QTECH QSW-3400 User Manual
Configuration manual for QSW-3400
QSW-3400 series
1
Content
CONTENT ........................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 SWITCH MANAGEMENT ............................................................. 16
1.1 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ................................................................................................ 16
1.1.1 Out-Of-Band Management ............................................................................. 16
1.1.2 In-band Management ...................................................................................... 20
1.2 CLI INTERFACE ................................................................ ................................ ............. 26
1.2.1 Configuration Modes ...................................................................................... 27
1.2.2 Configuration Syntax ..................................................................................... 29
1.2.3 Shortcut Key Support..................................................................................... 30
1.2.4 Help Function .................................................................................................. 30
1.2.5 Input Verification ............................................................................................ 31
1.2.6 Fuzzy Match Support ...................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 2 BASIC SWITCH CONFIGURATION ............................................. 33
2.1 BASIC CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................. 33
2.2 TELNET MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 34
2.2.1 Telnet ............................................................................................................... 34
2.2.2 SSH .................................................................................................................. 36
2.3 CONFIGURE SWITCH IP ADDRESSES ............................................................................... 37
2.3.1 Switch IP Addresses Configuration Task List .............................................. 38
2.4 SNMP CONFIGURATION................................................................................................. 39
2.4.1 Introduction to SNMP ..................................................................................... 39
2.4.2 Introduction to MIB ......................................................................................... 40
2.4.3 Introduction to RMON .................................................................................... 41
2.4.4 SNMP Configuration ....................................................................................... 42
2.4.5 Typical SNMP Configuration Examples ........................................................ 45
2.4.6 SNMP Troubleshooting .................................................................................. 46
2.5 SWITCH UPGRADE ......................................................................................................... 47
2.5.1 Switch System Files ....................................................................................... 47
2.5.2 BootROM Upgrade.......................................................................................... 48
2.5.3 FTP/TFTP Upgrade ......................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 3 FILE SYSTEM OPERATIONS ...................................................... 60
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO FILE STORAGE DEVICES ..................................................................... 60
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3.2 FILE SYSTEM OPERATION CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ...................................................... 60
3.3 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................. 62
3.4 TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 4 CLUSTER CONFIGURATION ...................................................... 63
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO CLUSTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT ...................................................... 63
4.2 CLUSTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION SEQUENCE ...................................... 63
4.3 EXAMPLES OF CLUSTER ADMINISTRATION ....................................................................... 66
4.4 CLUSTER ADMINISTRATION TROUBLESHOOTING .............................................................. 67
CHAPTER 5 PORT CONFIGURATION ............................................................. 68
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO PORT ................................................................................................ 68
5.2 NETWORK PORT CONFIGURATION TASK LIST .................................................................. 68
5.3 PORT CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE ................................................................................... 71
5.4 PORT TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................. 72
CHAPTER 6 PORT ISOLATION FUNCTION CONFIGURATION ...................... 73
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO PORT ISOLATION FUNCTION ................................................................ 73
6.2 TASK SEQUENCE OF PORT ISOLATION ............................................................................. 73
6.3 PORT ISOLATION FUNCTION TYPICAL EXAMPLES ............................................................. 74
CHAPTER 7 PORT LOOPBACK DETECTION FUNCTION CONFIGURATION
.......................................................................................................................... 75
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO PORT LOOPBACK DETECTION FUNCTION ............................................. 75
7.2 PORT LOOPBACK DETECTION FUNCTION CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................... 75
7.3 PORT LOOPBACK DETECTION FUNCTION EXAMPLE.......................................................... 77
7.4 PORT LOOPBACK DETECTION TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................... 78
CHAPTER 8 ULDP FUNCTION CONFIGURATION .......................................... 79
8.1 INTRODUCTION TO ULDP FUNCTION ............................................................................... 79
8.2 ULDP CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE ....................................................................... 80
8.3 ULDP FUNCTION TYPICAL EXAMPLES ............................................................................ 83
8.4 ULDP TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................ 84
CHAPTER 9 LLDP FUNCTION OPERATION CONFIGURATION .................... 86
9.1 INTRODUCTION TO LLDP FUNCTION ............................................................................... 86
9.2 LLDP FUNCTION CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE ........................................................ 87
9.3 LLDP FUNCTION TYPICAL EXAMPLE .............................................................................. 90
9.4 LLDP FUNCTION TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................. 91
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CHAPTER 10 PORT CHANNEL CONFIGURATION ......................................... 92
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO PORT CHANNEL ............................................................................... 92
10.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LACP ................................................................................... 93
10.2.1 Static LACP Aggregation ................................................................ ............. 94
10.2.2 Dynamic LACP Aggregation ........................................................................ 94
10.3 PORT CHANNEL CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................. 94
10.4 PORT CHANNEL EXAMPLES ......................................................................................... 96
10.5 PORT CHANNEL TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................ 98
CHAPTER 11 MTU CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 100
11.1 INTRODUCTION TO MTU ............................................................................................. 100
11.2 MTU CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE ..................................................................... 100
CHAPTER 12 EFM OAM CONFIGURATION .................................................. 101
12.1 INTRODUCTION TO EFM OAM .................................................................................... 101
12.2 EFM OAM CONFIGURATION ...................................................................................... 104
12.3 EFM OAM EXAMPLE ................................ ................................................................ 106
12.4 EFM OAM TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................ ................. 107
CHAPTER 13 PORT SECURITY ..................................................................... 108
