Quantum Instruments Sensor User Manual

Volume 76 Issue 2 February 2007

Editors

Ferrari, Vitorio, UUnniivveerrssiittáá ddii BBrreesscciiaa,, IIttaaly Katz, Evgeny, Clarkson University, USA

Editors for North America

Datskos, Panos G., OOaakk RRiiddggee NNaattiioonnaall LLaabboorraattoorryy,, UUSSAA Fabien, J. Josse, Marquette University, USA

Abdul Rahim, Ruzairi, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Ahmad, Mohd Noor, Nothern University of Engineering, Malaysia Annamalai, Karthigeyan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science and Technology, Japan

Arcega, Francisco, University of Zaragoza, Spain Arguel, Philippe, CNRS, France Ahn, Jae-Pyoung, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Arndt, Michael, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany Ascoli, Giorgio, George Mason University, USA Atalay, Selcuk, Inonu University, Turkey Atghiaee, Ahmad, University of Tehran, Iran Augutis, Vygantas, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania Avachit, Patil Lalchand, North Maharashtra University, India Ayesh, Aladdin, De Montfort University, UK Bahreyni, Behraad, University of Manitoba, Canada Baoxian, Ye, Zhengzhou University, China Barford, Lee, Agilent Laboratories, USA Barlingay, Ravindra, Priyadarshini College of Engineering and

Architecture, India

Basu, Sukumar, Jadavpur University, India Beck, Stephen, University of Sheffield, UK Ben Bouzid, Sihem, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia Binnie, T. David, Napier University, UK Bischoff, Gerlinde, Inst. Analytical Chemistry, Germany Bodas, Dhananjay, IMTEK, Germany Borges Carval, Nuno, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Bousbia-Salah, Mounir, University of Annaba, Algeria Bouvet, Marcel, CNRS – UPMC, France Brudzewski, Kazimierz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Cai, Chenxin, Nanjing Normal University, China Cai, Qingyun, Hunan University, China Campanella, Luigi, University La Sapienza, Italy Carvalho, Vitor, Minho University, Portugal Cecelja, Franjo, Brunel University, London, UK Cerda Belmonte, Judith, Imperial College London, UK Chakrabarty, Chandan Kumar, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia Chakravorty, Dipankar, Association for the Cultivation of Science, India Changhai, Ru, Harbin Engineering University, China Chaudhari, Gajanan, Shri Shivaji Science College, India Chen, Rongshun, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Cheng, Kuo-Sheng, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Chiriac, Horia, National Institute of Research and Development, Romania Chowdhuri, Arijit, University of Delhi, India Chung, Wen-Yaw, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Corres, Jesus, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain Cortes, Camilo A., Universidad de La Salle, Colombia Courtois, Christian, Universite de Valenciennes, France Cusano, Andrea, University of Sannio, Italy D'Amico, Arnaldo, De Stefano, Luca, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystem, Italy Deshmukh, Kiran, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi, India Kang, Moonho, Sunmoon University, Korea South

Editor-in-Chief: professor Sergey Y. Yurish, phone: +34 696067716, fax: +34 93 4011989,

Università di Tor Vergata, Italy

orr

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e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com

Editorial Advisory Board

Trr

Dickert, Franz L., Vienna University, Austria Dieguez, Angel, University of Barcelona, Spain Dimitropoulos, Panos, University of Thessaly, Greece Ding Jian, Ning, Jiangsu University, China Djordjevich, Alexandar, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Donato, Nicola, University of Messina, Italy Donato, Patricio, Universidad de Mar del Plata, Argentina Dong, Feng, Tianjin University, China Drljaca, Predrag, Instersema Sensoric SA, Switzerland Dubey, Venketesh, Bournemouth University, UK Enderle, Stefan, University of Ulm and KTB mechatronics GmbH,

Germany

Erdem, Gursan K. Arzum, Ege University, Turkey Erkmen, Aydan M., Middle East Technical University, Turkey Estelle, Patrice, Insa Rennes, France Estrada, Horacio, University of North Carolina, USA Faiz, Adil, INSA Lyon, France Fericean, Sorin, Balluff GmbH, Germany Fernandes, Joana M., University of Porto, Portugal Francioso, Luca, CNR-IMM Institute for Microelectronics and

