RCA 1800 Operator's Manual

RETURN

IU

I

ARK

L.

LEW

I

Operator COSMAC

CDP18S005

MPM-216 Suggested Price $10.00

Manual

Development

for

the

RCA

System

II

' .

.

:.~.

Operator for

the

RCA

Manual

COSMAC

•

Development

CDP18S005

System

II

•

nell

Solid I Buenos

Stat

Montreal'

e Sunbury·on·

Aires'

Paris'

Hamburg·

Sao

Thames'

Liege'

Paulo'

Taipei'

Madrid'

Somerville NJ •

Tehran'

Mexico

Tokyo

City·

Stockholm

Milan

"

•

Information furnished by RCA is believed accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility

by

of

is

granted

in

USA/I0-77

RCA for its use;

patents or

by

implication or otherwise

by

RCA Corporation

is assumed fringements parties which may result from its use. license under any patent or patent rights

Trademark(s) Registered Marca(s) Registrada(s)

Printed

®

other

nor

rights

of

to

for any in-

of

third

No

RCA.

be

1

•

________

__________

The prototyping based Development in which microprocessor volume applications it for dedicated microcomputers.

This Development System user. each of the available explanation of plied with

The nest with self-contained power supply, panel, promote easy interfacing with external devices. These interfaces may be custom-designed

peripheral devices, are available from

tional modules,

The the

CDS coding features are compatible with those of

Development

development aids. Additional software

are available from hardware

__

______

____________________________________

Foreword

COSMAC

aid

on

the

hardware/software

Manual

the

COSMAC

and

a basic set of plug-in modules.

COSMAC

in a stand-alone

and

debugging of

and

Development System CDP18S005 is a

for

the

design of

RCA

CDP1802

System is specially

may

be designed, built,

can

is designed as a guide for the COS

hardware

the

functions available from

system.

Development System (CDS) consists of a

by

and

include a floppy disk interface.

Resident

Package

RCA

multiple precision arithmetic .

hardware

microprocessor.

prototypes of systems containing a

be

used as the

It

includes a detailed description of

the

user or, in

Software

manner)

COSMAC

(CSDP)

including packages for floppy disk

and

software systems

The

COSMAC

structured

modules as well as a complete

provides a means for

to provide a testbed

and

tested.

major

the

an

easy-to-use control

It

the

case of common

RCA

as

Package

programs. the

COSMAC

timesharing program-

and

firmware packages

In

small-

building block

MAC

software sup-

card

is packaged to

standard

(which

Many

op-

runs

rapid

of its

Software

on

3

•

4

_____________

,

___

_ Operator Manual for the

RCA

CDS

11

CDP18S005

•

I

•

__________________________________________________________________

5

•

Table of Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . .

Operating and Programming the CDS

System Overview

Initial Operation . . . . . .

CDS Hookups

Checkout

CDS Loading and

Paper Tape Systems . . . .

Magnetic Tape Systems

Introduction

Utility Commands

?M

Commands

!M

Commands

$U Commands $P Commands $L

Commands

?R

Commands

Summary

Terminal

ASCII Coding . . . . . . . . .

UT20 Read and Type Examples

Additional Utility Routines

ASCII Initialization Routines Routine

Additional Notes

Programming Methods

Machine Language Programming Programming Interface

of

Interfacing.

of

to

Hex Conversion Routine .

to

.....

Program

Outputting

to

the Monitor Software UT20

UT20 Ope]ating Instructions

UT20 Read and Type Usage

Restart UT20 .

on

Programs

. . . . . . .

Routines.

UT20 .

to

CSDP

.

. . .

Page

3

9

9,

10 10 10

11

11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 18 19 19

19 20 20 20 20 22

•

Hardware

System Block Diagram Module Description and Signal Mnemonics

Card Nest and Backplane . . . . .

CPU Module CDP18S102 . . . . .

Control Module CDP18S103 . . . .

Address I/O ROM/RAM Module 4-Kilobyte RAM Module CDP18S205 . Terminal Interface Module CDP18S507

Display Board . . . . . . . . .

Disk Interface Module Microterminal

Power Supply Module . . . . . . .

Structure

Latch

Decode Module

of

and Bank Select Module CDP18S206

Option

the CDS .

CDP18S509. CDP18S401.

Option

CDP18S021

CDP18S813

. . . .

27

27 29 29 30 31 32

33

34 34 35 36 37 37 38

6

--'----

--

- -

___

_____

Operator Manual for the RCA CDS

II

CDP18S005

Page

Development System Signals Memory Addressing

Memory Organization

RCA Modules . . . .

Custom Memory Modules

Input/Output

. Module Enable Philosophy

Two-Level

~

.. Interfacing Signals

DMA DMA Byte Interrupt Bit Serial Interface- The Terminal Interface Module

Interfacing Techniques and Precautions

Use External Flags EF 1 Adding I/O Devices Adding Development System Dynamic Characteristics

Troubleshooting .

Hardware Specifications .

CDS Resident Software Development Aids

CDS Memory Space Requirements .

Informal

Flow Chart Addressing . Assembly Language Equivalent

COSMAC Resident Assembler

Assembler Operation The Location The Symbol Table Expression Evaluation COSMAC Level I Assembly Language

Lines and Symbol Definitions

Explicit Constants . Address Constants . Operation Instructions Data Lists CRA Directives . Additional Notes Code Examples

Error Messages . . . .

CRA Operating Instructions

Summary RAM Considerations Output

Prompt

I/O

Input

Output.

I/O

. . . . . .

. .

of

External Clock .

Remote

I/O

Terminals .

Introduction

to

Comments

Mnemonics

of

Options .

Messages

and

Expansion

Interfacing

........

and

Custom

. . . . .

to

EF4

Control .

...

to

the COSMAC Resident Assembler

Operation Mnemonics

Counter

and

Operands

and

Review

CRA

Operating Steps

I/O

. . . .

Modules

. . .

38 40 40 40 41 41 42

.

42 43 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49

51 51 51 52 52

53 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 63 63 64 64 64

•

Table

of

Contents

Informal COSMAC

CRE

Memory

Input Record Buffer

CRE

Command Command Punch Correcting

Interrupting Filled Work Space Warning

CRE

Single

Composite Horizontal Tabs Additional

Using

Loading File

Some

Appendices

A. B.

C. Adding

D. Module Logic E.

Introduction

Resident

Operating

Space

and

Output

Formats

Pointer

Command

Strings Formats.

Procedure

Command

Commands

Pointer

Reading Deletion Text Output

Summary

Creating a File . . Adding Deleting a Section in a File . Moving a Modifying a

CDS Instructions Half-to-Full-Duplex

Instruction

Control

the

Commands

Insertion

Commands

of

Commands

Note

CRE

Development

.

and

to

Section

Command

18S005

Teletype

F ASCII - Hex Table

G.

UT20

H.

System

I. Conversion

J.

Connection

Listing

Checkout

____________________________

to

the

COSMAC

Editor

Considerations

Requirements

Files

. . .

Operation

Typing

CRE

Execution

s .

.

Commands

Input

Tape .

.

and Data Manipulation

CRE

Commands

and

Operating

and

Manipulation

a File

in a File .

Section

Backplane Wiring

for Converting a Model

and

Summary

to

Different

List for

in

Examples

Operation

Remote

Circuit Diagrams

for RCA

Game -DEDUCE.

Terminal

Errors

Nesting

CRE

.

a File

Reader

Operating

Interface

Resident

and

Control

Schedule

33

and

from

Control

and

CDP1802

Voltages

Teletype

60-mA

Layout

COSMAC

Cables

Editor

Characters

Terminal

to

20-mA

.

Diagrams.

Microprocessor.

from Operation

.

7

Page

65

66 66 66 66 66 68

69 69 69

70 70 70 70

70

71 71 71 71

71

72

74

75

76

77

79

81

82

83

95

99

100

121

123

•

8

_________________

,

.

Operator Manual

for

the RCA

CDS

II

CDP18S005

•

+

•

--

--------

----------------------------------------

____

__________

__

9

•

The

CDP18S005 (CDSl a set of connectors for the module types. A common are a small connections. for

module, module, module decode control module. modules logic functions are at

Depressing Depressing program, the memory user allows stepping one depression of the digit display shows switch selection, ditional

WAIT, sixth This running switch is used which

consists of a power

25 available positions

signal lines

The

user

expansion of

Supplied

modules

an

address

a 4-kilobyte

containing

module,

are

given in

+ 5 V.

The

control

the

identified

Dther

hand,

location 0,

program.

front

panel

LED

CLEAR,

LED

indicates when

RUN

indicator

and

the

DMA

COSMAC

printed

to

number

unassigned

memory

the

terminal

The

Table

implemented

panel

provides a simple

RESET

RUNU

as

will

the

A

STEP/CONTINUOUS

RUNU

shows

the

indicators

and

will be

not

in

to

place

channel

Operating

Programming

System

Development

supply,

printed

are

circuit

all

connector

of

additional

include

latch

and

RAM

Utility

interface module,

position assignments of these

III

switch initializes

switch

UT20.

start

normal

machine

or

RUNP.

the

current

value of

last

I/O

monitor

Q lines of

the

IDLE

the

CPU

can

control panel,

circuit

boards.

occupied

backplane

positions.

connectors are available

and

I/O

function.

the

CDP1802

memory

module, a ROM/RAM

program,

in the

CMOS

user

starts

Depressing

program

the ON

be

execution from

starting

cycle

A 4-digit display

address

the

data

byte. Five

the

machine

whenever

mode.

in

the

'load

used

to

System

Many

by

specific

distributes

There

wire-wrapped

CPU

bank

select

an

and

Section. All

operating

interface.

the

system.

the

utility

RUNP,

location of a

switch

with

each

and

.bus

or,

State

Code,

CPU

while a

is

running.

the

CPU

The

LOAD

mode'

load

RAM.

Overview

See

and

of

I/O

a

on

a 2-

by

ad-

is

in

Microprocessor, discussion of this plied system interfaces operations. the

following terminals:

variety of either

program structions for these subsection. Editor Disk Disk and

, Registered Trademark, Teletype Corporation. ... Registered Trademark, Texas Instruments Corporation.

and

the

The

User

as

a convenience for

Monitor

The

CDS·

Il

An electrical remote to

control

2l A ASR

with Control" program-controlled storage seconds. 3l Any RS232C rate

of 110, 300,

The

CDS

data

full-

or

Included

for software development.

are system is used Manual

other

programs.

CDS

Manual

The

supplied

program

is designed

ASR

equivalentl

reader

the

TI

"Silent

tape

option.

medium

terminal

standard

is designed

terminal

half-duplex operation.

with

the

Details given

for

operation

for

the

MPM-201,

mode.

and

paper

later

The

the

is

not

programs

as discussed in

to

work

33

Teletype'

which

control circuit

tape

reader.

