.

8. Avoid running wires over or through sharp edges. Use rubber or plas­tic grommets to protect any wires routed through metal, especially the
firewall.

9.

ALWAYS protect the battery and electrical system from damage with
proper fusing. Install a fuseholder and appropriate fuse on the +12V
power wire within 18” (45 cm) of the battery terminal.

10. When grounding to the chassis of the vehicle, scrape all paint from the
metal to ensure a good, clean ground connection. Grounding connec­tions should be as short as possible and always be connected to metal
that is welded to the main body, or chassis, of the vehicle.

Mounting Location

The mounting location and position of your amplifier will have a great
effect on its ability to dissipate the heat generated during normal operation.
The design of our cast aluminum heatsink serves to easily dissipate the heat
generated over a wide range of operating conditions. However, to maxi­mize the performance of your amplifier, care should be taken to ensure
adequate ventilation.

Trunk Mounting

Mounting the amplifier vertically on a surface with the fin grooves running
up and down will provide the best cooling of the amplifier.

Mounting the amplifier on the floor of the trunk will work but provides less
cooling capability than vertical mounting.

Mounting the amplifier upside down to the rear deck of the trunk will not
provide proper cooling and will severely affect the performance of the
amplifier and is strongly not recommended.

Passenger Compartment Mounting

Mounting the amplifier in the passenger compartment will work as long as
you provide a sufficient amount of air for the amplifier to cool itself. If you
are going to mount the amplifier under the seat of the vehicle, you must
have at least 1" (2.54cm) of air gap around the amplifier's heatsink.

Mounting the amplifier with less than 1" (2.54cm) of air gap around the
amplifier's heatsink in the passenger compartment will not provide proper
cooling and will severely affect the performance of the amplifier and is
strongly not recommended.

Engine Compartment Mounting

Rockford Fosgate amplifiers should never be mounted in the engine com­partment. Not only will this void your warranty but could create an embar­rassing situation caused by the ridicule from your friends.

– 8 –

Battery and Charging

– 9 –

Amplifiers will put an increased load on the vehicle's battery and charging
system. We recommend checking your alternator and battery condition to
ensure that the electrical system has enough capacity to handle the
increased load of your stereo system. Stock electrical systems which are in
good condition should be able to handle the extra load of any Rockford
amplifier without problems, although battery and alternator life can be
reduced slightly. To maximize the performance of your Rockford Fosgate
amplifier, we suggest the use of a heavy duty battery and an energy storage
capacitor.

Wiring the System

CAUTION: Avoid running power wires near the low level input cables,

antenna, power leads, sensitive equipment or harnesses. The power wires
carry substantial current and could induce noise into the audio system.

1. Plan the wire routing. Take care when running signal level RCA cables
to keep them close together but isolated from the amplifier's power
cables and any high power auto accessories, especially electric motors.
This is done to prevent coupling the noise from radiated electrical fields
into the audio signal. When feeding the wires through the firewall or
any metal barrier, protect them with plastic or rubber grommets to pre­vent short circuits. Leave the wires long at this point to adjust for a pre­cise fit at a later time.

2. Prepare the

Power cable for attachment
to the amplifier by stripping 5/8" of
insulation from the end of the wire. The
use of 8 gauge power cable can inter­fere with the installation of the end
caps. Proper wire dress can prevent this
from occurring. To prevent the wire
from fraying, strip the insulation at a
45° angle. Insert the bared wire into the
B+ terminal with the long side of the insulation on the top. Bend the
cable down at a 90° angle. Tighten the set screw to secure the cable in
place.

3. Strip 3/8" from the battery end of the power cable and crimp a large
ring terminal to the cable. Use the ring terminal to connect to the bat­tery positive terminal.

Do not install the fuse at this time.

><

5/8"

INSULATION

STRIP WIRE

>

>

AMP

>

– 10 –

4. Prepare a length of cable to be used for the ground connection. Strip
5/8" of insulation from the end of the cable as described above and
connect to the appropriate terminal of the amplifier. Prepare the chas­sis ground by scraping any paint from the metal surface and thorough­ly clean the area of all dirt and grease. Strip the other end of the wire
and attach a ring connector . Fasten the cable to the chassis using a non­anodized screw and a star washer.

5. Prepare the REM turn-on wire for connection to the amplifier by strip­ping 1/4" of insulation from the wire end and crimping an insulated
spade connector in place. Slide the connector over the REM terminal
on the amplifier. Connect the other end of the REM wire to a switched
12 volt positive source. The switched signal is usually taken from the
source unit's auto antenna or the accessory lead. If the source unit does
not have these outputs available, the recommended solution is to wire
a mechanical switch in line with a 12 volt source to activate the ampli­fier.

6. Securely mount the amplifier (with supplied screws) to the vehicle or
amp rack. Be careful not to mount the amplifier on cardboard or plas­tic panels. Doing so may enable the screws to pull out from the panel
due to road vibrations or sudden vehicle stops.

7. Determine the number of inputs needed to drive the amplifier and
move the input switch to the desired setting.

8. Connect the source signal to the amplifier by plugging the RCA cables
or high level inputs into the input jack(s) at the amplifier.

9. Connect the speakers. Strip the speaker wires 5/8" and insert into the
appropriate terminal on the amplifier. Insert the bared wire into the
speaker terminal and tighten the set screw to secure into place. Be sure
to maintain proper speaker polarity.

DO NOT chassis ground any of

the speaker leads as unstable operation may result.

10. Perform a final check of the completed system wiring to ensure that all
connections are accurate. Check all power and ground connections for
frayed wires and loose connections which could cause problems from
road vibrations.