Microsystems, Italy

Fu, Weiling, South-Western Hospital, Chongqing, China Gaura, Elena, Coventry University, UK Geng, Yanfeng, China University of Petroleum, China Gole, James, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Gong, Hao, National University of Singapore, Singapore Gonzalez de la Ros, Juan Jose, University of Cadiz, Spain Granel, Annette, Goteborg University, Sweden Graff, Mason, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA Guan, Shan, Eastman Kodak, USA Guillet, Bruno, University of Caen, France Guo, Zhen, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Gupta, Narendra Kumar, Napier University, UK Hadjiloucas, Sillas, The University of Reading, UK Hashsham, Syed, Michigan State University, USA Hernandez, Alvaro, University of Alcala, Spain Hernandez, Wilmar, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain Homentcovschi, Dorel, SUNY Binghamton, USA Horstman, Tom, U.S. Automation Group, LLC, USA Hsiai, Tzung (John), University of Southern California, USA Huang, Jeng-Sheng, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Huang, Star, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Huang, Wei, PSG Design Center, USA Hui, David, University of New Orleans, USA Jaffrezic-Renault, Nicole, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France Jaime Calvo-Galleg, Jaime, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain James, Daniel, Griffith University, Australia Janting, Jakob, DELTA Danish Electronics, Denmark Jiang, Liudi, University of Southampton, UK Jiao, Zheng, Shanghai University, China John, Joachim, IMEC, Belgium Kalach, Andrew, Voronezh Institute of Ministry of Interior, Russia

Editor South America

Costa-Felix, Rodrigo, Inmetro, Brazil

Editor for Eastern Europe

Sachenko, Anatoly, Ternopil State Economic University, Ukraine

Editor for Asia

Ohyama, Shinji, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

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Kaniusas, Eugenijus, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Katake, Anup, Texas A&M University, USA Kausel, Wilfried, University of Music, Vienna, Austria Kavasoglu, Nese, Mugla University, Turkey Ke, Cathy, Tyndall National Institute, Ireland Khan, Asif, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Kim, Min Young, Koh Young Technology, Inc., Korea South Ko, Sang Choon, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,

Korea South

Kockar, Hakan, Balikesir University, Turkey Kotulska, Malgorzata, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Kratz, Henrik, Uppsala University, Sweden Kumar, Arun, University of South Florida, USA Kumar, Subodh, National Physical Laboratory, India Kung, Chih-Hsien, Chang-Jung Christian University, Taiwan Lacnjevac, Caslav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Laurent, Francis, IMEC , Belgium Lay-Ekuakille, Aime, University of Lecce, Italy Lee, Jang Myung, Pusan National University, Korea South Li, Genxi, Nanjing University, China Li, Hui, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Li, Xian-Fang, Central South University, China Liang, Yuanchang, University of Washington, USA Liawruangrath, Saisunee, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Liew, Kim Meow, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Lin, Hermann, National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan Lin, Paul, Cleveland State University, USA Linderholm, Pontus, EPFL - Microsystems Laboratory, Switzerland Liu, Aihua, Michigan State University, USA Liu Changgeng, Louisiana State University, USA Liu, Cheng-Hsien, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Liu, Songqin, Southeast University, China Lodeiro, Carlos, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal Lorenzo, Maria Encarnacio, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Ma, Zhanfang, Northeast Normal University, China Majstorovic, Vidosav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Marquez, Alfredo, Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados,

Mexico

Matay, Ladislav, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Mathur, Prafull, National Physical Laboratory, India Maurya, D.K., Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore Mekid, Samir, University of Manchester, UK Mendes, Paulo, University of Minho, Portugal Mennell, Julie, Northumbria University, UK Mi, Bin, Boston Scientific Corporation, USA Minas, Graca, University of Minho, Portugal Moghavvemi, Mahmoud, University of Malaya, Malaysia Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza, University of Cambridge, UK Molina Flores, Esteban, Benemirita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla,

Mexico

Moradi, Majid, University of Kerman, Iran Morello, Rosario, DIMET, University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria,

