Rain Bird XF Series Dripline Installation Manual
The Intelligent Use of Water™
Design, Installation and Maintenance Guide
INDEX | TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................3
About Rain Bird / The Intelligent Use of Water ...............5
Leed Library ................................................6
Benets of Dripline Irrigation ...............................7
SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR DESIGN ..............................8
XF Series Dripline | Where is it used? ........................9
Preparation for Design .................................... 10
Determine Soil Type ...................................... 11
SECTION 3 DETERMINE DRIPLINE SPECIFICATIONS ................12
SECTION 4 DETERMINE TYPE OF DRIPLINE LAYOUT ...............14
End Feed / Center Feed ................................... 15
Loop / Curved Edge ...................................... 16
Branching Out or Joining Row ............................ 17
Slopes ...................................................18
Determine Lateral Row Spacing ........................... 19
SECTION 5 ZONE WATER CALCULATIONS .......................... 20
Calculating Zone Water Requirements .................... 21
Calculating Application Rates ............................. 22
Calculations for Dripline Irrigation ........................23
Irrigation Formulas ....................................... 24
SECTION 6 DRIPLINE MODELS FOR EVERY APPLICATION .......... 25
XFS-CV Dripline for On/Subsurface Elevated Applications . . . . . . 26
XFS-CV Dripline - Specications ........................... 27
XFCV Dripline for On-Surface Elevated Applications ........... 28
XFCV Dripline - Specications ............................. 29
XFS Dripline for Subsurface Applications ..................... 30
XFS Dripline - Specications .............................. 31
XFD Dripline for On-Surface - Level Grade Applications ........ 32
XFD Dripline - Specications .............................. 33
1/4” Dripline for Potted/Small Bed Applications .............. 34
SECTION 7 SUBSURFACE DESIGN, INSTALLATION & OPERATION . . . . . . 35
Best Subsurface Applications ............................. 36
Adjust for Trees / Curved Edges ........................... 37
Design for Conned Areas ................................ 38
Design for Large Areas .................................... 39
Installation Methods ................................... 40-41
Recommended Practices .................................42
SECTION 8 SPECIFYING PRODUCTS IN THE ZONE .................. 43
QF Dripline Header .................................... 44-46
Control Zone Kits ......................................... 47
Control Zone Kit Selection Chart ........................... 48
Fittings ................................................49-51
Spray-to-Drip Retrot Kits ................................. 52
Air Relief Valve / Stakes / Flush Point ...................... 53
Drip System Operation Indicator .......................... 54
SECTION 9 FAQ’S, GLOSSARY, AND RESOURCES ................... 55
Preventative Maintenance: Flushing / Winterizing .......... 56
Written Specications and CAD Detail Drawings ........... 57
Frequently Asked Questions ............................ 58-59
Glossary ...............................................60-61
Notes .................................................. 62-63
XF Series Dripline
XFS-CV Dripline
17mm XF Insert Fittings
XF Insertion Tool
Subsurface Design, Installation and Operation
Control Zone Kit
2
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Section 1:
Introduction
SECTION 1: Introduction
This guide covers the basics of design, installation, and maintenance for
Rain Bird’s XF Series Dripline. Included are design steps, technical data,
installation layouts and design details to assist in the design of the more
common dripline applications.
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For help selecting the proper XF Series Dripline
products, visit: www.rainbird.com/calculator
Access from your laptop, tablet or smart phone.
For more in-depth resources, visit:
www.rainbird.com/drip
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This guide covers the basics of design, installation, and maintenance
for Rain Bird’s XF Series Dripline. Included are design steps, technical
data, installation layouts and design details to assist in the design of
SECTION 1
the more common dripline applications.
A low volume irrigation system typically applies water slowly, at
low pressure, at or near the root zones of plant material. Whether
referred to as Drip, Xerigation®, micro irrigation, or low volume,
these systems feature emission devices that apply water in gallons
per hour (GPH) or liters per hour (L/HR) as opposed to the gallons
per minute (GPM) or liters per minute (L/MIN) of a conventional
overhead spray irrigation system. Low-volume irrigation can greatly
reduce or eliminate water waste while promoting healthier plant
growth because you can:
• Match the amount of water applied to the specic need
of each plant
• More closely match the application rate to the soil’s
inltration rate
Section 1:
Introduction
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
• Apply water directly to the root zone, reducing overspray
and evaporation
Low-volume systems also reduce or eliminate runo on walks and
paved areas, and overspray onto windows, fences, pavement and
walls. The Rain Bird Xerigation® line of drip products oer a full
range of water-saving choices for both turf and non-turf landscape
applications, including control zone components, dripline, ttings,
blank tubing, emission devices and tools.