13.1 INTRODUCTION TO PORT SECURITY ........................................................................ 108
13.2 PORT SECURITY CONFIGURATION TASK LIST .......................................................... 108
13.3 EXAMPLE OF PORT SECURITY ............................................................................... 109
13.4 PORT SECURITY TROUBLESHOOTING ..................................................................... 110
CHAPTER 14 DDM CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 111
14.1 INTRODUCTION TO DDM ............................................................................................ 111
14.1.1 Brief Introduction to DDM .......................................................................... 111
14.1.2 DDM Function ............................................................................................. 112
14.2 DDM CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................... 113
14.3 EXAMPLES OF DDM .................................................................................................. 114
14.4 DDM TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................... 119
CHAPTER 15 LLDP-MED ............................................................................... 120
15.1 INTRODUCTION TO LLDP-MED .................................................................................. 120
15.2 LLDP-MED CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE........................................................... 120
15.3 LLDP-MED EXAMPLE .............................................................................................. 122
15.4 LLDP-MED TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................... 125
CHAPTER 16 BPDU-TUNNEL CONFIGURATION ................................ ......... 126
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16.1 INTRODUCTION TO BPDU-TUNNEL ................................................................................ 126
16.1.1 bpdu-tunnel function .................................................................................. 126
16.1.2 Background of bpdu-tunnel ....................................................................... 126
16.2 BPDU-TUNNEL CONFIGURATION TASK LIST .................................................................. 127
16.3 EXAMPLES OF BPDU-TUNNEL ...................................................................................... 127
16.4 BPDU-TUNNEL TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................. 129
CHAPTER 17 EEE ENERGY-SAVING CONFIGURATION ............................. 130
17.1 INTRODUCTION TO EEE ENERGY-SAVING .................................................................... 130
17.2 EEE ENERGY-SAVING CONFIGURATION LIST ................................................................ 130
17.3 EEE ENERGY-SAVING TYPICAL EXAMPLES .................................................................. 130
CHAPTER 18 VLAN CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 131
18.1 VLAN CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................. 131
18.1.1 Introduction to VLAN .................................................................................. 131
18.1.2 VLAN Configuration Task List ................................................................... 132
18.1.3 Typical VLAN Application .......................................................................... 135
18.1.4 Typical Application of Hybrid Port ............................................................ 136
18.2 DOT1Q-TUNNEL CONFIGURATION................................................................................ 138
18.2.1 Introduction to Dot1q-tunnel ..................................................................... 138
18.2.2 Dot1q-tunnel Configuration ....................................................................... 140
18.2.3 Typical Applications of the Dot1q-tunnel ................................................. 140
18.2.4 Dot1q-tunnel Troubleshooting .................................................................. 141
18.3 SELECTIVE QINQ CONFIGURATION ............................................................................. 141
18.3.1 Introduction to Selective QinQ .................................................................. 141
18.3.2 Selective QinQ Configuration .................................................................... 142
18.3.3 Typical Applications of Selective QinQ..................................................... 142
18.3.4 Selective QinQ Troubleshooting ............................................................... 144
18.4 VLAN-TRANSLATION CONFIGURATION ........................................................................ 144
18.4.1 Introduction to VLAN-translation .............................................................. 144
18.4.2 VLAN-translation Configuration ................................................................ 145
18.4.3 Typical application of VLAN-translation ................................................... 146
18.4.4 VLAN-translation Troubleshooting ........................................................... 147
18.5 MULTI-TO-ONE VLAN TRANSLATION CONFIGURATION ................................................. 147
18.5.1 Introduction to Multi-to-One VLAN Translation ....................................... 147
18.5.2 Multi-to-One VLAN Translation Configuration ......................................... 147
18.5.3 Typical application of Multi-to-One VLAN Translation ............................ 148
18.5.4 Multi-to-One VLAN Translation Troubleshooting ..................................... 149
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18.6 DYNAMIC VLAN CONFIGURATION ............................................................................... 149
18.6.1 Introduction to Dynamic VLAN .................................................................. 149
18.6.2 Dynamic VLAN Configuration ................................................................... 150
18.6.3 Typical Application of the Dynamic VLAN ................................................ 152
18.6.4 Dynamic VLAN Troubleshooting ............................................................... 153
18.7 GVRP CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................. 153
18.7.1 Introduction to GVRP ................................................................................. 153
18.7.2 GVRP Configuration Task List ................................................................... 154
18.7.3 Example of GVRP ....................................................................................... 155
18.7.4 GVRP Troubleshooting .............................................................................. 157
18.8 VOICE VLAN CONFIGURATION ................................................................................... 157
18.8.1 Introduction to Voice VLAN ....................................................................... 157
18.8.2 Voice VLAN Configuration ......................................................................... 158
18.8.3 Typical Applications of the Voice VLAN ................................................... 158
18.8.4 Voice VLAN Troubleshooting .................................................................... 160
CHAPTER 19 MAC TABLE CONFIGURATION .............................................. 161
19.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAC TABLE ................................ ................................ .................. 161
19.1.1 Obtaining MAC Table .................................................................................. 161
19.1.2 Forward or Filter ......................................................................................... 162
19.2 MAC ADDRESS TABLE CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ...................................................... 163
19.3 TYPICAL CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES ......................................................................... 165
19.4 MAC TABLE TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................... 165
19.5 MAC ADDRESS FUNCTION EXTENSION ....................................................................... 166
19.5.1 MAC Address Binding ................................................................................ 166
19.6 MAC NOTIFICATION CONFIGURATION ......................................................................... 168
19.6.1 Introduction to MAC Notification............................................................... 168
19.6.2 MAC Notification Configuration ................................................................ 168
19.6.3 MAC Notification Example ......................................................................... 170
19.6.4 MAC Notification Troubleshooting ............................................................ 170
CHAPTER 20 MSTP CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 171
20.1 INTRODUCTION TO MSTP........................................................................................... 171
20.1.1 MSTP Region .............................................................................................. 171
