Radex COMPTEUR GEIGER, 1706 User Manual

RADIATION MONITOR
RADEX RD1706
OPERATING MANUAL
RADEX and РАДЭКС are the registered brands of QUARTA-RAD Ltd.
2
Radiation monitor RADEX RD1706, hereinafter referred to as device, is designed for detection and evaluation of the level of ionizing radiation hereinafter referred to as irradiation. The device evaluates radiation environment by the magnitude of the ambient equivalent of dose rate Н*(10) of gamma radiation (hereinafter referred as a dose rate) with taking intoaccountgamma radiation and the pollution of objects by sources of beta particles.
The device obtains following distinctive features:
period of observation shortens withthe increase of a dose rate;
*
increase in the number of observation cycles improves the
*
reliability of indications;
smooth threshold signal changing ina wide range;
*
displaying the value of abackground dose rate;
*
displaying a dose rate exceedingover a background dose rate;
*
vibra-call signal as the additionalalarming function;
*
possibility to function with onebattery of «ААА» type.
*
The monitor is used for evaluation of the radiation level afield, indoors
and for estimationofacontamination level of materials andproducts.
Operating conditions: at the temperature ranging from -20 °C to +50 °C
with a relative humidity nomore than 80 % at thetemperature of +25 °C.
the
the
The results obtained with this device can not be used for official
decision on radiation environment anddegree of pollution.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Precaution measure Physical configuration Display format in monitoring and background modes Operating mode Monitoring mode Menu mode
Background mode Preparations for using Device usin Radiation control in quarters and public buildings Marking and sealing Packing Transportation and storage Technical service Maintenance and updating Troubleshooting Performance data Technical
................................................
LEVELS BACKGROUND SETUP SERVICE
g..............................................
.....................................................
......................................................
specifications.............................
s..................................
...............................
.....................................
.........................................
.......................................
..................................
.....................
.....................................
.................................
......................................
................................
..................................
........................
.......................................
.........................
.........................................
.......................................
4
5 7
9 12 13 14 15 18 22 24 25 26 27
29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 33
Precautionary measures
Do not use, place or storage the device for a long time under the impact of intense direct solar light or height temperature, for example on an instrument board or in a trunk. The impact of the sunlight or temperature can lead to electrolyte leakage from power elements, their overheating or explosion and therefore to arson, burn and other injuries. High temperature can also cause malformation ofthe device's frame.
Do not storage the device in damp and dusty places. It can cause arson, electrical shock and otherdamages.
Protect the unit from shocks and heavy mechanical stress that can cause damages of the device.
This device is a high-precision technology. Avoid its falling and mechanical stress.
The device is not water-proof; it cannot be used in the environment with a high humidity or in water.If the product wets, immediately switch off the device and apply to «QUARTA-RAD» Ltd. If a small amount of water has reached its surface or it was exposed to salty air it is necessary to switch off a product, to wipe it with dry fabric, to place it in a warm dry premise and to dry it before acomplete evaporation of moisture from itsinternal.
Keep the device away from devices such as electric or magnetic motors which generate strong magnetic fields. Do not use and place the monitor close to areas where high electromagnetic signals are generated, such as transmitting towers. Superhigh frequencies can lead to malfunctioning.
Do not attempt yourself todismantle or fix the device.
Do not place the unit in a microwave and do not carry out any monitoring with ionizers and ozonizersturned on.
Do not let particles penetrate through a perforated hole inside the unit.
Do not touch electrical links of a battery block. It can cause corrosion of links and affect normal functioning. Condensate can occur on internal parts of device in case of a rapid temperature decrease from higher to lower level. To prevent this place the device inside a plastic bag. Keep it there till itstemperature becomes of the environment.
the
5
In order to prevent damages to the unit do not use it if a condensate has appeared. If itis so extract power batteries from unit andwait for a while till a condensate evaporates. It is possible to use the device after a complete vaporization of a condensate only.
Extract power batteries if thedevice is not being used for along time and
keep the unit in dryand cool conditions.
It is not recommended to keep the unit in places like labs where
chemical agents potentially may causecorrosion.
It is necessary to check working capacity of the unit before usage if it
was kept in sto age fora long time.
LCD possesses a high-precision technology. Nevertheless a disabled
*
pixel can appear on LCD in the form of a permanent black dot on it, and it is not considered asa malfunction and does not impacton the image. Do not hit and press on the LCD as it can cause fractures and damages of
*
the display. In case of LCD surface contamination, switch off the devise and wipe it
*
gently with a soft tissuethat does not scratch it. Do not leave thedevice underthe impact of direct solar and fluorescent
*
light for a long time. Do not let deleterious chemical substances, such as acids, alkali, and
*
solvents etc. fall on the display and do not keep it in places where these substances are located. Response time of the LCD increases at low temperatures and display
*
can darken at high temperatures. Standard features of display will restore at room temperature.
Keep power elements out of reach of children. Its chemical agents
*
represent danger in case of casual swallowing. In this case apply to a doctor immediately. Do not hold a power supply with metallic tools such as pliers for it can
*
cause a short circuit. Do not heat or dismantlepower elements for it can fracture.
*
r
Precautionary measures for LCD
Precautionary measures for power elements
the
a
6
Physical configuration
The unitis designed as a portable and handheld devicewith a self-contained power supply.
1
2
3
1 LCD
.
2 « » button and its functionicon (on display).
. MENU
The button responds to fivefunctions:
-
«MENU» – responds in «Monitoring» and«Background» modes;
-
«SELECT» – respondsin «Menu»mode;
-
«CHANGE» – responds in «Menu»mode;
-
«START» responds in «Menu» mode;
-
«»–
3 « » button and its functionicon (on display).
. CURSOR
The button responds to twofunctions:
-
«»
and «Background» modes;
-
«»
shifting the cursor of analtering figure in «Menu» mode.
– switches on LCD backlightin «Monitoring»
– moves cursor and altersnumbers in «Menu» mode.
7
4
OFF
4.
« » button and its function icon.
The button has six functions:
- switches on the device;
- «RETURN» – sends you one level back in «Menu» mode;
- «EXIT» - transfers you from «Menu» to «Monitoring» or «Background» modes;
- « ND» – responds in «Menu» mode;
E SAVE» - responds in «Menu» mode;
- «OFF» - switches off the devise in «Monitoring» and «Background» modes.