700"

cassettes

This magnetic

and

prints

conforming

interface

or

1200.

to

automatically

speeds

CDS

are

an

programs

on

operation of

in this

with

the

CDS,

of

CDPl802

for a detailed

LOAD

user

used

terminal"',

and

terminal

and

are

manual.

the

switch is sup-

designing his own

in

normal

are

loaded using

the

anyone

terminal

should

to

permit

Model

"Remote

tape

cartridges as

at

30

characters

to

and

having a baud

will

accommodate

assembler

Loading

given

in

the

Assembler

If

refer

to

Assembler,

COSMAC

CDS

section.

of

the

(or its

include a

the

CDS

733

Device

uses

dual

per

the

EIA

adjust

to

and

editor

in-

the

a

Floppy

the

Floppy

Editor,

a

10

_________________

Operator Manual

for

the RCA CDS II CDP18S005

,

L 111

I \ (

Initial

CDS Hookups

Two

I/O

data

terminal Development mA

loop interface, terminal. nection is labeled. selei':'t

the

"fl"

into

on

the

accessible

in

Fig.

their functions, refer

MOUNTED

TYPEWRITER CONNECTORS

TERMINAL MODULE

Fig. 1 - Cable connection

The labeled of

the

cable plugs terminal, connector position 2 (J2) in Molex an

EIA

into

the

Fig. 1 shows these connections.

When

supplied

CDS

via

Put

("

the

pr-;;pa

~

before

attempting

Appendix B gives instructions for converting a

TTY

from halfterface changes operation. program, installed in accordance with Appendix in the

MANUAL

System -

Each

cable

proper

1.

I/O

PLUG

(SLOT"

two connectors on appropriately.

connectors

terminal,

receptacle on

the

with

the

te

is

per Appendix B to convert a

cable

the

appropriate

end

For

a list of

END

RECEPTACLE

-IN

14)

remove its cover

located

plug

Silent 700

that

EIA

cable.

terminal

baud

rate

to

a 20-mA

If a TTY

the

remote

C.

Once installed, its switch should

position before continuing.

cables

are

supplied with

one

for

terminals

the

other

for

an

EIA

RS232C

with its

To

connect the

and

of

the

terminal

to

Appendix

CAB

LE

CABLE

WHITE PLASTIC MOLEX

The

into

the

the the

device

in

the

and

set for full-duplex operation

use any

full-duplex operation. current

is to

reader

terminal

data

plug

its receptacle labeled

connector

terminal

mounted

board,

interface cables

J.

25-PIN

DELTA

CONNECTOR

LABELED

"

EIA

"

END

CONNE

CTOR

LABELED

tl

TTy

ll

CONNECTOR

for

the

connector

terminal.

and

the

array

in

the

EIA

connector

back

of

terminal

should

Line

terminal.

loop.

be

used

control circuit should

TELETYPE

92CS-28210 RI

I/O

data terminals.

terminal

on

For a Teletype

plug

the

of white plastic

back

of

the

data

is used,

be

connected

mode,

Make

TTY

with

the

instructions

select

the assembler

using a 20-

board

terminal,

as shown

-0

-9

WHITE

MOLEX JACK INSIDE

IN POSITION "2"

board

the

other

cable into

the

unit.

on

the

terminal.

the

necessary to 20-mA

Operation

RESET

the

data

con-

directly

and

MATING EIA CONNECTOR

PLASTIC

TERMINAL

(J2)

are

end

For

cable

to

the

ap-

The

in-

be

in

be

set

cause operating

input character information terminal should begin by pressing the keyboard.

press responds with the "knows" terminal. hardware

command proper minal, simple time-out loop light goes off initiation of execution.

depression of the The by

The c

an

(after the memory location case) time-out

or case, the

proximately 2.6 seconds. the

• In this Manual, (CR) input input

nal

tio

Install

This

the

followed

the

RUN

with

program

character

rate

is

operating

For

the

LINE

the Reaching

is

operating

power cable

light

UT20

begins by

to defin e for itself

and

to

the

FEED

essential characteristics of

and

switch power on.

by R UNU.

to

go

in

control.

whether

data

in

the full-duplex mode,

half-duplex

key instead.

prompt

this stage verifies

properly.

This

ON

and

reading

it

should

terminal

RETURN

mode,

character

the

printer.

The

that

sequence will

system is.now

first keyboard

the

"echo"

key on

the

user should

system

(*).

the

most

CDS Checkout Program

Even

with

little

or

no

repertoire, the user

system

an

Each

line of user

test time-out

typing

!

MO

system will reply with

verify

?MOL'l

The

system will

and

$PO(CR)

by depressing

read-write

denotes line will

emphasis,

operation

elementary

after

a specific elapsed time from

keyboard

RETURN

program

in

L'lF8FFB1219191913A0300(CR)

proper

will

program

loading by

A(CR)

print

return

can

RESET

RUN

indicator should

memory

at the e

the

terminating carriage

be

denoted

by

the symbol

knowledge of

by loading, from

test

program.

can

be

run

input

key

can

be

the

prompt

entering

the

characters

addressed,

the

prompt

then

be

run

followed

This

(RAM)

nd

by blanks in the

is

of an example

RETURN.

6.

the

COS

can

further

For

example, a •

in which

is

on

loaded

character

either by entering

by

go off after ap-

step

operational.

example

the

terminated

the

keyboard

into memory

character.

just

"0000"

again.

RUN.

establishes

of

a user

Spaces

or, for add, -

Press

terminal

typed

If the

the

user

the

then

It

now

I/ O

data

of the

MAC verify

the

ter-

RUN

the

by

One

entered

in this

The

In

either

that

keyb

o ~rd

man

~

a

i

I

•

••

Operating and Programming

Loading and

Outputting Programs

Programs

! M

command,

Monitor

~ection.

paper' tape via a via the Floppy ill.

:the {»18S805 supplied fllB-duplex mode.

Following

and

magnetic cartridges:

Paper Tape Systems

To

may

commands

Ordinarily,

TI

terminal,

Disk

system.

RCA

COSMAC

Instruction

CDS

programs

are

load a

paper

be

enter

ed

manually

just

described.

are

covered in detail in

programs

TTY,

from

magnetic

or

from a floppy diskette via

The

latter is covered separately

Floppy

Manual

are designed to

the

methods

tape:

the

CDS _

This

will be loaded from

Disk

MPM-217.

used with

______

by

use of

and

tape

cassettes

System

work

paper

the

other

tape

the

_

______

21

Type ! Maaaa address of where the (normally location 00001.

31

Turn

the

LINE

41

Initialize

followed by a

51

Next, type address read hex bytes to

61 tape

added

The automatically the Section titled CDS Development

is

from

Turn

the

is

punched,

to its

assembler

punch

Aids.

the

punch

mode.

the

RETURN

the

starting

memory,

be

punched.

punch

end.

reloadable

__________

6 where

OFF

CDS

?Maaaa

and

ON

some

and

data

and

with a

(CRI.

6count,

address of

count

and

press

more

editor

tape

Resident

11

aaaa

is

the hex

is to be reloaded

put

the

TTY

in

RESET,

is

nulls should

RUNU,

where the data

the

number

CR.

After

programs

as

described in

Software

to be

of

the

be

1

paper-tape loading by pressing the in re-initialize the system

HESET,

the loaded

issue a

det

ning.

•

U Press

21 Make installed switch is in the

31 is

41 the tape recorder.

51

another 61

If

preferred , typing

stead of

UT20

ected, stop

To

11 position ON,

Pl.

RESET,

Press

the

RETURN

sure it is in

UT20

will

ready

to

accept

Position the tape in

When loading

*.

Start

the

program

CR

at

step 2.

RUN

U,

and

program.

monitors

'!

if a

punch reloadable tape:

With

the

format

and

the

tape

and

make a header

followed

return

commands.

is

can

In

after

CR

program

error

reload

TTY

in

the

by

RUN

U.

key

(C-R)

on the

TTY.

the

LINE

MANUAL

the symbol * indicating it

the

complete,

by typing$UO(CR).

be

this case, the user should

before

is detected.

the

in punch,

Mode

and

the

position.

header

loading by pressing

being loaded

tape

the

of nulls (control-shift-

and

tum

UT20

will issue

suppressed

LINE

FEED

attempting

and

If

an

from the begin-

LOCAL tum

the

during

key

to

start

will

error

mode, punch

.

on

is

Magnetic Tape Systems

To

load a

1) Press

2)

3) LOAD/FF Make PLAYBACK

41 another $UO(CR).

Typing

the

printer

e

rror

has

reloaded.

To

11 RECORD

2) address of where

(normally location 00001 .

3) Switch

mode RUN

magnetic

RESET,

UT20

will

Mount

sure

When loading is completed,

* .

during

OFF.

been detected

record reload able tape:

With

the

Type

and

U,

and

return

the

cassette.

to

advance

the

mode.

Start

load

If

a ?

terminal in

mode,

!Maaaa

to

the

initialize

CR.

tape:

RUN

U,

then

the

symbol

Rewind

to

drive

is

in

the

program

can be

suppressed

is

typed

during

and

the

mount a blank

6 where

data

is to

LINE

the

and

CDS

CR.

*.

it

and

the

first record.

the

LINE

UT20

by typing

by

loading,

tape should

the

LOCAL

cartridge.

aaaa

is

be

PLAYBACK

with a

press

and

will issue

turning

an be

and

the

hex

reloaded

RESET,

12

_____________

4)

Type

the

starting

memory

to

be

recorded.

?Maaaa

address

and

count

6count,

of

the

is

the

where the data

to be

number

____

address read

of hex bytes

is

from

Operator Manual

5)

Tum

press

CR.

UT20

will issue

For'

another

supplied

"Deduce"

for

the RCA CDS II CDP18S005

the

Record

After

system

game,

Control

the

another

checkout

refer

data

*.

to

switch

has

been

program

Appendix

ON

output,

using

H.

,

and

the

Utility

The

CDP18S005 includes a performs

terminal

generating memory program detail plus

In user of

his U begins execution of RUN or a CR installation. A operation, establishing calculate terminal. wide

Monitor

commonly

interface,

reload

locations,

at

a given location.

the

?M

others

not yet discussed.

general,

has

two choices: pressing

program

U,

the

(carriage

an

the

Thus,

variations

program,

providing a means

able

and! M commands

after

the

at

location 0000, while pressing

user

CR

LF,

need

timing

a single

in clock

Introduction

Monitor

Commands

COSMAC

required

tape,

and

system

UT20

presses

initiates

HALF

to

echo,

parameters

speed

Development

known

functions

allows

The

(at

key,

UT20

program

or

as

of

giving _ access

the

following

already

has

been

RUN

begins execution

8000). After pressing

either a LF

depending

FULL

DUPLEX.

uses

necessary

can

terminal

System

UT20,

of

running

reading

user

to

explains

mentioned,

RESET,

(line feed)

upon

DUPLEX

Besides

this

input

to

run

operate

speed.