20.1.2 Port Roles .................................................................................................... 173
20.1.3 MSTP Load Balance ................................................................................... 173
20.2 MSTP CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................. 173
20.3 MSTP EXAMPLE ....................................................................................................... 177
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20.4 MSTP TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................ 182
CHAPTER 21 QOS CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 183
21.1 INTRODUCTION TO QOS ............................................................................................. 183
21.1.1 QoS Terms ................................................................................................... 183
21.1.2 QoS Implementation ................................................................................... 184
21.1.3 Basic QoS Model ........................................................................................ 185
21.2 QOS CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................... 188
21.3 QOS EXAMPLE ......................................................................................................... 193
21.4 QOS TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................... 195
CHAPTER 22 FLOW-BASED REDIRECTION ................................................ 196
22.1 INTRODUCTION TO FLOW-BASED REDIRECTION ............................................................ 196
22.2 FLOW-BASED REDIRECTION CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE .................................... 196
22.3 FLOW-BASED REDIRECTION EXAMPLES ...................................................................... 197
22.4 FLOW-BASED REDIRECTION TROUBLESHOOTING HELP ................................................ 197
CHAPTER 23 FLEXIBLE QINQ CONFIGURATION ........................................ 198
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FLEXIBLE QINQ ................................................................ ............. 198
23.1.1 QinQ Technique .......................................................................................... 198
23.1.2 Basic QinQ .................................................................................................. 198
23.1.3 Flexible QinQ .............................................................................................. 198
23.2 FLEXIBLE QINQ CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................... 198
23.3 FLEXIBLE QINQ EXAMPLE .......................................................................................... 200
23.4 FLEXIBLE QINQ TROUBLESHOOTING........................................................................... 202
CHAPTER 24 LAYER 3 MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION ......................... 203
24.1 LAYER 3 MANAGEMENT INTERFACE ............................................................................ 203
24.1.1 Introduction to Layer 3 Management Interface ........................................ 203
24.1.2 Layer 3 Interface Configuration Task List ................................................ 203
24.2 IP CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................... 204
24.2.1 Introduction to IPv4, IPv6 ........................................................................... 204
24.2.2 IP Configuration .......................................................................................... 206
24.2.3 IPv6 Troubleshooting ................................................................................. 208
24.3 STATIC ROUTE .......................................................................................................... 208
24.3.1 Introduction to Static Route ....................................................................... 208
24.3.2 Introduction to Default Route .................................................................... 208
24.3.3 Static Route Configuration Task List ........................................................ 209
24.3.4 Static Route Configuration Examples ....................................................... 209
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24.4 ARP ........................................................................................................................ 210
24.4.1 Introduction to ARP .................................................................................... 210
24.4.2 ARP Configuration Task List...................................................................... 210
24.4.3 ARP Troubleshooting ................................................................................. 210
CHAPTER 25 ARP SCANNING PREVENTION FUNCTION CONFIGURATION
........................................................................................................................ 211
25.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARP SCANNING PREVENTION FUNCTION ......................................... 211
25.2 ARP SCANNING PREVENTION CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE .................................. 211
25.3 ARP SCANNING PREVENTION TYPICAL EXAMPLES ...................................................... 213
25.4 ARP SCANNING PREVENTION TROUBLESHOOTING HELP .............................................. 214
CHAPTER 26 PREVENT ARP SPOOFING CONFIGURATION ...................... 215
26.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 215
26.1.1 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol).......................................................... 215
26.1.2 ARP Spoofing .............................................................................................. 215
26.1.3 How to prevent void ARP Spoofing ........................................................... 215
26.2 PREVENT ARP SPOOFING CONFIGURATION ................................................................. 216
26.3 PREVENT ARP SPOOFING EXAMPLE ........................................................................... 217
CHAPTER 27 ARP GUARD CONFIGURATION ............................................. 219
27.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARP GUARD ............................................................................... 219
27.2 ARP GUARD CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................. 220
CHAPTER 28 GRATUITOUS ARP CONFIGURATION ................................... 221
28.1 INTRODUCTION TO GRATUITOUS ARP ......................................................................... 221
28.2 GRATUITOUS ARP CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................ 221
28.3 GRATUITOUS ARP CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE ............................................................. 222
28.4 GRATUITOUS ARP TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................... 222
CHAPTER 29 DHCP CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 224
29.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCP .......................................................................................... 224
29.2 DHCP SERVER CONFIGURATION ................................................................................ 225
29.3 DHCP RELAY CONFIGURATION .................................................................................. 227
29.4 DHCP CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES ............................................................................ 229
29.5 DHCP TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................ 232
CHAPTER 30 DHCPV6 CONFIGURATION .................................................... 234
30.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCPV6 ...................................................................................... 234
30.2 DHCPV6 SERVER CONFIGURATION ............................................................................ 235
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30.3 DHCPV6 RELAY DELEGATION CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 237
30.4 DHCPV6 PREFIX DELEGATION SERVER CONFIGURATION ............................................. 237
30.5 DHCPV6 PREFIX DELEGATION CLIENT CONFIGURATION .............................................. 239
30.6 DHCPV6 CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES ................................................................ ........ 240
30.7 DHCPV6 TROUBLESHOOTING .................................................................................... 242
CHAPTER 31 DHCP OPTION 82 CONFIGURATION ..................................... 243
31.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCP OPTION 82 .......................................................................... 243
31.1.1 DHCP option 82 Message Structure .......................................................... 243
31.1.2 option 82 Working Mechanism .................................................................. 244
31.2 DHCP OPTION 82 CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................ 245