The icons suggest to user the functions of buttons making it easier to operate. Further in the text only icons of buttons will be pointed out. Instruction topress the button with a correspondingicon means clicking the applicable button of the device.
The pressed button of the unithas animation,meaning that clicking any active button leads to temporary altering the shape of an icon on display from « » « » « » In all displays shown below the animation of pressed buttons isnot depicted.
to and back to .
The cover for a battery bay is disposed on the backside of the unit.
battery bay
cover for a battery bay
power supply
8
Display format in «Monitoring» and «Background» modes
After activating theunit displays a screen of RD1706 with button icons and individual or manufacture settings.
Location of 14 fields and possible icons are shown on two display
pictures below.
10
1
2
3
4 5
1.Icon of battery charge:
«» «» «»
«»
displaying the current «MENU» buttonfunction:
«»
MENU
«»
SELECT
«»
CHANGE
«»
START
- complete battery charge;
- partly dischargedbattery;
- completely dischargedbattery
2
.Conventional symbol of the unit.
3.
- icon of quantum registration
4
.Icon of « » button.This fieldcontains oneof the icons
MENU
or
.
«»
9
9
8
7
6
57
.Icon of« » button(page ). This field containsone of
the following icons:
«»
«»
« «»
«» « «»
«»
«»
- switching on backlight in «Monitoring» and «Background» modes;
- moving cursor and alteringvalue of a threshold in «Menu» mode.
6.
Icon of « » button (page 7). This field contains one of the following icons:
RETURN - responds in «Menu»mode,
EXIT
«Background» modes
E
ND - responds in «Menu»mode,
»
SAVE - responds in «Menu» mode,
OFF - responds in «Monitoring» mode.
7.
Vibra-call icon:
- vibra-call is on. When the vibra-call is off the icon is lacking;
8
.Bell icon:
- the audio signal is on. When the bell is off the icon is lacking;
9.
Threshold signal icon, for example
«»
(threshold signal can be set in a range from 0.10 to 0.90 μSv/h) or
«»
CURSOR
OFF
»
- while transferring from «Menu» to «Monitoring» and
,
- signaling starts when indications reach 0,30 μSv/h
- when threshold signal is off.
0
1 .Units icon:
«»
- microSievert per hour.
10
After a short cycle ofobservation the screen with read outsappears.
11 12
14
13
11 .Digital readings of adose rate in μSv/h;
21 .Icon of the numberobservations performed:
«»
«»
«»
«»
«»
value of a dose ratein μSv/h;
the value of a background dose rate.At the same time «0,00» value displays on the screen.
999μSv/h.At the same time «999» valuedisplays on the screen.
- corresponds to the short (half of the complete) cycle of observation
- corresponds to one complete cycle of observation;
- corresponds to two complete cycles of observation;
- corresponds to three complete cycles of observation;
- corresponds to four and more complete cycles of observation.
3 NOISE1 .The value of a dose rate « ХХХ», where ХХХ is the
41 .« » - Icon showing that the value of a dose rate is less than
« » - Icon showing that the value of a dose rate is over
11
Operating mode
There are three operating modes in the unit: «Monitoring»,
«Background» and «Menu».
The «Monitoring»mode is set automatically at start ofunit's functioning. This mode gives estimation of adose rateand indications output to the LCD. The time of a dose rate estimationvaries from24 sec when a dose rate is less than 3,5 μSv/h till 1sec when a dose rate exceeds72,0 μSv/h.
The button « » in «Monitoring» mode (page ) fulfills the function of turning on/off backlight of the display. A short term click turns on backlight for two seconds. It allows seeing indications in a twilight or darkness. The importance of a backlight during a bright illumination is not remarkable.
Note. It is important to remember that a frequent switching of
backlight shortens strongly the timeof continuous operation of the device.
«Background» mode (page ) switches on in «BACKGROUND»
section (page 1 ) in «Menu» mode. Just as in «Monitoring» mode dose rate estimation is performed but it gives out two indications simultaneously; they are the exceeding of a dose rate over background dose rate and additionally a value of a dose rate of background. This mode is convenient for examining premises, when it is important to know the difference between indications indoors and those on an open air and how to determine correctly the value of adose rate outdoors.
The button « » (page ) turns on backlight in «Background»
mode.
«Menu» modeturns on by clicking « » button (page ) in case if altering of manufacture's set up is needed. In « enu» mode the estimation of a dose rate isnot being conducted.
CURSOR
8 the
CURSOR
25
7
MENU
M
7
7
12
Monitoring mode
This mode gives the value of a dose rate displaying indications on the LCD. Every registered quantum is displayed on LCD as « » icon. Blinking frequency of « » icon is proportional to the strength of a radiation dose rate.
A short cycle of observation is introduced in order to reduce a waiting time of the first reading. The indications of a short cycle and its icon « »
11
(page , screen 12) are displayed twice faster than in a complete cycle, but the readings of a short cycle are approximate and must be precised during the next complete cycle. Readings received in this cycle are useful for the initial dose rate estimation.
After a complete cycle of observation the readings and icon « » are displayed.
The icon showing the number of observations performed allow determining visually the number of averaging cycles. It is useful for detecting a place of a strong variation in a dose rate (local radioactive contamination) for in this case the icon « » changes to « » and it is easy to remark. At the same time the estimation of a dose rate starts all over again from the first cycle, so averaging indication of the previous cycles are not taking into account.
The periodof observation depends on a doserate value and varies from 26 sec to 1 sec. The period of observation equals to 26 sec when a dose rate value is in the range from0,05 μSv/hto 3,5 μSv/h and when adose ratevalue exceeds 3,5 μSv/h the time of observation gradually shortens and reaches its minimum of 1 sec at a dose rate of 72,0 μSv/h. Further a dose rate increase does not shorten the timeof observation (it remains 1 sec).
13
Menu mode
In «Menu» mode you can arrange the magnitude of a threshold signal, turn on/off alarm and vibra-call, enable «Background» mode, estimate the background radiation and also receivereference information.
Switching to «Menu» mode ceasesmonitoring of a dose rate. In order to switch from «Monitoring» to «Menu» mode press and release « » button(page ).The mainmenu displays on the screen.MENU
At start the icon « » is always situated on the upper line of the menu,
like in this case itis opposite to «LEVELS» section.
