The MAX186/MAX188 are 12-bit data-acquisition systems that combine an 8-channel multiplexer, high-bandwidth track/hold, and serial interface together with high
conversion speed and ultra-low power consumption.
The devices operate with a single +5V supply or dual
±5V supplies. The analog inputs are software configurable for unipolar/bipolar and single-ended/differential
operation.
The 4-wire serial interface directly connects to SPI™,
QSPI™ and Microwire™ devices without external logic. A
serial strobe output allows direct connection to TMS320
family digital signal processors. The MAX186/MAX188
use either the internal clock or an external serial-interface
clock to perform successive-approximation A/D conversions. The serial interface can operate beyond 4MHz
when the internal clock is used.
The MAX186 has an internal 4.096V reference while the
MAX188 requires an external reference. Both parts
have a reference-buffer amplifier that simplifies gain
trim .
The MAX186/MAX188 provide a hard-wired SHDN pin
and two software-selectable power-down modes.
Accessing the serial interface automatically powers up
the devices, and the quick turn-on time allows the
MAX186/MAX188 to be shut down between every
conversion. Using this technique of powering down
between conversions, supply current can be cut to
under 10µA at reduced sampling rates.
The MAX186/MAX188 are available in 20-pin DIP and
SO packages, and in a shrink small-outline package
(SSOP), that occupies 30% less area than an 8-pin DIP.
For applications that call for a parallel interface, see the
MAX180/MAX181 data sheet. For anti-aliasing filters,
consult the MAX274/MAX275 data sheet.
________________________Applications
Portable Data Logging
Data-Acquisition
High-Accuracy Process Control
Automatic Testing
Robotics
Battery-Powered Instruments
Medical Instruments
SPI and QSPI are registered trademarks of Motorola.
Microwire is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor.
Low-Power, 8-Channel,
Serial 12-Bit ADCs
____________________________Features
♦ 8-Channel Single-Ended or 4-Channel
Differential Inputs
♦ Single +5V or ±5V Operation
♦ Low Power: 1.5mA (operating mode)
♦ Software-Configurable Unipolar or Bipolar Inputs
♦ 20-Pin DIP, SO, SSOP Packages
♦ Evaluation Kit Available
______________Ordering Information
†
PART
MAX186_CPP20 Plastic DIP
MAX186_CWP20 SO
MAX186_CAP
MAX186DC/DDice*
MAX186_EPP20 Plastic DIP
MAX186_EWP20 SO
MAX186_EAP-40°C to +85°C20 SSOP
MAX186_MJP-55°C to +125°C20 CERDIP**
Ordering Information continued on last page.
†
NOTE: Parts are offered in grades A, B, C and D (grades defined
in Electrical Characteristics). When ordering, please specify grade.
Contact factory for availability of A-grade in SSOP package.
* Dice are specified at +25°C, DC parameters only.
* * Contact factory for availability and processing to MIL-STD-883.
____________________Pin Configuration
TOP VIEW
TEMP. RANGE
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
For free samples & the latest literature: http://www.maxim-ic.com, or phone 1-800-998-8800
Low-Power, 8-Channel,
Serial 12-Bit ADCs
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
VDDto AGND............................................................-0.3V to +6V
VSSto AGND............................................................+0.3V to -6V
VDDto VSS..............................................................-0.3V to +12V
AGND to DGND.....................................................-0.3V to +0.3V
CH0–CH7 to AGND, DGND.............(VSS- 0.3V) to (VDD+ 0.3V)
CH0–CH7 Total Input Current ..........................................±20mA
VREF to AGND ...........................................-0.3V to (VDD+ 0.3V)
REFADJ to AGND.......................................-0.3V to (VDD+ 0.3V)
Digital Inputs to DGND...............................-0.3V to (VDD+ 0.3V)
Digital Outputs to DGND............................-0.3V to (VDD+ 0.3V)
Digital Output Sink Current.................................................25mA
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MAX186/MAX188
(VDD= 5V ±5%; VSS= 0V or -5V; f
4.7µF capacitor at VREF pin; MAX188—external reference, VREF = 4.096V applied to VREF pin; T
noted.)
PARAMETERSYMBOLMINTYPMAXUNITS
DC ACCURACY (Note 1)
Resolution12Bits
Relative Accuracy (Note 2)
Differential NonlinearityDNL±1LSB
Offset Error
Gain Error (Note 3)
Gain Temperature Coefficient±0.8ppm/°C
Channel-to-Channel
Offset Matching
DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS (10kHz sine wave input, 4.096V
Signal-to-Noise + Distortion Ratio
Total Harmonic Distortion
(up to the 5th harmonic)
Spurious-Free Dynamic RangeSFDR80dB
Channel-to-Channel Crosstalk-85dB
SHDN Input High Voltage
SHDN Input Low Voltage
SHDN Input Current, High
SHDN Input Current, Low
SHDN Input Mid Voltage
SHDN Voltage, Floating
SHDN Max Allowed Leakage,
4.7µF capacitor at VREF pin; MAX188—external reference, VREF = 4.096V applied to VREF pin; T
noted.)