31.3 DHCP OPTION 82 APPLICATION EXAMPLES ................................................................ 248
31.4 DHCP OPTION 82 TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................... 250
CHAPTER 32 DHCP OPTION 60 AND OPTION 43 ........................................ 251
32.1 DHCPV6 OPTION 60 AND OPTION 43 EXAMPLE ........................................................... 252
32.2 DHCP OPTION 60 AND OPTION 43 TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................ 252
CHAPTER 33 DHCPV6 OPTION37, 38........................................................... 253
33.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCPV6 OPTION37, 38 ................................................................. 253
33.2 DHCPV6 OPTION37, 38 CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................... 253
33.3 DHCPV6 OPTION37, 38 EXAMPLES ............................................................................ 259
33.3.1 DHCPv6 Snooping option37, 38 Example ................................................ 259
33.3.2 DHCPv6 Relay option37, 38 Example ....................................................... 261
33.4 DHCPV6 OPTION37, 38 TROUBLESHOOTING .............................................................. 262
CHAPTER 34 DHCP SNOOPING CONFIGURATION ..................................... 263
34.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCP SNOOPING .......................................................................... 263
34.2 DHCP SNOOPING CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE .................................................. 264
34.3 DHCP SNOOPING TROUBLESHOOTING HELP .............................................................. 269
34.3.1 Monitor and Debug Information ................................................................ 269
34.3.2 DHCP Snooping Troubleshooting Help .................................................... 270
CHAPTER 35 DHCP SNOOPING OPTION 82 CONFIGURATION ................. 271
35.1 INTRODUCTION TO DHCP SNOOPING OPTION 82 ......................................................... 271
35.1.1 DHCP Snooping option 82 Working Mechanism ..................................... 272
35.1.2 DHCP Snooping option 82 Configuration Task List ................................ 273
35.2 DHCP SNOOPING OPTION 82 APPLICATION EXAMPLES ................................................ 274
35.3 DHCP SNOOPING OPTION 82 TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................... 275
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CHAPTER 36 IPV4 MULTICAST PROTOCOL ............................................... 276
36.1 IPV4 MULTICAST PROTOCOL OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 276
36.1.1 Introduction to Multicast ............................................................................ 276
36.1.2 Multicast Address ....................................................................................... 276
36.1.3 IP Multicast Packet Transmission ............................................................. 278
36.1.4 IP Multicast Application ............................................................................. 278
36.2 DCSCM ................................................................................................................... 279
36.2.1 Introduction to DCSCM .............................................................................. 279
36.2.2 DCSCM Configuration Task List ................................................................ 279
36.2.3 DCSCM Configuration Examples .............................................................. 282
36.2.4 DCSCM Troubleshooting ................................................................ ........... 283
36.3 IGMP SNOOPING ...................................................................................................... 283
36.3.1 Introduction to IGMP Snooping ................................................................. 283
36.3.2 IGMP Snooping Configuration Task List .................................................. 284
36.3.3 IGMP Snooping Examples ................................................................ ......... 286
36.3.4 IGMP Snooping Troubleshooting .............................................................. 288
CHAPTER 37 IPV6 MULTICAST PROTOCOL ............................................... 289
37.1 MLD SNOOPING........................................................................................................ 289
37.1.1 Introduction to MLD Snooping .................................................................. 289
37.1.2 MLD Snooping Configuration Task ........................................................... 289
37.1.3 MLD Snooping Examples ........................................................................... 291
37.1.4 MLD Snooping Troubleshooting ............................................................... 294
CHAPTER 38 MULTICAST VLAN .................................................................. 295
38.1 INTRODUCTIONS TO MULTICAST VLAN ....................................................................... 295
38.2 MULTICAST VLAN CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ........................................................... 295
38.3 MULTICAST VLAN EXAMPLES .................................................................................... 296
CHAPTER 39 ACL CONFIGURATION ............................................................ 299
39.1 INTRODUCTION TO ACL ............................................................................................. 299
39.1.1 Access-list ................................................................................................... 299
39.1.2 Access-group .............................................................................................. 299
39.1.3 Access-list Action and Global Default Action .......................................... 299
39.2 ACL CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................................ 300
39.3 ACL EXAMPLE .......................................................................................................... 313
39.4 ACL TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................... 317
CHAPTER 40 802.1X CONFIGURATION ....................................................... 319
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40.1 INTRODUCTION TO 802.1X .......................................................................................... 319
40.1.1 The Authentication Structure of 802.1x .................................................... 319
40.1.2 The Work Mechanism of 802.1x................................................................. 321
40.1.3 The Encapsulation of EAPOL Messages .................................................. 322
40.1.4 The Encapsulation of EAP Attributes ....................................................... 324
40.1.5 The Authentication Methods of 802.1x ..................................................... 324
40.1.6 The Extension and Optimization of 802.1x ............................................... 329
40.1.7 The Features of VLAN Allocation .............................................................. 330
40.2 802.1X CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................ 331
40.3 802.1X APPLICATION EXAMPLE .................................................................................. 334
40.3.1 Examples of Guest Vlan Applications ...................................................... 334
40.3.2 Examples of IPv4 Radius Applications ..................................................... 337
40.3.3 Examples of IPv6 Radius Application ....................................................... 338
40.4 802.1X TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................... 339
CHAPTER 41 THE NUMBER LIMITATION FUNCTION OF MAC AND IP IN
PORT, VLAN CONFIGURATION ..................................................................... 340
41.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NUMBER LIMITATION FUNCTION OF MAC AND IP IN PORT, VLAN 340
41.2 THE NUMBER LIMITATION FUNCTION OF MAC AND IP IN PORT, VLAN CONFIGURATION TASK
SEQUENCE ....................................................................................................................... 341
41.3 THE NUMBER LIMITATION FUNCTION OF MAC AND IP IN PORT, VLAN TYPICAL EXAMPLES
........................................................................................................................................ 343
41.4 THE NUMBER LIMITATION FUNCTION OF MAC AND IP IN PORT, VLAN TROUBLESHOOTING
HELP ............................................................................................................................... 344
CHAPTER 42 OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION OF AM FUNCTION .......... 345
42.1 INTRODUCTION TO AM FUNCTION ............................................................................... 345
42.2 AM FUNCTION CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................. 345
42.3 AM FUNCTION EXAMPLE............................................................................................ 347
42.4 AM FUNCTION TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................ 347