UT20

which

the

and

to

all

start

in

the

RUN

his

to

the

with

to

the

Software

every 16 semicolons. to

specify implied, entered, bytes than

used.

simply by

~ypedffse~uelnce

IS,

typed

example:

would

02F5.

paper previously

bytes,

the

if

only

to

be

four

This

e ectlVe y, . t e

is

not

?M2F5(CR)

result

When

tape,

with

the

The

user

may

enter

beginning

necessary).

the

last

typed

out

digits

are feature allows continuing

OWoi2th4)theIfcorhrect

specified, one byte is

in the

the

user

he

described.

location (leading zeroes

If

more

four should entered,

the

typeout

wants

requests a memory

previous lines

are

be

only

correction of a

type

num

of

the

to

any

number

than

used.

in

hex.

the

and

,terminating

4-dbigit

er

one

punch

ending

of digits

four

digits

The

number

Again, if

last

four

mistake

vfalbues

(2300b24

0 ytes

assumed.

byte

at

location

a reloadable

type-out

in

are are

of

more

are

the

to

For

as

..,

~

e

1

When

UT20

out

an

asterisk (*)

?M

Commands

To

interrogate

as

?M2F53(CR)

UT20

responds

memory

printed

begins

(4-digit) blocks.

beginning

out

as

with

the

is

ready

as a prompt

at

two

hex

address,

When

to

accept a command,

character.

memory,

by

location

digits

necessary,

type a command

printing

02F5:

each.

and

data

out

Each is new

the

contents

three

line of

grouped

lines

it

bytes

output

in

are

types

such

of

are

2-byte

begun

!M

Commands

In

general,

means

of a

!MI2F

This

each)

into

memory again, four each number error necessary

the

digits

two

hex

of digits,

message

to

data

is

command

starting

entered.

digits

re-enter

such

434F534D4143(CR)

enters

beginning

location is

Data

is

are

typed.

the

last

('?')

is

typed

the

last

entered

as

entered

digit is ignored,

out.

byte.

into

six

bytes

at

location

determined

into

If

the

user

It

is therefore only

(two hex digits

memory

memory,

012F. Once

by

the

last

after

types

an

odd

and

by

., .,

the

•

Operating and Programming the CDS

The

! M

command facilitate memory loading. be extended from line to line just

before

the

normal

LF

(carriage return-line feed) keys before beginning a

new line.)

: enters

Between successive hex pairs while

entered,

land arrangement readability), nulls (generated by or

by a time-share system to give

return), etc.

string of land a CR). data beginning address. an option provides the mechanism tape previously command. puts discussed above.)

characters to be inserted in command. contiguous memory

$U

execution.

For

example,

!M23

56789ABC,(CR) (LF)

DEFOI23456,(CR)

3047(CR)

11

successive bytes beginning

any

non-hex

semicolon, as will

permits

As

a second optional form of

input

data

can

The

utility

to follow

! M

The

on

command,

punched

(Recall

utility

following !

the

The

the next line,

The

but

the

semicolon

areas

Commands

The

$U

command

For

example,

$U6C(CR)

provides two options

First,

by

CR.

(In this case press

(LF)

character be

discussed) is ignored.

arbitrary

be

terminated

program

but

line

must

with

the

f~r

out

as a result of

format

program

M,

tape

of multiline

ignores all non-hex

allowing

without

feature

to

be

loaded.

is used to

_________

a string of

typing in a

at

location 0023. data

except the

LF's,

the

utility

the

carriage time to

data

by a semicolon

then

expects

preceded by a new

have

the

! M omitted.

reading

CR,

LF,

disturbing

allows non-

start

that

data

can

comma

the

CR-

is being

comma

This

spaces (for

program

entry,

more

format

in a

and

of

This

paper

the

?M

out-

nulls

the

! M

program

__

$P

Commands

The

$P

~or

example:

$P6C(CR)

would also with

P=X=O floppy disk interfaces a convenience for

I/O

commands

peri pherals.

If

no starts from location 0000. to

pushing control panel. digits' address rule.

For

a

"Two-Level in the

$L

floppy disk.

causes

asking for the file to be loaded. program, System

217. command after the

further

Commands

The

$L

UT20

READ?

refer to the

II

If

a floppy disk system is

is

READ?

_____________

command

start

except,

address

the

RESET

This

I/O"

command

Typing

to type

unit

CDP18S805

accidentally activated, simply do a

is similar to the $U

program

the

normally associated with these

details of this

under

For

interrogation.

execution

in

this case,

may

be disabled.

user so

is specified,

command

and

that

his

program

The

function

then

RUN P buttons

also obeys

command,

Input/Output

is used in systems having a

track

number

a discussion of the disk loader

RCA

COSMAC

Instruction

not

UT20

command.

at

location 006C

the

temiinal

This

program

is

equivalent

the

Interfacing

of

the

Floppy

Manual

installed

will type

13

and

feature is

can use

execution

on

the

'last-4-

refer to

diskette

Disk

MPM-

and

this CR

1

•

starts P = X interface tive. Consequently, the user I/O further floppy disk interface, see the material Description Section. to "Two-Level

facing

specified, execution will more will

program

=0.

This

and

floppy disk interface (if installed) ac-

commands

discussion of

For

in the

If

only

than 4 address

be

used.

associated with these interfaces.

and

further

execution command

the

Signal

details on

110"

under

Section.

(CR) is

digits

at

location 006C with

will leave

program

terminal

Mnemonics

the

Input/Output

typed

start

are

should

interface

$U

command,

with

at

location 0000.

typed,

only the

the

on in the

no

terminal

not

use

For

a

and

the

Module

Inter-

address

If

last

and

?R

one of

'R'

address

R4.1 are altered, registers activated.

4

examining most

poses.

DRIVE

issue an

NOT

*,

waiting for

Commands

When

UT20

is activated (via

the

first things

registers of

the

8COO

for 32 bytes. Registers

are

preserved

This

feature provides a means of

CPU

ON

another

it

Qoes

CPU

in its

but

the at

the

registers for debugging

command.

RESET,

is save 13-112 of

RAM

stack

states of the remaining

time

when

RO,

RUN

the

located

RI,

UT20

U),

16

at

and

was

pur-

14

_________________

The

?R

command

of

the

stored register states with

RI,

and

R4.I preserved. ?R

gives this format:

XXXX XXXX

t t

RO

5518

For

0717 34AA

provides for

to

indicate

example,

18D4 3821, XX33 B760 8A15 0017

RESET,

8197,

automatic

X's

for registers

that

they

have

RUN

U,

A401 6789 A825 01B9

t c':

1\8

NOTE: UT20 itself overwrite command

after

when

the

?R

must

be

the

first

command

it

is

started,

other

commands

the

preserved registers when executing any

other

than

because

?R.

are

UT20

issued.

uses

Thus,

Summary of UT20 Operating Instructions

In

summary,

character

'*'

the

?M(addressl

!M(addressl

(where

the

data

each hex pair)

$P

(optional $U (optional address) $L

'?R(CR)

UT20

ignores initial

$,

Then

inputs which are

above formats cause

after

user

may

f.,(datal

may

address I (CRI

characters

an

receiving

the

type

f.,

(optional count) (CRI

(Optional,

have

non-hex digits between

or;)

(CRI

until

it

detects?,

not

compatible with

error

message (?

I.

readback

RO,

not

been

CR

then

R7

RF

given to

the

stack

it

may

prompt

(CR)

!,

t

or

the

0perator

Manual

4. Following character. than

four hex digits

used.

Next,

space:

a.

For

the

only command entered, b.

For number pair

arbitrary semicolon. command, comma semicolon.

i.

In

an

LF This ii.

In characters Then, UT20 filler, and

then

iii.

The many between terminated comma

5.

Commands starting than

address.

4 are

assumed. location with command interfaces whereas

6.

Command

program

which will issue the

for

the RCA CDS II CDP18S005

'~M

or

!M,

UT20

It

then

assembles

are

'!M

a space

addr

last

is

f., four digits

terminated

one byte will

!M

addr

f.,

of hex digits is

required.

a hex

data

an

typed, only the

Note:

count

may

are

by

CR.

be

typed.

must

required,

filler, except for a

is

unless

allowed.

it

is

CR

immediately preceded by a

or, as is generally

case of

for

comma

UT20

CR

to

continue

the

procedure is a form of line

case of a

are

the

user

continues as if it

then a starting

semicolon

ignored

must

again provide

until

had

address, then a space,

data.

!M

command

continuation

the

two types

with a

or

semicolon.

$P

The

typed

in.

Program

RO

as

disables

$U

$L

or

execution begins

the

starts

can

lines as needed, mixed

if

desired,

CR

not

$U

may

be

last 4 digits are used

If

no

address

program

counter· . The

terminal

does

not.

the

floppy disk loader

prompt

READ?

waits for a hex

address.

If

last

four

f.,

denotes a

more

are

follow (aga\n,

kept),

If

no

and

count

the

is

follow. An even

Before each hex

CR.

comma,

terminates

the

case, by a

user

must

to

accept

or

the

insert

data.

continuation.

all following

the

CR

is

typed.

an

LF,

and

received optional

be followed by as

and

is

finally

preceded

followed

is

at

the

by

if

more

given, 0

specified

is

$P

and

floppy disk

a

A

further

operating

instructions is given below,

information

1.

After pressing

CR

(for full-duplex

sets

up

not.

2.

UT20

3. Following one of '!,

detailed

just

given in a more concise form.

"RUN

summary

U",

the

operation

the bit-serial

will

return

*,

$,

or

! is

* as a

UT20

typed

timing

and

prompt.

ignores all characters

in.

of these

basic

repeating

user should press

I,

This

instruction

specifies echo

the

or

until

A

proper requesting CR.

If

an

operation, a diagnostic message is

7.

Command

registers saved when

written

• $P arrangement is consistent after for

for those registers

and

$U

always begin with

the CPU is RESET. Refer to the CDP1802 data sheet

other

actions

response is a 4-digit

unit

and

track

number,

error

is detected

?R causes a

UT20

not

RO

as program

with

the fact that

of

RESET.

during

printed.

readout is initialized.

preserved.

number

followed

the

of the 16 R

X's

counter.

P=O

and

This

X=O

by read

are

a

•

Operating and Programming

H.

When

a

!M,

·!M

or

!'R

and

completed,

9. When and

returns

data

is

entered

digitsl, all

last hex digit.

tnl

'e in

the

address

mand.

:corrected by

fectively, 0235. A

typing in any illegal

·-

'!M the

example, a period.

For

or

between

user

error

UT20

types

UT20

detects

the

carriage.

data

will

Note

address

without

example, a mistaken

continuing.

input

should

bad

(by

typing have

that

the

field allows

retyping

bad

command

character

hex

type any

If

data

Terminal Interfacing

ASCII Coding

The

CDS

is designed terminal current interface. the information

to

minals as a serial originating Fig. 2.

two stop bits used for although various different shown. only

via a serial

loop

or

an

When

its

ASCII

LOGIC

.... = ONE

B = START F =

STOP

Fig.

if

the 7 data

code

at

the

The

character

I

BFI

BIT TIME P = PARITY BIT

BIT

2 -

Data

character

FF.

data

transmission

1, I

liz,

For

even

ASCII

EIA

a key is

denoting

and

data-bit

TTY

DI

ACTUAL

-

DATA

INTELLIGENCE BITS

DATA

7

PLUS I PARITY BIT COMPLETE CHARACTER

"M"

D'

---

terminal

By convention two stop bits

or 2 are

terminals. A parity

parity,

bits

code

RS232C

struck

that

appears

stream.

for the letter

is

framed

DI

~I

DI

BITS

(4DI6)

DATA

BIT

=ASYNCHRONOUS TIME

BETWEEN CHARACTERS

bit

"M"

.

at

10

also acceptable

the

parity

contain

the

CDS

________________________

command another * prompt.

syntax, it types

a

mistake

in

been

"only-Iast-four-digits"

the

Thus,

pairs.

digit

to

interface to a

using

on a

character

On

by a start

D~

serial

characters

an

odd

is accepted

is

made

an

odd

number

entered

can

except after

standard

output

bit

except

user to

correct

the

whole com-

234

2340235 is, ef-

be

aborted

In

these cases,

and

then,

either a 20-mA

electrical

TTY

terminal,

is

converted

the

output

The

serial

'M'

is shown in

bit

---I

FI

F

92CS

-28100

for the

per

outputs

bit P is

would

number

out

when

can

!M

Band

B 1

second

from

be a 'I'

of '1

a ?

of

the

an

be

by

or

for

data

ter-

data

are

also

'so

Hence, bits may be set UT?O ignores the rarity

format;

two

parity - the parity data should ignore

the total

is

always

is acceptable.