PARAMETERSYMBOLCONDITIONSUNITS
Positive Supply Rejection
(Note 8)
Negative Supply Rejection
(Note 8)
Note 1: Tested at VDD= 5.0V; VSS= 0V; unipolar input mode.
Note 2: Relative accuracy is the deviation of the analog value at any code from its theoretical value after the full-scale range has
been calibrated.
Note 3: MAX186 – internal reference, offset nulled; MAX188 – external reference (VREF = +4.096V), offset nulled.
Note 4: Ground on-channel; sine wave applied to all off channels.
Note 5: Conversion time defined as the number of clock cycles times the clock period; clock has 50% duty cycle.
Note 6: Guaranteed by design. Not subject to production testing.
Note 7: External load should not change during conversion for specified accuracy.
Note 8: Measured at V
SUPPLY
+5% and V
Note 9: The common-mode range for the analog inputs is from V
Negative Supply Voltage. Tie to -5V ±5% or AGND
Three-Level Shutdown Input. Pulling SHDN low shuts the MAX186/MAX188 down to 10µA (max)
supply current, otherwise the MAX186/MAX188 are fully operational. Pulling SHDN high puts the reference-buffer amplifier in internal compensation mode. Letting SHDN float puts the reference-buffer
amplifier in external compensation mode.
Reference Voltage for analog-to-digital conversion. Also, Output of the Reference Buffer Amplifier
(4.096V in the MAX186, 1.638 x REFADJ in the MAX188). Add a 4.7µF capacitor to ground when
using external compensation mode. Also functions as an input when used with a precision external
reference.
13AGNDAnalog Ground. Also IN- Input for single-ended conversions.
14DGND
15DOUT
16SSTRB
17DIN
18
CS
19SCLK
20
V
DD
Input to the Reference-Buffer Amplifier. To disable the reference-buffer amplifier, tie REFADJ to
V
.
DD
Digital Ground
Serial Data Output. Data is clocked out at the falling edge of SCLK. High impedance when CS is high.
Serial Strobe Output. In internal clock mode, SSTRB goes low when the MAX186/MAX188 begin the
A/D conversion and goes high when the conversion is done. In external clock mode, SSTRB pulses
high for one clock period before the MSB decision. High impedance whenCS is high (external mode).
Serial Data Input. Data is clocked in at the rising edge of SCLK.
Active-Low Chip Select. Data will not be clocked into DIN unless CS is low. When CS is high, DOUT
is high impedance.
Serial Clock Input. Clocks data in and out of serial interface. In external clock mode, SCLK also sets
the conversion speed. (Duty cycle must be 40% to 60% in external clock mode.)
Positive Supply Voltage, +5V ±5%
The MAX186/MAX188 use a successive-approximation
conversion technique and input track/hold (T/H) circuitry to convert an analog signal to a 12-bit digital output.
A flexible serial interface provides easy interface to
microprocessors. No external hold capacitors are
required. Figure 3 shows the block diagram for the
MAX186/MAX188.
Pseudo-Differential Input
The sampling architecture of the ADC’s analog comparator is illustrated in the Equivalent Input Circuit
(Figure 4). In single-ended mode, IN+ is internally
switched to CH0-CH7 and IN- is switched to AGND. In
differential mode, IN+ and IN- are selected from pairs
of CH0/CH1, CH2/CH3, CH4/CH5 and CH6/CH7.
MAX186/MAX188
Configure the channels with Table 3 and Table 4.
In differential mode, IN- and IN+ are internally switched
to either one of the analog inputs. This configuration is
pseudo-differential to the effect that only the signal at
IN+ is sampled. The return side (IN-) must remain stable within ±0.5LSB (±0.1LSB for best results) with
respect to AGND during a conversion. Accomplish this
by connecting a 0.1µF capacitor from AIN- (the selected analog input, respectively) to AGND.
During the acquisition interval, the channel selected as
the positive input (IN+) charges capacitor C
acquisition interval spans three SCLK cycles and ends
on the falling SCLK edge after the last bit of the input
control word has been entered. At the end of the acquisition interval, the T/H switch opens, retaining charge
on C
as a sample of the signal at IN+.
HOLD
The conversion interval begins with the input multiplexer switching C
from the positive input (IN+) to the
HOLD
negative input (IN-). In single-ended mode, IN- is simply AGND. This unbalances node ZERO at the input of
the comparator. The capacitive DAC adjusts during the
remainder of the conversion cycle to restore node
ZERO to 0V within the limits of 12-bit resolution. This
action is equivalent to transferring a charge of 16pF x
+) - (VIN-)] from C
[(V
IN
to the binary-weighted
HOLD
capacitive DAC, which in turn forms a digital representation of the analog input signal.