CHAPTER 43 SECURITY FEATURE CONFIGURATION ............................... 348
43.1 INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY FEATURE ....................................................................... 348
43.2 SECURITY FEATURE CONFIGURATION .......................................................................... 348
43.2.1 Prevent IP Spoofing Function Configuration Task Sequence ................ 348
43.2.2 Prevent ICMP Fragment Attack Function Configuration Task Sequence
................................................................................................................................ 348
CHAPTER 44 TACACS+ CONFIGURATION .................................................. 350
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44.1 INTRODUCTION TO TACACS+ .................................................................................... 350
44.2 TACACS+ CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ...................................................................... 350
44.3 TACACS+ SCENARIOS TYPICAL EXAMPLES ............................................................... 351
44.4 TACACS+ TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................. 352
CHAPTER 45 RADIUS CONFIGURATION ..................................................... 353
45.1 INTRODUCTION TO RADIUS ....................................................................................... 353
45.1.1 AAA and RADIUS Introduction .................................................................. 353
45.1.2 Message structure for RADIUS ................................................................. 353
45.2 RADIUS CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ......................................................................... 355
45.3 RADIUS TYPICAL EXAMPLES .................................................................................... 357
45.3.1 IPv4 Radius Example.................................................................................. 357
45.3.2 IPv6 RadiusExample................................................................................... 358
45.4 RADIUS TROUBLESHOOTING .................................................................................... 358
CHAPTER 46 SSL CONFIGURATION ............................................................ 360
46.1 INTRODUCTION TO SSL.............................................................................................. 360
46.1.1 Basic Element of SSL ................................................................................. 360
46.2 SSL CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................................ 361
46.3 SSL TYPICAL EXAMPLE ............................................................................................. 362
46.4 SSL TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................... 363
CHAPTER 47 IPV6 SECURITY RA CONFIGURATION .................................. 365
47.1 INTRODUCTION TO IPV6 SECURITY RA ........................................................................ 365
47.2 IPV6 SECURITY RA CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE ................................................ 365
47.3 IPV6 SECURITY RA TYPICAL EXAMPLES ..................................................................... 366
47.4 IPV6 SECURITY RA TROUBLESHOOTING HELP ............................................................ 366
CHAPTER 48 MAB CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 368
48.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAB ............................................................................................ 368
48.2 MAB CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................... 368
48.3 MAB EXAMPLE ......................................................................................................... 370
48.4 MAB TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................... 372
CHAPTER 49 PPPOE INTERMEDIATE AGENT CONFIGURATION .............. 373
49.1 INTRODUCTION TO PPPOE INTERMEDIATE AGENT ........................................................ 373
49.1.1 Brief Introduction to PPPoE ...................................................................... 373
49.1.2 Introduction to PPPoE IA ........................................................................... 373
49.2 PPPOE INTERMEDIATE AGENT CONFIGURATION TASK LIST .......................................... 377
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49.3 PPPOE INTERMEDIATE AGENT TYPICAL APPLICATION ................................................. 378
49.4 PPPOE INTERMEDIATE AGENT TROUBLESHOOTING ..................................................... 380
CHAPTER 50 WEB PORTAL CONFIGURATION ........................................... 381
50.1 INTRODUCTION TO WEB PORTAL AUTHENTICATION ...................................................... 381
50.2 WEB PORTAL AUTHENTICATION CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ......................................... 381
50.3 WEB PORTAL AUTHENTICATION TYPICAL EXAMPLE ..................................................... 383
50.4 WEB PORTAL AUTHENTICATION TROUBLESHOOTING .................................................... 384
CHAPTER 51 VLAN-ACL CONFIGURATION ................................................. 385
51.1 INTRODUCTION TO VLAN-ACL .................................................................................. 385
51.2 VLAN-ACL CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ..................................................................... 385
51.3 VLAN-ACL CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE ...................................................................... 386
51.4 VLAN-ACL TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................ 388
CHAPTER 52 SAVI CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 389
52.1 INTRODUCTION TO SAVI ............................................................................................ 389
52.2 SAVI CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................... 389
52.3 SAVI TYPICAL APPLICATION ...................................................................................... 393
52.4 SAVI TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................... 394
CHAPTER 53 MRPP CONFIGURATION......................................................... 396
53.1 INTRODUCTION TO MRPP .......................................................................................... 396
53.1.1 Conception Introduction ............................................................................ 396
53.1.2 MRPP Protocol Packet Types .................................................................... 397
53.1.3 MRPP Protocol Operation System ............................................................ 398
53.2 MRPP CONFIGURATION TASK LIST............................................................................. 399
53.3 MRPP TYPICAL SCENARIO ........................................................................................ 401
53.4 MRPP TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................ 403
CHAPTER 54 ULPP CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 404
54.1 INTRODUCTION TO ULPP ........................................................................................... 404
54.2 ULPP CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................. 406
54.3 ULPP TYPICAL EXAMPLES ........................................................................................ 408
54.3.1 ULPP Typical Example1 ............................................................................. 408
54.3.2 ULPP Typical Example2 ............................................................................. 410
54.4 ULPP TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................ 411
CHAPTER 55 ULSM CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 413
55.1 INTRODUCTION TO ULSM .......................................................................................... 413
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55.2 ULSM CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................. 414
55.3 ULSM TYPICAL EXAMPLE ......................................................................................... 415
55.4 ULSM TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................ 416
CHAPTER 56 MIRROR CONFIGURATION .................................................... 417
56.1 INTRODUCTION TO MIRROR ........................................................................................ 417
56.2 MIRROR CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ........................................................................... 417
56.3 MIRROR EXAMPLES ................................................................................................... 418
56.4 DEVICE MIRROR TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................... 419
CHAPTER 57 SFLOW CONFIGURATION ...................................................... 420
57.1 INTRODUCTION TO SFLOW .......................................................................................... 420