Use of dripline is a preferred method in many low-volume
irrigation applications. Rain Bird’s XF Series Dripline has Rain Bird
designed and manufactured emitters that provide pressure
compensation for precise ow control throughout the zone.
XF Series Dripline is made with advanced polymers that provide
kink-resistance and reduce coil memory for easier installation.
With emitter ow rates of 0.4 GPH, 0.6 GPH, and 0.9 GPH
(1.6 L/HR, 2.3 L/HR, and 3.4 L/HR) and emitter spacing of 12” and
18” (0.30 m and 0.45 m) the XF Series provides a full product line
to meet the needs of any application.
The Rain Bird XF Series of dripline products consists of:
• XFD –for on-surface applications
• XFCV for on-surface, sloped applications
• XFS with Copper Shield™ Technology
– for subsurface applications
• XFS-CV with Heavy Duty Check Valve
– for on-surface, subsurface and sloped applications
For complete performance and technical specications, please see
Rain Bird’s Landscape Irrigation Products Catalog or visit
Rain Bird’s website at www.rainbird.com. The website provides
specications and detail drawings in downloadable les.
4
XFCV for on-surface, sloped applications.
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– HE-VAN Series Nozzles
Section 1:
Introduction
ABOUT RAIN BIRD AND THE INTELLIGENT USE OF WATER
A privately held company founded in 1933, Rain Bird
Corporation is the leading manufacturer and provider of
irrigation products and services. Since its beginnings, Rain
Bird has oered the industry’s broadest range of irrigation
products for farms, golf courses, nurseries, sports arenas,
commercial developments and homes in more than 130
countries around the world. With the broadest product line
in the industry, architects, designers and contractors
recognize Rain Bird as the industry leader in irrigation
solutions.
Rain Bird is committed to The Intelligent Use of Water™.
It is our legacy to design and manufacture only those
products of the highest value, quality, and ecient
application of water. We work for long-term, responsible
partnerships with our customers and our suppliers. This is
who we are, and this is how we wish to be perceived in the
irrigation industry and our communities.
Please visit The Intelligent Use of Water section of our
website to explore additional resources to help you design
the most water-ecient projects.
http://www.rainbird.com/landscape/resources/IUOW.htm
SECTION 1
Water Source
Need
Preserve potable water through alternative
sourcing that taps into underutilized supplies
such as underground well water, grey
water and rain water.
Rain Bird Solution
• Non-potable-water-ready:
– Drip products
– Valves
– Rotors
– Sprays
MAXIMUM
Design & Manage
Need
Receive support from a certied professional trained to
design, install, operate and maintain a water-ecient system.
Rain Bird Solution
Rain Bird’s Contractor Referral Program helps you quickly and
easily nd a qualied irrigation contractor in your area.
WATER
Apply
Need
Distribute water to your landscape
as eciently as possible.
Rain Bird Solution
• Xerigation®/Landscape Drip: Direct-to-plant-root watering devices.
• Water-smart rotor and spray features:
– Pressure Regulating Stem (PRS) technology
– Seal-A-Matic™ (SAM) check valves
• High-eciency Nozzles:
– Rain Curtain™ Nozzles
– U-Series Nozzles
– Matched Precipitation Rate (MPR) Nozzles
– Square Pattern Nozzles (SQ)
– R-VAN Series Nozzles
EFFICIENCY
Schedule
Need
Flexible programming schedules that help you customize
a watering schedule based on the needs of your landscape.
Rain Bird Solution
Our controllers oer:
• Cycle+Soak feature allowing for
the most ecient water delivery
• Easy, push-of-the-button adjustments
for seasonal changes
• Weather-based controllers which
adjust based on hourly weather data
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SECTION 1:
Introduction
LEED LIBRARY
SECTION 1
WHAT IS LEED?