The T/H enters its tracking mode on the falling clock
edge after the fifth bit of the 8-bit control word has been
shifted in. The T/H enters its hold mode on the falling
clock edge after the eighth bit of the control word has
been shifted in. If the converter is set up for
DIFFERENTIAL MODE: IN+ AND IN– SELECTED FROM PAIRS OF
CH0/CH1, CH2/CH3, CH4/CH5, CH6/CH7.
Figure 4. Equivalent Input Circuit
MUX
–
C
SWITCH
HOLD
16pF
TRACK
+
T/H
SWITCH
10k
R
S
COMPARATOR
ZERO
HOLD
AT THE SAMPLING INSTANT,
THE MUX INPUT SWITCHES
FROM THE SELECTED IN+
CHANNEL TO THE SELECTED
IN– CHANNEL.
single-ended inputs, IN- is connected to AGND, and
the converter samples the “+” input. If the converter is
set up for differential inputs, IN- connects to the “-”
input, and the difference of
|IN+ - IN-| is sampled. At
the end of the conversion, the positive input connects
back to IN+, and C
charges to the input signal.
HOLD
The time required for the T/H to acquire an input signal
is a function of how quickly its input capacitance is
charged. If the input signal’s source impedance is high,
the acquisition time lengthens and more time must be
allowed between conversions. Acquisition time is calculated by:
= 9 x (RS+ RIN) x 16pF,
t
AZ
where R
input signal, and t
= 5kΩ, RS= the source impedance of the
IN
is never less than 1.5µs. Note that
AZ
source impedances below 5kΩ do not significantly
affect the AC performance of the ADC. Higher source
impedances can be used if an input capacitor is connected to the analog inputs, as shown in Figure 5. Note
that the input capacitor forms an RC filter with the input
source impedance, limiting the ADC’s signal bandwidth.
Input Bandwidth
The ADC’s input tracking circuitry has a 4.5MHz
small-signal bandwidth, so it is possible to digitize
high-speed transient events and measure periodic signals with bandwidths exceeding the ADC’s sampling
rate by using undersampling techniques. To avoid
high-frequency signals being aliased into the frequency
band of interest, anti-alias filtering is recommended.
* FULL-SCALE ANALOG INPUT, CONVERSION RESULT = $FFF (HEX)
**REQUIRED FOR MAX188 ONLY. A POTENTIOMETER MAY BE USED IN PLACE OF THE REFERENCE FOR TEST PURPOSES.
C1
4.7µF
CH7
REFADJ
VREF
+2.5V
MAX186
MAX188
+2.5V
REFERENCE
+5V
0.1µF
2MHz
OSCILLATOR
CH1CH2
OSCILLOSCOPE
CH3
SCLK
SSTRB
DOUT*
CH4
Figure 5. Quick-Look Circuit
Analog Input Range and Input Protection
Internal protection diodes, which clamp the analog
input to V
swing from V
and VSS, allow the channel input pins to
DD
- 0.3V to VDD+ 0.3V without damage.
SS
However, for accurate conversions near full scale, the
inputs must not exceed V
lower than V
by 50mV.
SS
by more than 50mV, or be
DD
If the analog input exceeds 50mV beyond the supplies, do not forward bias the protection diodes of
off-channels over two milliamperes, as excessive
current will degrade the conversion accuracy of the
on-channel.
The full-scale input voltage depends on the voltage at
VREF. See Tables 1a and 1b.
Quick Look
To evaluate the analog performance of the
MAX186/MAX188 quickly, use the circuit of Figure 5.
The MAX186/MAX188 require a control byte to be written to DIN before each conversion. Tying DIN to +5V
feeds in control bytes of $FF (HEX), which trigger
Table 1b. Bipolar Full Scale, Zero Scale, and
Negative Full Scale
Reference
Internal Reference
(MAX186 only)
External Reference
at REFADJ
at VREF-1/2 VREF0V
Negative
Full Scale
-4.096V/2
-1/2V
REFADJ
x A*
* A = 1.678 for the MAX186, 1.638 for the MAX188
Zero
Scale
0V
0V
Full Scale
+4.096V/2
+1/2V
+1/2 VREF
REFADJ
x A*
x A*
Low-Power, 8-Channel,
Serial 12-Bit ADCs
single-ended unipolar conversions on CH7 in external
clock mode without powering down between conversions. In external clock mode, the SSTRB output pulses
high for one clock period before the most significant bit
of the 12-bit conversion result comes out of DOUT.