57.2 SFLOW CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ............................................................................ 420
57.3 SFLOW EXAMPLES .................................................................................................... 422
57.4 SFLOW TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................... 423
CHAPTER 58 RSPAN CONFIGURATION ....................................................... 424
58.1 INTRODUCTION TO RSPAN ........................................................................................ 424
58.2 RSPAN CONFIGURATION TASK LIST........................................................................... 426
58.3 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF RSPAN ................................................................................. 427
58.4 RSPAN TROUBLESHOOTING ...................................................................................... 430
CHAPTER 59 ERSPAN ................................................................................... 431
59.1 INTRODUCTION TO ERSPAN ...................................................................................... 431
59.2 ERSPAN CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ........................................................................ 431
59.3 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF ERSPAN .............................................................................. 432
59.4 ERSPAN TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................... 434
CHAPTER 60 SNTP CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 435
60.1 INTRODUCTION TO SNTP ........................................................................................... 435
60.2 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF SNTP CONFIGURATION........................................................... 436
CHAPTER 61 NTP FUNCTION CONFIGURATION ........................................ 437
61.1 INTRODUCTION TO NTP FUNCTION.............................................................................. 437
61.2 NTP FUNCTION CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ................................................................ 437
61.3 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF NTP FUNCTION ...................................................................... 440
61.4 NTP FUNCTION TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................... 440
CHAPTER 62 SUMMER TIME CONFIGURATION ......................................... 442
62.1 INTRODUCTION TO SUMMER TIME ............................................................................... 442
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62.2 SUMMER TIME CONFIGURATION TASK SEQUENCE ........................................................ 442
62.3 EXAMPLES OF SUMMER TIME ..................................................................................... 442
62.4 SUMMER TIME TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................. 443
CHAPTER 63 DNSV4/V6 CONFIGURATION .................................................. 444
63.1 INTRODUCTION TO DNS ............................................................................................. 444
63.2 DNSV4/V6 CONFIGURATION TASK LIST ...................................................................... 445
63.3 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF DNS ..................................................................................... 447
63.4 DNS TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................... 448
CHAPTER 64 MONITOR AND DEBUG .......................................................... 450
64.1 PING ........................................................................................................................ 450
64.2 PING6 ...................................................................................................................... 450
64.3 TRACEROUTE ............................................................................................................ 450
64.4 TRACEROUTE6 .......................................................................................................... 451
64.5 SHOW ...................................................................................................................... 451
64.6 DEBUG ..................................................................................................................... 452
64.7 SYSTEM LOG ............................................................................................................. 452
64.7.1 System Log Introduction ........................................................................... 452
64.7.2 System Log Configuration ......................................................................... 455
64.7.3 System Log Configuration Example ......................................................... 456
CHAPTER 65 RELOAD SWITCH AFTER SPECIFIED TIME .......................... 457
65.1 INTRODUCE TO RELOAD SWITCH AFTER SPECIFID TIME ................................................ 457
65.2 RELOAD SWITCH AFTER SPECIFID TIME TASK LIST ...................................................... 457
CHAPTER 66 DEBUGGING AND DIAGNOSIS FOR PACKETS RECEIVED
AND SENT BY CPU ........................................................................................ 458
66.1 INTRODUCTION TO DEBUGGING AND DIAGNOSIS FOR PACKETS RECEIVED AND SENT BY
CPU ................................................................................................................................ 458
66.2 DEBUGGING AND DIAGNOSIS FOR PACKETS RECEIVED AND SENT BY CPU TASK LIST .... 458
CHAPTER 67 DYING GASP CONFIGURATION............................................. 459
67.1 INTRODUCTION TO DYING GASP ................................................................................... 459
67.2 DYING GASP TYPICAL EXAMPLES ................................................................................ 459
67.3 DYING GASP TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................ 459
CHAPTER 68 POE CONFIGURATION ........................................................... 460
68.1 INTRODUCTION TO POE ............................................................................................. 460
68.2 POE CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 460
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68.3 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF POE ................................................................................... 462
68.4 POE TROUBLESHOOTING HELP .................................................................................. 463
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Device Name
Description
PC machine
Has functional keyboard and RS-232, with terminal emulator
installed, such as HyperTerminal included in Windows
9x/NT/2000/XP.
Serial port cable
One end attach to the RS-232 serial port, the other end to the
Console port.
Switch
Functional Console port required.
Connect with serial port
Chapter 1 Switch Management
1.1 Management Options
After purchasing the switch, the user needs to configure the switch for network management.
Switch provides two management options: in-band management and out-of-band management.
1.1.1 Out-Of-Band Management
Out-of-band management is the management through Console interface. Generally, the user
will use out-of-band management for the initial switch configuration, or when in-band
management is not available. For instance, the user must assign an IP address to the switch
via the Console interface to be able to access the switch through Telnet.
The procedures for managing the switch via Console interface are listed below:
Step 1: setting up the environment:
Out-of-band Management Configuration Environment
As shown in above, the serial port (RS-232) is connected to the switch with the serial cable
provided. The table below lists all the devices used in the connection.
Step 2: Entering the HyperTerminal
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Open the HyperTerminal included in Windows after the connection established. The example
below is based on the HyperTerminal included in Windows XP.
Click Start menu - All Programs -Accessories -Communication - HyperTerminal.
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Opening Hyper Terminal
Type a name for opening HyperTerminal, such as “Switch”.
Opening HyperTerminal
In the “Connecting using” drop-list, select the RS-232 serial port used by the PC, e.g. COM1,
and click “OK”.
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Opening HyperTerminal
COM1 property appears, select “9600” for “Baud rate”, “8” for “Data bits”, “none” for “Parity
checksum”, “1” for stop bit and “none” for traffic control; or, you can also click “Restore default”
and click “OK”.
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Opening HyperTerminal
Step 3: Entering switch CLI interface
Power on the switch, the following appears in the HyperTerminal windows, that is the CLI
configuration mode for Switch.
Testing RAM...
0x077C0000 RAM OK
Loading MiniBootROM...
Attaching to file system ...
Loading nos.img ... done.
Booting......
Starting at 0x10000...