Note. On the screen a pointer « » demonstrates which button it is necessary to click in order to switch fromthe presentscreen to the following
.
one
CURSOR
« » button shown on the screen as « » moves the pointer in «Menu» section. Clicking the button « » moves the cursor down only. After reaching the lowest positionit transfers to the upper line.
Choosing the section needed of the menu is implemented by pressing
SELECT
« » button.
Returning to the previous section is implemented by pressing
RETURN
« » button.
Switching from «Menu» to «Monitoring» modes is implemented by pressing « » button. This switching to «Monitoring» mode causes the estimation of irradiation to start from the first cycle.
EXIT
All individual settings are saved after turning off the devise as well.
7
14
«LEVELS» section
Exceeding of a threshold dose rate value which can be set in
«LEVELS» section provokes to alarmsignal actuation.
A threshold signal should be switched on when it is necessary to receive alarm or vibra signals in case of a fixed radiation dose rate exceeding. User himself sets a value of a threshold signal (range from 0,1 up to 99,0 μSv/h). Choosing the type of a signal (audio or vibra signal) is made in «SETUP» section (page ). Thus, if a dose rate is registered during one observation exceeds the installed threshold level than turns on one of the two or both signals:
a) when AUDIO signal is activated than with every quantum captured the sound signal will occur. If the selected threshold exceeds 3,0 μSv/h than a single sound signal is heard;
b) when vibra signal is on it will function till the end of the cycle of observation.
When a threshold signal is off, audio signal actuates with every registered quantum and a vibra-calldoes not function at all.
Example of changing a level of a threshold signal from 0,30 μSv/h to
, 0 μSv/h is presentedbelow.
45
22
15
To change the level of a threshold switch from «Monitoring» to
«Menu» mode (screen 1) The main menu displays onthe screen (screen 2.).
1
4
7
10
13
2
5
8
11
16
3
6
9
12
Press « » button and the screen 3 will appear.
Adouble-click on« » button (screens 4 and 5)moves thecursor « » to « 0,30 μSv/h ».
Press « » button and the icon « » willbe placedopposite to
« 0,30 μSv/h » anda digit 3 becomes underlined (screen6);
A double-click on « » button establishes « 0,30 μSv/h » value
(screens 7 and 8).
Press « » button and the underlined figure moves one position left
(screen 9).
Press four times « » button and the required value of «4,50 μSv/h» will be set (screens 10and 11).
Press « » button and « » icon places opposite to «ON», « » icon stands opposite to «OFF»(screen 12)
To return to the main menu screen press « » button (screen
13).
To return to «Monitoring» mode press « » button. The screen «RD15706» appears and the icon of the new selected
threshold (« will be in the right upper corner. «Monitoring»mode
stars functioning at the sametime.
The installed threshold signal is not activated if « » icon stands opposite to «OFF» and the device operates according to settings which are in «SETUP» section (page ). For example, the audio beep signals with every registered quantum if the icon « » is placed only opposite to «AUDIO». If the icon « »is placedonly oppositeto «VIBRA-CALL», a vibra signal will not actuate because a vibra-call responds with a turned on threshold level only.
SELECT
CHANGE
SAVE
RETURN
EXIT
)22»
17
«BACKGROUND» section
«Background» mode can be turned on in this section. It calculates an
average value of a backgrounddose rate.
To activate «Background» mode switch from «Monitoring» mode to
«Menu» mode (screen 1). A main menu displays(screen 2).
Press « » button and cursor « » places opposite to
«BACKGROUND» section (screen 3).
Press « » button and screen 4 appears.SELECT Double-click on « » button and cursor « » places opposite to «BACKGROUND» (screens 5 and 6).
«3», «4», «5» determine a number of sighting points, which are necessary for conducting evaluation of abackground radiation.
on page 2 .9
estimation of a background starts. Approximately within 100 sec icon appears on display and the cycle of background estimation in the first sighting point ends (screen 9). Screen 10 with indications in the first line which stand for the value of background dose rate in the first sighting point appears on display.
«CHANGE
Press » button. Screen 7 appears where digits «1», «2»,
Select the first sighting point according to recommendations described
Press « » button, screen 8 appears on display and a cycle of
START
the
the
«»
Note. A cycle of estimation of a background can be interrupted. To do so press « » button, thus a cycle of estimation will be interrupted and screen 4 revealed
RETURN
.
18
1
2
3
4
7
10
13
16
5
8
11
14
17
6
9
12
15
18
START
Press « » button and wait till completion of the cycle of «BACKGROUND» estimation (screen 13).A value in the second lineis the evaluation of a dose rate in the second sighting point (screen 14). In order to receive accurate estimation of a background it is necessary to conduct similar observations in 5 sightingpoints (screen 15).
Note. A number ofsighting pointscan bereduced by clicking « » button without waiting for ending of the fifth cycle of estimation. But it reduces integrity of the reading.
After 5 indications have been made press « » button and screen 15
appears.
To return to the main screen in «Menu» mode press « »
button and screen 16 appears.
«Background» mode starts operating (page ).
(screen 18):
«Monitoring» mode it is necessary to switch to «Menu» mode (screens 1 and 2) and to select «BACKGROUND» section (screen 3) where « » icon should be placed opposite to «OFF» (screen 5).
button, screen 6 appears.
«Monitoring» mode starts functioning.After shortcycle ofobservation only one read out of adose rate displays.
EXIT
Press « » button, the screen «RD1706» (screen 17) appears and
After a short cycle of observation two indications will be displayed
a) a dose rate differencebetween the average indication andbackground; b) background dose rate, selectedfrom indications of 5 sighting points.
In order to terminate «Background» mode and to return to
Toreturn to the main menu screen of «Menu» mode press « »
Press « » button. Screen «RD1706» reveals (screen 7) and
EXIT
END
25
END
RETURN
RETURN
20
1
2
3
4
7
5
6
21
«SETUP» section
Twotypes ofsignal can be chosen in «SETUP» section: «AUDIO» and «VIBRA-CALL» which can be turned on/off by placing « » icon opposite to a correspondent choice.
Example of activating a vibra signal instead ofan audioone is demonstrated below.
To activate a vibra signal switch from «Monitoring» to «Menu» mode
by pressing « » button(screen 1).
opposite to SETUP section (screen 2).
disappears (screen 4).
Press « » button, the cursor « » is displaced opposite to
«VIBRA-CALL» (screen 5).