Varying the analog input to CH7 should alter the
sequence of bits from DOUT. A total of 15 clock cycles
is required per conversion. All transitions of the SSTRB
and DOUT outputs occur on the falling edge of SCLK.
How to Start a Conversion
A conversion is started on the MAX186/MAX188 by
clocking a control byte into DIN. Each rising edge on
SCLK, with CS low, clocks a bit from DIN into the
MAX186/MAX188’s internal shift register. After CS falls,
the first arriving logic “1” bit defines the MSB of the
MAX186/MAX188
control byte. Until this first “start” bit arrives, any number of logic “0” bits can be clocked into DIN with no
effect. Table 2 shows the control-byte format.
Table 2. Control-Byte Format
Bit 7Bit 6Bit 5Bit 4Bit 3Bit 2Bit 1Bit 0
(MSB)(LSB)
STARTSEL2SEL1SEL0UNI/BIPSGL/DIFPD1PD0
The MAX186/MAX188 are fully compatible with
Microwire and SPI devices. For SPI, select the correct
clock polarity and sampling edge in the SPI control registers: set CPOL = 0 and CPHA = 0. Microwire and SPI
both transmit a byte and receive a byte at the same
time. Using the
software interface requires only three 8-bit transfers to
perform a conversion (one 8-bit transfer to configure
the ADC, and two more 8-bit transfers to clock out the
12-bit conversion result).
Make sure the CPU’s serial interface runs in master
mode so the CPU generates the serial clock. Choose a
clock frequency from 100kHz to 2MHz.
1) Set up the control byte for external clock mode, call
it TB1. TB1 should be of the format: 1XXXXX11
Binary, where the Xs denote the particular channel
and conversion-mode selected.
Typical Operating Circuit
Example: Simple Software Interface
, the simplest
BitNameDescription
7(MSB)STARTThe first logic “1” bit after CS goes low defines the beginning of the control byte.
6SEL2These three bits select which of the eight channels are used for the conversion.
5 SEL1See Tables 3 and 4.
4SEL0
3UNI/BIP1 = unipolar, 0 = bipolar. Selects unipolar or bipolar conversion mode. In unipolar
mode, an analog input signal from 0V to VREF can be converted; in bipolar mode, the
signal can range from -VREF/2 to +VREF/2.
2SGL/DIF1 = single ended, 0 = differential. Selects single-ended or differential conversions. In
single-ended mode, input signal voltages are referred to AGND. In differential mode,
the voltage difference between two channels is measured. See Tables 3 and 4.
1PD1Selects clock and power-down modes.
0(LSB)PD0PD1PD0Mode
Figure 6 shows the timing for this sequence. Bytes RB2
and RB3 will contain the result of the conversion
padded with one leading zero and three trailing zeros.
The total conversion time is a function of the serial
clock frequency and the amount of dead time between
8-bit transfers. Make sure that the total conversion time
does not exceed 120µs, to avoid excessive T/H droop.
Digital Output
In unipolar input mode, the output is straight binary
(see Figure 15). For bipolar inputs, the output is
twos-complement (see Figure 16). Data is clocked out
at the falling edge of SCLK in MSB-first format.
The MAX186/MAX188 may use either an external serial
clock or the internal clock to perform the
successive-approximation conversion. In both clock
modes, the external clock shifts data in and out of the
MAX186/MAX188. The T/H acquires the input signal as
the last three bits of the control byte are clocked into
DIN. Bits PD1 and PD0 of the control byte program the
clock mode. Figures 7 through 10 show the timing
characteristics common to both modes.
External Clock
In external clock mode, the external clock not only shifts
data in and out, it also drives the analog-to-digital con-
version steps. SSTRB pulses high for one clock period
after the last bit of the control byte. Successive-approximation bit decisions are made and appear at DOUT on
each of the next 12 SCLK falling edges (see Figure 6).
SSTRB and DOUT go into a high-impedance state when
CS goes high; after the next CS falling edge, SSTRB will
output a logic low. Figure 8 shows the SSTRB timing in
external clock mode.
The conversion must complete in some minimum time, or
else droop on the sample-and-hold capacitors may
degrade conversion results. Use internal clock mode if the
clock period exceeds 10µs, or if serial-clock interruptions
could cause the conversion interval to exceed 120µs.
In internal clock mode, the MAX186/MAX188 generate
their own conversion clock internally. This frees the
microprocessor from the burden of running the SAR conversion clock, and allows the conversion results to be
read back at the processor’s convenience, at any clock
rate from zero to typically 10MHz. SSTRB goes low at the
start of the conversion and then goes high when the conversion is complete. SSTRB will be low for a maximum of
10µs, during which time SCLK should remain low for best
noise performance. An internal register stores data when
the conversion is in progress. SCLK clocks the data out
at this register at any time after the conversion is complete. After SSTRB goes high, the next falling clock edge
will produce the MSB of the conversion at DOUT, followed by the remaining bits in MSB-first format (see
Figure 9). CS does not need to be held low once a conversion is started. Pulling CS high prevents data from
being clocked into the MAX186/MAX188 and threestates DOUT, but it does not adversely effect an internal
clock-mode conversion already in progress. When internal clock mode is selected, SSTRB does not go into a
high-impedance state when CS goes high.