Attaching to file system ...
……
--- Performing Power-On Self Tests (POST) ---
DRAM Test....................PASS!
PCI Device 1 Test............PASS!
FLASH Test...................PASS!
FAN Test.....................PASS!
Done All Pass.
------------------ DONE ---------------------
Current time is SUN JAN 01 00:00:00 2006
……
Switch>
The user can now enter commands to manage the switch. For a detailed description for the
commands, please refer to the following chapters.
1.1.2 In-band Management
In-band management refers to the management by login to the switch using Telnet, or using
HTTP, or using SNMP management software to configure the switch. In-band management
enables management of the switch for some devices attached to the switch. In the case when
in-band management fails due to switch configuration changes, out-of-band management can
be used for configuring and managing the switch.
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Connected with cable
1.1.2.1 Management via Telnet
To manage the switch with Telnet, the following conditions should be met:
1. Switch has an IPv4/IPv6 address configured;
The host IP address (Telnet client) and the switch’s VLAN interface IPv4/IPv6 address is in the
same network segment;
If 2. is not met, Telnet client can connect to an IPv4/IPv6 address of the switch via other
devices, such as a router.
The switch is a Layer 2 switch that can be configured with several IP addresses, the
configuration method refers to the relative chapter. The following example assumes the
shipment status of the switch where only VLAN1 exists in the system.
The following describes the steps for a Telnet client to connect to the switch’s VLAN1 interface
by Telnet(IPV4 address example):
Manage the switch by Telnet
Step 1: Configure the IP addresses for the switch and start the Telnet Server function on the
switch.
First is the configuration of host IP address. This should be within the same network segment
as the switch VLAN1 interface IP address. Suppose the switch VLAN1 interface IP address is
10.1.128.251/24. Then, a possible host IP address is 10.1.128.252/24. Run “ping
10.1.128.251” from the host and verify the result, check for reasons if ping failed.
The IP address configuration commands for VLAN1 interface are listed below. Before in-band
management, the switch must be configured with an IP address by out-of-band management
(i.e. Console mode), the configuration commands are as follows (All switch configuration
prompts are assumed to be “Switch” hereafter if not otherwise specified):
Switch>
Switch>enable
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Switch#config
Switch(config)#interface vlan 1
Switch(Config-if-Vlan1)#ip address 10.1.128.251 255.255.255.0
Switch(Config-if-Vlan1)#no shutdown
To enable the Telnet Server function, users should type the CLI command telnet-server enable
in the global mode as below:
Switch>enable
Switch#config
Switch(config)# telnet-server enable
Step 2: Run Telnet Client program.
Run Telnet client program included in Windows with the specified Telnet target.
Run telnet client program included in Windows
Step 3: Login to the switch.
Login to the Telnet configuration interface. Valid login name and password are required,
otherwise the switch will reject Telnet access. This is a method to protect the switch from
unauthorized access. As a result, when Telnet is enabled for configuring and managing the
switch, username and password for authorized Telnet users must be configured with the
following command: username <username> privilege <privilege> [password (0|7) <password>].
To open the local authentication style with the following command: authentication line vty login
local. Privilege option must exist and just is 15. Assume an authorized user in the switch has a
username of “test”, and password of “test”, the configuration procedure should like the
following:
Switch>enable
Switch#config
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Switch(config)#username test privilege 15 password 0 test
Switch(config)#authentication line vty login local
Enter valid login name and password in the Telnet configuration interface, Telnet user will be
able to enter the switch’s CLI configuration interface. The commands used in the Telnet CLI
interface after login is the same as that in the Console interface.
Telnet Configuration Interface
1.1.2.2 Management via HTTP
To manage the switch via HTTP, the following conditions should be met:
1. Switch has an IPv4/IPv6 address configured;
The host IPv4/IPv6 address (HTTP client) and the switch’s VLAN interface IPv4/IPv6 address
are in the same network segment;
If 2. is not met, HTTP client should connect to an IPv4/IPv6 address of the switch via other
devices, such as a router.
Similar to management the switch via Telnet, as soon as the host succeeds to ping/ping6 an
IPv4/IPv6 address of the switch and to type the right login password, it can access the switch
via HTTP. The configuration list is as below:
Step 1: Configure the IP addresses for the switch and start the HTTP server function on the
switch.
For configuring the IP address on the switch through out-of-band management, see the telnet
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management chapter.
To enable the WEB configuration, users should type the CLI command IP http server in the
global mode as below:
Switch>enable
Switch#config
Switch(config)#ip http server
Step 2: Run HTTP protocol on the host.
Open the Web browser on the host and type the IP address of the switch, or run directly the
HTTP protocol on the Windows. For example, the IP address of the switch is “10.1.128.251”;
Run HTTP Protocol
When accessing a switch with IPv6 address, it is recommended to use the Firefox browser
with 1.5 or later version. For example, if the IPv6 address of the switch is 3ffe:506:1:2::3. Input
the IPv6 address of the switch is http://[3ffe:506:1:2::3] and the address should draw together
with the square brackets.
Step 3: Login to the switch.
Login to the Web configuration interface. Valid login name and password are required,
otherwise the switch will reject HTTP access. This is a method to protect the switch from
unauthorized access. As a result, when Telnet is enabled for configuring and managing the
switch, username and password for authorized Telnet users must be configured with the
following command: username <username> privilege <privilege> [password (0|7)
<password>]. To open the local authentication style with the following command:
authentication line web login local. Privilege option must exist and just is 15. Assume an
authorized user in the switch has a username of “admin”, and password of “admin”, the
configuration procedure should like the following:
Switch>enable
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Switch#config
Switch(config)#username admin privilege 15 password 0 admin
Switch(config)#authentication line web login local
The Web login interface of QSW3400-28T-POE is as below:
Web Login Interface
Input the right username and password, and then the main Web configuration interface is
shown as below.