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System™ is a point rating system
devised by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) to evaluate the environmental performance of a building
over its life cycle and to encourage market transformation towards sustainable design. LEED is the nationally recognized
benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings. LEED provides building
owners and operators with the tools they need to have an immediate and measurable impact on their buildings’
performance. LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in ve key areas
of human and environmental health: sustainable sites, water savings, energy eciency, materials selection, and indoor
environmental quality.
Detailed information on obtaining credits and the project certication process is available from the USGBC on their
website: www.usgbc.org.
DESIGN & TECHNICAL RESOURCES
• WATER EFFICIENCY CREDIT 1.1
• WATER EFFICIENCY LANDSCAPING: Reduce by 50% 2 points
Intent
Limit or eliminate the use of potable water, or other natural surface water resources available on or near the project site,
for landscape irrigation.
Requirements
Reduce potable water consumption for irrigation by 50% from a calculated mid-summer baseline case. Reductions shall
be attributed to any combination of the following items:
• Plant species factor
• Irrigation eciency
• Use of captured rainwater
• Use of recycled wastewater
• Use of water treated and conveyed by a public agency for non-potable uses.
Rain Bird Notes
The designer on the LEED project will need to provide an irrigation plan and legend, as well as calculations, a
description of the baseline, and cut sheets of the irrigation system demonstrating how water consumption is
reduced by 50%.
Learn more at: http://www.rainbird.com/landscape/resources/LEEDlibrary.htm
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SECTION 1:
Introduction
SECTION 1
Dripline irrigation can greatly reduce or eliminate water
waste while promoting healthier plant growth for the
following reasons:
• Match the water application to the specic needs of
each plant
• More precisely match the application rate to the soil’s
inltration rate
• Apply water directly to the root zone to reduce
overspray and evaporation
• A properly designed and installed dripline irrigation
system can be over 90% ecient
There are many advantages of dripline irrigation that can
provide solutions for dicult-to-irrigate landscape areas
including:
• Narrow turf areas
• Curved narrow landscape areas
• Sloped areas
• Subsurface turf irrigation applications
• Parking lot islands
• Steep sloped areas
BENEFITS OF DRIPLINE IRRIGATION
Other benets of on-surface or subsurface Drip Irrigation:
• Eliminate runo on walks and paved areas
• Prevent overspray onto windows, walls and fences
• Increase watering uniformity
• Reduce susceptibility to vandalism
• Promote healthy plant growth
To view all dripline models online, visit:
http://www.rainbird.com/drip
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SECTION 2: PREPARATION FOR DESIGN
SECTION 2
SECTION 2:
Preparation for Design
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SECTION 2:
Preparation for Design
XF SERIES DRIPLINE | WHERE IS IT USED?
SECTION 2
Small Conned Areas
Flower BedsCurved LandscapesTurf Grass (XFS, XFS-CV)
Narrow LandscapesShrub & Ground Cover Beds
Eliminate Overspray on Buildings Sloped Areas
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Potted Plants (¼” Dripline
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SECTION 2:
Preparation for Design
PREPERATION FOR DESIGN
Dripline system design follows many of the same rules as spray and rotor design. Similar design factors must be considered, such
as point of connection, static and operating pressures, ow rates, and plant material.
A dripline system when properly designed and installed will deliver full irrigation coverage to the planted area. A dripline system
is normally divided into zones. A typical zone contains a water source, a control zone (valve, lter, and pressure regulator), and the
dripline with connection ttings.
SECTION 2
During the preparation for design you will gather essential information to design the dripline system:
• Obtain or draw a scaled plan of the site to be irrigated
• Identify all of the slopes on the plan
• Determine the types of plants to be irrigated
(groundcover, shrubs, turfgrass, and trees)
• Identify the type of soil (Clay, Loam, Sand)
• Identify the type of water from the water source
(potable, non-potable, well, surface water, etc)
• Identify static and operating pressures, and volume
available from the water source
• Select appropriate system components for installation
EXAMPLE OF A SUBSURFACE DRIPLINE SYSTEM LAYOUT
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Preparation for Design
DETERMINE SOIL TYPE | WHAT IS YOUR SOIL TYPE?
OVERALL DESIGN PLAN FOR THE SITE
Soil Inltration Rates (in Inches per Hour)
Percent of Slope
0% - 4% 0.13 - 0.44 0.44 - 0.88 0.88 - 1.25
5% - 8 %
Soil Inltration Rates (in cm per Hour)
Percent of Slope
0% - 4% 0.33 -1.12 1.12 - 2.24 2.24 - 3.18
5% - 8 %
Note: As the slope increases, inltration rates will continue to decrease.