Figure 10 shows the SSTRB timing in internal clock
mode. In internal clock mode, data can be shifted in and
out of the MAX186/MAX188 at clock rates exceeding
4.0MHz, provided that the minimum acquisition time, t
The falling edge of CS does not start a conversion on the
MAX186/MAX188. The first logic high clocked into DIN is
interpreted as a start bit and defines the first bit of the
control byte. A conversion starts on the falling edge of
SCLK, after the eighth bit of the control byte (the PD0 bit)
is clocked into DIN. The start bit is defined as:
The first high bit clocked into DIN with CS low anytime the converter is idle, e.g. after V
OR
The first high bit clocked into DIN after bit 5 of a
conversion in progress is clocked onto the DOUT pin.
If a falling edge on CS forces a start bit before bit 5
(B5) becomes available, then the current conversion
will be terminated and a new one started. Thus, the
fastest the MAX186/MAX188 can run is 15 clocks per
conversion. Figure 11a shows the serial-interface timing
necessary to perform a conversion every 15 SCLK
cycles in external clock mode. If CS is low and SCLK is
continuous, guarantee a start bit by first clocking in 16
zeros.
Most microcontrollers require that conversions occur in
multiples of 8 SCLK clocks; 16 clocks per conversion
will typically be the fastest that a microcontroller can
drive the MAX186/MAX188. Figure 11b shows the
serial-interface timing necessary to perform a conversion every 16 SCLK cycles in external clock mode.
is applied.
CC
t
CONV
NOTE: FOR BEST NOISE PERFORMANCE, KEEP SCLK LOW DURING CONVERSION.
t
SCK
t
CSS
__________ Applications Information
Power-On Reset
When power is first applied and if SHDN is not pulled
low, internal power-on reset circuitry will activate the
MAX186/MAX188 in internal clock mode, ready to convert with SSTRB = high. After the power supplies have
been stabilized, the internal reset time is 100µs and no
conversions should be performed during this phase.
SSTRB is high on power-up and, if CS is low, the first
logical 1 on DIN will be interpreted as a start bit. Until a
conversion takes place, DOUT will shift out zeros.
Reference-Buffer Compensation
In addition to its shutdown function, the SHDN pin also
selects internal or external compensation. The compensation affects both power-up time and maximum conversion speed. Compensated or not, the minimum clock
rate is 100kHz due to droop on the sample-and-hold.
To select external compensation, float SHDN. See the
Typical Operating Circuit
VREF. A value of 4.7µF or greater ensures stability and
allows operation of the converter at the full clock speed of
2MHz. External compensation increases power-up time (see
the
Choosing Power-Down Mode
Internal compensation requires no external capacitor at
VREF, and is selected by pulling SHDN high. Internal compensation allows for shortest power-up times, but is only
available using an external clock and reduces the maximum clock rate to 400kHz.
You can save power by placing the converter in a
low-current shutdown state between conversions.
Select full power-down or fast power-down mode via
bits 7 and 8 of the DIN control byte with SHDN high or
floating (see Tables 2 and 6). Pull SHDN low at any time
to shut down the converter completely. SHDN overrides
bits 7 and 8 of DIN word (see Table 7).
Full power-down mode turns off all chip functions that draw
quiescent current, reducing IDDand ISStypically to 2µA.
Fast power-down mode turns off all circuitry except the
bandgap reference. With the fast power-down mode, the
supply current is 30µA. Power-up time can be shortened
to 5µs in internal compensation mode.
In both software shutdown modes, the serial interface
remains operational, however, the ADC will not convert.
Table 5 illustrates how the choice of reference-buffer
compensation and power-down mode affects both
power-up delay and maximum sample rate.
In external compensation mode, the power-up time is
20ms with a 4.7µF compensation capacitor (200ms with
a 33µF capacitor) when the capacitor is fully discharged.
In fast power-down, you can eliminate start-up time by
CONTROL BYTE 1S
B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0
CONVERSION RESULT 1
CONTROL BYTE 1S
CONTROL BYTE 2S
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
CONVERSION RESULT 1
using low-leakage capacitors that will not discharge
more than 1/2LSB while shut down. In shutdown, the
capacitor has to supply the current into the reference
(1.5µA typ) and the transient currents at power-up.
Figures 12a and 12b illustrate the various power-down
sequences in both external and internal clock modes.