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Main Web Configuration Interface
Notice: When configure the switch, the name of the switch is composed with English letters.
1.1.2.3 Manage the Switch via SNMP Network Management Software
The necessities required by SNMP network management software to manage switches:
1. IP addresses are configured on the switch;
The IP address of the client host and that of the VLAN interface on the switch it subordinates
to should be in the same segment;
If 2. is not met, the client should be able to reach an IP address of the switch through devices
like routers;
SNMP should be enabled.
The host with SNMP network management software should be able to ping the IP address of
the switch, so that, when running, SNMP network management software will be able to find it
and implement read/write operation on it. Details about how to manage switches via SNMP
network management software will not be covered in this manual, please refer to “Snmp
network management software user manual”.
1.2 CLI Interface
The switch provides thress management interface for users: CLI (Command Line Interface)
interface, Web interface, Snmp netword management software. We will introduce the CLI
interface and Web configuration interface in details, Web interface is familiar with CLI interface
function and will not be covered, please refer to “Snmp network management software user
manual”.
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CLI interface is familiar to most users. As aforementioned, out-of-band management and
Telnet login are all performed through CLI interface to manage the switch.
CLI Interface is supported by Shell program, which consists of a set of configuration
commands. Those commands are categorized according to their functions in switch
configuration and management. Each category represents a different configuration mode. The
Shell for the switch is described below:
Configuration Modes
Configuration Syntax
Shortcut keys
Help function
Input verification
Fuzzy match support
1.2.1 Configuration Modes
Shell Configuration Modes
1.2.1.1 User Mode
On entering the CLI interface, entering user entry system first. If as common user, it is
defaulted to User Mode. The prompt shown is “Switch>“, the symbol “>“ is the prompt for User
Mode. When exit command is run under Admin Mode, it will also return to the User Mode.
Under User Mode, no configuration to the switch is allowed, only clock time and version
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Interface Type
Entry
Operates
Exit
VLAN
Interface
Type interface vlan <Vlanid> command under Global
Mode.
Configure switch IPs,
etc
Use the exit
command to return to
Global Mode.
Ethernet Port
Type interface ethernet
<interface-list> command
under Global Mode.
Configure supported
duplex mode, speed,
etc. of Ethernet Port.
Use the exit
command to return to
Global Mode.
port-channel
Type interface port-channel
<port-channel-number>
command under Global
Mode.
Configure port-channel
related settings such
as duplex mode,
speed, etc.
Use the exit
command to return to
Global Mode.
information of the switch can be queries.
1.2.1.2 Admin Mode
To Admin Mode sees the following: In user entry system, if as Admin user, it is defaulted to
Admin Mode. Admin Mode prompt “Switch#” can be entered under the User Mode by running
the enable command and entering corresponding access levels admin user password, if a
password has been set. Or, when exit command is run under Global Mode, it will also return to
the Admin Mode. Switch also provides a shortcut key sequence "Ctrl+z”, this allows an easy
way to exit to Admin Mode from any configuration mode (except User Mode).
Under Admin Mode, the user can query the switch configuration information, connection status
and traffic statistics of all ports; and the user can further enter the Global Mode from Admin
Mode to modify all configurations of the switch. For this reason, a password must be set for
entering Admin mode to prevent unauthorized access and malicious modification to the switch.
1.2.1.3 Global Mode
Type the config command under Admin Mode will enter the Global Mode prompt
“Switch(config)#”. Use the exit command under other configuration modes such as Port Mode,
VLAN mode will return to Global Mode.
The user can perform global configuration settings under Global Mode, such as MAC Table,
Port Mirroring, VLAN creation, IGMP Snooping start and STP, etc. And the user can go further
to Port Mode for configuration of all the interfaces.
1.2.1.4 Interface Mode
Use the interface command under Global Mode can enter the interface mode specified. Switch
provides three interface type: 1. VLAN interface; 2. Ethernet port; 3. port-channel, accordingly
the three interface configuration modes.
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ACL type
Entry
Operates
Exit
Standard IP
ACL Mode
Type ip access-list
standard command under
Global Mode.
Configure parameters for
Standard IP ACL Mode.
Use the exit
command to return
to Global Mode.
Extended IP
ACL Mode
Type ip access-list
extanded command under
Global Mode.
Configure parameters for
Extended IP ACL Mode.
Use the exit
command to return
to Global Mode.
1.2.1.5 VLAN Mode
Using the vlan <vlan-id> command under Global Mode can enter the corresponding VLAN
Mode. Under VLAN Mode the user can configure all member ports of the corresponding VLAN.
Run the exit command to exit the VLAN Mode to Global Mode.
1.2.1.6 DHCP Address Pool Mode
Type the ip dhcp pool <name> command under Global Mode will enter the DHCP Address
Pool Mode prompt “Switch(Config-<name>-dhcp)#”. DHCP address pool properties can be
configured under DHCP Address Pool Mode. Run the exit command to exit the DHCP Address
Pool Mode to Global Mode.
1.2.1.7 ACL Mode
1.2.2 Configuration Syntax
Switch provides various configuration commands. Although all the commands are different,
they all abide by the syntax for Switch configuration commands. The general commands
format of Switch is shown below:
cmdtxt <variable> {enum1 | … | enumN } [option1 | … | optionN]
Conventions: cmdtxt in bold font indicates a command keyword; <variable> indicates a
variable parameter; {enum1 | … | enumN } indicates a mandatory parameter that should be
selected from the parameter set enum1~enumN; and the square bracket ([ ]) in [option1 | … |
optionN] indicate an optional parameter. There may be combinations of “< >“, “{ }” and “[ ]” in
the command line, such as [<variable>], {enum1 <variable>| enum2}, [option1 [option2]],
etc.
Here are examples for some actual configuration commands:
show version, no parameters required. This is a command with only a keyword and no
parameter, just type in the command to run.
vlan <vlan-id>, parameter values are required after the keyword.
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