Italy

Mounir, Ben Ali, University of Sousse, Tunisia Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Massey University, New Zealand Neelamegam, Periasamy, Sastra Deemed University, India Neshkova, Milka, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Oberhammer, Joachim, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Ould Lahoucin, University of Guelma, Algeria Pamidighanta, Sayanu, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), India Pan, Jisheng, Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Singapore Park, Joon-Shik, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Korea South Pereira, Jose Miguel, Instituto Politecnico de Setebal, Portugal Petsev, Dimiter, University of New Mexico, USA Pogacnik, Lea, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Post, Michael, National Research Council, Canada Prance, Robert, University of Sussex, UK Prasad, Ambika, Gulbarga University, India Prateepasen, Asa, Kingmoungut's University of Technology, Thailand Pullini, Daniele, Centro Ricerche FIAT, Italy Pumera, Martin, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan Radhakrishnan, S. National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India Rajanna, K., Indian Institute of Science, India Ramadan, Qasem, Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore Rao, Basuthkar, Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research, India Reig, Candid, University of Valencia, Spain Restivo, Maria Teresa, University of Porto, Portugal Rezazadeh, Gha der, Urmia University, Iran Robert, Michel, University Henri Poincare, France

Sensors & Transducers Journal (ISSN 1726-5479) is a peer review in ternational journal published monthly online by International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). Available in electronic and CD-ROM. Copyright © 2007 by International Frequency Sensor Association. All rights reserved.

Rodriguez, Angel, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Spain Rothberg, Steve, Loughborough University, UK Royo, Santiago, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain Sadana, Ajit, University of Mississippi, USA Sandacci, Serghei, Sensor Technology Ltd., UK Sapozhnikova, Ksenia, D.I.Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology, Russia Saxena, Vibha, Bhbha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Schneider, John K., Ultra-Scan Corporation, USA Seif, Selemani, Alabama A & M University, USA Seifter, Achim, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Shearwood, Christopher, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Shin, Kyuho, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea Shmaliy, Yuriy, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics,

Ukraine

Silva Girao, Pedro, Technical University of Lisbon Portugal Slomovitz, Daniel, UTE, Uruguay Smith, Martin, Open University, UK Soleymanpour, Ahmad, Damghan Basic Science University, Iran Somani, Prakash R., Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology,

India

Srinivas, Talabattula, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Srivastava, Arvind K., Northwestern University Stefan-van Staden, Raluca-Ioana, University of Pretoria, South Africa Sumriddetchka, Sarun, National Electronics and Computer Technology

Center, Thailand Sun, Chengliang, Polytechnic University, Hong-Kong Sun, Dongming, Jilin University, China Sun, Junhua, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China Sun, Zhiqiang, Central South University, China Suri, C. Raman, Institute of Microbial Technology, India Sysoev, Victor, Saratov State Technical University, Russia Szewczyk, Roman, Industrial Research Institute for Automation and

Measurement, Poland

Tan, Ooi Kiang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Tang, Dianping, Southwest University, China Tang, Jaw-Luen, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan Thumbavanam Pad, Kartik, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Tsiantos, Vassilios, Technological Educational Institute of Kaval, Greece Tsigara, Anna, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Greece Twomey, Karen, University College Cork, Ireland Valente, Antonio, University, Vila Real, - U.T.A.D., Portugal Vaseashta, Ashok, Marshall University, USA Vazques, Carmen, Carlos III University in Madrid, Spain Vieira, Manuela, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Portugal Vigna, Benedetto, STMicroelectronics, Italy Vrba, Radimir, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Wandelt, Barbara, Technical University of Lodz, Poland Wang, Jiangping, Xi'an Shiyou University, China Wang, Kedong, Beihang University, China Wang, Liang, Advanced Micro Devices, USA Wang, Mi, University of Leeds, UK Wang, Shinn-Fwu, Ching Yun University, Taiwan Wang, Wei-Chih, University of Washington, USA Wang, Wensheng, University of Pennsylvania, USA Watson, Steven, Center for NanoSpace Technologies Inc., USA Weiping, Yan, Dalian University of Technology, China Wells, Stephen, Southern Company Services, USA Wolkenberg, Andrzej, Institute of Electron Technology, Poland Woods, R. Clive, Louisiana State University, USA Wu, DerHo, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,