Press « » button, « » icon opposite to «VIBRA-
CALL» appears, meaning activation of a vibra signal (screen 6).
will appear.
MENU
Press « » button two times, the cursor « » will be displaced
«»
SELECT
Press « » button, screen 3 appears.
CHANGE
Press « » button, « » icon opposite to «AUDIO»
CHANGE
To return to the main menu screen press « » button, screen 6
RETURN
To start «Monitoring» mode press « » button « » icon is
presenting while « » icon is lacking on the main screen «R 1706».
EXIT
,
D
22
312
564
87
From this moment a vibra signal turns on if the value of a dose rate exceeds the installed threshold of alert when a threshold function is not turned off (page 1 ). A vibra signal starts functioning in a pulse-mode till the end of an observationcycle.
Note. Using a vibra call shortens sharply the device's non stop
operating time.
Setting an audio signal is similar to modifying a vibra call.
In «Monitoring» and «Background» modes the installed setting are
revealed with icons on themain screen «RD1706»:
« » - audio signal is on, « » - vibra call is on.
When audio and/or vibra signals are off the icons are lacking.
Note 1.A sound signal is usually used in noisy premises or on the
street.
recommended to use vibra call or sound alarm with a threshold installed.
5
.
2.In quiet places such as offices and apartments it is
23
«SERVICE» section
In «SERVICE» section the following is mentioned:
*
phone number of an organization where a radiation monitor RADEX
RD1706 can be acquired,
*
phone number of the QUARTA-RAD Ltd. Company, which sells
wholesale a radiation monitor RADEXRD1706;
*
internet address where you can find news about a radioactive situation in Russia, get acquainted with radioactivity safety norms and other normativedocuments
www.quarta-rad.ru,
.
Place a pointer « » opposite to «SERVICE» with « »
button. Press « » button.
To return to the main menu press « ». Pressing « »
transfers to «Monitoring» mode.
SELECT
RETURN EXIT
CURSOR
24
«Background» mode
This mode is convenient for examining inside the buildings.
In «Background» mode the estimation of the radiation dose rate is similar tothe one in «Monitoring» mode (page 1 ), yetthe display gives not just one but two indications. One stands for exceeding of a dose rate over background dose rate, the second is for a background dose rate.This modeis convenient for examining inside buildings, when it is necessary to know how indications indoors differ fromthe ones outdoors.
The actuation of the «Background» mode and evaluating background dose rate are given in «BACKGROUND» section (page 1 ). In «Background» mode screen RD1706 has the same view as in «Monitoring» mode but after the endof estimation cycle two values aredisplayed:
1.-
exceeding of a dose rate over background dose rate (in the
example it is 0,0 μSv/h)
7
3
8
2.- value of a background dose rate (in the example it
is 0,10 μSv/h)
1 2
Switching the device from «Background» to «Monitoring» mode is done in «BACKGROUND» section (page 1 ) by placing « » icon opposite to « OFF ».
The rules and sequence of defining the average value of background
dose rate are covered onpage 2 .89
That a dose rate value in this example equals to 0,0 + 0,10= 0,1 μSv/h.77
When the value of the radiation dose rate is less than of a background, the value «0,00» and the icon « » are displayed.
25
Preparations for using
Before actuating the device read the operationmanual and functions of
operating controls carefully (page ).
Installation of power elements
1.Take off the cover of battery compartment
2.Install into the battery compartment one or two power elements
size " AAA" abiding polarity of contacts.
3. Install the cover of battery compartment.
When conducting a long-term examination we recommend you to install two power elements, for a short-term just one as it is possible to use one power element.
Do not mix the and new power elements.
We recommend altering individual settings before conducting the evaluation (page ).
Remember that the ionizing radiation has a static random character therefore indications of the monitor in identical conditions will not remain strict. For a precise definition ofa doserate it is necessary to conductnot less than 4 cycles of monitoringwithout turning off thedevice.
For defining radioactivity of the food, household items etc. approximate the monitor to the objectof examinationon a distance from 5 to 10 mm and turnit on.
For defining radioactivity of fluids, the evaluation of a dose rate is conducted abovethe unclosed surface of a fluid.For the device protection it is recommended to use a polyethylene package, but no more than in one layer.Do not let the moisture toget inside the device.
The estimation output exceeding the natural background that is ordinary forthe given location is the evidence of theradioactive impurity of the inspected object. The "Background" mode is presented for convenience of defining such objects (page ).
Detecting the location of an ionizing radiation source it is necessary to move a working device above the surface of examined object, being oriented on frequency increase of a sound signal (in menu settings: levels ­off, audio - on). Remember, that thefrequency of signals as approaching the source will increase sharply, and in accordance with moving away will decrease in the same manner.
used
22
Recommendations on examining the objects
7
a.
a
25
26
Device using
To switch on the device press button (page ) and the screen
RD1706 willbe displayed.
«»
Switching on the device
«OFF»
7
After switching on the device the examination of the radioactive environment starts. During the time of observations every registered quantum of radiation is accompanied by a displayed presentation « » icon 9
(page ) and a short audible signal, if the sound is switched on and the threshold is off. The frequency of occurrence of the icon on display is proportional to a dose rate. After 13 seconds of unit's functioning, the first result of a short cycle* and its icon « » are displayed.
* The short cycle of observation is equal to a half of a complete cycle and made for prompting the deriving of preliminary results. The first reliable result depends on a dose rate and is displayed after 1-26 seconds of observation and designated by « » icon.
The sequence of survey
27
Icons « »- corresponds to one complete cycle of observation;
two s« »- corresponds to complete cycle of observation;
three s« »- corresponds to complete cycle of observation;
«»-
The first results of observation is displayed as an average value of two short cycles, the second - as average value of the two complete cycles of observation, the third - as average value of three complete cycles of observation and each following result - as average value of four previous observations. The device analyzes adiversion of the current value regarding the result of a previous observation and averages it. If the difference exceeds a defined value, the current result isdisplayed instead of the average one.
For example, results of three observations the average result is 0,20μSv/h and the value 0,80 μSv/h is registered in the fourth cycle, than the result of the fourth observation will not be averaged and we shall see 0,80μSv/h and « » icon. This function of the article allows detecting sharp changes of a doserate.
If you want to find a source of radiation turn off a threshold signal, switch on audio signal and pay attention not to digital readouts only but to a sound frequency and frequency of appearances of « » icon. Its appearance frequency is proportional to a dose rate thus the higher the frequency the closer you areto a source.