Software Power-Down
Software power-down is activated using bits PD1 and
PD0 of the control byte. As shown in Table 6, PD1 and
PD0 also specify the clock mode. When software shutdown is asserted, the ADC will continue to operate in
the last specified clock mode until the conversion is
complete. Then the ADC powers down into a low quiescent-current state. In internal clock mode, the interface
remains active and conversion results may be clocked
out while the MAX186/MAX188 have already entered a
software power-down.
The first logical 1 on DIN will be interpreted as a start
bit, and powers up the MAX186/MAX188. Following the
start bit, the data input word or control byte also determines clock and power-down modes. For example, if
the DIN word contains PD1 = 1, then the chip will
remain powered up. If PD1 = 0, a power-down will
resume after one conversion.
The SHDN pin places the converter into the full
power-down mode. Unlike with the software shut-down
modes, conversion is not completed. It stops coincidentally with SHDN being brought low. There is no
power-up delay if an external reference is used and is
not shut down. The SHDN pin also selects internal or
external reference compensation (see Table 7).
Power-Down Sequencing
The MAX186/MAX188 auto power-down modes can
save considerable power when operating at less than
maximum sample rates. The following discussion illustrates the various power-down sequences.
SETS FULL
POWER-DOWN
XXXXX
DATA VALID
CONVERSION
FULL
POWER-DOWN
S
POWERED
UP
Lowest Power at up to 500
Conversions/Channel/Second
The following examples illustrate two different power-down
sequences. Other combinations of clock rates, compensation modes, and power-down modes may give lowest
power consumption in other applications.
Figure 14a depicts the MAX186 power consumption for
one or eight channel conversions utilizing full
power-down mode and internal reference compensation.
A 0.01µF bypass capacitor at REFADJ forms an RC filter
with the internal 20kΩ reference resistor with a 0.2ms
time constant. To achieve full 12-bit accuracy, 10 time
constants or 2ms are required after power-up. Waiting
2ms in FASTPD mode instead of full power-up will reduce
the power consumption by a factor of 10 or more. This is
achieved by using the sequence shown in Figure 13.
Figure 14a. MAX186 Supply Current vs. Sample Rate/Second,
FULLPD, 400kHz Clock
FULL POWER-DOWN
8 CHANNELS
1 CHANNEL
200400
CONVERSIONS PER CHANNEL PER SECOND
Lowest Power at Higher Throughputs
Figure 14b shows the power consumption with
external-reference compensation in fast power-down,
with one and eight channels converted. The external
4.7µF compensation requires a 50µs wait after power-up,
accomplished by 75 idle clocks after a dummy conversion. This circuit combines fast multi-channel conversion
with lowest power consumption possible. Full
power-down mode may provide increased power savings in applications where the MAX186/MAX188 are
inactive for long periods of time, but where intermittent
bursts of high-speed conversions are required.
External and Internal References
The MAX186 can be used with an internal or external
reference, whereas an external reference is required for
the MAX188. Diode D1 shown in the
Circuit
ensures correct start-up. Any standard signal
Typical Operating
diode can be used. For both parts, an external reference can either be connected directly at the VREF terminal or at the REFADJ pin.
An internal buffer is designed to provide 4.096V at
VREF for both the MAX186 and MAX188. The
MAX186’s internally trimmed 2.46V reference is
buffered with a gain of 1.678. The MAX188's buffer is
trimmed with a buffer gain of 1.638 to scale an external
2.5V reference at REFADJ to 4.096V at VREF.
MAX186 Internal Reference
The full-scale range of the MAX186 with internal reference
is 4.096V with unipolar inputs, and ±2.048V with bipolar
inputs. The internal reference voltage is adjustable to
±1.5% with the Reference-Adjust Circuit of Figure 17.
MAX186-14A
MAX186/MAX188
10,000
1000
100
AVG. SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
10
0
2k
Figure 14b. MAX186/MAX188 Supply Current vs. Sample
Rate/Second, FASTPD, 2MHz Clock
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
POWER-UP DELAY (ms)
0.5
0
0.0001 0.0010.010.1110
Figure 14c. Typical Power-Up Delay vs. Time in Shutdown
With both the MAX186 and MAX188, an external reference can be placed at either the input (REFADJ) or the
output (VREF) of the internal buffer amplifier. The
REFADJ input impedance is typically 20kΩ for the
MAX186 and higher than 100kΩ for the MAX188, where
the internal reference is omitted. At VREF, the input
impedance is a minimum of 12kΩ for DC currents.
During conversion, an external reference at VREF must
be able to deliver up to 350µA DC load current and have
an output impedance of 10Ω or less. If the reference has
higher output impedance or is noisy, bypass it close to
the VREF pin with a 4.7µF capacitor.