These values are derived from USDA information.
Clay Loam Sand
0.1 - 0.35 0.35 - 0.7 0.7 - 1
Clay Loam Sand
0.25 - 0.89 0.89 - 1.78 1.78 - 2.54
SECTION 2
These illustrations show water movement in a subsurface application.
These guidelines apply to on-surface as well as subsurface installations.
The objective of a well-designed dripline system is to create an even wetting pattern of water in the soil throughout
the planting zone. There are four factors to consider for planting areas to create an even wetting pattern:
• Soil type (Clay, Loam, Sand)
• Emitter ow rate: 0.4 GPH, 0.6 GPH or 0.9 GPH (1.6 L/HR, 2.3 L/HR or 3.4 L/HR)
• Emitter spacing: 12” or 18” (0.30 m or 0.45 m)
• Lateral spacing (distance between the dripline rows)
SOIL TYPE TEST
1. Remove 1 to 2 cups of soil from the zone to be irrigated.
2. Place into a glass jar, like a mason jar.
3. Fill the jar half way with water. Shake and let sit for
2 hours so the particles can settle. The heavier sand particles
will settle to the bottom, then silt, then clay on top.
4. Measure the combined height of all three layers of the soil
then the height of each layer; divide the height of each layer
by the total height to gure out the percentage of each soil in
80 20
70 30
60
the jar.
5. Apply these gures to the “Soil Classication” chart.
In the example, now you know the landscape soil is silt loam.
Measure total height and layer heights
Layer Height
Total Height
= Soil Percentage
Total Height
Clay Height
Silt Height
Sand Height
For Example:
3” Total Height
17% 1/2” Clay
66% 2” Silt
17% 1/2” Sand
20
10
Sand
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
rcentage of Clay
Pe
40
30
Sandy Clay
Sandy Loam
Loamy
Sand
50
Sandy
Clay
Loam
100
90 10
Clay
Clay Loam
Loam
Percentage of Sand
40
50
Silty
Clay
Silty Clay
Loam
Silt Loam
Pe
rcentage of Silt
60
70
80
90
Silt
20 10 0
100
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SECTION 3: Determine Dripline Specications
SECTION 3
SECTION 3:
Determine Dripline Specications
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SECTION 3:
Determine Dripline Specications
SECTION 3: DETERMINE DRIPLINE SPECIFICATIONS
CHOOSE THE EMITTER FLOW RATE, SPACING BETWEEN EMITTERS, AND
SPACING BETWEEN ROWS
To determine the specication for the emitter ow rate and emitter spacing for the XF Series Dripline, follow the column
under the proper soil type for your application to nd the emitter ow and emitter spacing.
Table 2 gives recommended emitter ow rates and spacing for three basic soil types. If the soil type is not known, or if there is
a good chance that there will be many dierent types of soil at the site, use the shortest distance between emitters and rows
from the table to be sure that the root zone is well irrigated. If there is heavy loam or clay subsoil, these soil types will reduce
the downward ow of water in the soil and allow for wider lateral spacing between rows.
SECTION 3
TABLE 2: XF SERIES DRIPLINE RECOMMENDATION TABLES
XF Series Dripline Recommendations (English)
Soil Type Clay Loam Sand
Emitter Flow Rate (gallons per hour) 0.4 GPH
Emitter Spacing (inches)
Dripline Lateral Spacing (inches)
XF Series Dripline Recommendations (Metric)
Soil Type Clay Loam Sand
Emitter Flow Rate (liters per hour) 1.6 L/HR
Emitter Spacing (meters)
Dripline Lateral Spacing (meters)
Note: These are general guidelines, eld conditions may require modication to emitter ow rate, emitter spacing and lateral spacing. XF Series Dripline is to be installed at a depth of 4”-6”
(10.2-15.24 cm) in subsurface and groundcover applications. Use only XFS or XFS-CV dripline in subsurface applications. XF Series Dripline may also be installed on-surface under mulch in
shrub and groundcover applications.