To switch off the device press " " button (page ) and hold it till
disappearance of the messages from the display.
corresponds to four and more complete cycles of observation.
Switching off the device
7OFF
28
Radiation control in quarters and public buildings.
According to modern ideas about danger of small doses of radiation, the defensive measures of ngabited buildings should be conducted if a dose rate of gamma radiation inside a building exceeds a dose rate outside for more than .
the inspected building not less than in 5 sighting points standing from 30 to 100 m apart from buildings and facilities and not closerthan 20m from each other.The sighting points of estimation shouldbe selectedon location with a natural soil without any man-caused modifications (road metal, sand, asphalt) and radioactive contamination. The unit should be at 1 m high above the earth surface.
min es but if you want toreceive authenticresults it is necessary to conduct a complete term examination.
to the device which makesit easier to conduct examination.
0,20μSv/h
The estimation of a doserate outside (background) is carried out nearto
The total time of estimation of a background dose rate will take 20 - 30
ut
For your convenience «Background» mode (page ) is supplemented
25
29
Marking and Sealing
On the frame of the device are marked:
- trade mark of the manufacturer;
Conventional designation of the monitor - RD1706 appears on display
at its turning on.
The assembly number of thedevice is on the main menuscreen. The device is not sealedup by the manufacturer.
- trade mark - RADEX.
Packing
Packing ensures the safety ofthe device during the transportation.
The packing ofdevice must be carried out in closed aeratedpremises at the temperature from +15 to +40°C and humidity up to 80 %, and without aggressive admixtures and dash inenvironment.
Transportation and storage
The device in the manufacturer's packaging may be transported by any transport any distance.
vehicles should provide a steady condition the container and exclude it's moving during transportation.
from the atmospheric precipitates.
correspond to:
warehouse in a package of the manufacturer at temperature of from +5 to +40 °C and RH upto 80 % at temperature of+25 °C.
premise at a room temperaturebefore opening and putting into operation.
at
Arrangement and restraint of the container with the packed product in
At transportation of the device it is necessary to ensure its protection
The conditions of transportation of the device in the package must
- temperature span ………………………… …. from -20 to +40°C
- relative humidity at +25°C, not higher than… ……………....80%
Before putting the device into operation it should be kept in the
It is not allowed tokeep the device without packing.
The device at temperature below 0 °C should be kept for an hour in the
.....
......
30
Technical service
1) dusting offthe unitfrom an outboard surface;
2)
power elements should be replaced if the message « » displays;
3
) power elements should be expelled from battery compartment in
case of a long termof interruption (more than one month);
) wipe the display only with a soft tissue. During cleaning the device
4
should be off.
Do not let smaller articles penetrate the device through a perforation.
The maintenance of the unit involves:
Maintenance and updating
All repairs of the unit are made at the manufacturer'spremises
QUARTA-RAD Ltd. Company.Address:
Quarta-Rad Ltd., 2 Building, 3 Podol'skikh Kursantov,
, Moscow, 117545, Russia phone/fax +7 (495) 316- 9633, phone +7 (495) 723- 4064, e-mail: quarta@quarta-rad.ru http: // www.quarta-rad.ru
Troubleshooting
Possible malfunction
There is no information ondisplay after turning on.
The message « » is displayed
Possible cause of malfunction
The power elements are not installed or the power elements are installed disregarding the polarity
The power elements are discharged below the possiblelevel.
.
31
Way of clearance
Install the power elements in accordance
.
with the polarity
Replace the power elements.
Actions in extreme conditions
CAUTION!
IF THE ITEM HAS DISPLAYED A DOSE RATE MORE THAN 1.20 μSv/h IT
IS NECESSARY TO LEAVETHIS ZONEURGENTLYAND APPLYTO A STATE SANITARY - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OFFICE FOR CONDUCTING A DETAILED RADIATIVE EXAMINATION.
Performance data
The radioactivity monitor RADEX RD1706, evaluates radiation
environment by themagnitude of the ambient equivalent of dose rateН*(10) of gamma radiation with taking into account gamma radiation and the pollution of objects by sourcesof beta particles.
- switches on/off alarm signal;
- switches on/off vibra-call signal;
- choosing a threshold level which exceeding turns on alarm and vibra-call signals;
- evaluation of a background doserate;
- displaying a value of abackground dose rate;
- displaying a dose rate exceedingover a background dose rate;
- possibility to function with onebattery of «ААА» type
although it reduces the timeof non-stop performance.
Individual settings:
a
32
Technical specifications
Range of dose rate indications,μSv/h ……………. 0 05to 999 Range of registered energy:
Reproducibility of indications (at confidential probability 0.95) …………..….…. … 7+6/Р
Threshold levels, μSv/h …………………..……… ….. 0 1 to99,0 Time of calculation, s…… …………………… ……..1 to 26 Time of indication………………………… ……….continuously Power elements, size «AAA»….………………… ….one or two Time of continuous work of the device, not less than, hours…5 0 Overall dimensions, height x breadth x depth, mm,
Weight (without power elements), kg, not more than… ……0,09
Notes:
1 Period of observation shortens with the increase of a dose rate.
The time of observation shortenswith the value higher than 3,0μSv/h.
2 The increase in the number of performed cycles improves the
reliability of indications.
3 The continuous operating of the device is calculated on the basis of manufactures settings and two batteries with a capacity of 1350 mAh. These elements have 24 AU abbreviationand others.
4 Manufacturessettings: threshold –… ………... «0,30 μSv/h»,
1) gamma radiation, MeV …… .... 0,1 to 1,25
2) X-ray radiation, MeV ………… ...…….. 0,03 to 3,0
3) beta radiation, MeV … ….…….. ... from 0,25 to 3,5
P is a doze rate in μSv/h
not more than……………… …105x60x26
,% ......
.... .....
....................................
background mode . OFF, settings: alarm signa ON, vibra-call signal – OFF.
................
..
.. .
.
.
.
-......................
l-....................
..........................
,
.. ,
..
..