Data

i.e., a start

stop

bits. Therefore, terminals interfacing to the

up

from

bits.

number

an

to

the

Note

the

even

number.

generate

parity

CDS

bit, 7 data

that

bit

is always a

parity

bit.

of 1

's

in the eight intelligence

Some

either

even

bit, so

is

the

either

generated

bits, a parity bit,

CDS

does

'I'

UT20 Read and Type Routines

The

UT20

read

and

type

routines basic software tween

the

routines

110

data

These various not

characters

back

immediately subroutine' provides

'

and

type routines.

c

ounter, 80EF. started. routine before calling a half of register stant. denotes echo, 1 operation, automatically LF

parameter

where For at for

clock,

-The form is sampled over comes from the fact

tion

must

The

characters

The

TP=2

the

example, because a

10

characters

the

factor

times, with each instruction taking 16 clock periods.

are available to facilitate different types of

transfers.

terminal

the

UT20

Any user

CDS

of

mechanism

CDS

and

data

routines

which

then,

remainder

(TPI.

x

fraction is

2 comes from the fact

are

speeds

read

in

I.

For

called

necessary

not

least significant

set when

received.

DELA

DELAY

must

does this

program

alter

read

or

RE

(RE.I)

denotes

this

of

TP

is calculated

.nterval

320 x

~

rounded

per

second

running

two

successive bit times. The factor

that

the time between samples

for

terminal.

designed

and

to

should

be set-up to

RC,

between two serial

be

these

Y is included which

bit

timing delays to

uses

automatically

using a read

or

must

type

routine. contains

no

echol.

bit

is a zero. Again, this is

UT20

is

RE.l

(CPU

clock period)

Teletype

and

from

the

that

communication

Several different

to

allow adoption to

determine

"echoed"

purposes,

RC

point

restore it to

bit

specifies echo (0

started

constitutes a timing

as

follows:

to

the

Model

II

bits

supplied

the

data

terminals

or

odd

parity.

even or

with

the

not

generate

regardless of

provide

whether

(ie., typed

a 'sub-

the

as its

program

to location

when it is

or

80EF

Also,

the

upper

a control con-

For

full-duplex

and

the

CR

bit~

•

nearest

input

integer.

33 operates

per

character,

2.0-MHz

serial wave-

is

20 instruc-

of

15

odd

same

and

the

CDS

the be-

or

read

type

or

320

16

_________________

0perator

Manual

for

the

RCA CDS II CDP18S005

1 s 1 char

--

TP

=2

10

x

320 x

= 2 x 56.8 (rounded to

114

=

Because for

tha.o:

255,

there s}:\pported slower clocks roundoff example, second,

TP

and On

the

1200, the round-off

"TIMALC" using the first routine times calculate or

not TIMALC an loaded loads The calling to

the the user,

justed

may user.

as

their

with program they Return Manual Microprocessor, Programming Techniques". most

at

any

can

errors

at

2.0

J 1 J

= 2 x = 2(20.8) = 4210 = 2A16

the

The

LF

the

user

be used unless

All

SEP

may

general

3o

320/2.0

~

round-off

other

hand,

utility

to

generate

character

the

TP

and

to echo. Specifically, if a

is

running,

suppresses echoes.

with

the

subroutine

of

TYPE

TIMALC

DELAY

UT20

while

performing a $P

read

and

program

R5.

that

can

be

called

Technique

for

This

and

=

10

proper

is a

bound

given clock

be

supported

do

not

MHz

x

lo

x 10

error

is small (2100

at

2.0

error

program

intervals

reads

then

appropriate

pointer

and

or

setting

routine

leaves

they

type

routines

counter,

They

can

use

R5

through

(SCRTI

the

MPM-201

Techniques

programming

is

recommended.

x---

char

11

bits

1 s

the

6

57)

TP

speed Faster to

the

bad

characters

2.0 x 10

72

16

operation

on

rate.

cause

and

30 lO-bit

6

instead

MHz

with

baud

would be too high.

UT20

the

typed

one

READ

himself. As a convenience

RE.l

have been altered

be

as

uses a

operating

between

bit

to

echoes will be provided;

In

constant. for

up

RE.l

and

or

and

called directly its the described

CDP1802

time

in

by

incoming bits to

determine

CR

is entered while

either

TIMALC

the

DELAY

has

and

RC

$U

TIMALC

return

program

Standard

in

under

technique

must

be

of

terminals

extent

timing.

of 20.81.

rates

above

subroutine

constant,

a user.

whether

case,

RE.l

routine.

the

option of

the

pointer

properly ad-

operation

by

use

to

the

caller

from

counter,

Call

in

the

COS

MAC

the

Section

"Subroutine

is

less

or

that

For

per

This

is

also

to

and

the

R3

or

and

User

the

RE.l

(control

'1'P

I discussed above.

One byte of routines. RAM

and

user

can

a

byte

in its

R

F.I

being

read these subroutines. the

input location 81A4, RF.l.

All rontines alter

D.

DF,

byte

in 0

destroyed if is

used.

When (READl meaningless. When

at

entry R3

is

ready

When

DELAY

D E LAY. When

Technique

The

READ

and

READAH. and

has

as

READ

the

character

then

the the left. character exiting. RD

is

not

CAUTION: A READ by

another

The

caller should

can

do by entering

DELAY,

a

The

program

immediate

where m is discussion parameter

is

reserved for

constant 0 or 1 added

RAM

is

needed

These

routines assume

M(R(211

set

R2

dedicated

is

or

byte in

and

as

the

TIMALC

=

READAH

is used,

no

other

does,

I6-bit

and

is entered

If

the

affected,

READ,

with a parameter

DELAY

counter

byte

(20 + m (2n +

I.

and

is

altered

to

any

free

RAM

used

in

certain

typed between

When

RF

.1. When

the

byte

RE.O

X.

The

READ

well

as

in

RF.l.

Standard

exits,

A.I

(TYPEI

READ

(see

Table

for

entry

at

exits,

RC

the

Standard

R3

is

routine

but

read

contents

the

input

at

time

It

then

returns

has two

The

former acts as described above

side-effects.

with

in is a hex

of

4-bit

at the right.

character

but

DF

may

but

not

wait

TYPE

subroutine

is

R3.

M(R31 to

constant

increments

via a

RAM

READ

to

and

Call

TYPE5

is

automatically

the

RD

hex

is

immediately

1.5 at of 7

It

611

the

operating

to

the

timing

by

that

R2

by

them.

location.

for

this

purpose.

cases

to

the

calling routine

is exited,

TYPE

be

typed

RF.O.

routine

but

R3.1

leaves

the

byte

and

Return

is left holding

= 81,

exits,

R3

III.

When

(see same tablel. a

ready

for

Call

entry

The

latter

following side-effect.

character

are shifted four bits to

equivalent

DF

is

not

a hex

set

to

0 on exiting.

immediately

bit

times

TYPE5D

or

greater.

assumes

uses

the

value,

generate

instruction

in RE:I (see previous

SEP

R3

R3.

a delay

past

constant

parameter

read

and

points

to

In

general~

UT20

pass the byte

it

leaves

is

entered

is

taken

from

They

also

alter

the

input

in

D will be

Technique

but

R3.0

is

ready

TYPE

another

and

set

points -

operates

then

first, which he

or

that

times

exits,

call

Return

up.

READ

(0-9, A-FI

of

the

input

set to 1 on

character,

be followed

by a TYPE.

by calling

the calling

n,

of

equal

the

calling

type

free

the

uses

and

at

A.I

is

for

to

just

If

the

to

~

1

•

Operating and Programming the

The

TYPE points. to fetch the TYPE5 TYPE6 TYPE5D before going to

to

process to completion before typing. eritry which results in form as two hex digits. a,

Three

types from M(R51

types from M(R61

is

let"

an

ASCII

hex digit (0-9, A-Fl

routine

of

them

character

an

entry which provides a lo5-bit delay

TYPE5.

immediately preceding echoed

has

simply specify different places

from:

TYPE and

The

RF.l

Each

CDS

five different

increments

and

purpose

being typed

4-bit half

and

. out.

Notice facilitate TYPE TYPE5. characters

restriction

TYPE5D

that

repeated

routines

In

order

following a mentioned first.

the

READ

calls on

are

designed for repeated calls

to

output

using

routines

READAH,

a string of variable

READ,

earlier.

an

immediate

it

is

given the

most

________________________

types from

R5,

increments

of this delay is

TYPE2

out

is

converted to

separately

are

designed to

while

logical to call

"punctuation"

entry

RF.l,

and R6.

READ

is

an

in hex

typed

the

to

data

timing

byte (i.e., required initial delay repeated data

characters picked calls on This

procedure

rate.

Another routine, output character character encoded in the

program user via a typed includes a delay called

Tables I and

calling sequences

non-data

calls on

TYPE5

a string of characters.

string

for zero.

ASCII.

SEP

out

to

at

any

such as space, null, etc. I to

and

TYPE

up

using

immediate

permits a maximum

OSTRNG,

pointed

The

characters

If

a zero is found

terminates

R5.

the

on

time - even following a

just

and

If

the

character

terminal.

the

front

II

summarize

described.

to follow either with

(with

the

output

from

OSTRNG

to

by

returns

The

end

RF.Il

R6

or

data

characters.

output

can

be

picks

and

tests each

should

OSTRNG

so

the

(ASCII

control to

is

not

that

read.

functions

be

a zero,

repeated

character

it

17

get

the

variable

used

to

up

the

already

'null'l,

the

it

is

routine

may

be

and

•

Register Name

PTER CL ST SUB

PC

DELAY ASL AUX

CHAR

Register Number

RO R1 R2 R3

R5

RC

RD RE

RF

J

Alt.ered Pointer

Program

Program Program Assembled

RE.1 holds

RE,O

R F.1 holds

RF.O

TABLE

Entry

Absolute

Name Address

READ READAH TYPE5D TYPE5 81AO TYPES TYPE TYPE2 TIMALC

DELAY1

OSTRNG

813E 813B 819C

81A2 81A4 a1AE 80FE

80EF 83FO

TABLE 1-UT20 REGISTER

Function

b-y

UT20 while storing registers. R4.1

to

RAM

"work"

is

used

counter counter

counter

for for

for

into

by

time

constant

by

all READ

input/output

by

all READ

II - UT20 READ

Input Same

1.5-bit delay. Then TYP Output Output Output Output

Read

Initialize RC

Delay,

Output

byte.