Taiwan

Wu, Zhaoyang, Hunan University, China Xiu Tao, Ge, Chuzhou University, China Xu, Tao, University of California, Irvine, USA Yang, Dongfang, National Research Council, Canada Yang, Wuqiang, The University of Manchester, UK Ymeti, Aurel, University of Twente, Netherland Yu, Haihu, Wuhan University of Technology, China Yufera Garcia, Alberto, Seville University, Spain Zagnoni, Michele, University of Southampton, UK Zeni, Luigi, Second University of Naples, Italy Zhong, Haoxiang, Henan Normal University, China Zhang, Minglong, Shanghai University, China Zhang, Qintao, University of California at Berkeley, USA Zhang, Weiping, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Zhang, Wenming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Zhou, Zhi-Gang, Tsinghua University, China Zorzano, Luis, Universidad de La Rioja, Spain Zourob, Mohammed, University of Cambridge, UK

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Volume 76 Issue 2 February 2007

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Research Articles

Biosensors: Future Analytical Tools

Vikas, Anjum, C. S. Pundir……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Advances in Biosensing Methods

Reema Taneja, Kennon C. Shelton, Raymond Carlisle, Ajit Sadana ………………………………….. 945

Interface Layering Phenomena in Capacitance Detection of DNA with Biochips

Sandro Carrara, Frank K. Gürkaynak, Carlotta Guiducci, Claudio Stagni, Luca Benini, Yusuf Leblebici, Bruno Samorì, Giovanni De Micheli…………………………………………………………….

A Simple and Sensitive Flow Injection Optical Fibre Biosensor Based on Immobilised Enzyme for Monitoring of Pesticides

B. Kuswandi, N. W. Suwandari ……………………………………………………………………………..

Design and Characterization of a Solid-State Piezoelectric Transducer Chemical Sensor for Chromium Ions Contamination in Water

Selemani Seif………………………………………………………………………………………………….

IInnfflluueennccee ooff LLiiqquuiidd PPeettrroolleeuumm GGaass oonn tthhee

R. S. Khadayate, J.V. Sali and P. P. Patil……………………………………………………………........ 1001

Synthesis, Characterization and Acetone Sensing Properties of Novel Strontium(II)-added ZnAl2O4 Composites

J. Judith Vijaya, L. John Kennedy, G. Sekaran, K.S. Nagaraja …………………………………………

EElleeccttrriiccaall PPaarraammeetteerrss ooff tthhee WWOO33 TThhiicckk FFiillmm

Short Communication

Investigating Solids, Liquids and Gases by Surface Photo-Charge Effect (SPCE)

Ognyan Ivanov…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Authors are encouraged to submit article in MS Word (doc) and Acrobat (pdf) formats by e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com

Please visit journal’s webpage with preparation instructions: http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/Submition.htm

International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA).

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Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol.76, Issue 2, February 2007, pp.935-936

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Biosensors: Future Analytical Tools

Vikas, Anjum and C S Pundir*

Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Maharashi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India

Tel.: 00 91 09215570591; e-mail: technology_for@yahoo.co.in

Received: 10 October 2006 / Accepted: 22 February 2007 / Published: 26 February 2007

Abstract: Biosensors offer

simpler and cheaper manner compared to conventional assays. Biosensing approach is rapidly advancing and applications ranging from metabolite, biological/ chemical warfare agent, food pathogens and adulterant detection to genetic screening and programmed drug delivery have been demonstrated. powerful devices that would accelerate gradual increase in commercialization a wide range market in the coming years.

Keywords: Electrode, transducers, genetic screening, food analysis, bioterrorism, environment

monitoring

1. Introduction

Modern economy is technology driven, promising revenues that are mind-boggling. Biosensor is one such product of biotechnology that is becoming increasingly popular in fields like environmental monitoring [1-2], bioterrorism [2-3], food analyses [4] and diagnostics [5]. This rapidly expanding field has an annual growth rate of 60 %, with major impetus from the health-care industry (30% of the world’s total analytical market) supported with other analytical areas of food & environmental monitoring including defense needs [6]. There is clearly a vast market exponential potential as less than .1% of this market is currently using biosensors. Research & Development in this field is wide and at the forefront of multidisciplinary science that involves the collaboration of physics, chemistry, biology, nanotechnology, electronics and software engineering. The concept of biosensors is just four decades old and the feasibility of biosensing was first demonstrated by an American scientist Leland C. Clark in 1962. He described how to make electrochemical sensors more intelligent by adding "enzyme transducers as membrane enclosed

Innovative efforts, coupling micromachining and nanofabrication may lead to even more

considerable promises for attaining the analytic information in a faster,

the realization of large-scale and routine screening. With

of new biosensors are thus expected to reach the

and most importantly in the area of health care

937

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