If you are not quite sure of the soil type, here is a test you can use by squeezing the soil in your hand:
18” 18” 12”
18” - 24” 16 - 22” 12” - 18”
0.45 0.45 0.3
0.45 - 0.61 0.41 - 0.56 0.3 - 0.45
0.6 GPH 0.9 GPH
2.3
L/HR
3.4
L/HR
Clay - When dry it forms hard clumps. When damp it is exible and can be molded into shapes.
Loam - A moderate sand or dirt and very little clay. When dry it breaks easily. When wet it forms a lump.
Sand - Soil particles are loose, sandy grains. When dry it will fall apart when you open your hand. When damp it will form a lump
but it will crumble easily when touched.
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SECTION 4: Determine Type of Dripline Layout
SECTION 4:
Determine Type of Dripline Layout
SECTION 4
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SECTION 4:
Determine Type of Dripline Layout
SECTION 4: DETERMINE TYPE OF DRIPLINE LAYOUT | SUBSURFACE
END FEED LAYOUT
This Grid layout is primarily used for dense plantings. The layout uses supply headers and ush headers with rows of dripline
connected at each end. The supply header and ush header form a continuous loop where all rows of dripline are being
supplied from both ends.
Inline Emitters
Control Zone Kit
in Valve Box
XF Series Dripline
Laterals
Wetted Area
Air Relief Valve
in Valve Box
(Only needed
for XFS & XFD)
Flush Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Lateral lines
Flush Valve
Operation
Indicator
SECTION 4
From Water Source
Lateral spacing
QF Dripline Header, PVC
or polyethylene tubing
Dripline Lateral Run Length
CENTER FEED LAYOUT
Where layout exibility exists, it is recommended that Center Feed layouts be used. This allows for the most even ow of
water through the zone. Center Feed layouts also potentially allow you to increase the size of the zone by providing lateral
runs on both sides of the supply header. Center Feed layouts are an excellent option for median strips, road sides, and other
homogenous planting zones.
Air Relief Valve
in Valve Box
(Only needed for XFS & XFD)
Operation
Indicator
Flush Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Flush Valve
Supply Header
Flush Valve
PVC or Poly
Supply Header
Dripline Lateral Run Length
Flush Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Operation
Indicator
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Lateral spacing
From Water Source
Control Zone Kit
in Valve Box
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Determine Type of Dripline Layout
DETERMINE TYPE OF DRIPLINE LAYOUT | ON-SURFACE
QUICK LOOP LAYOUT
The Loop layout is one continuous loop that weaves back and forth throughout the zone in evenly spaced laterals (rows).
Flush Valve
Inline Emitters
Control Zone Kit
in Valve Box
Lateral spacing
SECTION 4
Insert or
Compression
From Water Source
Fitting
Wetted
Area
XF Series Dripline
CURVED EDGE LAYOUT
The Curved Edge layout is primarily used for dense planting areas. The layout uses supply and ush headers with rows of
dripline connected at the end. The supply and ush header form a continuous loop and the dripline can be attached to
the adjacent driplines with “tee” ttings to accommodate curved applications.
Flush Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Insert or
compression tting
XF Series Dripline Laterals
Flush Valve
Operation
Indicator
Supply Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Control Zone Kit
in Valve Box
Dripline Lateral Run Length
PVC or Poly
Supply Header
From Water Source
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Control Zone
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T
Check longest lateral
against Table 2 for
maximum lateral
length.
Supply Header
Exhaust Header
SECTION 4:
Determine Type of Dripline Layout
OTHER COMMON GRID LAYOUTS
BRANCHING OUT OR JOINING LAYOUTS
When branching out from a supply header with XF Series dripline, maximum lateral run length should be considered.
Add up all the “branched out” dripline and check it against the maximum lateral run lengths listed in Tables 6, 7, 8, or 9.
This will vary depending on the type of tubing being used.
When joining lateral rows from a supply header, check only the longest lateral against the maximum lateral run length
listed in Tables 6, 7, 8, or 9.
Branching Out
with XF Series
Laterals
otal the combined
length of these XF Series
Dripline laterals and
compare it against the
maximum lateral length
allowed in Table 6.
Supply Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Flush Header
(QF Dripline Header)
Joining Rows
with XF Series
Laterals
Check longest lateral
against Tables 6,7,or 8
for maximum lateral
length.