UT20

all

routines

UT20 the

DELAY

READAH

ASCII ~

as

READ.

ASCII ASCII ASCII hex digit pair in R F .1.

input

as

function

ASCII string

except

which calls

routine.

(input

and

echo

bit.

and

TYPE routines and

ASCII

character.

and

TYPE routines and

AND

TYPE

RF.1,

0 (if non-standard linkage)

If

hex

character

to

point

of

and set

to

M(R3) (see

at

hex

character,

M(RS). Data

UTILIZATION

and

Comments

is

similarly

uses R2 =

DE

the

8COO.

LA

Y.

routines above.

Points

to

digits).

by

CALLING

DIGIT ~ RD (see

E5

function.

at

M(R5). Then

at

M(RS). Then

at

RF .1.

up

control

DELAY1.

text).

byte

altered.

DELAY1 in

TIMALC,

OSTRNG,

SEQUENCE

increment increment

byte

in

RE.1.

Then R3 + 1.

00

ends

typeout

memory.

text)

R5. RS.

.

and CKHEX.

and

CKHEX.

•

Notes (1) All routines,

counter,

OF, RE, RF

(2) DELAY

exit

routine

except and

DE LA

Y,

with

SEP5, and

location M(R2).

uses RC as program

use R3

alter

as

program

registers

counter,

X,D,

exits with alters registers

(3) READ and READAH

back

(4) All five TYPE

at

TYPE5.

SEP3

at

READAH.

after

X,D,

routines

incrementing

OF,

and

RE.

exit

with R3 pointing

exit

with

R3, and

R3 pointing

18

__________________

Operator Manual

for

the

RCA

CDS II CDP18S005

Examples of UT20

Read and Type Usage

The

following examples should help clarify how

to use the

examples use

require's

: Read Routines

.This sample

characters

~SCII

-<

when a carriage digit to

an sample return

READAH=#813B

LOOP:

The similarly to enters over the previous entry.

incoming return only be found in used) if the programs R5 as the main type routines program routines use following example illustrates this technique.

Type Routines

c

haracter

program

UT20

read

the

standard

that

R2

point

program

into register

to hex in the process.

return

other

than

a carriage

error

program

linkage.

SEP

BDF

GHI

XRI

BNZ

READ

enter

them

one

data

program

are

used. An alternative technique is to use

terminate

with a

EXAMPLE

using the

counter.

which will type

uses

the

R4,A(READAH)

LOOP

RF

HOD

ERROR

routine

characters;

at

a time into

is

entered

alters

RF.I

standard

program

SEP

R3

as their

1:

This

TYPES

and

type subroutines.

subroutine

at

a free

RAM

will

read

RD

translating

Reading

is entered.

return

standard

..

As

long as .. digits are entered ..

Read .. Fall ..

character .. See

what

.. entered ..

Was

it

..

If

not,

..

Characters

.. in

RD

(at 813E) could be used

however,

RF.I

Note

into

D.

Therefore,

(and

RD

subroutine call

counter

with a

R3 (since

SEP

program

routine.

linkage which

location.

four

will

Entry

will cause a

out

subroutine call

.. Call the hex

read

..

ASCII

and

shift in

through

character

carriage

BR

to error

entered

(and

that,

D,

the subroutine

valid

when

(since all

RS)

all

read

counter).

outputs

It

uses RS as

Most

ASCII

them

of a non-hex

a

program

if

return

READ

even

READAH

and

hex

from

terminate

branch

"?".

This

and

hex

not

hex

was last

are

now

only

D)

writing though

data

will

return

read

and

call

the

and

type

The

a single

the

is

LDI PHIR3 LDI PLOR3 LDI

PLOR2 LDI PHIR2 SEPR3 ,T'R' yy

The

EXAMPLE using the program

character

the because because always be called using for typing RS as the main memory location This

example uses

EXAMPLE

up

pick outputs the

RF.I

before typing.

'DS',

and

Note expect the coded in

EXAMPLE by using pointed detected, example will

The

standard

.. Set R3 to

#81

#AO

#FF

#3F

TYPESD

TYPE6 counter for

TYPE6

an

SEP

,#8IA2 .. Address of ,

T'?'

yy .. Next instruction

the

a hex digit

uses

LDI PHIRF SEP4 ,

#8IAE

yy

that

character

ASCII.

the

to

by R6 will

OSTRNG

RCACOSMAC MICROPROCESSOR

R2

.. Set

.. Call type

.. An

"R"

..

routine is used in the

2:

This

routine.

to

be

must

exits with

immediate

program

containing

standard

R4

..

Branch

.. Byte to be typed

3:

The

byte in

character,

#DS

output

call

RF.I

pair

This

example types

standard

..

Load

..

IntoRF.1

.. Call

..

4: An entire message

OSTRNG

the

and

TYPES

to free

will be

program

the

typed is

always be from

standard

byte. An alternative is to use

TYPE

which

subroutine

TYPE2

they

be returns

string

return

routine

RAM

location

typed

same

outputs a chara

Note

that

R6

should be the

program

counter

subroutine

to the call routine

for typing.

whereas

hex digits DS

instruction

pick

routine.

typed.

calling

an

immediate byte

M(R6).

SEP

S,

TYPE6

subroutine linkage

but

point

the byte to be typed.

linkage .

TYPE6

out

and

TYPE2

TYPE

TYPE2

it

encodes in

out

the hex digits

linkage.

up

to be already en-

can

The

ASCII

When

a '00 ' byte

to the caller.

linkage

is

assumed.

TYPE6

R6

routines

considers

TYPE2,

be

#:~FFF

way,

cter

if

But,

must

at

the

simply

ASCII

typed

bytes

is

This

I

r

Operating and Programming

the

CDS

______

_

________________

19

•

.

,:'

"

OSTRNG

SEP DC

,#ODOA ,T'MICROPROCESSOR' ,#00

= #83FO

R4,A(OSTRNG

T'RCA

COSMAC'

Additional

Utility Routines

ASCII to Hex

Conversion Routine

The

ASCII examines the chanl(;ter is IIser Ivia

IIPx.

CKHEX

I

and bits of dt's('rihed above most ft'adily lI'Chniques.

not

SEP

with the

~egister

handled

CKHEX

to hex conversion,

ASCII

a hex digit,

R:)I with

returns

digit

character

OF = O.

with RE.O = hex digit,

shifted into

RD.

CKHEX

and.

as with via the is located

I .. Call

.. 1st Line .. (CRI (LFI ..

2nd

..

End

in

RF.l.

CKHEX

the

standard

at

returns

If

the

least significant 4

uses the registers

other

call

83FC.

OSTRNG

Line

of

Text

CKHEX,

If

this

to

the

character

OF

routines, is

and

return

is

=

The

only difference between

is

the lo(;ation to which they

location 000:) with P

rptllTns by sf'tting P

has already set point.

These

programs

to !'n't' the IIser from

n'<Jllin'd by the

llW)

also be used as support ,;olllte addresses

B:W(I. Hefer to Appendix

absollltt' addresses of

loaded into R4

prol-(rams:

EXAMPLE

Address

0000 0001 0002 0003 0004 00U5

programs

Following

1:

Code

71 00 CO 83

F:~

=

R:1

pointing to the correct

generating

standard

running

are

INITl

CALL

and

R:) respectively.

are

examples

Using

INITl

Mnemonics

DIS,#OO

LBR

USRPGM:--

= #83F3

INITI

return.

=

:1,

while

:1

and

assumes

are

intended

the overhead code

subroutine

an

integral

on

the

=

83F3

G,

the

UT20

and

RET,

of

the

Comment

..

Disable

.. Initialize registers

.. User

program

.. P = 3

and

INIT2

INITI

as a convenience

technique.

CDS.

returns

INIT2

part

and

listing, for

use of these

interrupts

simply

that

the user

return

of custom

Their

-INIT2

which will

starts

They

ab-

~

the

be

here;

to

Initialization Routines

\\ hil'h initialize and fPturn

as follows:

(below address 80001 nWlllory available as supplied (with one 4-kilobyte

•

Two

R2

R3

R4

R')

The

routines

technique.

=

R(X

INIT

is

present.

RAM

are

provided,

CPU

registers for the

These

routines set

I - POIntIng to

available user (below 8000),

- will become on

return

-

pointing UT20

-

pointing UT20

programs

address,

to the call routine

to

examine

and

They

set

which

INITI

the

last (highest)

RAM

the

program

the

return

user

determine

R2

to the highest

is

03FF

RAM

cardl.

and

INIT2,

standard

up

registers

location

counter

routine

memory

how

much

for the

call

in

area

CDS

EXAMPLE

Address

0000 0001

000:2

Code

oom

0004 000:)

OOO()

0007 OOOS OOOfJ OOOA

OOSU

2:

Using INIT2 = #83F6

1\1fl('moni('s

71

])IS.#OO 00 FH

LDI

A.I

(STARTI

00

PHI

B:3 FS

LDI

(STARTI

.')0 A3

PLOR:1 CO

LBR

~n

Fe)

START:--

INIT2

R:3 A.O

INIT2

Comment

..

Disable

.. Set

R:3

..

point

.. Call

INIT2

.. User

..P

program

=3

interrupts

to

return

starts

here

20

_________________

Operator Manual

for

the

RCA

CDS

II

CDP18S005

Routine to Restart UT20

A means

('ontrol back to

point routine. WIH'n

pntered via this routine. UT20 will relStart

iSSIW

a

(;()L'r~O

LT2()

depends on the following conditions

('n

tr~

:

I)

2)

:\.

.

In order to assure the second condition,

program GOUT20 having R3 as its

Additional Notes

LT20

is

provided to automatically transfpr

UT20 from a user program.

GOLT'20.

*'

prompt at

location #lBF9 will cause this transfer.

HE.I = tNminal

Two-Ipvel 110 is enabled

must

be initiated via the $U command.

routine can

program

to the

is

providpd for thi s purpmw.

terminal.

timing constant

be

called only

counter.

A long

on

automatically enables group 1

Programming

Machine Language

Programming

With an

olH'ratio/l

rur.

Lh

I)I'

V lopment S stem

C'xamrle.

th

e lime-out

Manual.

langlta g )

IYI e

writt·r.

til· t

-IN

To

read a

the llser program should

nn UT20). D3

instruction,

free

RAM

th

e utility routine will re

ec

uting the in

ex

nt

venie

re

we

c

hara

cter (with a 0

and

in D. The memory location pointed

regis

ters RE, RF, X,

in value (not

- A list

of

ab

sulute

understanding

of

tlw

P

and

e re

Hdf'1'

i

!i

rrerart~

hf'

'an

now

lind rs

le~1

pr

ogram

How

f'

r. a lmo 't an. hexad ·

t t program '

Th

mos t basi ' wa to commllnic

pewril r. lherf'for . will be covered next.

character

That

is. load

making

location. After

truct

ion

if

the prog

t begin with

key

UT20

IllCIl111ry

ram

I.