0
33
Memo
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
34
Range of exposition dose
Comparison table of the RADEX family devices
Technical specifications
Range of ambient dose
rate equivalent
rate
Range of registered
gamma radiation energy
Range of registered
X-ray radiation energy
Range of registered beta
radiation energy
Reproducibility of
µSv/h
µRem/h from 5 to 999 from 5 to 999
MeV
MeV
MeV
RD1503
from 0.05 to
9.99
from 0,1 to
1,25
RD1503+
from 0.05 to
from 0,1 to 1,25
9.99
-
-
-
-
RD1706
from 0.05 to
from 0,1 to
from 0,03 to
from 0,25 to
999
-
1,25
3,0
3,5
indications
(at confidential
probability 0.95)
where P is a doze rate in
µSv/h
Threshold levels
Time of calculation
Time of indication
%
µSv/h
µRem/h 30, 60,120
sec.
-
15+6/Р
0.30, 0.60,
1.20
40 ± 0.5 *
continuously
15+6/Р
0.10, 0.20,
0.30, 0.40,
0.50, 0.60,
0.70, 0.80, 0.90
10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, 70, 80,
90
40 ± 0.5 *
continuously
7+6/Р
from 0.1 to
99,0
-
from 26 to 1
**
continuously
Batteries of "AAA" type pieces.
Time of continuous work
of a device, not less
hour.
one or two
550 **
one or two
550 ***
one or two
500 ***
Overall dimensions
height x breadth x depth
mm.
105х60х26
105х60х26
105х60х26
not more than
Weight
(without batteries),
not more than
* The increase in cycles of calculation conducts to increase of reliability of
** Period of observation shortens with the increase of a dose rate more than 3,0
*** Two batteries with a capacity 1350MAh, at a level of a natural background no
kg.
0,09
0,09
indications.
µSv/h.
more than 0,3 µSv/h and with factory settings.
0,09
Special features of the
product
RD1503
RD1503+
RD1706
Physical units of
measurement
Quantity of SBM20-1
type Gejgera – Muller
counters
Quantity of sound-alarm
thresholds
Reading’s qualification as
the duration
of observation increases
Disabling sound alarm
Vibra-call alert
Display illumination
Background dose
µSv/h, µRem/h
1
3
+
+
-
+
µSv/h, µRem/h
1
9
+
+
+
+
µSv/h
more than 100
+
+
+
+
2
-
capacity calculation
(«Background» mode)
+
+
Adding to the memory the
Reproducibility is
information on the
wholesale buyer’s shop
and it’s Internet address
Adjusting correction factor
Ability to operate with one
power element of «ААА»
type
Animation of a pressed
button
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
Maximal set of
service functions
The range of
indications is
expanded 100
+
+
+
-
times
Model features
twice improved
Precision of
indications
Applied additional
Minimal
necessary set of
functions
service functions
Convenience at
premises’
inspection
Vibra signal
increased twice
Time of
supervision is
reduced
Time of
observation is
reduced till 1
second when the
dose rate
indication are
high
Convenience at
premises’
inspection
Vibra signal
Adjusting
correction factor
Radiating control
Personnel
operating with
For premises’
inspection
At building
Radiating control
in day-to-day life
For premises’
in day-to-day life
Area of application
Radiating control
in day-to-day life
Detector Radiation / Monitor / GEIGER COUNTER RADEX RD1503+ / RD 1503+
Detector Radiation / Monitor / GEIGER COUNTER RADEX RD1503+ / RD 1503+
Detector Radiation / Monitor / GEIGER COUNTER RADEX RD1503+ / RD 1503+Detector Radiation / Monitor / GEIGER COUNTER RADEX RD1503+ / RD 1503+
radioactive
substances
inspection
At building
introduce you last development in a line of radiation indicators RADEX i.e. “RADEX RD1503+”
introduce you last development in a line of radiation indicators RADEX i.e. “RADEX RD1503+”
introduce you last development in a line of radiation indicators RADEX i.e. “RADEX RD1503+” introduce you last development in a line of radiation indicators RADEX i.e. “RADEX RD1503+”
monitor. As well as a base model “RADEX RD1503” this indicator is meant for household
monitor. As well as a base model “RADEX RD1503” this indicator is meant for household
monitor. As well as a base model “RADEX RD1503” this indicator is meant for household monitor. As well as a base model “RADEX RD1503” this indicator is meant for household
consumers who have knowledge of dosimetry at a common level and wish (or enfo
consumers who have knowledge of dosimetry at a common level and wish (or enforced) to use
consumers who have knowledge of dosimetry at a common level and wish (or enfoconsumers who have knowledge of dosimetry at a common level and wish (or enfo
dosimeters.
dosimeters.
dosimeters.dosimeters.
rced) to use
rced) to use rced) to use
The quality of indication of any dosimeter depends first of all on the built
The quality of indication of any dosimeter depends first of all on the built----in detector of
The quality of indication of any dosimeter depends first of all on the builtThe quality of indication of any dosimeter depends first of all on the built
ionizing radiation. RADEX RD1503+ as well as in a previous model contains a low
ionizing radiation. RADEX RD1503+ as well as in a previous model contains a low----voltage SBM2
ionizing radiation. RADEX RD1503+ as well as in a previous model contains a lowionizing radiation. RADEX RD1503+ as well as in a previous model contains a low
0000----1 type Geiger
1 type Geiger----Muller counter of hard beta a
1 type Geiger1 type Geiger
professional dosimetric equipment. Its technical characteristics can be examined here.
professional dosimetric equipment. Its technical characteristics can be examined here.
professional dosimetric equipment. Its technical characteristics can be examined here.professional dosimetric equipment. Its technical characteristics can be examined here.
Muller counter of hard beta and gamma radiations, which is used in
Muller counter of hard beta aMuller counter of hard beta a
nd gamma radiations, which is used in
nd gamma radiations, which is used in nd gamma radiations, which is used in
in detector of
in detector of in detector of
voltage SBM2
voltage SBM2voltage SBM2
Two years have passed from the moment when the radiation monitor “RADEX RD1503” has
Two years have passed from the moment when the radiation monitor “RADEX RD1503” has
Two years have passed from the moment when the radiation monitor “RADEX RD1503” has Two years have passed from the moment when the radiation monitor “RADEX RD1503” has
been discharged. This period of time has sho
been discharged. This period of time has shown that additional functions in the monitor are
been discharged. This period of time has shobeen discharged. This period of time has sho
indispensable for a great number of customers. They are an additional "BACKGROUND" mode
indispensable for a great number of customers. They are an additional "BACKGROUND" mode
indispensable for a great number of customers. They are an additional "BACKGROUND" mode indispensable for a great number of customers. They are an additional "BACKGROUND" mode
for building inspections, a step change of a threshold of a signal system with a discretization,
for building inspections, a step change of a threshold of a signal system with a discretization,
for building inspections, a step change of a threshold of a signal system with a discretization, for building inspections, a step change of a threshold of a signal system with a discretization,
greater than 30
greater than 30 ---- 60
greater than 30 greater than 30
response to pressing the buttons. All your wishes were summarized and implemented in a new
response to pressing the buttons. All your wishes were summarized and implemented in a new
response to pressing the buttons. All your wishes were summarized and implemented in a new response to pressing the buttons. All your wishes were summarized and implemented in a new
model "RADEX RD1503+".
model "RADEX RD1503+".
model "RADEX RD1503+".model "RADEX RD1503+".