Figure 15. MAX186/MAX188 Unipolar Transfer Function,
4.096V = Full Scale
Using the buffered REFADJ input avoids external
buffering of the reference. To use the direct VREF input,
disable the internal buffer by tying REFADJ to VDD.
Transfer Function and Gain Adjust
Figure 15 depicts the nominal, unipolar input/output
(I/O) transfer function, and Figure 16 shows the bipolar
input/output transfer function. Code transitions occur
halfway between successive integer LSB values. Output
coding is binary with 1 LSB = 1.00mV (4.096V/4096) for
unipolar operation and 1 LSB = 1.00mV ((4.096V/2 -
-4.096V/2)/4096) for bipolar operation.
Figure 17, the MAX186 Reference-Adjust Circuit, shows
how to adjust the ADC gain in applications that use the
internal reference. The circuit provides ±1.5%
(±65LSBs) of gain adjustment range.
Layout, Grounding, Bypassing
For best performance, use printed circuit boards.
Wire-wrap boards are not recommended. Board layout
should ensure that digital and analog signal lines are
separated from each other. Do not run analog and digital (especially clock) lines parallel to one another, or
digital lines underneath the ADC package.
Figure 18 shows the recommended system ground
connections. A single-point analog ground (“star”
ground point) should be established at AGND, separate from the logic ground. All other analog grounds
Figure 16. MAX186/MAX188 Bipolar Transfer Function,
±4.096V/2 = Full Scale
+5V
510k
100k
24k
Figure 17. MAX186 Reference-Adjust Circuit
0.01µF
MAX186
REFADJ
12
and DGND should be connected to this ground. No
other digital system ground should be connected to
this single-point analog ground. The ground return to
the power supply for this ground should be low impedance and as short as possible for noise-free operation.
High-frequency noise in the V
power supply may
DD
affect the high-speed comparator in the ADC. Bypass
these supplies to the single-point analog ground with
0.1µF and 4.7µF bypass capacitors close to the
MAX186/MAX188. Minimize capacitor lead lengths for
best supply-noise rejection. If the +5V power supply is
very noisy, a 10Ω resistor can be connected as a lowpass filter, as shown in Figure 18.
The MAX186/MAX188 can interface with QSPI at high
throughput rates using the circuit in Figure 19. This
QSPI circuit can be programmed to do a conversion on
each of the eight channels. The result is stored in memory without taxing the CPU since QSPI incorporates its
own micro-sequencer. Figure 19 depicts the MAX186,
but the same circuit could be used with the MAX188 by
adding an external reference to VREF and connecting
REFADJ to V
Figure 20 details the code that sets up QSPI for
autonomous operation. In external clock mode, the
MAX186/MAX188 perform a single-ended, unipolar conversion on each of their eight analog input channels.
Figure 21, QSPI Assembly-Code Timing, shows the timing associated with the assembly code of Figure 20. The
first byte clocked into the MAX186/MAX188 is the control
byte, which triggers the first conversion on CH0. The last
two bytes clocked into the MAX186/MAX188 are all zero
and clock out the results of the CH7 conversion.
*Title : MAX186.ASM
* Description :
*This is a shell program for using a stand-alone 68HC16 without any external memory. The internal 1K RAM
*is put into bank $0F to maintain 68HC11 code compatibility. This program was written with software
*provided in the Motorola 68HC16 Evaluation Kit.
*
* Roger J.A. Chen, Applications Engineer
* MAXIM Integrated Products
* November 20, 1992
*
******************************************************************************************************************************************************
INCLUDE ‘EQUATES.ASM’ ;Equates for common reg addrs
INCLUDE ‘ORG00000.ASM’ ;initialize reset vector
INCLUDE ‘ORG00008.ASM’ ;initialize interrupt vectors
ORG $0200;start program after interrupt vectors
INCLUDE ‘INITSYS.ASM’;set EK=F,XK=0,YK=0,ZK=0
;set sys clock at 16.78 MHz, COP off
INCLUDE ‘INITRAM.ASM’ ;turn on internal SRAM at $10000
;set stack (SK=1, SP=03FE)
MAIN:
JSR INITQSPI
MAINLOOP:
JSR READ186
WAIT:
LDAA SPSR
ANDA #$80
BEQ WAIT;wait for QSPI to finish
BRA MAINLOOP
ENDPROGRAM:
MAX186/MAX188
INITQSPI:
;This routine sets up the QSPI microsequencer to operate on its own.
;The sequencer will read all eight channels of a MAX186/MAX188 each time
;it is triggered. The A/D converter results will be left in the
;receive data RAM. Each 16 bit receive data RAM location will
;have a leading zero, 12 bits of conversion result and three zeros.