The

parity

and

pr

eserved over the call).

sYlllblllic locutiolls

addresses

of the structure and

the material rrovid d thll

d

to b ,ill using '

in

an

el m

tand

and

pr

S Ilt d a'rli r in thi s

wi

II

re

CJllir

from the

transfer

R3

sure

the

turn

D-

count

OF

is

!(iv

I/O

control to

with

HUE

that

R2

typed

character

by setling P to 5, i.e., by

(making it mo st con-

er of the calling routine

ASCII

bit) will b in both

en

will

and

in

Table II.

have

code for th e

their

which indudf's the terminal t('ffan·s. when

An

entry

branch

upon

and

to

re-

win·d

enabled. to "Two-Level

facing

Structure

Intt'fmpts

is

running.

SU

the

user The

by

a program

UT20

1/0

devices.

tilt>

nlar

wa

y.

For

po

. ihly

mod

if

imallma

u e (

teletypewriter.

and

is

pointing to a

to

been changed

cllrrespolldill~

chine

If

the

110

al

READ-

execute a

is

read,

input RF.)

by

R2

and

by

bv

u"T20 prohibits s

Intt·rrupt i

TEHRUPT

vpnience to the intprrupts have not been externally disabled. custom t('rmpts startt'd via the

Because the counter, it is most convenient to a

03

R3.0 another formed. Because

,'

registers initialize,

using these registers unless their values are saved

_

later restored by his

To typewriter, the user program should transfer control to instruction, again a free P value should be 5 for the

(i.e., the byte after the

the character,

argument

M(R(2)), as well as registers

R3.0 preserved. For should again refrain from using registers

functions the user can now code elementary te t , program to Development System. the compares them,

and

floppy disk in-

it

is

started.

to tlw samp group-splpct signal are also

For

more information on this subject, refer

I/O"

in

the

next Section, titled

of

the

CDS.

arf' automatically disabled when UT20

They

are

command.

a

wwr

Because R I and R2

program before iIllerrtll t. are allowed .

tart-up

:-;

pt~nC!ing.

and

i

ss

ue an *.

WH'r

to prevent

hardware

at

start-up.

RUN

is

P switch.

tJ

under

re-t

nabled

via

In

:t 'ad. it will

installed

the

user

s('r-addpd TlO devices

Input/Output

Hardware

by either the $P or

must

be initialized

lh

e~e

c

Cll1l1nands if

lype

Thi

s f{'atllr(' i: a con-

start-up

that

program

problems

may cause in-

should be

Methods

READ

instruction. When

will contain a modified value, necessitating

initialization if a repeated

RC

and

it

is

cause a

TYPE5D

RAM

output

return altered. All

Given

routine shown in Fig. 3

character

at

location. As discussed above, the calling

character

READ

byte

the

a'bility to execute simple I/ O terminal

routine uses

READ

the

READ

RE

which

essential

location 819C, by means of a D3

and

the

further

and

that

program

to be

making

and,

reasons previously cited, the user

sure

for this case, the

should

03

instruction). After typing

will have

again

return

other

exercise the

As

a simple

outputs

R3

branch

returns

I/O

routine

..

RE,

uses the values in

UT20

the

user refrain from

typed

out

that

R2

be

an

immediate byte

advance

by a 05

RF,

X,

register values

examp

that

reads two bytes,

the

"larger"

as its program

to

READ

to the caller,

is

to

will normally

by

is

pointing to

ASCII

R5

execution.

D,

RC

COSMAC

le, consider

of

Intt'r-

be per-

the

past

OF,

and

the

an

IN-

If

by

and

I/O

code

the

and

are

RE.

two.

if

...

~

.

T

Operating and Programming the

CDS

_______________________

21

•

MEMORY LOCATION

00 01 04

07

OA OD 10 13 16

17 19 1A 18 1E E6 1F 20 22 24 26 27 28

HEX CODE

STORED

00

.....

D.

90 828586

F8

FF A2

F881

83

F8

3E A7

F8 9C

87 F8 27 A6 R6 now points F8

17 A5

D5

87

A3

D3

56

87

A3 D3

F7

3824 9F

56

97 A3

D3

00 3017

Fig.

3--

Example

Clear upper half M(OOFF) Initialize upper half of I/O call program

Lower half

R5 Change P

R3 now points Call Save first character READ second character. X now points D - M(R(X)) Print

Second character moved

R3 now points Call Immediate

Loop for

(Assumes

is

the

of of

initialized

from 0 to

READ.

the

first character

TYPE.

byte

another

of

elementary hexadecimal program .

COMMENTS

RO.1

= 0).

of

pointers.

free

RAM

location.

READ address saved

TYPE address saved in R7.1.

to

0027

(the immediate TYPE

to

0017

is

ready

5.

to

READ routine (813E).

Input

character

in

immediate

to

first character.

.....

D.

Subtract

if

it

to

immediate

to

TYPE5D (at

Output

byte

at

the

storage for TYPE routine.

pass.

in

to

be

the

to

D and RF.1.

byte

first character from second.

is

the

largest.

819C).

counter.

R7.0.

program

location.

byte

location.

byte).

counter.

•

The

routine given exhibits register usage compatible

with the

Further,

appropriate

dashed location 17.

READ's

after first initializing

in which the two lower half address constants (9C

3E) are stored.

initialization value of 81. a subtraction

TYPE

traction.

TYPE

with P =

program loop is entered initialized to location (0027). Notice instruction since

m a ns of th key boa el " und

underlined commentary.

UT20

the 110 instructions consist of calls to

teletypewriter interface routines.

The

initialization

line.

The

Each

and

one

is

byte is conditional

The

free

is

OOFF

The

initialization

O.

R5

point

at

location

READ

An exampl of

mentary

erlined text

changes the value of X.

program just discussed.

represents

READ

in this case since

is

and

part

of

main

call to

TYPE)

R3.0

R3.1

Two

executed.

RAM

location used by

part

of

the

program

to

the

immediate

that X is

IE)

loading and

rd

i a

represents

user

TYPE

the

program

the

is

made

with

continues to hold its

The

on

the

at

after

CDS

UT20

input;

calling sequences.

program

utility program (two

the

characters

resulting immediate

the

R2=00FF.

program

counter

location 17.

set to the value 6 (see

the

running

"session"

is above

loop begins

by

a D3 execution

proper half of R 7

are

read

results of the sub-

READ

is executed

once

the

R6

TYPE

In

printout; text

bracketed

argument

READ

routine

a program by

using

what

follows,

text is

the

at

and

main

is

the

not

Begin by

followed by

(CR) [Carriage

$U(CR)[Begin

Each

the

main I rogram loop con isting

character

The this point to verify his knowledge of the struction set

turning

RUNU.

c

[UT20

*

!MO 90 B2

81 F8 A3 3B 24 3017 (CR)

[The

..!. [UT20

AB!!BA!!12~21!MN~

chara

and

reader may wish to code his own

and

power

ON

The.RUN

Return

onstant

B3

cter tripl et represe

and

echo)

prompt

B5 F8

27 A6 F817 A5

D3

5687

9F

program

ready

program

11

the

B6

3E

A7

A3

56 97

ntput

read

character)

F8

FF F8

D3

A3

has

for

hara

and

the

execution)

type routines.

and

pressing

light will go on.

to

establish timing

A2

F8,

9C

B7,

D5

87,

(CR)(LF)

E6

F7,

D3

00, (CRI (LFI

now

been

[ ..

etc

.. )

nts

one pass

of

cter.

(CR) (LF)

(CR) (LFI

(CR) (LF)

loaded)

two user

program

RESET,

Then

through

input

CPU

in-

at

22

_________________

Operator Manual

for

the RCA CDS II CDP18S005

Programming Interface

to CSDP

Machine

program,

that

to advam available. are

already

assembly

~re

"

available

system of

ief~rred

itself.

is

the COSMAC latter

non-trivial reader software CSDP,

As

discussed in RCA 202,

much accomplished Typically, a source file is edited (if reassembled,oo.,etc. program, isolated reassembly of the source file. code is ready for hardware further concern here.

Already discussed utility keyboard CSDP

compatible with command)

to the to write this file onto a CDS

using this

the

automatic compatible object file coming over is

loaded into

There paths. already discussed. Second Timesharing which simulation. CDS the

automatic,

language coding, even of a trivial

should convince

do

any serious

.age of

to as

The

Timesharing

set of

be

he

CDP1802

testing.

program

system is

CDS

First is

is

link (again via a

the

set

Veterans

aware

and

user

Microprocessor,

programs

programming,

familiar

support

should

of

the

during

and

(the

or

from

to

system. Clearly,

are

System link, via

implied in

And

in

of simulation either

RCA-developed CSDP,

manual

with systems. skip

the

COSMAC

program

without

assembler

The

which

removed

loading

COSMAC

It

is this

to

load the

tape.

to

the

transmit

medium.

mechanism

the

CDS

three

the

third

direct-load

the

novice

programming,

of

software

the

programming

the

fundamental facilities.

by

timesharing,

or

by

this

for

the

Manual

it

is

this

it is essential

the

facilities provided

If

the

this section.

Timesharing

Microprocessor,

developmenl

direct

constructed,

objects

simulator

time

by

and

Development

part

of

has

been the use of

One

ultimate

generate

required

this file over the telephone

it

tape

and

Of

concern

RAM

directly.

different

I/O

teletypewriter-CDS

is

the an

use of

CSDP

is

the

modem)

process.

one

Support

programs

Development

former set of

for

MPM-202.

manual.

reader

Manual

CDS

to

the source code),

is used to

program

further

Eventually,

running

the

process

CDS

RAM

an object code file,

! M

format,

is

possible for

subsequently load

here, however, is

by

which the

the

data

I/O

appropriate

for assembly

Timesharing

which

programmer

should

support

necessity for

i.e.,

the

is

by

involvement.

editing

System) for

purpose of

telephone line

communication

teletypewriter-

is

take

aids

community

services using a

hereafter

System

programs

CDP1802

For

the

To

do

any

that

the

by

these

not

using

for

the

MPM-

CSDP

assembled,

bugs

the

in

that

the

from

essential to

is

run

the are

and

object

the

real

is of

'!

M' the the

and

(on

link

the

user

the

!M-

path,

modem,

and

System-

Some switching

Development

can

come either from

from

the

modem

A teletypewriter external set),

mechanize modem-CDS wired three-position switch. position CDS. acts as "TIMESHARING-LOAD"

established to allow

to

CSDP previously assembled by smission, the steps load of the

object necessary to properly initialize the utility program so that done tivate RESET, keyboard Initialization will be followed by a prompt will

$

is be RETURN, mand characters UT20. mand TIMESHARING initialization occurs, as discussed above. terminal LOAD sequent receives object file transmission;

when it DBG. transmission, commands

modem

and

the

In

the

normal

be

automatically loaded into

If

it

is

asslUned

control

CDS

Because

file on

it

is

ready

by temporarily switching

the

followed by

character

then

ignore all

detected.

done

at

to

CSDP,

in this

Thus,

to

is

and

characters are ignored

the

CSDP

1. $X

indicates

outputs

Assuming

will effect the transmission:

6.