A new "BACKGROUND" mode, for the first time implemented into unprofe
A new "BACKGROUND" mode, for the first time implemented into unprofessional device, is
A new "BACKGROUND" mode, for the first time implemented into unprofeA new "BACKGROUND" mode, for the first time implemented into unprofe
made for indoor inspections, when it is necessary to know the difference between the
made for indoor inspections, when it is necessary to know the difference between the
made for indoor inspections, when it is necessary to know the difference between the made for indoor inspections, when it is necessary to know the difference between the
background indoors and outdoors. This mode allows user to determine easily and precisely
background indoors and outdoors. This mode allows user to determine easily and precisely
background indoors and outdoors. This mode allows user to determine easily and precisely background indoors and outdoors. This mode allows user to determine easily and precisely
the average dose of a background photon capacity?.
the average dose of a background photon capacity?.
the average dose of a background photon capacity?.the average dose of a background photon capacity?.
60 ---- 120 ?Rem/h, a vibro call as a subsidiary alarm device, a fast answer
120 ?Rem/h, a vibro call as a subsidiary alarm device, a fast answer
6060
120 ?Rem/h, a vibro call as a subsidiary alarm device, a fast answer 120 ?Rem/h, a vibro call as a subsidiary alarm device, a fast answer
wn that additional functions in the monitor are
wn that additional functions in the monitor are wn that additional functions in the monitor are
ssional device, is
ssional device, is ssional device, is
"RADEX RD1503+" a customer at his own discretion can select one of the nine levels of
"RADEX RD1503+" a customer at his own discretion can select one of the nine levels of
"RADEX RD1503+" a customer at his own discretion can select one of the nine levels of "RADEX RD1503+" a customer at his own discretion can select one of the nine levels of
thresholds of an alarm system. It is 10
thresholds of an alarm system. It is 10 ---- 20
thresholds of an alarm system. It is 10 thresholds of an alarm system. It is 10
The customer can notice the exceeding a threshold by setting a sound and vibration signals,
The customer can notice the exceeding a threshold by setting a sound and vibration signals,
The customer can notice the exceeding a threshold by setting a sound and vibration signals, The customer can notice the exceeding a threshold by setting a sound and vibration signals,
or by applying them jointly.
or by applying them jointly.
or by applying them jointly.or by applying them jointly.
For customer’s convenience the function of the button animation is implemented in "RADEX
For customer’s convenience the function of the button animation is implemented in "RADEX
For customer’s convenience the function of the button animation is implemented in "RADEX For customer’s convenience the function of the button animation is implemented in "RADEX
RD1503+". In a correctly working instrument
RD1503+". In a correctly working instrument, by pressing the intensified button, it’s icon on
RD1503+". In a correctly working instrumentRD1503+". In a correctly working instrument
the display starts blinking, but the icons of the buttons, not activated, have a special trace.
the display starts blinking, but the icons of the buttons, not activated, have a special trace.
the display starts blinking, but the icons of the buttons, not activated, have a special trace.the display starts blinking, but the icons of the buttons, not activated, have a special trace.
"RADEX RD1503+" include all that has received approval from our users i.e. a habitual body
"RADEX RD1503+" include all that has received approval from our users i.e. a habitual body
"RADEX RD1503+" include all that has received approval from our users i.e. a habitual body "RADEX RD1503+" include all that has received approval from our users i.e. a habitual body
20 ---- 30
30 ---- 40
40 ---- 50
50 ---- 60
60 ---- 70
70 ---- 80
80 ---- 90 ?Rem/h.
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60
70 70
, by pressing the intensified button, it’s icon on
, by pressing the intensified button, it’s icon on , by pressing the intensified button, it’s icon on
90 ?Rem/h.
80 80
90 ?Rem/h. 90 ?Rem/h.
with a large LC
with a large LCD display and three buttons, a great number of individual settings like
with a large LCwith a large LC
choosing units of measure, installation of different threshold values, indication of the battery,
choosing units of measure, installation of different threshold values, indication of the battery,
choosing units of measure, installation of different threshold values, indication of the battery, choosing units of measure, installation of different threshold values, indication of the battery,
D display and three buttons, a great number of individual settings like
D display and three buttons, a great number of individual settings like D display and three buttons, a great number of individual settings like
display illumination.
display illumination.
display illumination.display illumination.
To get a closer look at the performing of the instrument is p
To get a closer look at the performing of the instrument is possible due to operating
To get a closer look at the performing of the instrument is pTo get a closer look at the performing of the instrument is p
flash
flash----model of the device.
model of the device.
flashflash
model of the device.model of the device.
RD1503+ is designed for an ambient dose capacity rate equivalent estimate of gamma rays
RD1503+ is designed for an ambient dose capacity rate equivalent estimate of gamma rays
RD1503+ is designed for an ambient dose capacity rate equivalent estimate of gamma rays RD1503+ is designed for an ambient dose capacity rate equivalent estimate of gamma rays
by the population in home conditions (foodstuff, building materials, soil etc.), and it also
by the population in home conditions (foodstuff, building materials, soil etc.), and it also
by the population in home conditions (foodstuff, building materials, soil etc.), and it also by the population in home conditions (foodstuff, building materials, soil etc.), and it also
can be used by staf
can be used by staff working with sources of ionizing radiation. Besides, it detects objects
can be used by stafcan be used by staf
polluted with beta
polluted with beta ---- fissile radionuclides.