Supply Header
(QF Dripline Header)
SECTION 4
Flush Header
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Header should be spaced 2” - 4” (5cm-10.2 cm) from hardscape or other planting areas
• Headers may be QF Header, PVC, blank poly tubing or dripline
• Lateral spacing is a design consideration and can be calculated as shown on page 19 in “How to Calculate
Equal Lateral (Row) Spacing”
• The lateral run length should not exceed the maximum lateral run length shown in Tables 6, 7, 8, or 9
• When using “Center Feed Layout” the run length should be measured from the supply header to the ush
header and should not exceed the maximum run length shown
• When using “Loop Layout”, because water is split into two separate paths that meet in the middle, the total
continuous loop length of dripline should not exceed twice the maximum lateral length
• In subsurface applications an air vacuum relief valve should be installed at the highest point in the system
to avoid back siphoning debris into the emitter
• Flush valves should be installed at the low point in the ush header or at the mid point of the loop layout
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10 FT. SLOPE
ZONE 1
CONTROL ZONE 1
Top of Slope
Toe of Slope
SECTION 4:
Determine Type of Dripline Layout
SLOPES
• The design of the dripline system should account for
slopes on the site since runo may occur at low points
• Slopes less than 3% do not require special design
considerations
• Slopes greater than 3% should increase the dripline
spacing by 25% in the bottom 1/3 of the zone
• Dripline should run perpendiculur (across) the slope when
possible
ELEVATION CHANGES SLOPE LAYOUT
SECTION 4
*Increase the dripline
row spacing by 25%
in the bottom 1/3 of
the zone
SLOPES GREATER THAN 10 FT
USING XFSCV DRIPLINE:
• With steep sloping landscapes
greater than 10 ft., it is recommended
that additional zones are installed to
reduce runo
• The use of XFS-CV can eliminate low
emitter drainage
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
SLOPES UP TO 10 FT. USING XFSCV DRIPLINE:
• With sloping landscapes up to 10 ft. of elevation
change, no seperate zones or check valves are required
Top of Slope
30 FT. SLOPE
CONTROL ZONE 1
CONTROL ZONE 2
CONTROL ZONE 3
ZONE 3
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Toe of Slope
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DETERMINE LATERAL ROW SPACING
Application Width
8 feet
(96 inches)
18.4”
45cm
18.4” 18.4” 18.4” 18.4”
XF Series Dripline
45cm
45cm
2.4 m
(243 cm)
45cm
2”–4”
from
hardscape
5 cm–10.2 cm
from
hardscape
45cm
HOW TO CALCULATE EQUAL
LATERAL ROW SPACING WHEN
MAKING CUSTOM PVC HEADERS
Loam soil is assumed for the example below with a
recommended lateral row spacing of 16”-22” as shown in
Table 2 on Page 13. To calculate the specic lateral row
spacing within this range, you need to know the width of the
zone being irrigated and then use the calculation as show in
Example 1.
Example 1: How to Calculate Equal Lateral (Row) Spacing
• Application width = 8’ (2.4 m)
• Convert into inches: 8’ x 12” = 96”
or (Convert into centimeters: 2.43 m x 100 = 243 cm)
• It is recommended to space dripline 2” (5 cm) from
hardscapes and 4” (10.2 cm) from separate planting zones
In this example there are hardscapes on each side of the
planting zone. Remove the hardscape spacing on each
side from the total width:
96” - (2x2”) = 92” (243 cm - (2x5 cm) = 233 cm)
• For loam soil, the range of lateral row spacing is 16”-22”
(40.6 cm - 55.9 cm). Choosing 18”, calculate the number of
spaces between rows: 92” ÷ 18” = 5.1 (233 cm ÷ 0.45 m =
5.1). Round to get whole spaces. Round up if the decimal
is 0.5 or higher, round down if it is less than 0.5. In this case
you should round down to 5 whole spaces between rows.
SECTION 4
• Calculate the equal lateral row spacing: 92” ÷ 5 = 18.4” (233
cm ÷ 5 = 45 cm)
• Calculate the number of dripline rows by adding 1 to the
number of spaces between rows: 5 + 1 = 6 dripline rows
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SECTION 1
SECTION 4
SECTION 7
SECTION 2
SECTION 8
SECTION 3
SECTION 6
SECTION 9
SECTION 5: Zone Water Calculations
SECTION 5:
Zone Water Calculations
SECTION 5
20
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