End

name

mechanism

System serial

the

carrying

unit,

(e.g.,

an

added

various

paths.

terminal

"TTY-TIMESHARING"

program

CSDP

TTY

echo-timing control

It

is essential

a time

which

the

CSDP

switched

the

loading ! M

the

FiLe

RAM

of

TTY-CDS.

It

acts as

timesharing

data

that

required

RAM

follow.

will

command

for this

-CDS

indicating

subsequent

terminates

yet

command

final

is

mod

command

that

to the

terminal

that

the

following two alternative

Name

Location where

the

file

is implied by which

"Terminal"

keyboard/tape

data

generated

for instance, requires an

acoustic coupler

external "switchbox"

should

In

the

position, the link

from the

the

user

and

that

CSDP,

to effect

transmit

from

input.

path RUNU,

that

inputs

that

this local initialization

before

the

after

the

string

"transmit

begun

e. At the

back

to

is

indicating

it is ready for a user

the

assembled

6.

Start

or

the

input

signal

reader

by

CSDP.

TTY-modem,

be

an appropriately

the

"TTY

I/O

device for the

position. it

terminal.

timesharing

CDS

memory.

has

been using the

an

object code file,

is

ready

an

automatic

an ! M-compatible

the

terminal, it is

This

initialization is

the

terminal to ac-

only,

completed. All sub-

and

followed by the

character

return

UT20

is

until a ! or

the

final carriage

"transmit" com-

occurrence of any

recognizable by

object file" com-

in

the

proper

point, UT20

Then,

TIMESHARING

by

UT20

the

beginning of

command

prompt

RAM

FiLe

device

file

is

Location

Name

which will

characters

or

or a'data

and

CDS"

In

the

system

for tran-

pressing

LF.

of the

ready.

'!

or

TTY-

the

until it

ready for

CSDP

6.

is the

to

is

It

Operating

and

Programming the CDS

_______________________

23

•

fPceive simulator mally just-completed specified as transmitted tprminal.

will continuation

loading

CDS must

final

"relocatable"

$Y

RAM

apply to File

will continuation rpadable, dress

for

memory

the

memory.

object-code

For

$X

TTY

result

the

RAM.

be

properly

CR.~

/':"

File

Name

Loc

$YTTY

result

in

since

value~.

"scatter

patches.

in

The

where

the

specified

generated

assembly.

TTY,

over

the

example,

#0

#lFF

the

transmission

form of

lowest

lRecall

initialized

!M

form

.

/':"

the

Name.

#20#150

transmission

form of

each

This

form

loading"

contents

These

the

object

telephone

(CRJ

the

part

that

Start

same

For

example,

(CR~

the

line

is

of

contents

as

the

result of a

If

File

code will

line to

of

the

! M object file,

(20016

is

subroutines

bytes~

the

utility

just

prior

more

compact

RAM

LOC

comments

of

the

-! M file

begins

with

particularly

semicolon-

CSDP's

are

nor-

Name

the

comma-

of

the

program

to

the

and

/':"

End

above

(more

an

ad-

useful

or

other

is

be

terminal. ;)

•.

The

code listed program the listing,

earlier. appropriate automatic The

generated

CSDP

At

this point,

that

sequence

1.

Begin

typing X

or

RETURN

2.

Switch

3.

Press

half answer

4. Switch the position

5.

Press

minating this

The

output

there

earlier ~ has

simulator's

again

returns

the

user

is,

input

of

UT20

load of

case, 3016

the

of steps

the

$ a

Y~,

the

RE

duplex~,

from

back

selector

the

transmit

TTY

but

without

yet.

terminal

SE

T, R UNU,

and

the

to

switch

at

this

final

the

is

point.

CSDP

bytes

received is

(the

same

now

memory.

follows the

initialization,

object

as

#0 #30

receive

utility

TTY-MODEM

with

the

$X

or

file

follows:

command

(where"

typing

to

the

TTY

CR

program.

to

the

carriage

transmit

will

be

After

the

into

the * prompt

transmitted.

indicated

as

been loaded into

generating

DBG

instructions

$Y

command to effect an

the

-CDS

or

LF

"CSDP

RETURN,

command.

that

prompt.

CDS

to

CSDP

a"

final

(for full

mode.

in Fig.

in

the

given

RAM.

is

either

carriage

mode.

as

Switch

LOAD"

hex

the

with

by

or

an

terFor

I

t

•

1£

the

CDS

has

been initialized properly, befon' loaded into proeeed to minal faeilitips. i.e

S~

v('rsion of SOl/ree

OO()

('omments in the listing

ddailed

CSDP

SAMPLE, of this file with

the

transmission

RAM

run

in

TTY

program

the

program tinwsharing this

mand. mpssage. By

or a RESET,

An

example

stem

session

the

program

I to

illustrate

rpader

hex code in Fig. 3.

is

entry

is

program.

it

prompts

TTY

automatically.

the

program

-CDS

..

$P

or

follows of a

using a Level-l

sample

is listed in

is

written

use

to

establish

entered

system,

made,

as

the

When

the

entering

(CR),

listing

begins,

mode,

$U

RUN P sequence.

program

to

of

should

from

a file user

the

and

the

object

The

with

the

using

standard

by

means

CSDP-Development

assembly

given in Fig. 3.

Fig.

4.

For

begin

at

memory

the

ORG

statement.

be

sufficient

correspondence

Assume the named

calls for activation of

CSDP

terminal

the

CSDP user calls for diagnostics

that

keyboard

SAMPLE.

is

ready

with

file will

user

can

110

data

of

the

utility

language

this

example,

location

to

permit

with

this source

into

for a com-

the

command

an

assembly

printed

just

be

then

ter-

CDS

The

the

Once

the

DBG

$A

to

the

While Development terminal. mand

$X

the

For

TTY

object

file is

System,

the

example

#0 #30 will

it

is also

being

given,

result

transmitted

printed

the

in

on

the

CSDP

!MOOOO

FFl)()B2B5B()FHFF A2FUSIB3FS3EA 7FS9CB7FU2SA6,

FH

WA5I?5H7 A3D356S7

FF301S

DBG

printed On command

• Refer to the Timesharing Manual for COSMAC Microprocessor, MPM-202, for detailed CSDP

listing formaL Note code to

FFFFFFFFFFFF

on

the

terminal

the

other

hand,

$Y

TTY

user instructions and an explanation

displayed in the listing

the

contents

of

A3D3E6F73B2-~9F5697

during

for

the

#0 #30 will

that

for

forward

the simulated

does

the

same

example,

result

the

of

the

references, the

not

correspond

memory.

loading

in

RCA CDP1802

assembly

A3D3,

of

the

exactly

to

the

data

com-

RAM. CSDP

24

_________________

Operator Manual

for

the RCA CDS II CDP18S005

!M

printed Notice

(JOOO

FF<)O

B2B:1

BM·'B

FF

A2

FBBl

B:WB

3EA7 FB9C;

oow

0020 00:30

B7FB2BM F7:m FF

2:19F

FBIB :1697

A:105

A:m:3

B7A:3

0:3:16

0030 lBFF

B7A3

FFFF

03E(); FFFF;

DBG

RDPTR =

WRPTR = #9C

' .

.-

10 PC

ARG 10PTR ORG

........

GHI

PHI R2

PLO

PHI

LDI

PHilO

LDI RDPTR

PLO 10PTR

LDI WRPTR

PHI 10PTR

LDI PLO ARG LDI PLO SEP

..........

LOOP: PLO 10 SEPIO STR GLO PLO 10 SEPIO SEX SM BM

GHI STR TYPE: GHI 10PTR PLO 10 SEPIO

ARG1 : ORG*+-#01 BR LOOP

END

#3E

= R3

= R5

= R6

=

R7

-#01 ..

RO

R2

PC

ARG

#81

A. 0

(ARG1)

A. 0 (LOOP)

PC

GLO

ARG

10PTR

ARG

TYPE

RF

ARG

INITIALIZATION

MAIN

10PTR

· . LOWER

· .

UT3

· .

CALLING POINTER

· .

HOLDS

· _ PROGRAM

..

CLEAR

R2

· .

..

CLEAR

· .

INITIALIZE

· . LOWER

· .

POINTER

· .

LOCAL

..

SWITCH

PROGRAM LOOP BEGINS HERE

POINT

· .

CALL

. .

SAVE

· .

REPOINT

..

CALL

· . RESTORE

· . SECOND

..

EXIT

· . SECOND

· . POINT

· .

CALL

IMMEDIATE

· .

· . LOOP FOR

Fig. 4 - Source code

timesharing assembler.

HALF HALF

READ-TYPE

WRPTR

PHASE BEGINS HERE

0, SINCE

POINTS

UPPER

H.A.LVES

PROGRAM

TO READ IT

READ.

CHAR

IF

FIRST

CHAR

TO TYPE .

comes

prompt.

system data

loading. via

program.

READ TYPE5D

PROGRAM

TO

IMMEDIATE

AND

STARTS

RO.1

AT

FREE LOC (ZERO)

HALVES

UPPER

OF

TO TYPE

READ

. FI RST

TO

READ

SECOND

ARG

POINTER

MINUS

CHAR

TO

TYPE5D

BYTE

ANOTHER

of

sample program

on that. back

The

user

after

terminal

ENTRY

COUNTER

TYPE

RDPTR

AT

LOC 1

...............

IS ZERO

OF

HALF

UT3

ENTRIES

SAVE

BYTE

COUNTER

COUNTERS

.......

CHAR

TO 0

CHAR

FIRST

IS

LARGER

OUTPUT

ARG

AND

PASS

the te

rminal

after

completion

in its

command

may

now log off from

a

"$Q"

to the

the

?M command.

COUNTER

BYTE

VALUES

LOCAL

ARG

for

PC

READY

...

TO

0,

LOC

SAVE

CSDP

PTRS

. . .

RF . 1

LOC

during

to

CSOP

TTY-CnS

. . . , .

......

the loading process.

of

transmi~si()n

mode

with

the

and

then

mode

and

.....

.

.......

.

CSOP

the

OBG

time~harin!-(

~witch

to vrrify

to .

run

- .

.

the

Operating and Programming the CDS

DBG

$A

SAMPLE,

TTY

25

I

..

I

1

FL

-.

F

NO

LOC 0000 0000 OPOO 0000

'0000

0000 0001

0001

0002 B2

0003

0004 B5

0005 B6 0006 F881 0008 0009 F83E OOOB OOOC OOOE

OOOF 0011 0012 F800

0014

0015

0016

0017

0018

0019 56 001A 001B 001C D3 001 D E6 001E 001F 0021 9F 0022 56 0023

0024

0025

0027 0027 3016 0029

UNDEFINED UNDEFINED

COSMAC CODE

90

A2

B3

A7

F89C B7 F800

A6

A5

05

87 A3 03

87

A3

F7 3BOO

97 A3 03

DBG

LABELS SYMBOLICS

LNNO

Fig. 5 - CSDP assembly listing

SOURCE

RDPTR

WRPTR =

2

10

3

PC

4

ARG

5

10PTR

6

ORG #01

7

...

8

GHI

9

PHI

10

PLO R2

11

PHI

12

PHI ARG

13

LDI

14

PHilO

15

LDI

16

PLO 10PTR

17

LDI WRPTR

18

PHI 10PTR

19

LDI

20

PLO ARG

21

LDI

22

PLO

23

SEP

24

..........