polluted with beta polluted with beta
The instrument sums the amount of gamma and beta particles by means of a Geiger
The instrument sums the amount of gamma and beta particles by means of a Geiger
The instrument sums the amount of gamma and beta particles by means of a Geiger The instrument sums the amount of gamma and beta particles by means of a Geiger
f working with sources of ionizing radiation. Besides, it detects objects
f working with sources of ionizing radiation. Besides, it detects objects f working with sources of ionizing radiation. Besides, it detects objects
fissile radionuclides.
fissile radionuclides.fissile radionuclides.
ossible due to operating
ossible due to operating ossible due to operating
counter within 40sec and displays ridings on LCD in ?Sv
counter within 40sec and displays ridings on LCD in ?Sv/h or ?Rem/h . The registration
counter within 40sec and displays ridings on LCD in ?Svcounter within 40sec and displays ridings on LCD in ?Sv
of each alternate corpuscle is accompanied by beep, allowing implementing the "Search" mode.
of each alternate corpuscle is accompanied by beep, allowing implementing the "Search" mode.
of each alternate corpuscle is accompanied by beep, allowing implementing the "Search" mode.of each alternate corpuscle is accompanied by beep, allowing implementing the "Search" mode.
Additional "BACKGROUND" mode is inputted to the monitor, where the dose capacity estimate
Additional "BACKGROUND" mode is inputted to the monitor, where the dose capacity estimate
Additional "BACKGROUND" mode is inputted to the monitor, where the dose capacity estimateAdditional "BACKGROUND" mode is inputted to the monitor, where the dose capacity estimate
is carried out, but the display shows n
is carried out, but the display shows not just one reading, as in RD1503 i.e. a dose capacity,
is carried out, but the display shows nis carried out, but the display shows n
but two i.e. exceeding of a dose
but two i.e. exceeding of a dose capacity above a background dose capacity and a background
but two i.e. exceeding of a dosebut two i.e. exceeding of a dose
dose capacity simultaneously. This mode is convenient in inspection of locations when it is
dose capacity simultaneously. This mode is convenient in inspection of locations when it is
dose capacity simultaneously. This mode is convenient in inspection of locations when it is dose capacity simultaneously. This mode is convenient in inspection of locations when it is
necessary to kn
necessary to know the difference between indoor and outdoor readings and to define correctly
necessary to knnecessary to kn
an outdoor dose capacity.
an outdoor dose capacity.
an outdoor dose capacity.an outdoor dose capacity.
Complementary features of RD1503+ to RD1503:
Complementary features of RD1503+ to RD1503:
Complementary features of RD1503+ to RD1503:Complementary features of RD1503+ to RD1503:
ow the difference between indoor and outdoor readings and to define correctly
ow the difference between indoor and outdoor readings and to define correctly ow the difference between indoor and outdoor readings and to define correctly
capacity above a background dose capacity and a background
capacity above a background dose capacity and a background capacity above a background dose capacity and a background
ot just one reading, as in RD1503 i.e. a dose capacity,
ot just one reading, as in RD1503 i.e. a dose capacity, ot just one reading, as in RD1503 i.e. a dose capacity,
/h or ?Rem/h . The registration
/h or ?Rem/h . The registration /h or ?Rem/h . The registration
Graduated change of a threshold signal in the range from 0.10 to 0.90 ?Sv/h with an
Graduated change of a threshold signal in the range from 0.10 to 0.90 ?Sv/h with an
Graduated change of a threshold signal in the range from 0.10 to 0.90 ?Sv/h with an Graduated change of a threshold signal in the range from 0.10 to 0.90 ?Sv/h with an
0,10 ?Sv/h interval
0,10 ?Sv/h interval (available in individual settings) is introduced;
0,10 ?Sv/h interval0,10 ?Sv/h interval
Evaluation of the radiation background dose rate (outside buildings) in conformity with the
Evaluation of the radiation background dose rate (outside buildings) in conformity with the
Evaluation of the radiation background dose rate (outside buildings) in conformity with the Evaluation of the radiation background dose rate (outside buildings) in conformity with the
Russian technology mentioned in ?MU2.6.1.715
Russian technology mentioned in ?MU2.6.1.715----98? (Conducting a radiationally
Russian technology mentioned in ?MU2.6.1.715Russian technology mentioned in ?MU2.6.1.715
inspection of inhabited a
inspection of inhabited and public buildings. Methodical instructions) is introduced;
inspection of inhabited ainspection of inhabited a
Value of the background dose rate is saved after turning off the device as well;
Value of the background dose rate is saved after turning off the device as well;
Value of the background dose rate is saved after turning off the device as well;Value of the background dose rate is saved after turning off the device as well;
Displaying the difference of a dose rate between the averaged and background values is
Displaying the difference of a dose rate between the averaged and background values is
Displaying the difference of a dose rate between the averaged and background values is Displaying the difference of a dose rate between the averaged and background values is
introduced;
introduced;
introduced;introduced;
Vibra signal i
Vibra signal is added as the additional alarming annunciator when a threshold level is exceeded;
Vibra signal iVibra signal i
Adjustment a of a vibra call (on /off) is possible;
Adjustment a of a vibra call (on /off) is possible;
Adjustment a of a vibra call (on /off) is possible;Adjustment a of a vibra call (on /off) is possible;
Turned on vibra call starts signaling only when the level of installed threshold is exceeded
Turned on vibra call starts signaling only when the level of installed threshold is exceeded
Turned on vibra call starts signaling only when the level of installed threshold is exceeded Turned on vibra call starts signaling only when the level of installed threshold is exceeded
and stops operating at the
and stops operating at the end of a cycle;
and stops operating at the and stops operating at the
s added as the additional alarming annunciator when a threshold level is exceeded;
s added as the additional alarming annunciator when a threshold level is exceeded;s added as the additional alarming annunciator when a threshold level is exceeded;
(available in individual settings) is introduced;
(available in individual settings) is introduced;(available in individual settings) is introduced;
98? (Conducting a radiationally----hygienic
98? (Conducting a radiationally98? (Conducting a radiationally
nd public buildings. Methodical instructions) is introduced;
nd public buildings. Methodical instructions) is introduced;nd public buildings. Methodical instructions) is introduced;
end of a cycle;
end of a cycle;end of a cycle;
hygienic
hygienic hygienic
Animation of the pressed button (the icon of the button starts blinking on display).
Animation of the pressed button (the icon of the button starts blinking on display).
Animation of the pressed button (the icon of the button starts blinking on display).Animation of the pressed button (the icon of the button starts blinking on display).
Loading...