;
;Receive RAM Bits 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
;A/D Result 0 MSB LSB 0 0 0
***** Initialize the QSPI Registers ******
PSHA
PSHB
LDAA #%01111000
STAA QPDR;idle state for PCS0-3 = high
LDAA #%01111011
STAA QPAR;assign port D to be QSPI
LDAA #%01111110
STAA QDDR;only MISO is an input
LDD #$8008
STD SPCR0;master mode,16 bits/transfer,
;CPOL=CPHA=0,1MHz Ser Clock
LDD #$0000
STD SPCR1;set delay between PCS0 and SCK,
;set delay between transfers
LDD #$0800
STD SPCR2 ;set ENDQP to $8 for 9 transfers
***** Initialize QSPI Command RAM *****
LDAA #$80 ;CONT=1,BITSE=0,DT=0,DSCK=0,PCS0=ACTIVE
STAA $FD40 ;store first byte in COMMAND RAM
LDAA #$C0 ;CONT=1,BITSE=1,DT=0,DSCK=0,PCS0=ACTIVE
STAA $FD41
STAA $FD42
STAA $FD43
STAA $FD44
STAA $FD45
STAA $FD46
STAA $FD47
LDAA #$40 ;CONT=0,BITSE=1,DT=0,DSCK=0,PCS0=ACTIVE
MAX186/MAX188
STAA $FD48
***** Initialize QSPI Transmit RAM *****
LDD #$008F
STD $FD20
LDD #$00CF
STD $FD22
LDD #$009F
STD $FD24
LDD #$00DF
STD $FD26
LDD #$00AF
STD $FD28
LDD #$00EF
STD $FD2A
LDD #$00BF
STD $FD2C
LDD #$00FF
STD $FD2E
LDD #$0000
STD $FD30
PULB
PULA
RTS
READ186:
;This routine triggers the QSPI microsequencer to autonomously
;trigger conversions on all 8 channels of the MAX186. Each
;conversion result is stored in the receive data RAM.
PSHA
LDAA #$80
ORAA SPCR1
STAA SPCR1 ;just set SPE
PULA
RTS
***** Interrupts/Exceptions *****
BDM: BGND;exception vectors point here
Figure 22 shows an application circuit to interface the
MAX186/MAX188 to the TMS320 in external clock
mode. The timing diagram for this interface circuit is
shown in Figure 23.
Use the following steps to initiate a conversion in the
MAX186/MAX188 and to read the results:
1) The TMS320 should be configured with CLKX (transmit clock) as an active-high output clock and CLKR
(TMS320 receive clock) as an active-high input clock.
CLKX and CLKR of the TMS320 are tied together with
the SCLK input of the MAX186/MAX188.
2) The MAX186/MAX188 CS is driven low by the XF_
I/O port of the TMS320 to enable data to be clocked
into DIN of the MAX186/MAX188.
3) An 8-bit word (1XXXXX11) should be written to the
MAX186/MAX188 to initiate a conversion and place
the device into external clock mode. Refer to Table
2 to select the proper XXXXX bit values for your specific application.
4) The SSTRB output of the MAX186/MAX188 is monitored via the FSR input of the TMS320. A falling
edge on the SSTRB output indicates that the conversion is in progress and data is ready to be received
from the MAX186/MAX188.
• • • •
• • • •
• • • •
SCLK
SSTRB
DIN
XF
CLKX
TMS320C3x
CLKR
DX
DR
FSR
Figure 22. MAX186/MAX188 to TMS320 Serial Interface
CS
SCLK
DIN
DOUT
SSTRB
MAX186
MAX188
5) The TMS320 reads in one data bit on each of the
next 16 rising edges of SCLK. These data bits represent the 12-bit conversion result followed by four
trailing bits, which should be ignored.
6) Pull CS high to disable the MAX186/MAX188 until
the next conversion is initiated.
MAX188_CPP20 Plastic DIP
MAX188_CWP20 SO
MAX188_CAP20 SSOP
MAX188DC/DDice*
MAX188_EPPPlastic DIP
MAX188_EWP20 SO
TEMP. RANGE
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
-40°C to +85°C
-40°C to +85°C
PIN-PACKAGE
SHDN VREF REFADJ
SS
0.117"
(2.97 mm)
MAX186/MAX188
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 2278;
SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO V
AGNDV
DD
MAX188_EAP-40°C to +85°C20 SSOP
MAX188_MJP
-55°C to +125°C
PARTBOARD TYPETEMP. RANGE
MAX186EVKIT-DIPThrough-Hole
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
24
____________________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 737-7600
0°C to +70°C
20 CERDIP**
†
NOTE: Parts are offered in grades A, B, C and D (grades defined
in Electrical Characteristics). When ordering, please specify grade.
* Dice are specified at +25°C, DC parameters only.
* * Contact factory for availability and processing to MIL-STD-883.