25

LOOPGLOIOPTR

26

PLO

27

SEPIO

28

STR ARG

29

GLOIOPTR

30

PLO 10

31

SEPIO

32

SEX ARG

33

SM

34

8M

35

GHIRF

36

STR

37

TYPE: GHI 10PTR

38

PLOIO

39

SEPIO

40

ARG1:

41

BR

42

END

43

= R3 = R5

= R6

.....

RO

R2

PC

#Bl

RDPTR

A.O

PC

10

TYPE

ARG

LOOP

LINE

= #3E

#9C

=

R7

..

INITIALIZATION

(ARG1)

(LOOP)

MAIN

ORG*+#Ol

HALF

READ

.'. LOWER

· . LOWER

· .

UT3

· .

CALLING

· . POINTER TO

· .

HOLDS

· . PROGRAM

· .

CLEAR

· . R2 POINTS

· .

CLEAR

· .

INITIALIZE

· . LOWER

· . POINTER TO TYPE

· .

LOCAL

· . SWITCH PROGRAM COUNTERS

PROGRAM LOOP BEGINS HERE

· . POINT TO

· .

CALL

.

SAVE

. REPOINT TO

· .

CALL

..

RESTORE ARG POINTER

· . SECOND ..

EXIT

· . SECOND CHAR TO

· . POINT TO ..

CALL

· .

IMMEDIATE

· . LOOP FOR

for

sample program.

HALF

READ·TYPE

PROGRAM COUNTER

IMMEDIATE

WRPTR

STARTS PHASE BEGINS HERE D.

SINCE RO.l IS ZERO

AT

UPPER

HALVES

PROGRAM

READ

IT

READ. SECOND

IF

TYPE.

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.

READ

CHAR

FIRST

TYPE5D

BYTE

ANOTHER

ENTRY

TYPE5D

AND

FREE LOC (ZERO)

HALVES

RST CHAR TO 0

MINUS

CHAR

ENTRY

PROGRAM

TYPE

RDPTR

AT

LOC 1

OF

HALF

UT3

OF

UT3

ENTRI

SAVE

BYTE

COUNTER

CHAR

FIRST

IS

LARGER

OUTPUT

ARG

AND

PASS

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VALUES

...

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PTRS

PC

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READY

..

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'

26

___________

,

____

Operator Manual for the RCA CDS

II

CDP18S005

f

.....................................

....

I

i

I

.......

'

•

_________________________________________________________________

27

•

Hardware

of

This

section of

"top

a of over-all system block sufficient detail to explain of the modules and order" This of each of

to provide sufficient detail (signal mnemonics, timing

down"

the

control

signals

overall

COSMAC

explanation

and

paths

are

diagram

the

modules.

the

manual

Development

to

indicate all of

in the system. -A few "second-

omitted

is followed by a block

is organized to a present

of the

hardware

System.

diagram

These

is given containing

the

basic functions of each

the

essential

at

this stage for simplicity.

diagrams

structure

First,

diagram

are

designed

the

an

data

Structure

CDS

information, etc.

individual module logic D)

should be unnecessary.

nector pins to signals

detail

is

found in

AppendixA.

A

fundamental structure COSMAC described in the

Pl802

of the

COSMAC

I so

that

the

prerequisite to

CDS

CPU

interface

User

Microprocessor,

diagrams

is backplane

is a detailed familiarity with

Manual

further

The

omitted

and

user analysis of

(given in Appendix

assignment

at

this point.

wiring schedule

understanding

instruction set, as

for

the

RCA

MPM-201.

the

of con-

This

in

the the

CD-

I

!

•

The

broad System is indicated in Fig. 6. terfaces with and

with a memory system to its left.

and

indicators on

diagraml

CLOCK eontains the system clock.

Most

of the signal with signal mnemonics in parentheses. I i:j I

is

used to denote a parallel labeled with a for example,

parallel signals A14, A13

organization of

an

I/O

system to its right in the

the

Control

communicate

and

CONTROL

paths

unique

A(l4:

121

the

The

Panel

with the system

Module,

in

the

diagram

set

index in

represents

and

the

A12.

range

the

CPU

(at the

of signals,

Note

System

Block

Development

module in-

diagram

The

switches

top

of through which also

are

labeled

The

notation

each

ito

j.

Thus,

bundle of

further

three

that

Diagram

where additional from the letter zero.

the the

The diagram number assigned.

Physically,

card

nest with 25 sockets for logic cards interconnected by a power supply, a chassis which will rack

or

mounted

emphasis

"0",

superscript after

denotes the plug-in connector position

in

the

CDS

the

Development

means

a cabinet,

control switches

and a hinged

is

a

"~"

each

next to

of a

printed

and

required

is

used

for the

module

which

System

circuit

mount

panel

indicators.

to distinguish it

name

the module is

consists of a

backplane,

on which

numeral

in

the

or

slot

via a

19"

are

28

___________

•.

r ---- l

I

I MEMORY

I EXPANSION

I I

I

L _

ADDRESS LATCH

AND

BANK

SELECT

CDPI8S206

~-:::-=

4-

KILOB'fT

RAM

CDPI8S205

~-;-;:-l

_ _ _

10

'---

ROMI

CDPI8S401

___

---,

RAM

Operator Manual

ST.l,TE C

ODE. FLA

TERM INAL

I

C DP

for

the

~

N~=~0

~~--

GS. D MA.TP

NTEP~ACE

185507

RCA

~T~H~R~0~U7

--

A.

TPB. IN

14

CDS

G~H

~N~=~7

----~1

~~~

OPTIONAL

DISK

INTERFACE

CDPI85813

II

CDP18S005

"'----1

-'r

l

EXPANSION I

24

IIO

__ J

I

1

I

The

control

which are

and

Display

mounted

Fig. 6 - Block diagram

Panel

System

has a PC

the switches, displays,

/I

board

CDP18S005.

on

and associated electronics. Via a cable, it communicates with

the

control

card

nest.

The bounce perfonn

the

some logic control module communicates with the wires

printed

The

CPU crystal for the on-chip oscillator for

the

Data central to the system, and

Memory

in the

diagram.

On

the

memory side, Select module. order

Memory

unique

Bank memory system. On module accepts

module

Control

which is inserted into

module contains circuits to de-

switches, interface

and

on the

backplane.

module consists

and

Address Buses.

communicating

systems to

as

Address

its

the

right

the

Address Latch

name

implies. latches the high-

Byte

Select lines, for use

the

110 side , the 110

the

N lines from the

then

of

and

to

the

CPU,

timing.

the

and

The

CPU

module via

CDP1802

electrical buffers

CPU

with the 110

and

left respectively

decodes

by

the entire

CPU,

the

and

Control

with a

module is

and

Bank

it

into 16

Decode

and

92CL

of

COSMAC Development

decodes them into 7

unique

= 7 for use by all 110 controllers.

latches th e

Data

Bus

on

lines. N = 1 through N

a (61116 instruction,

- 2

In

addition. it

provides eight Select lines for use hy all 1/0 controllers as two-level

Two

memory modules

ROM/RAM

program

for use by

ROM

that

provides 4 kilobytes of static

Additional 4-kilobyte

added

pre-wired expansion slots.

A

Terminal may be used to either the

All

EIA

memory

the common Therefore, these modules disconnecting from

such as tri-state buffers

110

addressing.

are

provided.

and

the

4-kilohyte

module holds

the

RAM.

system's Utility

(uT201 plus a small (32-bytel

Utility .

The

4-kilobyte

RAM

Interface

communicate

or

20-mA current-loop interface.

and

110 controller modules

DATA

BUS,

the

modifications may

Module

is provided, which

with

tenninals

which is hi-directional.

must

provide a means for

bus.

when

not

using the

or

transmission gates.

962

5

RAM

module

storage.

having

attach

and

the

The

be

to •

~

bus.

•

Hardware Structure

The

various

the

110

hackplane.

and

Module

control,

memory

of

the CDS

flags, etc.

expansion

select lines,

____________

are

distributed

locations

BANK

SELECT

on

to

the

for

_____

memory backplane connections as figurations.

and

PC

SELECT

board,

but

determined

_ _

for

_______

110,

are

available

by

are

not

user

wired

on

for

wire-wrap

system con-

29

the

~

•.

and

-

Each

standard

~implified

diagrams

Signal

either is

asserted (true I suffix P wire signal conductor, of the asserted

notation in the signal over signals (in

Inputs indicated with resistor symbols

If

such assume!"! upl

down" from "(1'1" in ("wire-OR

~mission

from a transmission

low with a resistor

logic

may

naming

The

signal

the letter N

means

is

at

the

name

A

btmdle

the

range

which

an

the

resistor.

CMOS

the

'ed "I

gate is

module

or

be

found

conventions

name

or when

the

signal is

highest

gives

and

the

suffix defines the electrical

(truel

of

parallel

i to j

parentheses I labeling

are

pulled

input

is

highllow

Output

transmission

diagrams.

together -assuming

enabled

on

will

Block

P.

the

state.

diagram.

in

Appendix

are

is

followed

The

suffix N

that

asserted

logic level

meaning

signals

name

denoting a nmning

and

by

high

or

not

used

level defined by its

signals which

gates

Such

at a time.

gate

may

the

board.

Module

Signal

be

described

D.

as follows:

by a hyphen

means

wire

is

at

(true I when

(+5

assigned

is

indicated

the

number

the

Iowan

the

to

VDD

(not

are

labeled with a

outputs

also be pulled high

may only one

An

output

using

Detailed logic

the signal

grOlmd.

VI.

Thus

to

by

of

parallel

signal

module

or

to

connectedl, it

are

derived

be

derived

Description

Mnemonics

a

and

The

that

the

that

value

a (i:jl

index

path.

are

GND.

"pull

bussed

tran-

or

TABLE

Connector Position Number

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 -

32

III -MODULE

POSITION

ASSIGNMENTS IN NEST

Module

Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory 4-Kilobyte

ROM/RAM

Address Latch

Memory Bank Select

Blank

CPU

I/O

Terminal Interface

I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O

(Floppy Disk Interface) Control Power Supply

Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus

RAM

and

Decode

Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus

Part Number

CDP18S205 CDP18S401

CDP18S206

CDP18S102 CDP18S509 CDP18S507

CDP18S813 CDP18S103

•

Card Nest and Backplane

The

backplane

PC

board

mounted terconnects the pins of connector occupied with Table

III.

The are

numbered

of the

positions.

supplied

card

from

left

Card

Nest

is a double-sided

on

the

back

of the

CDS.

the

first 25 of

Some

of these positions

modules,

positions, viewed from

to

right.

the

33 available

as

indicated

the

It

in-

are

in

back,

The

backplane indicates pins, pins interconnected nected defined by an are

the following

interconnected

on

the

lillused pin,

interconnected.

WIrIng schedule in Appendix A

types

of connection: lillused

by

by a wire-wrap,

backplane

plugged-in

In

all cases, identically

The

but

module. A dash

backplane

printed

which

and

is

have

laid

wiring, pins

pins

named

out

not

conmeaning indicates

signals so

that

RCA 1800 Operator's Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual