Princeton 1300, 4096, 4300 User Manual

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4411-0100

Version 2.E

September 15, 2011

*4411-0100*

Printed in the United States of America.

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The information in this publication is believed to be accurate as of the publication release date. However, Princeton Instruments does not assume any responsibility for any consequences including any damages resulting from the use thereof. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Revision of this publication may be issued to incorporate such change.

Chapter 1 Introduction .........................................................................................9

When Flexibility Counts ..................................................................................................... 9

Fiberoptic Expertise ............................................................................................................ 9

Shuttering and Synchronization .......................................................................................... 9

Low-Noise Configurations................................................................................................ 10

Software Solutions ............................................................................................................ 10

Custom Design .................................................................................................................. 10

PI-SCX System Components ............................................................................................ 10

About this Manual ............................................................................................................ 12

Manual Organization .................................................................................................. 12

Safety Related Symbols Used in this Manual ............................................................ 13

Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................ 13

Repairs .............................................................................................................................. 13

Warnings ........................................................................................................................... 13

Beryllium .................................................................................................................... 13

Coolant ....................................................................................................................... 13

Precautions ........................................................................................................................ 14

Cleaning ............................................................................................................................ 14

Camera and Controller ............................................................................................... 14

Beryllium Window ..................................................................................................... 14

Princeton Instruments Customer Service .......................................................................... 14

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions .................................................. 15

PI-SCX Camera ................................................................................................................ 15

ST-133 Controller ............................................................................................................. 17

Cables ............................................................................................................................... 20

Interface Card ................................................................................................................... 21

Application Software ........................................................................................................ 21

User Manuals .................................................................................................................... 22

Chapter 3 Installation Overview ....................................................................... 23

Chapter 4 System Setup ................................................................................... 25

Unpacking the System ...................................................................................................... 25

Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory................................................................... 25

System Requirements ....................................................................................................... 26

Environmental ............................................................................................................ 26

Ventilation .................................................................................................................. 26

Vacuum ...................................................................................................................... 26

Coolant ....................................................................................................................... 26

Power .......................................................................................................................... 27

Host Computer ........................................................................................................... 27

iii

iv PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Verifying Controller Voltage Setting ................................................................................ 28

Mounting the Camera ....................................................................................................... 29

Installing the Application Software .................................................................................. 30

Setting up the Communication Interface .......................................................................... 31

Setting up a PCI Interface .......................................................................................... 31

Setting up a USB 2.0 Interface ................................................................................... 32

Connecting the Interface (Controller-Computer) Cable ................................................... 35

TAXI® Cable (6050-0148-CE) ................................................................................... 35

USB 2.0 Cable (6050-0494) ....................................................................................... 35

Connecting the Camera-Controller Cable ......................................................................... 35

Entering the Default Camera System Parameters into WinX (WinView/32,

WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32) ................................................................................... 36

Making the Circulator-Camera Connections .................................................................... 37

Service Notes .................................................................................................................... 39

Chapter 5 Operation .......................................................................................... 41

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 41

System On/Off Sequences ................................................................................................ 42

First Light ......................................................................................................................... 43

Cabling ....................................................................................................................... 43

Getting Started ............................................................................................................ 43

Setting the Parameters ................................................................................................ 43

Acquiring Data ........................................................................................................... 45

Power Down Procedure .................................................................................................... 46

Exposure and Signal ......................................................................................................... 46

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 46

CCD Array Architecture ............................................................................................ 46

Exposure Time ........................................................................................................... 47

CCD Temperature ...................................................................................................... 47

Dark Charge ............................................................................................................... 48

Saturation ................................................................................................................... 49

Readout ............................................................................................................................. 49

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 49

Full Frame Readout .................................................................................................... 49

Binning ....................................................................................................................... 50

Output Amplifier Selection ........................................................................................ 52

Analog Gain Control .................................................................................................. 52

Digitization ....................................................................................................................... 53

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 53

Digitization Rate ........................................................................................................ 53

ADC Offset ................................................................................................................ 54

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics ............................................................................. 55

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 55

Timing Modes ................................................................................................................... 55

Free Run ..................................................................................................................... 56

External Sync ............................................................................................................. 56

External Sync with Continuous Cleans ...................................................................... 58

Fast Mode and Safe Mode ................................................................................................ 59

TTL Control ...................................................................................................................... 61

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 61

Table of Contents v

TTL In ........................................................................................................................ 61

Buffered vs. Latched Inputs ....................................................................................... 62

TTL Out ...................................................................................................................... 62

TTL Diagnostics Screen ............................................................................................. 63

Hardware Interface ..................................................................................................... 63

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting .............................................................................. 65

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 65

Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes ................................................................................... 66

Camera Stops Working ..................................................................................................... 66

Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field ........................................................... 66

Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses ............................................................... 67

Controller Is Not Responding ........................................................................................... 68

Cooling Troubleshooting .................................................................................................. 69

Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or Maintained. ............................................ 69

Camera loses Temperature Lock ................................................................................ 69

Gradual Deterioration of Cooling Capability ............................................................. 69

Data Loss or Serial Violation ............................................................................................ 70

Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message ............................................................ 70

Data Overrun Has Occurred message ............................................................................... 71

Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and

earlier) ........................................................................................................................ 71

Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware Wizard:Interface

dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier) ........................................................................ 73

Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier) . 75

Error Creating Controller message ................................................................................... 76

Error Occurs at Computer Powerup .................................................................................. 76

No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier) .. 79

Program Error message ..................................................................................................... 79

Removing/Installing a Plug-In Module ............................................................................ 80

Securing the Detector-Controller Cable Slide Latch ........................................................ 82

Serial violations have occurred. Check interface cable. ................................................... 83

Appendix A Specifications ............................................................................... 85

CCD Arrays ...................................................................................................................... 85

Types .......................................................................................................................... 85

PI-SCX:1300 .............................................................................................................. 85

PI-SCX:4096 .............................................................................................................. 86

PI-SCX:4300 .............................................................................................................. 86

Camera Window ............................................................................................................... 86

Camera Connector ............................................................................................................ 86

Camera Cooling ................................................................................................................ 87

Temperature Control ......................................................................................................... 87

Gain ................................................................................................................................... 87

Dimensions ....................................................................................................................... 88

PI-SCX:1300 .............................................................................................................. 88

PI-SCX:4096 ≤1.5:1 ................................................................................................... 88

PI-SCX:4096 >1.5:1 ................................................................................................... 88

PI-SCX:4300 .............................................................................................................. 88

vi PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Controller TTL I/O ........................................................................................................... 88

Controller I/O .................................................................................................................... 88

Controller Interface ........................................................................................................... 88

Controller Power Input ..................................................................................................... 88

Controller Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 88

Mounting ........................................................................................................................... 88

Appendix B Outline Drawings .......................................................................... 89

Appendix C Repumping the Vacuum .............................................................. 97

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 97

Requirements .................................................................................................................... 98

Pumping Procedure ........................................................................................................... 98

Preliminary Steps ....................................................................................................... 98

Pumping Down ........................................................................................................... 99

Installing a New Vacuum Seal .......................................................................................... 99

Appendix D USB 2.0 Limitations .................................................................... 101

Declaration of Conformity .............................................................................. 103

Warranty & Service ......................................................................................... 105

Limited Warranty ............................................................................................................ 105

Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty ..................................................................... 105

Limited One (1) Year Warranty on Refurbished or Discontinued Products ............ 105

XP Vacuum Chamber Limited Lifetime Warranty .................................................. 105

Sealed Chamber Integrity Limited 12 Month Warranty ........................................... 106

Vacuum Integrity Limited 12 Month Warranty ....................................................... 106

Image Intensifier Detector Limited One Year Warranty .......................................... 106

X-Ray Detector Limited One Year Warranty .......................................................... 106

Software Limited Warranty ...................................................................................... 106

Owner's Manual and Troubleshooting ..................................................................... 107

Your Responsibility .................................................................................................. 107

Contact Information ........................................................................................................ 108

Index ................................................................................................................. 109

Figures

Figure 1. Standard System Components .......................................................................... 11

Figure 2. Power Switch Location (ST-133A and ST-133B) ............................................ 17

Figure 3. ST-133 Rear Panel ............................................................................................ 18

Figure 4. NOT SCAN and SHUTTER Signals ................................................................ 20

Figure 5. PI-SCX:1300 System Diagram ........................................................................ 24

Figure 6. PI-SCX:4096 and PI-SCX:4300 System Diagram ........................................... 24

Figure 7. Controller Power Input Module ....................................................................... 28

Figure 8. Mounting Holes on Tripod Adapter ................................................................. 29

Figure 9. Mounting Holes on Bottom of Camera ............................................................ 30

Figure 10. WinView Installation: Interface Card Driver Selection ................................. 30

Figure 11. Camera Detection Wizard - Welcome dialog ................................................. 36

Figure 12. RSConfig dialog ............................................................................................. 37

Figure 13. Hardware Setup wizard: PVCAM dialog ....................................................... 37

Figure 14. PI-SCX:1300 Camera Back Panel .................................................................. 38

Table of Contents vii

Figure 15. PI-SCX:4300 and PI-SCX:4096 Camera Back Panel ................................... 39

Figure 16. Block Diagram of Light Path in System ......................................................... 41

Figure 17. Example of WinView Data Acquired from First Light Procedure ................. 45

Figure 18. Array Terms for a CCD with a Single Output Amplifier ............................... 49

Figure 19. Full Frame at Full Resolution ......................................................................... 50

Figure 20. 2 × 2 Binning .................................................................................................. 51

Figure 21. Timing tab ...................................................................................................... 55

Figure 22. Free Run Timing Chart, part of the chart in Figure 28 ....................................... 56

Figure 23. Free Run Timing Diagram.............................................................................. 56

Figure 24. Chart Showing Two External Sync Timing Options ...................................... 57

Figure 25. Timing Diagram for the External Sync Mode (- edge trigger) ....................... 58

Figure 26. Continuous Cleans Operation Flowchart ........................................................ 58

Figure 27. Continuous Cleans Timing Diagram (-edge trigger) ...................................... 59

Figure 28. Chart of Safe Mode and Fast Mode Operation ............................................... 60

Figure 29. TTL In/Out Connector .................................................................................... 63

Figure 30. TTL Diagnostics dialog .................................................................................. 63

Figure 31. Camera1 in Camera Name Field .................................................................... 66

Figure 32. Power Input Module ....................................................................................... 67

Figure 33. Fuse Holder .................................................................................................... 67

Figure 34. Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict dialog ............................................. 70

Figure 35. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog ................................................................ 71

Figure 36. RSConfig dialog ............................................................................................. 72

Figure 37. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog ................................................................ 72

Figure 38. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog ................................................................ 73

Figure 39. RSConfig dialog: Two Camera Styles ........................................................... 73

Figure 40. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog ............................................................... 74

Figure 41. RSConfig dialog: Two Camera Styles ........................................................... 75

Figure 42. Error Creating Controller dialog .................................................................... 76

Figure 43. Hardware Wizard: Detector/Camera/CCD dialog .......................................... 79

Figure 44. Program Error dialog ...................................................................................... 79

Figure 45. Module Installation......................................................................................... 80

Figure 46. Serial Violations Have Occurred dialog ......................................................... 83

Figure 47. ST-133A Controller ........................................................................................ 89

Figure 48. ST-133B Controller ........................................................................................ 89

Figure 49. PI-SCX:1300 .................................................................................................. 90

Figure 50. PI-SCX:1300/PW ........................................................................................... 91

Figure 51. PI-SCX:1300/1.5PW ...................................................................................... 92

Figure 52. PI-SCX:4096 (100 mm Fiber Optic) .............................................................. 93

Figure 53. PI-SCX:4096 (165 mm Fiber Optic) .............................................................. 94

Figure 54. PI-SCX:4300 (75 mm Fiber Optic) ................................................................ 95

Figure 55. PI-SCX:4300 (165 mm Fiber Optic) .............................................................. 96

Figure 56. Vacuum Pumping Fitting ............................................................................... 97

Figure 57. Indium-tipped Vacuum Valve ........................................................................ 97

viii PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Tables

Table 1. PCI Driver Files and Locations ......................................................................... 32

Table 2. USB Driver Files and Locations ........................................................................ 34

Table 3. Camera Timing Modes ..................................................................................... 55

Table 4. Bit Values with Decimal Equivalents: 1 = High, 0 = Low ............................... 62

Table 5. TTL In/Out Connector Pinout ........................................................................... 63

Table 6. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments before Installing Serial Card ................. 77

Table 7. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments after Installing Serial Card .................... 77

Table 8. Camera vs. Approximate Cooldown Temperature ............................................ 87

Table 9. WinView/WinSpec Features Supported under USB 2.0 ................................. 101

Chapter 1 Introduction

When Flexibility Counts

Princeton Instruments knows that a camera designed to detect x-ray photons for scientific research needs to be flexible. X-ray scattering from complex crystals such as proteins requires high dynamic range and low-noise readout, whereas scattering from materials like polymers, fibers, and powders requires deep cooling and rapid imaging to capture phase or morphological changes during thermal or mechanical processing. Shutterless operation, low noise, and the ability to select a fiber ratio up to 5:1 make the Princeton Instruments PI·SCX system an ideal choice for both of these applications.

In fact, PI-SCX high-performance systems are designed specifically for applications like x-ray tomography, x-ray topography, medical x-ray imaging, nondestructive testing (NDT), streak tube readout, and image intensifier readout.

When a 1:1 fiberoptic-coupling configuration is chosen, these cameras are well suited for streak tube and image intensifier readout or low x-ray flux imaging. A softwareprogrammable high-sensitivity or high-capacity amplifier means that the PI-SCX system can also provide x-ray photon-counting capability with 16-bit dynamic range.

Fiberoptic Expertise

The PI-SCX camera system utilizes Princeton Instruments' patented fiberoptic-coupling technology (US Patent 5,134,680) to ensure the highest possible resolution. This process eliminates any intermediate fiberoptic faceplate or unreliable oil layer between surfaces. An optional phosphor screen (GdOS:Tb) that absorbs x-rays and emits visible light (~550 nm) can also be coupled to the CCD with a fiberoptic in order to detect x-rays. When the highest sensitivity is required, such as when detecting low flux or lower x-ray energies (~5 keV), smaller taper ratios and back-illuminated CCDs are offered. For distortion-free imaging, a 1:1 fiberoptic system is recommended, while for maximum field of view – ideal for high-brilliance sources like third-generation synchrotrons – tapers with diameters as large as 165 mm are recommended.

Shuttering and Synchronization

Electrical timing signals are available from the camera controller for synchronization with a customer-provided x-ray shutter. The CCD can be continuously cleared of dark charge while waiting for an exposure to begin. Exposures that are much longer than the CCD readout time can be performed without a shutter, as the amount of smearing (due to continued exposure during readout) will be low.

10 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

Low-Noise Configurations

The PI-SCX system provides either a forced-air or water-cooling option to reduce dark current. The thermoelectric (Peltier) design and precision electronics provide very high precision as well as the capability to set the required temperature.

For higher performance, models with the phosphor, fiberoptic, and CCD all entirely contained within a vacuum are also available. This configuration allows deeper cooling while eliminating condensation on the phosphor surface. Another configuration, one in which the fiberoptic extends outside the vacuum, allows the flexibility of changing scintillators/phosphors for specific x-ray energy without breaking vacuum or coupling the camera system to streak tubes or image intensifiers.

Software Solutions

The PI-SCX camera runs under WinView and WinSpec, Princeton Instruments' 32-bit Windows provide comprehensive image or spectra capture and display functions, so you can perform data acquisition without having to rely on third-party software. The packages also facilitate snap-ins to permit easy user customization of any function or sequence. Windows DLLs are available, which allows you to write your own software. This makes integrating the system into larger experiments or instruments a straightforward endeavor.

software packages designed for imaging and spectroscopy, respectively. They

Custom Design

On a special-order basis, custom fiberoptic-taper configurations can be provided, including designs that support electron backscatter imaging, simultaneous wide- and small-angle x-ray scattering imaging, or nondestructive testing. Configurations with multiple CCD / taper assemblies can also be provided.

Contact Princeton Instruments for the latest information concerning these and other options for fiberoptically-coupled camera needs.

PI-SCX System Components

The Princeton Instruments PI-SCX system normally contains the major components shown in Figure 1 and described below. Actual system components will depend on the system configuration ordered.

 Fiberoptic Taper CCD Camera: X-rays pass through the Beryllium window and

are absorbed by a phosphor screen that emits visible light. This light is coupled to the

CCD by a reducing fused fiber optic taper. The CCD detects one or more visible

photons per X-ray photon absorbed. Detected photons are converted to electrical

signals. These are then transferred from the camera to the ST-133 Controller.

Do not touch the Beryllium window at the front of the camera.

Avoid abrasion of the Beryllium window since powdered Beryllium is highly toxic if ingested. Beryllium should never be handled in a way that places personnel at risk.

Units are shipped with a protective label over the Beryllium window. This label should be removed and discarded. Damage to the Beryllium window may result in loss of vacuum and improper camera operation.

Chapter 1 Introduction 11

 ST-133 Controller: Controls the camera and experiment, including the temperature set

point. Collects the data and transfers it to the computer for further processing.

 Camera-Controller Cable: This 10' cable (6050-0484) connects from the

DETECTOR connector (25 pins) on the back of the ST-133 to the connector

(25 pins) on the back of the camera. Note that the end that connects to the camera has

a right-angle connector and is secured by a slide lock.

 User Manuals: PI-SCX System and WinView/32 Imaging Software. The PI-SCX

manual contains the basic setup and operation information for PI-SCX camera

systems. For information about WinView/32, refer to its manual and to the on-line

help supplied with the program.

Note: The system and software manuals may be provided on the software CD

supplied with your system.

 WinView/32 CD-ROM: This CD contains the WinView/32 imaging software and

related manuals in PDF format.

 Interface Card: Princeton Instruments (RSPI) High-Speed Serial PCI Card or USB

2.0 Card to be installed in the computer. If the computer is purchased from Princeton

Instruments, the interface card will be installed at the factory.

 Interface Cable:

 TAXI cable: DB9 to DB9 cable (6050-0148-CE is standard) or

 USB cable: Five (5) meter cable (6050-0494) is standard

Figure 1. Standard System Components

12 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

About this Manual

Manual Organization

This manual provides the user with all the information needed to install a PI-SCX camera and place it in operation. Topics covered include a detailed description of the camera, installation, cleaning, specifications and more.

Notes:

1. The general identifier "ST-133" is used for both the ST-133A Controller and the

ST-133B Controller. Where there is a difference, the specific identifier is used.

2. "WinX" is a generic term for WinView, WinSpec, and WinXTest application

software.

Chapter 1, Introduction briefly describes the PI-SCX family of cameras; details

the structure of this manual; and documents environmental, storage, and cleaning requirements.

Chapter 2, Component Descriptions provides descriptions of each system

component.

Chapter 3, Installation Overview cross-references system setup actions with the

relevant manuals and/or manual pages. It also contains system layout diagrams.

Chapter 4, System Setup provides detailed directions for interconnecting the

system components.

Chapter 5, Operation includes a simple procedure for verifying system operation

and discusses operational considerations associated with exposure, readout, and digitization.

Chapter 6, Advanced Topics discusses standard timing modes (Free Run,

External Sync, and Continuous Cleans), Fast and Safe, and TTL control.

Chapter 7, Troubleshooting provides courses of action to take if you should

have problems with your system.

Appendix A, Specifications includes PI-SCX camera and ST-133 specifications.

Appendix B, Outline Drawings includes outline drawings of the PI-SCX cameras

and the ST-133A and ST-133B Controllers.

Appendix C, Repumping the Vacuum explains how to restore the camera's

vacuum if that vacuum has deteriorated over time.

Appendix D, USB 2.0 Limitations covers the currently known limitations

associated with operating under the USB 2.0 interface.

Declaration of Conformity contains the Declaration of Conformity for PI-SCX

systems.

Warranty & Service provides warranty and customer support contact information.

Chapter 1 Introduction 13

Caution! The use of this symbol on equipment indicates that one or more nearby items should not be operated without first consulting the manual. The same symbol appears in the manual adjacent to the text that discusses the hardware item(s) in question.

Warning! Risk of electric shock! The use of this symbol on equipment indicates that one or more nearby items pose an electric shock hazard and should be regarded as potentially dangerous. This same symbol appears in the manual adjacent to the text that discusses the hardware item(s) in question.

Safety Related Symbols Used in this Manual

Environmental Conditions

 Storage temperature < 50°C  Operating environment 0°C < T< 30°C  Operating temperature range over which specifications can be met is 18 C to 23 C

 Relative humidity 50%, noncondensing.

Repairs

Repairs must be done by Princeton Instruments. If your system hardware needs repair, contact Princeton Instruments Customer Service. Please save the original packing material so you can safely ship the system to another location or return it for repairs.

Warnings

To prevent injury, please observe the following warnings:

Beryllium

 Do not touch the Beryllium window at the front of the camera.

 Avoid abrasion of the Beryllium window since powdered Beryllium is highly

toxic if ingested. Beryllium should never be handled in a way that places personnel at risk.

 Units are shipped with protective label over the Beryllium window. This label

should be removed and discarded. Damage to the Beryllium window may result in loss of vacuum and improper camera operation.

 For additional information on safe handling practices or technical data on

Beryllium, contact Brush Wellman Inc. at www.brushwellman.com

Coolant

 COOLANT IS HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. Store coolant securely and keep

it out of the reach of children.

14 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

Precautions

To prevent permanently damaging the system, please observe the following precautions:

 Always switch off and unplug the ST-133 Controller before changing your system

configuration in any way.

 The CCD array is very sensitive to static electricity. Touching the CCD can destroy

it. Operations requiring contact with the device can only be performed at the factory.

 Never operate the camera cooled without proper evacuation or backfill. This could

damage the CCD!

 Never connect or disconnect any cable while the PI-SCX system is powered on.

Reconnecting a charged cable may damage the CCD.

 Never prevent the free flow of air through the equipment by blocking the air vents.  Never operate a water-assisted or water-cooled-only PI-SCX:1300 camera with

coolant at a temperature below that specified for it.

Cleaning

Turn off all power to the equipment and secure all covers before cleaning the units. Otherwise, damage to the equipment or personal injury could occur.

Camera and Controller

Although there is no periodic maintenance that must be performed on the camera or the

ST-133 Controller, you may clean these components from time to time by wiping them down with a clean damp cloth. This operation should only be done on the external surfaces and with all covers secured. In dampening the cloth, use clean water only. No soap, solvents or abrasives should be used. Not only are they not required, but they could damage the finish of the surfaces on which they are used.

Beryllium Window

Cleaning may be necessary to remove oil or other contaminants from the surface of the window. Because a fingerprint left on the surface will disrupt the effectiveness of the final etch or coating and because of the potential toxicity, protective gloves should be worn when cleaning the window. To clean the window, wipe it down with isopropanol and a lintless cloth. DO NOT use water. Beryllium is highly susceptible to localized pitting when in contact with the chloride and sulfate ions contained in ordinary water.

Princeton Instruments Customer Service

Refer to the contact information located on page 108 of this manual.

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions

PI-SCX Camera

CCD Array: PI-SCX currently offers three CCD formats: the 1340x1300 array with

20x20 µm pixels, the 2084x2084 array with 24x24 µm pixels, and the 4096x4096 array with 15x15 µm pixels. All are scientific grade full-frame arrays with MPP. The application of indium tin oxide (ITO) technology to the PI-SCX:4300 array provides a QE of approximately 65% to 550 nm. When used with an x-ray scintillator screen and a software-programmable, high-capacity or high-sensitivity amplifier, these systems can effectively provide x-ray photon-counting capability with up to 16-bit dynamic range.

CCD Chamber: The vacuum-sealed CCD chamber protects the CCD from contamination as well as insulates it from the warmer air in the camera body. The inherent low humidity prevents condensation on the cooled surface of the array. The thermal barrier provided by the fiberoptic prevents the condensation from forming on the front of the fiberoptic .

PI-SCX cameras are normally shipped with a vacuum level of ~10 mTorr or better. Because this vacuum may deteriorate over time due to outgassing of electrical components, some PI-SCX cameras are designed with a built-in vacuum port that can be used to restore the vacuum to its original level. Instructions for repumping the vacuum

are provided in Appendix C.

Fiber Optic: The PI-SCX fiberoptic tapers are bonded to the face of the CCD arrays with Princeton Instruments' patented fiberoptic-coupling technology. The direct bonding to the face of the array eliminates the need for an intermediate fiberoptic faceplate or an oil layer between surfaces, thereby increasing sensitivity. The PI-SCX:1300 is bonded to a 1:1 or 1.5:1 fiberoptic taper which extends outside the vacuum for a resolution of 25 lp/mm for the 1:1 taper or 16 lp/mm for the 1.5:1 taper. The PI-SCX:4096 is available with either a 1:1 fiberoptic taper (31 lp/mm, 61x61 mm field of view) or a 1.9:1 fiberoptic taper (120x120 mm field of view). The PI-SCX:4300 is available with either a 1:1 fiberoptic taper (20 lp/mm) or a 2.4:1 taper (120x120 mm field of view).

Thermoelectric Cooler: While the CCD accumulates charge, thermal activity releases electrons, generating dark current. Cooling the CCD enhances the low-light sensitivity by reducing thermally generated charge. With forced-air assistance, the PI-SCX:1300 camera’s thermoelectric cooler is capable of cooling the CCD to -30°C with ±0.05°C stability at temperature lock. With 25°C water for water-assisted cooling, the PI-SCX:1300 camera can reach -35°C. With +5°C water, the PI-SCX:4096 (≤1.5:1 fiber ratio) and the PI-SCX:4300 are designed to reach -50°C. With +0°C water, the PI-SCX:4096 (>1.5:1 fiber ratio) is designed to reach -45°C

Cooling is accomplished by mounting the CCD on a cold finger, which in turn is seated on a thermoelectric (Peltier-effect) cooler. With air-cooling, the heat is transferred through the Peltier stages to internal fins and is removed by forced air. With watercooling, a 50:50 ethylene glycol-water coolant is circulated through a heatsink thermally

16 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

connected to the Peltier. CCD temperature is controlled and monitored by the host computer and the ST-133 Controller.

Electronics: The camera electronics enclosure contains the preamplifier and array driver board. This design keeps all signal leads to the preamplifier as short as possible and also provides complete RF shielding.

Speed of data acquisition and dynamic range is determined primarily by the A/D converter used (binning on the array is also a factor). The PI-SCX is available with a 1 MHz, 16-bit readout. The PI-SCX:1300 is available with dual-speed digitization (100 kHz and 1 MHz). These 16-bit digitizers give you the choice of the 100 kHz for the better signal-to-noise ratio or the 1 MHz for increased data acquisition speed. Both the PI-SCX:1300 and the PI-SCX:4300 have dual-amplifier circuits (low-noise or high-capacity). The PI-SCX:4096 has a single readout-amplifier.

Connectors: Power, control signals, and data are transmitted between the ST-133 and the PI-SCX camera via the 25-pin D connector located on the rear of the camera.

Mounting Holes: The PI-SCX:1300 camera can be ordered with an optional tripod mount kit with three different mounting holes (1/4"-20, 3/8"-16, and M6). The PI-SCX:4096 and the PI-SCX:4300 cameras have three threaded holes on the underside of the camera body (two are M8 x 1.25 tap, 25 mm deep; and one is 1/4"-20 tap, .50" deep).

Fan: PI-SCX:1300 only. There may be a fan located inside the camera's back panel. Its

purpose is:

 to remove heat from the Peltier device that cools the CCD array  to cool the electronics.

An internal Peltier device directly cools the cold finger on which the CCD is mounted. The heat produced by the Peltier device is then removed by the air drawn into the camera by the internal fan and exhausted through the back panel. The fan is always in operation and air cooling of both the Peltier and the internal electronics takes place continuously. The fan is designed for low-vibration and does not adversely affect the image. For the fan to function properly, free circulation must be maintained between the rear of the camera and the laboratory atmosphere.

Coolant Ports: Depending on the camera, there may be two coolant ports for watercooling. The Inlet and Outlet ports for the PI-SCX:4096 and the PI-SCX:4300 are interchangeable, are barbed (straight or right-angled), and will accommodate 3/8" ID Tygon tubing . Optimal cooling for the PI-SCX:1300 requires that the correct ports be used for the Inlet and the Outlet. These quick-disconnect ports require 1/4" thin-wall plastic tubing.

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions 17

POWER Switch and Indicator: The power switch location and characteristics depend on the version of ST-133 Controller that was shipped with your system. In some versions, the power switch (when located on the front panel as shown in Figure 3), has an integral indicator LED that lights whenever the ST-133 is powered. In other versions, the power switch is located on the back of the ST-133 and does not include an indicator LED.

Rear Panel Connectors: There are three controller board slots. Two are occupied by the plug-in cards that provide various controller

Figure 2. Power Switch Location

(ST-133A and ST-133B)

 Pixel A/D conversion

 Timing and synchronization of readouts

 CCD scan control

 Temperature control

 Exposure control

 Video output control

WARNING!

ST-133 Controller

Electronics: The Model ST-133 is a compact, high performance CCD Camera

Controller for operation with Princeton Instruments cameras. Designed for high speed and high performance image acquisition, the ST-133 offers data transfer at speeds up to 5 megapixel per second, standard video output for focusing and alignment. A variety of A/D converters are available to meet different speed and resolution requirements.

In addition to containing the power supply, the controller contains the analog and digital electronics, scan control and exposure timing hardware, and controller I/O connectors, all mounted on user-accessible plug-in modules. This highly modularized design gives flexibility and allows for convenient servicing.

functions. The third, covered with a blank panel, is reserved for future development. The leftmost plug-in card is the Analog/Control module. Adjacent to it is the Interface Control module. Both modules align with top and bottom tracks and mate with a passive backplane via a 64-pin DIN connector. For proper operation, the location of the modules should not be changed. Each board is secured by two screws that also ground each module’s front panel. Removing and inserting boards is described in Chapter 7, pages 80-81.

To minimize the risk of equipment damage, a module should never be removed or

installed when the system is powered.

The Analog/Control Module, which should always be located in the left-most slot,

provides the following functions.

The Interface Control Module, which should always be located in the center slot,

provides the following functions.

 TTL in/out Programmable Interface  Communications Control (TAXI or USB 2.0 protocol)

18 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

Always turn the power off at the Controller before connecting or disconnecting any cable that interconnects the camera and controller or serious damage to the CCD may result.

This damage is NOT covered by the manufacturer’s warranty.

Figure 3. ST-133 Rear Panel

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions 19

# Feature

1. Temperature Lock LED: Indicates that the temperature control loop has locked and that the temperature of the CCD array will be stable to within  0.05C.

2. Video Output: If labeled Video, composite video output is provided at this connector. The

amplitude is 1 V pk-pk and the source impedance is 75 . Note that video output is not

currently supported under USB 2.0. If labeled Aux, this output is reserved for future use.

3. External Sync Input: TTL input that has a 10 k pullup resistor. Allows data acquisition and

readout to be synchronized with external events. Through software, either positive or negative

(default) edge triggering can be selected.

4. Output WinView/32 (ver. 2.4 and higher) software selectable NOT SCAN or

SHUTTER signal. Default is SHUTTER. , reports when the controller is finished reading out the CCD array. is high when the CCD array is not being scanned, then drops low when readout begins, returning to high when the process is finished. The second signal, SHUTTER, reports when the shutter is opened and can be used to synchronize external shutters. SHUTTER is low when the shutter is closed and goes high when the shutter is activated, dropping low again after the shutter closes. See Figure 4 for timing

diagram.

5. Output: Initially HIGH. After a Start Acquisition command, this output changes state on completion of the array cleaning cycles that precede the first exposure. Initially high, it goes low to mark the beginning of the first exposure. In free run operation it remains

low until the system is halted. If a specific number of frames have been programmed, it

remains low until all have been taken, then returns high.

6. Zero Adjustment: Control the offset values of the Fast (F) and Slow (S) A/D converters.

Preadjusted at factory. The offset is a voltage that is added to the signal to bring the A/D output to a non-zero value, typically 50-100 counts. This offset value ensures that all the

true variation in the signal can really be seen and not lost below the A/D "0" value. Since the offset is added to the signal, these counts only minimally reduce the range of the signal

from 65535 (16-bit A/D) to a value in the range of 50-100 counts lower.

Caution: Do not adjust the offset values to zero, or some low-level data will be missed.

7. Detector Connector: Transmits control information to the camera and receives data back from the camera via the Detector-Controller cable.

8. TTL In/Out: User-programmable interface with eight input bits and eight output bits that

can be written to or polled for additional control or functionality. Under USB 2.0, output is

not currently supported in WinView. See Chapter 6.

9. AUX Output: Reserved for future use.

10. Serial COM Connector: Provides two-way serial communication between the controller and

the host computer. Contact the factory if an application requires use of the optional fiberoptic data link to increase the maximum allowable distance between the Camera and the

computer.

11. Fan: Cools the controller electronics. Runs continuously when the controller is turned on. Do not block the side vents or the fan exhaust port.

Rear Panel Features: The descriptions of the rear panel connectors are keyed to Figure 3. Depending on your system, either the TAXI or the USB 2.0 Interface Control Module will be installed in the second from the left slot (as you face the rear of the ST-133). The TAXI module is shown in that position.

20 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

# Feature

12. Shutter Setting Selector: Sets the shutter hold voltage. Contact factory for the correct shutter setting for a remote x-ray shutter.

13. Remote Shutter Connector: Provides shutter-drive and hold voltages for a Princeton

Instruments 25 mm external shutter (typically, an entrance slit shutter). May be used for a remote

x-ray shutter.

WARNING: Dangerous live potentials are present at the Remote Shutter Power connector.

To avoid shock hazard, the Controller power should be OFF when connecting or

disconnecting a remote shutter.

14. Power Input Module: Contains the power cord socket and two fuses. Depending on the ST-133 version, the power switch may be located directly above the power module.

15. Fuse/Voltage Label: Displays the controller’s power and fuse requirements. This label may appear below the power module.

16. USB 2.0 Connector: Provides two-way serial communication between the controller and the host computer. Uses USB 2.0 protocol.

Detector-Controller: 1 MHz or 100kHz/1MHz systems. The standard 10' cable (6050-0484) has DB-25 Male connectors with slide-latch locking hardware. This cable interconnects the Detector connector on the rear of the ST-133 with the 25-pin D connector on the back of the PI-SCX camera. The Detector-Controller cable is also available in 6', 15', 20', and 30' lengths. Note that a longer cable may degrade camera performance.

Computer Interface Cable: Depending on the system configuration, either a USB or a TAXI cable will be shipped.

Figure 4. NOT SCAN and SHUTTER Signals

Cables

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions 21

TAXI: The standard 25' (7.6 m) cable (6050-0148-CE) has DB-9 Male

connectors with screw-down locking hardware. The TAXI (Serial

communication) cable interconnects the Serial Com connector on the rear of the

ST-133 with the PCI card installed in the host computer. In addition to the standard length, this cable is available in 10', 50', 100', and 165' lengths. Also available are fiber optic adapters with fiber optic cables in 100, 300, and 1000 meter lengths.

USB 2.0: The standard 16.4' (5 m) cable (6050-0494) has USB connectors

that interconnect the USB 2.0 connector on the rear of the ST-133 with a

USB card installed in the host computer.

Interface Card

PCI Card: This interface card is required when the system interface uses the TAXI protocol rather than USB 2.0. The PCI card plugs-into the host computer's motherboard and provides the serial communication interface between the host computer and the ST-133. Through WinView/32 or WinSpec/32, the card can be used in either High Speed PCI or PCI(Timer) mode. High Speed PCI allows data transfer to be interrupt-driven and can give higher performance in some situations.

PCI(Timer) allows data transfer to be controlled by a polling timer.

USB 2.0 Card: This interface card is required when the system interface uses the USB 2.0 protocol rather the TAXI protocol and the computer does not have native USB 2.0 support. The USB 2.0 card plugs-into the host computer's motherboard and provides the communication interface between the host computer and the ST-133. The USB 2.0 PCI card (70USB90011) by Orange Micro is recommended for desktop computers; the SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 is recommended for laptop computers. See www.orangemicro.com or www.siig.com, respectively, for more information.

Application Software

The Princeton Instruments WinView/32 software package provides comprehensive image acquisition, display, processing, and archiving functions so you can perform complete data acquisition and analysis without having to rely upon third-party software. WinView/32 provides reliable control over all Princeton Instruments cameras, regardless of array format and architecture, via an exclusive universal programming interface (PVCAM®). WinView/32 also features snap-ins and macro record functions to permit easy user customization of any function or sequence.

PVCAM is the standard software interface for cooled CCD cameras from Princeton Instruments. It is a library of functions that can be used to control and acquire data from the camera when a custom application is being written. For example, in the case of Windows, PVCAM is a dynamic link library (DLL). Also, it should be understood that PVCAM is solely for camera control and image acquisition, not for image processing. PVCAM places acquired images into a buffer, where they can then be manipulated using either custom written code or by extensions to other commercially available image processing packages.

Scientific Imaging ToolKit™ (SITK™) is a collection of LabVIEW scientific cameras and spectrographs. This third party software can be purchased from Princeton Instruments.

VIs for

22 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

User Manuals

PI-SCX System User Manual: This manual describes how to install and use

the PI-SCX system components.

WinView/32 User Manual: This manual describes how to install and use the application program. A PDF version of this manual is provided on the installation CD. Additional information is available in the program's on-line help.

Note: You can download current versions of Princeton Instruments manuals at

ftp://ftp.princetoninstruments.com/Public/Manuals/Princeton Instruments/.

Versions of Acton manuals are located at

ftp://ftp.princetoninstruments.com/Public/Manuals/Acton/.

Chapter 3

Action

Reference

1. If the system components have not already been unpacked, unpack

them and inspect their carton(s) and the system components for intransit damage. Store the packing materials.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 25

2. Verify that all system components have been received.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 25

3. If the components show no signs of damage, verify that the

appropriate voltage settings have been selected for the Controller.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 28

4. If the WinView/32 software is not already installed in the host

computer, install it. This will install the appropriate drivers for the interface card.

WinView/32 manual

5. If the appropriate interface card is not already installed in the host

computer, install it.

Chapter 4 System Setup, PCI Interface, page 31 or

USB 2.0 Interface, page 32

6. With the Controller and computer power turned OFF, connect the

interface cable (TAXI or USB) to the Controller and the interface card in the host computer. Then tighten down the locking hardware.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 35

7. With the Controller power turned OFF, connect the Detector-Controller

cable to the appropriate connector on the rear of the Controller and the other end to the appropriate connector on the rear of the Camera.

Adjust the slide latches so the cable connections are locked.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 35

Chapter 7, Troubleshooting, page 82

8. With the Controller power turned OFF, connect the Controller

power cable to the rear of the controller and to the power source.

9. If the camera has water-assisted cooling or is water-cooled, make the

tubing connections between the circulator and the camera. Fill the circulator with the required mixture, turn on the circulator, turn on the refrigeration, and set the coolant temperature.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 37

Chapter 5 Operation, page 43

10. Turn the Controller ON.

Installation Overview

The list and diagrams below briefly describe the sequence of actions required to hookup your system and prepare to gather data. Refer to the indicated references for more detailed information. This list assumes that the application software is Princeton Instruments WinView/32.

24 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Action

Reference

11. Turn on the computer and begin running WinView/32. When the

computer boots, you may be asked for the location of the interface drivers.

Chapter 4 System Setup, page 31 (PCI drivers) or page 32 (USB drivers)

WinView/32 manual

12. Enter the hardware setup information or load the defaults from the

controller.

Chapter 5 Operation, page 43

13. Set the target array temperature.

Chapter 5 Operation, page 43

14. When the system reaches temperature lock, begin acquiring data in

focus mode.

Chapter 5 Operation, page 45

Figure 5. PI-SCX:1300 System Diagram

Figure 6. PI-SCX:4096 and PI-SCX:4300 System Diagram

Chapter 4 System Setup

Unpacking the System

During the unpacking, check the system components for possible signs of shipping damage. If there are any, notify Princeton Instruments and file a claim with the carrier. If damage is not apparent but camera or controller specifications cannot be achieved, internal damage may have occurred in shipment. Please save the original packing materials so you can safely ship the camera system to another location or return it to Princeton Instruments for repairs if necessary.

Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory

Confirm that you have all of the equipment and parts required to set up the system. A complete PI-SCX system consists of

 Camera: PI-SCX:1300, PI-SCX:4096, or PI-SCX:4300.  ST-133 Controller: Do not substitute any other controller for the controller supplied

with your system.

 Camera to Controller cable: DB25 to DB25, 10 ft (6050-0484).  Controller to Computer cable:

 TAXI cable: DB9 to DB9 cable (6050-0148-CE is standard) or  USB cable: Five (5) meter cable (6050-0494) is standard

 Interface Board: PCI or USB 2.0

 Proprietary Princeton Instruments (RSPI) High Speed PCI Interface board for

TAXI interface.

 USB 2.0 board for USB 2.0 interface is user-provided: native USB 2.0 support on

the motherboard or USB 2.0 Interface Card (Orange Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI is recommended for desktop; SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 for laptop).

 WinView/32 CD-ROM: This CD contains the WinView/32 imaging software and

related manuals in PDF format.

 User Manuals: PI-SCX System and WinView/32 Imaging Software. These manuals

are supplied on the CD shipped with your system.

 Host Computer: Typically, the computer is user-supplied.  Coolant Circulator: Not required by some systems. Typically, the coolant circulator

and hoses are user-supplied.

26 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

System Requirements

Environmental

Operating temperature: 0ºC to +30ºC;

Operating temperature range over which system specifications can be met: +18ºC to

+23ºC

Relative humidity <50% noncondensing.

Ventilation

Camera: Allow at least one inch of clearance for side and rear air vents.

ST-133: There is an internal fan located at the right side of the rear panel behind an

exhaust opening. Its purpose is simply to cool the controller electronics. This fan runs continuously whenever the controller is powered. Air enters the unit through ventilation openings on the side panels, flows past the warm electronic components as it rises, and is drawn out the rear of the controller by the fan. It is important that there be an adequate airflow for proper functioning. As long as both the controller’s intake ventilation openings and the fan exhaust opening aren’t obstructed, the controller will remain quite cool.

Vacuum

The CCD is housed in the vacuum with the fiberoptic taper extending beyond the vacuum chamber with a thin Beryllium window to block visible light and to admit X-rays. The camera is shipped with a vacuum quality superior to the minimum required to assure proper operation of the system for an extended period of time without concern for the

quality of the vacuum. See Appendix C for additional information.

Coolant

COOLANT IS HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

PI-SCX cameras with water-assisted cooling or water-only cooling require circulating coolant (50:50 mixture of ethylene glycol and water) for proper operation. All hose connections should be secured with good quality hose clamps.

Flow Rate: Users are advised to install a flow meter to monitor the rate.

PI-SCX:1300 > 1 liter/minute. PI-SCX:4096 3 liters/minute (minimum).

PI-SCX:4300 3 liters/minute (minimum). Fluid Pressure: 25 psig (maximum). Inlet/Outlet Port Locations:

PI-SCX:1300 Two quick-disconnect coolant ports are supplied with a water-

cooled system and are mounted at the sides of the camera. For the best cooling, make

the hose connections to the Inlet and Outlet ports as shown in the outline drawing on

page 38. Use 1/4" thin-wall tubing.

Chapter 4 System Setup 27

Caution

The plug on the line cord supplied with the system should be compatible with the linevoltage outlets in common use in the region to which the system is shipped. If the line cord plug is incompatible, a compatible plug should be installed, taking care to maintain the proper polarity to protect the equipment and assure user safety.

Caution

PI-SCX:4096 and PI-SCX:4300 Two barbed 3/8 O.D. coolant ports are located

at the back of the camera. Either port can be the inlet or the outlet. 3/8" ID Tygon

tubing is suitable.

Coolant Temperature: Coolant should be no colder than the following temperatures:

PI-SCX:1300 +25°C. Operating a PI-SCX:1300 camera with coolant at a colder

temperature could cause induced condensation in the electronics enclosure and

possible catastrophic damage to the camera. Damage resulting from this type of

operation may void the warranty.

PI-SCX:4096 +5°C for tapers with ≤ 1.5:1 fiber ratio; +0°C for tapers with

>1.5:1 fiber ratio.

PI-SCX:4300 +5°C.

Power

Camera: The PI-SCX camera receives its power from the controller, which in turn plugs

into a source of AC power.

ST-133: The ST-133 Controller can operate from any one of four different nominal line

voltages: 100, 120, 220, or 240 V AC. Refer to the Fuse/Voltage label on the back of the ST-133 for fuse, voltage, and power consumption information.

Host Computer

Note: Computers and operating systems all undergo frequent revision. The following information is only intended to give an approximate indication of the computer requirements. Please contact the factory to determine your specific needs.

Requirements for the host computer depend on the type of interface, TAXI or USB 2.0, that will be used for communication between the ST-133 and the host computer. Those requirements are a listed below according to protocol.

TAXI Protocol:

 AT-compatible computer with 200 MHz Pentium

 Windows

XP (32-bit, SP3 or later) or Vista

 Princeton Instruments (RSPI) High speed serial PCI card (or an unused PCI card

slot). Computers purchased from Princeton Instruments are shipped with the PCI card installed if High speed PCI was ordered.

 Minimum of 256 Mbytes of RAM.

 CD-ROM drive.

 Hard disk with a minimum of 80 Mbytes available. A complete installation of the

program files takes about 17 Mbytes and the remainder is required for data storage, depending on the number and size of spectra collected. Disk level compression programs are not recommended.

II (or better).

(32-bit) operating system.

28 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

The Power Input Module on the rear of the Controller contains the voltage selector drum, fuses and the power cord connector. The appropriate voltage setting is set at the factory and can be seen on the power input module.

Each setting actually defines a range and the setting that is closest to the actual line voltage should have been selected.

The fuse and power requirements are printed on the panel above the power input module. The correct fuses for the country where the ST-133 is to be shipped are installed at the factory.

Note: On ST-133s, the voltage ranges and fuse ratings may

be printed above or below the power module (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Controller

Power Input Module

 Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 256 colors with at least

1 Mbyte of memory. Memory requirement is dependent on desired display resolution.

 Two-button Microsoft

-compatible serial mouse or Logitech® three-button

serial/bus mouse.

 USB 2.0 Protocol:

 AT-compatible computer with Pentium 3 or better processor and runs at 1 GHz or

better.

 Windows

XP (32-bit, SP3 or later) or Vista® (32-bit).

 Native USB 2.0 support on the mother board or USB Interface Card (Orange

Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI is recommended for desktop; SIIG, Inc. USB

2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 for laptop)

 Minimum of 256 Mbytes of RAM.

 CD-ROM drive.

 Hard disk with a minimum of 80 Mbytes available. A complete installation of the

program files takes about 17 Mbytes and the remainder is required for data storage, depending on the number and size of spectra collected. Disk level compression programs are not recommended.

 Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 256 colors with at least

1 Mbyte of memory. Memory requirement is dependent on desired display resolution.

 Two-button Microsoft compatible serial mouse or Logitech three-button

serial/bus mouse.

Verifying Controller Voltage Setting

Chapter 4 System Setup 29

To Check the Controller's Voltage Setting:

1. Look at the lower righthand corner on the rear of the Controller. The current voltage

setting (100, 120, 220, or 240 VAC) is displayed on the Power Input Module.

2. If the setting is correct, continue with the installation. If it is not correct, follow the

instructions on page 67 for changing the ST-133 Controller's voltage setting and

fuses.

Mounting the Camera

PI-SCX:1300 This camera head style is available with a tripod adapter option with three

mounting holes (1/4"-20, 3/8"-16, and M6). Figure 8 shows the adapter mounted to the bottom of the camera.

Figure 8. Mounting Holes on Tripod Adapter

30 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Installation is performed via the WinView/32 installation process. If you are installing WinView for the first time, you should run the installation before the interface card is installed in the host computer. On the Select Components dialog (see Figure 10), click on the AUTO

PCI button to install the interface

card drivers (the Princeton Instruments PCI and the USB drivers) and the most commonly installed program files. Select the

Custom button if you would like to

choose among the available program files or do not want to

Figure 10. WinView Installation: Interface Card

Driver Selection

install the PCI driver.

Note: WinView/32 and WinSpec/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) do not support the ISA interface.

PI-SCX:4300 On the bottom of the camera towards the rear are three threaded holes that can be used to mount the camera. Two of the holes are M8 × 1.25 tap (25 mmdeep) and the third one is 1/420 tap (0.5deep). Figure 9 shows the location of the mounting holes and their distance from the back of the camera.

Figure 9. Mounting Holes on Bottom of Camera

Installing the Application Software

Chapter 4 System Setup 31

A Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI card must be installed in the host computer if the communication between computer and controller uses the TAXI protocol (i.e., the

Interface Control Module installed in the ST-133 has a 9-pin SERIAL COM

connector as shown in the figure at right). With TAXI protocol, the standard cable provided with an ST-133 is 7.6 meters (25 feet). Cable lengths up to 50 meters (164 feet) are available and the digitization rate may be as high as 2 MHz.

A computer purchased from Princeton Instruments will be shipped with the PCI card already installed. Otherwise, a PCI card will be shipped with the system and you will have to install it in the host computer at your location.

Note: The PCI card can be installed and operated in any Macintosh having a PCI bus, allowing the ST-133 to be controlled from the Macintosh via IPLab™ software and the PI Extension.

Caution

Setting up the Communication Interface

PI-SCX camera systems require either an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI card or an installed USB2.0 interface card in the host computer. The type of interface card is dictated by the Interface Control Module installed in the ST-133 controller.

Setting up a PCI Interface

Administrator privileges are required under Windows® XP and Windows Vista® (32-bit) to install software and hardware.

If using WinX software, select either High Speed PCI or PCI(Timer) as the Interface type. This selection is accessed on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab. High Speed

PCI allows data transfer to be interrupt-driven and gives the highest performance in some situations. PCI(Timer) allows data transfer to be controlled by a polling timer. This selection is recommended when there are multiple devices sharing the same interrupt.

To Install a PCI Serial Buffer Card in the Host Computer:

1. Review the documentation for your computer and PCI card before continuing

with this installation.

2. To avoid risk of dangerous electrical shock and damage to the computer, verify

that the computer power is OFF.

3. Remove the computer cover and verify that there is an available PCI slot.

4. Install the PCI card in the slot.

5. Make sure that the card is firmly seated and secure it.

6. Replace and secure the computer cover and turn on the computer only. If an error

occurs at bootup, either the PCI card was not installed properly or there is an address or interrupt conflict. Refer to Chapter 9 "Troubleshooting", page 76 for instructions.

Note: The PCI card has no user-changeable jumpers or switches.

32 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Windows Version

PCI INF Filename

Located in "Windows"\Inf

directory*

PCI Device Driver Name

Located in "Windows"\System32\Drivers

Setting up a USB 2.0 Interface

USB 2.0 Limitations

 Maximum cable length is 5 meters (16.4 feet)

 1 MHz is currently the upper digitization rate limit for the ST-133

Controller. Large data sets and/or long acquisition times may be subject to data overrun because of host computer interrupts during data acquisition.

 USB 2.0 is not supported by the Princeton Instruments PC Interface Library (Easy

DLLS).

 Some WinView and WinSpec 2.5.X features are not fully supported with

USB 2.0. Refer to Appendix D, page 101, for more information.

Note: If you are installing the USB 2.0 interface on a laptop, you will need to perform all of the operations described in this section. In addition, if you are using the recommended USB Interface Card (SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246), you must replace the OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host Controller driver installed for that card with the appropriate

Chapter 4 System Setup 33

Microsoft driver. Instructions for making the replacement are included in "To Update the

OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Driver".

To Update the OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Driver:

This procedure is highly recommended when a laptop computer will be used to communicate with the ST-133. As stated before, we recommend the SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 if USB 2.0 is not native to the laptop's motherboard. To reduce the instances of data overruns and serial violations, the OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host Controller installed for the SIIG card, should be replaced by the appropriate Microsoft driver (Windows XP or Windows Vista, depending on the laptop's operating system.)

Note: This procedure may also be performed for desktop computers that use the Orange Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI.

1. Download and install Microsoft Service Pack 3 (for Windows XP) if the service pack

has not been installed.

2. From the Windows Start menu, select Settings|Control Panel.

3. Select System and then System Properties.

4. Select the Hardware tab and click on Device Manager button.

5. Expand Universal Serial Bus Controllers.

6. Right-mouse click on OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host Controller and select

Properties.

7. On the Driver tab, click on the Update Driver… button. You may have to wait a

minute or so before you will be allowed to click on the button.

8. When the Upgrade Device Driver wizard appears, click on Next. Select the

Search for a suitable driver … radio button.

9. On the next screen select the Specify a location checkbox.

10. Browse and select the location. Click on OK.

11. In the Driver Files Search Results window, check the Install one of the other

drivers check box.

12. Select the NEC PCI to USB Enhanced Host Controller B1 driver. Click on

Next and the installation will take place. When the Completing the Upgrade Device Driver wizard window appears, click on Finish. You will then be given

the choice of restarting the computer now or later. According to the window text, the hardware associated with the driver will not work until you restart the computer.

34 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

The following information assumes that:

 You have verified that the host computer meets the required specifications

for USB 2.0 communication with the PI-SCX system (see page 28).

 A USB 2.0 board and its driver are installed in the host computer.  The ST-133 has an installed USB 2.0 Interface Control module.  You have already installed the WinX software (versions 2.5.15 and higher).

Versions 2.5.15 and higher automatically install the driver and INF files required to support the USB 2.0 Interface Control module.

Windows

Version

USB INF

Filename

Located in

"Windows"\Inf

directory*

USB Properties DLL

Located in

"Windows"\System32

Connecting the Interface (Controller-Computer) Cable

TAXI® Cable (6050-0148-CE)

Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) and the Computer power OFF before connecting or disconnecting the Controller-Computer (TAXI) cable.

To Connect the TAXI Cable:

1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.

2. Verify that the Computer power is OFF.

3. Connect one end of the TAXI

host computer.

4. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.

5. Connect the other end of the cable to the "Serial Com" port on the rear of the

Controller.

6. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.

USB 2.0 Cable (6050-0494)

Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) and the Computer power OFF before connecting or disconnecting the Controller-Computer (TAXI) cable.

cable to the 9-pin port on the Interface card in the

To Connect the USB 2.0 Cable:

1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.

2. Verify that the Computer power is OFF.

3. Connect one end of the USB cable to the USB port on the host computer.

4. Connect the other end of the cable to the USB 2.0 port on the rear of the

Controller.

Connecting the Camera-Controller Cable

Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) before connecting or disconnecting the Camera-Controller cable.

To Connect the Camera-Controller Cable (6050-0484):

1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.

2. Connect male end of the Camera-Controller cable to the "Detector" port on the

back of the Controller.

3. Move the slide latch over to lock the connector in place.

4. Connect the female end of the cable to the Camera.

5. Move the slide latch over to lock the connector in place.

36 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Entering the Default Camera System Parameters into WinX (WinView/32, WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32)

Software changes implemented in WinX version 2.15.9.6 affected the way in which default parameters were entered for camera systems. Therefore, two sets of instructions are included. Follow the instructions appropriate to the software version that you installed. Note that these instructions assume that you have performed the computer interface installation.

WinX Versions 2.5.19.6 and later

1. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.

2. Run the WinX application. The Camera Detection wizard will automatically run if

this is the first time you have installed a Princeton Instruments WinX application (WinView/32, WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32) and a supported camera. Otherwise, if you installing a new camera type, click on the Launch Camera Detection Wizard… button on the Controller/CCD tab to start the wizard.

3. On the Welcome dialog (Figure 11), leave the checkbox unselected and click on

Next.

Figure 11. Camera Detection Wizard - Welcome dialog

4. Follow the instructions on the dialogs to perform the initial hardware setup: this

wizard enters default parameters on the Hardware Setup dialog tabs and gives you an opportunity to acquire a test image to confirm the system is working.

WinX Versions before 2.5.19.6: Run RSConfig.exe

1. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.

2. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from the

directory where you installed WinView, WinSpec, or WinXTest.

3. When the RSConfig dialog (Figure 12) appears, you can change the camera name

to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera1". When

you have finished, click on the Done button.

Note: If the first camera in the list is not the "Princeton Style (USB2)", you will need to edit the PVCAM.INI file created by RSConfig. See the instructions in

"Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)", page 73.

Chapter 4 System Setup 37

Figure 12. RSConfig dialog

4. Open the WinX application and, from Setup|Hardware…, run the Hardware

Setup wizard.

5. When the PVCAM dialog (Figure 13) is displayed, click in the Yes radio button,

click on Next and continue through the wizard. After the wizard is finished, the

Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use PVCAM checkbox

selected. You should now be able to set up experiments and acquire data.

Figure 13. Hardware Setup wizard: PVCAM dialog

6. Run the software in focus mode to verify communication between the ST-133

and the host computer.

Making the Circulator-Camera Connections

1. Set up the coolant circulator according to the directions in the user manual for that

equipment. Do not apply power to the circulator until directed to do so.

2. Make the hose connections between the circulator and the camera. For best cooling

performance, the tubing should be no longer than necessary.

 PI-SCX:1300 Use 1/4", thin-wall plastic tubing. Be sure the tubing is properly

secured at both ends. Note that the ports on this camera use a ferrule-less quickdisconnect method of securing the tubing and that both the camera's valve body and the fitting insert include automatic shutoff to prevent coolant leaks when

disconnected. For best cooling, connect the inflow and outflow tubing to the ports as indicated in Figure 14.

38 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

To Secure the Tubing:

a. Remove the retaining nuts for the fitting and slide them over the outside of

the plastic tubing.

b. Slide the tubing over the barb on the fitting. c. Slide the retaining nuts to the end of the tubing and tighten them to the

threads of the fitting.

d. Insert the fitting into the appropriate valve body (Inlet or Outlet) until it

clicks.

Because of the automatic shutoffs, disconnecting the coolant supply is done by simply depressing the release tabs (Figure 14) and removing the fittings. Reconnecting the supply is done by reinserting each fitting into the appropriate valve body until you hear a click.

Figure 14. PI-SCX:1300 Camera Back Panel

 PI-SCX:4300 Use 3/8 I.D. plastic tubing. Be sure the tubing is properly

secured with hose clamps at both ends. Note that either of the camera’s coolant ports can function as the inlet or outlet. We advise installing an in-line flow meter so that the flow rate can be monitored.

 PI-SCX:4096 Use 3/8 I.D. plastic tubing. Be sure the tubing is properly

Chapter 4 System Setup 39

Caution

Do not disturb the Vacuum Pumping fitting or the Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal on the PI-SCX:4300. Damage to the vacuum fittings and seals could void your warranty. Refer servicing to qualified personnel and contact the factory Customer Support for guidance. Detailed information about the vacuum system is provided in Appendix C.

3. Fill the circulator with a mixture of 50% ethylene glycol and 50% water.

Service Notes

There are no user-serviceable components inside the ST-133 or the fiberoptic taper camera. Refer servicing to qualified personnel and contact the factory Customer Support for guidance.

Contact information is provided in the Warranty & Service section of the manual.

Note: Systems are now shipped with fittings that allow you to select either a right angle or straight port configuration.

Figure 15. PI-SCX:4300 and PI-SCX:4096 Camera Back Panel

40 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

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Chapter 5

Figure 16. Block Diagram

of Light Path in System

Operation

Introduction

Once the PI-SCX camera has been installed, camera operation is basically straightforward. In most applications you simply establish optimum performance using the Focus mode (WinView/32 or WinSpec/32), set the target detector temperature, wait until the temperature has stabilized at the set temperature (see the "Setting the Temperature" section in this chapter), and then do actual data acquisition in the Acquire mode. Additional considerations regarding experiment setup and equipment configuration are addressed in the software manual.

During data acquisition, the CCD array is exposed to a source and charge accumulates in the pixels. After the defined exposure time, the accumulated signal is readout of the array, digitized, and then transferred to the host computer. Upon data transfer, the data is data is displayed and/or stored via the application software. This sequence is illustrated by the block diagram shown in Figure 16.

Whether or not the data is displayed and/or stored

depends on the data collection operation (Focus or Acquire) that has been selected in the application

software. In WinView and WinSpec, these operations use the Experiment Setup parameters to establish the exposure time (the period when signal of interest is allowed to accumulate

on the CCD). As might be inferred from the names, Focus is more likely to be used in setting up the system (see the "First Light" discussions) and Acquire is then used for the

collection and storage of data. Briefly:

 In Focus mode, the number of frames and accumulations settings are ignored. A

single frame is acquired and displayed, another frame is acquired and overwrites the

currently displayed data, and so on until Stop is selected. Only the last frame

acquired before Stop is selected can be stored. When Stop is selected, the File Save

function can be used to save the currently displayed data. This mode is particularly

convenient for familiarization and setting up. For ease in focusing, the screen refresh

rate should be as rapid as possible, achieved by operating with axes and cross-

sections off, and with Zoom 1:1 selected.

42 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

 In Acquire mode, every frame of data collected can be automatically stored (the

completed dataset may include multiple frames with one or more accumulations).

This mode would ordinarily be selected during actual data collection. One limitation

of Acquire mode operation is that if data acquisition continues at too fast a rate for it

to be stored, data overflow will eventually occur. This could only happen in Fast

Mode operation.

The remainder of this chapter is organized to first talk about the system on/off sequences. Then "First Light" procedures for imaging and spectroscopy applications follow: these procedures provide step-by-step instruction on how to initially verify system operation. The last three sections discuss factors that affect exposure, readout, and digitization of the incoming signal. By understanding these factors and making adjustments to software settings you can maximize signal-to-noise ratio. For information about synchronizing

data acquisition with external devices, please refer to Chapter 6, Advanced Topics.

System On/Off Sequences

If your system is configured for the USB 2.0 communication interface, you must follow the system on/off sequences as stated below. These sequences ensure that communication is established and maintained between the camera and the host computer:

1. The PI-SCX camera must be powered ON before WinView/32 or WinSpec/32 is

opened to ensure communication between the camera and the computer. If WinView

or WinSpec is opened and the PI-SCX is not powered ON, many of the functions will

be disabled and you will only be able to retrieve and examine previously acquired

and stored data. You must close WinView or WinSpec, power the camera ON, and

reopen WinView or WinSpec before you can set up experiments and acquire new

data.

2. WinView/32 or WinSpec/32 must be closed before powering the camera OFF. If you

power the camera OFF before closing WinView or WinSpec, the communication link

with the camera will be broken. You can operate the program in a playback mode

(i.e., examine previously acquired data) but will be unable to acquire new data until

you have closed WinView or WinSpec, powered the camera ON, and then re-opened

WinView or WinSpec.

Chapter 5 Operation 43

First Light

The following paragraphs provide step-by-step instructions for verifying the operation of your PI-SCX system. The intent of this simple procedure is to help you gain basic familiarity with the operation of your system and to show that it is functioning properly.

The procedure does not require an X-ray source. Once basic familiarity has been

established, then operation with other operating configurations, ones with more complex timing modes, can be performed.

Once the PI-SCX system has been installed, operation of the camera is basically straightforward. In most applications you simply establish optimum performance using the Focus mode (WinView/32), select full frame, set the target camera temperature, and watch the dark charge decrease as the CCD temperature approaches the set temperature.

Cabling

If the system cables haven’t been installed, connect them as instructed in Chapter 4.

Getting Started

1. If the system is water-cooled, double check that the circulator is filled with a

50:50 mixture of ethylene glycol and water and that the hose connections are secure. When satisfied that these requirements are met, do the following.

 Turn on the circulator. The circulator will power up and begin pumping

coolant through the camera. See the circulator instruction manual for detailed information.

 Inspect the coolant hose connections to be sure there are no leaks.  Turn on the refrigeration, if this feature is available, and set the coolant

temperature (+5° for PI-SCX:4096 with ≤1.5:1 ratio and PI-SCX:4300, 0° for PI-SCX:4096 with >1.5:1 ratio, and +25°C for other PI-SCX models, unless otherwise specified). The compressor will start and cooldown will begin.

2. Verify that the line-voltage setting of the ST-133 is correct for the available

power and switch ON the ST-133.

3. Turn on the power at the computer and start the application software

(WinView/32, for example).

Setting the Parameters

Note: The following procedure is based on WinView/32: you will need to modify it if you are using a different application. Basic familiarity with the WinView/32 software is assumed. If this is not the case, you may want to review the software manual or have it available while performing this procedure.

Set the software parameters as follows:

Environment dialog (Setup|Environment): Set the DMA Buffer size to

32 Mbytes (96 Mbytes for PI-SCX:4096), reboot the computer for this memory

allocation to be activated, and then restart WinView.

44 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Controller/Camera tab (Setup|Hardware): Controller and Camera parameters

should be set automatically to the proper values for your system. However, you can click on the Load Defaults From Controller button on this tab to load the default settings.

 Use PVCAM: If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, verify that the box

is checked.

Note: This check box is not present on software versions 2.5.19.6 and

higher.

 Controller type: ST-133  Controller version: 4 or higher  Camera type: The array for your camera will be

PI-SCX:1300 = EEV 1300x1340F PI-SCX:4096 = FCD 4096x4096F PI-SCX:4300 = KAF 2084x2084 SCX

 Shutter type: None.  Readout mode: Full frame.

Interface tab (Setup|Hardware): Verify that the High Speed PCI is selected.

Note: This tab is not available if you are using the USB 2.0 interface.

Cleans and Skips tab (Setup|Hardware): Default

Camera Temperature (Setup|Detector Temperature…):

 -30C for air-cooled PI-SCX:1300  -35°C for PI-SCX:1300 with +25° water  -50°C for PI-SCX:4300 and PI-SCX:4096 (≤ 1.5:1 fiber ratio) with +5°

water

 -45°C for PI-SCX:4096 (>1.5:1 fiber ratio) with +0° water

The temperature should drop steadily, reaching the set temperature in about 60 minutes (typical). At that point the green Temp Lock LED on the rear of the ST-133 will light and there will be a locked indication at the computer monitor, indicating that temperature lock has been established. Some overshoot may occur that may cause temperature lock to be briefly lost and then quickly re-established. If you are reading the actual temperature reported by the application software, there may be a small difference between the set and reported temperature when lock is established. This is normal and does not indicate a system malfunction. Once lock is established, the temperature will be stable to within ±0.05°C.

Note: If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, the Detector Temperature dialog will not display temperature information while you are acquiring data.

Experiment Setup Main tab (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):

 Exposure Time: 100 ms  Accumulations & Number of Images: 1  CCD Readout: Use Full Chip

Chapter 5 Operation 45

Experiment Setup Timing tab (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):

 Timing Mode: Free Run  Shutter Control: Normal  Safe Mode vs. Fast Mode: Fast Mode

General tab (Display|Layout…): Select Horizontal and Vertical Cross

Sections.

Acquiring Data

If you are using WinView/32 and the computer monitor for focusing, select Focus from the Acquisition menu. Successive images will be sent to the monitor as quickly as they are acquired. Since no X-ray source is being used, the acquired images will be of the camera's dark charge. As the CCD temperature decreases, the image will get darker as the dark charge decreases. Signal changes may be more easily seen on the cross-section views.

Figure 17 shows the kind of image data you might see in WinView. The horizontal and vertical cross sections have been turned on via the General tab card (Display|Layout).

Figure 17. Example of WinView Data Acquired from First Light Procedure

Because the time to acquire and read out an image varies directly with the size of the CCD, the observed frame rate will vary greatly depending on the CCD installed. With a short exposure time, it is not uncommon for the frame readout time to be significantly longer than the exposure time: for a Fairchild 4096x4096 array, a full frame readout at 1 MHz takes approximately 17 seconds.

This completes First Light. If the system functioned as described, you can be reasonably sure

it has arrived in good working order. In addition, you should have a basic understanding of how the system hardware is used. A recommended procedure for powering down the camera is provided in the next section. Other topics, which could be quite important in certain situations, are discussed in the following chapters. See the appropriate application software manual for information on using the software to control the system.

46 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Power Down Procedure

It is recommended that the camera warm-up be carefully controlled. Proper warm-up will be achieved by proceeding as follows:

1. While running WinView, gradually bring the camera temperature up in 10°C

steps from its current lock temperature to ambient temperature. To accomplish this, open the Detector Temperature dialog, set the target temperature to 10°C above the current lock temperature, wait until lock is reached, and then raise it again in 10°C steps until ambient temperature is reached.

2. Set the ST-133 Controller’s front-panel Power switch to OFF.

3. Set the circulator’s refrigeration On/Off switch to OFF.

4. Set the circulator’s main power switch to OFF. This completes the warm-up

procedure.

Exposure and Signal

Introduction

The following topics address factors that can affect the signal acquired on the CCD array. These factors include array architecture, exposure time, CCD temperature, dark charge, and saturation.

CCD Array Architecture

Charge coupled devices (CCDs) can be roughly thought of as a two-dimensional grid of individual photodiodes (called pixels), each connected to its own charge storage “well.” Each pixel senses the intensity of light falling on its collection area, and stores a proportional amount of charge in its associated “well.” Once charge accumulates for the specified exposure time (set in the software), the pixels are read out serially.

CCDs are rugged and compact: unintensified, uncoated CCDs can withstand direct exposure to relatively high light levels, magnetic fields and RF radiation. They are easily cooled and can be precisely thermostated to within a few tens of millidegrees.

Because CCD arrays, like film and other media, are always sensitive to light, light must not be allowed to fall on the array during readout (with a few exceptions). Unintensified full-frame CCD cameras like the PI-SCX cameras may require a customer-provided X-ray shutter to prevent light from reaching the CCD during readout.

Chapter 5 Operation 47

Setting the Temperature

The temperature of the CCD array is set through software. With WinView/32, you enter and set the target temperature after selecting Detector Temperature from the

Setup menu.

Exposure Time

Exposure time (set on the Experiment

Setup|Main tab) is the time between Start

Acquisition and Stop Acquisition commands sent by the application software to the camera. In combination with triggers, these commands control when continuous cleaning of the CCD stops and when the accumulated signal will be readout. The continuous cleaning prevents buildup of dark current and unwanted signal prior to the X-ray pulse. At the end of the exposure time, the CCD is readout and cleaning starts again.

Because PI-SCX cameras do not incorporate an internal shutter, some signal may accumulate on the array while it is being readout. This continuous exposure of the array during readout may result in some smearing. However, exposures that are significantly longer than the readout time can be performed without a shutter, as the amount of smearing will be low.

If smearing or other factors require a shutter, the NOT SCAN or the SHUTTER signal at the ST-133's output can be used to control a customer-supplied external X-ray shutter. By using one of the signals to synchronize the shutter operation with exposure, the CCD can be read out in darkness. Alternatively, the X-ray source can be interrupted elsewhere in the system while readout is taking place.

CCD Temperature

Each PI-SCX camera contains a Peltier-effect thermoelectric cooler that cools the CCD. This cooling, which may be assisted by an internal fan or by liquid coolant circulation, reduces the amount of dark charge that is generated on the array. A thermal sensing diode attached to the cooling block of the camera monitors the array temperature and the current temperature is reported back to the operating software. The operating (or target) temperature is settable in software. Ambient temperature, cooling type, and CCD array size all affect the time required to reach and stabilize at the appropriate operating temperature (see Table 8, page 87, for typical cooldown temperatures).

Temperature Stabilization

After the system begins cooling, it takes about 60 minutes for the CCD to reach its preset temperature. Because the control loop is designed to achieve temperature lock as quickly as possible, overshoot may occur. If this happens, temperature lock will be briefly indicated and then discontinue during the overshoot. However, the lock indication will be quickly restored

48 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

as stable control is re-established. This is normal behavior and should not be a cause for concern. Once temperature lock is established, the temperature is thermostated to within ±0.05°C. The controller is equipped with an LED that indicates temperature lock: this indicator will change to green to indicate lock.

Notes:

1. The time to reach temperature lock is affected by CCD array size and the ambient

temperature. Typically, the larger the array or the warmer the ambient temperature,

the longer the time to reach lock. If the ambient temperature is above +23°C,

temperature lock may not be achievable at the lowest specified temperature for your

camera. Temperature regulation does not reach its ultimate stability for at least 30

minutes after lock is established.

2. If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, the Detector Temperature dialog will not

display temperature information while you are acquiring data.

Dark Charge

Dark charge (or dark current) is the thermally induced buildup of charge in the CCD over time. Even with the light into the camera completely blocked, the CCD will collect a dark charge pattern, dependent on the exposure time and camera temperature. The longer the exposure time and the warmer the camera, the larger and less uniform this background will appear. Thus, to minimize dark-charge effects, you should set the camera temperature at the lowest CCD temperature within the recommended range for your camera (see Table 8, on page 87).

The statistical noise associated with dark charge is known as dark noise. Dark charge values vary widely from one CCD array to another and are exponentially temperature dependent. At the typical operating temperature of a thermoelectrically-cooled camera, dark charge is reduced by a factor of ~2 for every 6-7 degree reduction in temperature. In the case of cameras such as the PI-SCX cameras, which have MPP type arrays, the average dark charge is extremely small. However, the dark-charge distribution is such that a significant number of pixels may exhibit a much higher dark charge, limiting the maximum practical exposure.

Notes:

1. Do not be concerned about either the DC level of this background or its shape unless

it is very high, i.e., > 1000 counts with 16-bit ADC. What you see is not noise. It is a

fully subtractable readout pattern. Each CCD has its own dark charge pattern, unique

to that particular device. Simply acquire and save a dark charge “background image”

under conditions identical to those used to acquire the “actual” image. Subtracting the

background image from the actual image will significantly reduce dark-charge

effects.

2. Offset and excess noise problems are more likely to occur if the controller and

camera weren’t calibrated and tested as a system at the factory.

If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal you may have excessive humidity

in the camera's vacuum enclosure. Immediately turn off the system. Refer to Appendix C

and contact Princeton Instruments Customer Support for information on how to refresh the vacuum. See page 108 for contact information.

Chapter 5 Operation 49

Introduction

After the exposure time has elapsed, the charge accumulated in the array pixels needs to be read out of the array, converted from electrons to digital format, and transmitted to the application software where it can be displayed and/or stored. Readout begins by moving charge from the CCD image area to the shift register. The charge in the shift register pixels, which typically have twice the capacity of the image pixels, is then shifted into the output node and then to the output amplifier where the electrons are grouped as electrons/count. This result leaves the CCD and goes to the preamplifier where gain is applied.

WinView and WinSpec allow you to specify the

Figure 18. Array Terms for a

CCD with a Single Output

Amplifier

Saturation

When signal levels in some part of the image are very high, charge generated in one pixel may exceed the "well capacity" of the pixel, spilling over into adjacent pixels in a process called "blooming." In this case a more frequent readout is advisable, with signal averaging to enhance S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) accomplished through the software.

For signal levels low enough to be readout-noise limited, longer exposure times, and therefore longer signal accumulation in the CCD, will improve the S/N ratio approximately linearly with the length of exposure time. There is, however, a maximum time limit for on-chip averaging, determined by either the saturation of the CCD pixels by the signal or the loss of dynamic range due to the buildup of dark charge in the pixels

Readout

type of readout (full frame or binned), the output amplifier (if dual amplifiers are available), and the gain (the number of electrons required to generate an ADU).

Full Frame Readout

In this section, a simple 6  4 pixel CCD is used to demonstrate how charge is shifted and digitized. Full frame readout, for full frame CCDs, reads out the entire CCD surface at the same time.

50 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

The upper left drawing in Figure 19 represents a CCD after exposure but before the beginning of readout. The capital letters represent different amounts of charge, including both signal and dark charge. This section explains readout at full resolution, where every pixel is digitized separately.

Readout of the CCD begins with the simultaneous shifting of all pixels one row toward the “shift register,” in this case the row at the top. The shift register is a single line of pixels along one edge of the CCD, not sensitive to light and used for readout only. Typically the shift register pixels hold twice as much charge as the pixels in the imaging area of the CCD.

After the first row is moved into the shift register, the charge now in the shift register is shifted toward the

Figure 19. Full Frame at Full Resolution

output node, located at one end of the shift register. As each value is “emptied” into the output it is digitized. Only after all pixels in the first row are digitized is the second row moved into the shift register. The order of shifting in our example is therefore A1, B1,

C1, D1, A2, B2, C2, D2, A3 ....

After charge is shifted out of each pixel the remaining charge is zero, meaning that the array is immediately ready for the next exposure.

A subsection of the CCD can be read out at full resolution, sometimes dramatically increasing the readout rate while retaining the highest resolution in the region of interest (ROI). Note that some overhead time is required to shift out and discard the unwanted pixels.

Binning

Binning is the process of adding the data from adjacent pixels together to form a single pixel (sometimes called a super pixel), and it can be accomplished in either hardware or software. Rectangular groups of pixels of any size may be binned together, subject to some hardware and software limitations.

Hardware Binning

Hardware binning is performed on the CCD array before the signal is read out of the

output amplifier. For signal levels that are readout noise limited this method improves S/N ratio linearly with the number of pixels grouped together. For signals large enough to render the camera photon shot noise limited, the S/N ratio improvement is roughly proportional to the square root of the number of pixels binned.

Binning also reduces readout time and the burden on computer memory, but at the expense of resolution. Since shift register pixels typically hold only twice as much charge

Chapter 5 Operation 51

as image pixels, the binning of large sections may result in saturation and “blooming”, or spilling of charge back into the image area.

Figure 20 shows an example of 2  2 binning. Each pixel of the image displayed by the software represents 4 pixels of the CCD array. Rectangular bins of any size are possible.

Figure 20. 2 × 2 Binning

Software Binning

One limitation of hardware binning is that the shift register pixels and the output node are typically only 2-3 times the size of imaging pixels. Consequently, if the total charge binned together exceeds the capacity of the shift register or output node, the data will be lost.

This restriction strongly limits the number of pixels that may be binned in cases where there is a small signal superimposed on a large background, such as signals with a large fluorescence. Ideally, one would like to bin many pixels to increase the S/N ratio of the weak peaks but this cannot be done because the fluorescence would quickly saturate the CCD.

The solution is to perform the binning in software. Limited hardware binning may be used when reading out the CCD. Additional binning is accomplished in software, producing a result that represents many more photons than was possible using hardware binning.

Software averaging can improve the S/N ratio by as much as the square root of the number of scans. Unfortunately, with a high number of scans, i.e., above 100, camera 1/f noise may reduce the actual S/N ratio to slightly below this theoretical value. Also, if the light source used is photon-flicker (1/f noise) limited rather than photon shot-noise limited, this theoretical signal improvement cannot be fully realized. Again, background subtraction from the raw data is necessary.

52 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

This technique is also useful in high light level experiments, where the camera is again photon shot-noise limited. Summing multiple pixels in software corresponds to collecting more photons, and results in a better S/N ratio in the measurement.

Output Amplifier Selection

The output amplifier amplifies the collected charge from the output node and outputs it as electrons/count. Although Figure 18 shows an array with a single output node and amplifier, some PI-SCX systems are available with dual output nodes and amplifiers (one set at each end of the shift register). If your system has dual output amplifiers, you can choose the output amplifier to be used (High Capacity or Low Noise) via WinView/32 or

WinSpec/32 on the Acquisition|Experiment Setup…|Main tab:

 High Capacity amplifier: Provides a spectrometric well capacity that is

approximately 3 times the well capacity for the Low Noise amplifier selection. High Capacity is suitable when you have intense light signals or signals with high dynamic range.

 Low Noise amplifier: Provides the highest sensitivity performance and is

suitable when you have weak signals.

Note: The choice of output amplifier and analog gain setting should be considered together for the best signal capture.

Analog Gain Control

Note: A gain control switch is located on the rear of the PI-SCX:1300 camera but has been deactivated. However, analog gain is changeable via the WinView/WinSpec software (on the Acquisition| Experiment Setup…|ADC tab card). If your camera is not designed for analog gain selection, these settings will not be accessible in the

software.

Analog gain control (a function of the preamplifier) is used to change the relationship between the number of electrons acquired on the CCD and the Analog-to-Digital Units (ADUs or counts) generated. In WinView/32 and WinSpec/32, the analog gain choices vary depending on the CCD array and the number of output amplifiers:

 Single Amplifier: Typically, three settings are available: Low 2x, Medium 1x,

and High 1/2x.

 Dual Amplifier: Typically, three settings are available: Low 2x, Medium 1x, and

High 1/2x (Low-noise mode) or Low 4x, Medium 2x, and High 1x (Highcapacity mode).

The analog gain of the detector should generally be set so that the overall noise is ~1

count RMS. In most instances this will occur with the switch set to Medium. If the array is a 1340 × 1300 configured with the low-noise output, Low will probably be a more

suitable Analog Gain setting. In situations where the A/D range exceeds that of the array,

it will generally be better to set the Analog Gain to High so that the signal can be spread

over as much of the A/D range as possible. This is a particularly important consideration in absorbance measurements. Users who consistently measure low-level signals may

wish to select High, which reduces some sources of noise. Users who measure high-level signals may wish to select Low to allow digitization of larger signals. Customized values

of gain can be provided. Contact Princeton Instruments for additional information.

Chapter 5 Operation 53

Example: The following descriptions assume that the actual incoming light level is identical in all three instances. The numbers used illustrate the effect of changing an

analog gain setting and do not reflect actual performance: gain at the Low, Medium, and High settings depends on the CCD installed and the amplifier selected.

Low requires four electrons to generate one ADU. Strong signals can be acquired

without flooding the CCD array. If the gain is set to Low and the images or spectra

appear weak, you may want to change the gain setting to Medium or High.

Medium requires two electrons to generate one ADU. If the gain is set to Medium

and the images or spectra do not appear to take up the full dynamic range of the CCD

array, you may want to change the gain setting to High. If the CCD array appears to

be flooded with light, you may want to change the setting to Low.

High requires one electron to generate one ADU and some noise sources are reduced.

Because fewer electrons are needed to generate an ADU, weaker signals can be more

readily detected. Lower noise further enhances the ability to acquire weak signals. If

the CCD array appears to be flooded with light, you may want to change the setting

to Medium or Low.

Note: The baseline level may require adjustment if you change the analog gain. See the

"ADC Offset" section on page 54 for more information.

Digitization

Introduction

After gain has been applied to the signal, the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) converts that analog information (continuous amplitudes) into a digital data (quantified, discrete steps) that can be read, displayed, and stored by the application software. The number of bits per pixel is based on both the hardware and the settings programmed into

the camera through the software (see "Readout", page 49).

Factors associated with digitization include the digitization rate and baseline signal. Depending on the camera model, you may be able change the speed at which digitization occurs and/or offset the baseline. These factors are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Digitization Rate

Depending on the PI-SCX system, the camera may contain single (1 MHz) or dual digitizers (100 kHz/1 MHz or 50kHz/1 MHz). When a camera has a single digitizer, the data can only be digitized at that speed. However, for cameras with dual digitization, you have a choice of how quickly the data will be digitized (with optimum signal-to-noise ratios at both readout speeds). Because the readout noise of CCD arrays increases with the readout rate, it is sometimes necessary to trade off readout speed for high dynamic range. The 1 MHz conversion speed is used for the fastest possible data collection and the 100 kHz or 50 kHz conversion speed is used where noise performance is the paramount concern. Switching between the conversion speeds is completely under software control for total experiment automation.

Note: If the camera has dual digitization, the ADC rate can be changed on the

Experiment Setup|ADC tab.

54 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

ADC Offset

ADC offset (also known as baseline offset) provides another way of dealing with dark

charge (see "Dark Charge", page 48). By offsetting the baseline signal, much of the

background is ignored during conversion.

Offsetting the baseline is accomplished by adding a voltage to the signal to bring the A/D output to a non-zero value, typically 50-100 counts. This offset value ensures that all the true variation in the signal can really be seen and not lost below the A/D “0” value. Since the offset is added to the signal, these counts only minimally reduce the range of the signal from 65535 (16-bit A/D) to a value in the range of 50-100 counts lower.

Notes:

1. Do not be concerned about either the DC level of the baseline signal or its shape

unless it is very high (i.e., > 1000 counts with 16-bit ADC).

2. The ADC Offset can be adjusted by using the F and S Zero pots located on the rear

panel of the controller. If these pots are not present, the ADC Offset may be

software-adjustable on the Experiment Setup|ADC tab.

3. Do not adjust the offset values to zero or some low-level data will be missed.

If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal you may have excessive humidity

in the camera's vacuum enclosure. TURN OFF THE SYSTEM IMMEDIATELY.

Contact Princeton Instruments Customer Support for information on how to refresh the vacuum. See page 108 for contact information.

Chapter 6

Previous chapters have discussed setting up the hardware and the software for basic operation. This chapter discusses topics associated with experiment synchronization (set up on the

Experiment Setup|Timing tab in WinView and

WinSpec).With the exception of Edge Trigger, the topics are addressed in order of their appearance on the Timing tab (see Figure 21).

"Timing Modes", the first topic, discusses

standard Timing Modes, Shutter Control, and Edge Trigger. Also included under this topic is a discussion of the EXT SYNC connector, the input connector for a trigger pulse.

"Fast Mode and Safe Mode", the second topic,

discusses the Fast and the Safe speed modes. Fast is used for real-time data acquisition and Safe is used when coordinating acquisition with external devices or when the computer speed is not fast

Figure 21. Timing tab

The chart to the right lists the timing mode combinations (selected on the Experiment

Setup|Timing tab). Use this chart in

combination with the detailed descriptions in this chapter to determine the optimal timing configuration.

The basic timing modes are Free Run, External Sync, and External Sync with Continuous Cleans. These modes are combined with the Shutter options to provide the widest variety of timing modes for precision experiment synchronization.

Mode

Shutter

Free Run

Normal

External Sync

Normal

External Sync

PreOpen

External Sync with Continuous Cleans

Normal

External Sync with Continuous Cleans

PreOpen

Table 3. Camera Timing Modes

Advanced Topics

Introduction

enough to keep pace with the acquisition rate. "TTL Control", the final topic, discusses the TTL IN/Out connector on the rear of the

ST-133 and how commands can be sent via TTL levels to and from the ST-133.

Timing Modes

The shutter options available include Normal, PreOpen, Disable Opened or Disable Closed. Disable simply means that the shutter will not operate during the experiment. Disable closed is useful for making dark charge measurements or when no shutter is present. PreOpen, available in the External Sync and External Sync with Continuous

56 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Free Run

In the Free Run mode the controller does not synchronize with the experiment in any way. The shutter opens as soon as the previous readout is complete, and remains open for the exposure time, t

exp

. Any External Sync signals are ignored. This mode is useful for experiments with a constant light source. Other experiments that can utilize this mode are high repetition studies, where the number of shots that occur during a single shutter cycle is so large that it appears to be continuous illumination.

Other experimental equipment can be synchronized to the ST-133 controller by using the output signal (software-selectable SHUTTER or NOT SCAN on the

Hardware Setup|Controller Camera tab) from the

connector. Shutter operation and the NOT

SCAN output signal are shown in Figure 23.

Figure 22. Free Run Timing Chart,

part of the chart in Figure 28

Cleans modes, opens the shutter as soon as the ST-133 is ready to receive an External Sync pulse. This is required if the time between the External Sync pulse and the event is less than a few milliseconds, the time it takes the shutter to open.

The shutter timing is shown in the timing diagrams that follow. Except for Free Run, where the modes of shutter operation are identical, both Normal and PreOpen lines are shown in the timing diagrams and flowchart.

The timing diagrams are labeled indicating the exposure time (t

), shutter compensation

exp

time (tc), and readout time (tR). Note that if there is no shutter selected in the software, the shutter compensation time (the time required to close a mechanical shutter) will be approximately 0 ms.

External Sync

In this mode all exposures are synchronized to an external source via signal input to the Ext Sync BNC on the back of the ST-133. To ensure synchronization, the trigger edge (negative- or positive-going) of the Ext Sync signal must be identified in the application software (in WinView and WinSpec, this is done on the Experiment Setup|Timing tab). As shown in the flowchart, Figure 24, External Sync mode can be used in combination with Normal or PreOpen Shutter operation. In Normal Shutter mode, the controller waits for an External Sync pulse and then opens the shutter for the

Figure 23. Free Run Timing Diagram

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics 57

programmed exposure period. As soon as the exposure is complete, the shutter closes and the CCD array is read out.

Because the external shutter requires a finite amount of time to open completely (shutter open time may be 5-28 ms depending on the shutter), the External Sync pulse trigger edge provided by the experiment should precede the actual signal by at least that much time. If not, the shutter will not be open for the duration of the entire signal, or the signal may be missed completely.

Also, since the amount of time from initialization of the experiment to the first External Sync pulse trigger edge is not fixed, an accurate background subtraction may not be possible for the first readout. In multiple-shot experiments this is easily overcome by simply discarding the first frame.

In the PreOpen Shutter mode, on the other hand, shutter operation is only partially synchronized to the experiment. As soon as the controller is ready to collect data, the shutter opens. Upon arrival of the first External Sync pulse trigger edge at the ST-133, the shutter remains open for the specified exposure period, closes, and the CCD is read out. As soon as readout is complete, the shutter reopens and waits for the next frame.

Figure 24. Chart Showing Two External Sync Timing Options

The PreOpen mode is useful in cases where an External Sync pulse trigger edge cannot be provided 5-28 ms (shutter open time) before the actual signal occurs. Its main drawback is that the CCD is exposed to any ambient light while the shutter is open between frames. If this ambient light is constant and the triggers occur at regular intervals, this background can also be subtracted, providing that it does not saturate the CCD. As with the Normal Shutter mode, accurate background subtraction may not be possible for the first frame.

Also note that, in addition to signal from ambient light, dark charge accumulates during the “wait” time (tw). Any variation in the external sync frequency also affects the amount of dark charge, even if light is not falling on the CCD during this time.

58 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Note: If EXT SYNC is still active (in Figure 25, this means that if it is still LOW) at the end of the readout, the hardware may interpret this as a second sync pulse, and so on.

Figure 25. Timing Diagram for the External Sync Mode (- edge trigger)

External Sync with Continuous Cleans

Another timing mode available with the ST-133 controller is called Continuous Cleans. In addition to the standard "cleaning" of the array, which occurs after the controller is enabled, Continuous Cleans will remove any charge from the array until the moment the External Sync pulse trigger edge is received.

Figure 26. Continuous Cleans Operation Flowchart

Once the External Sync pulse trigger edge is received, cleaning of the array stops as soon as the current row is shifted, and frame collection begins: a delay time of up to one row shift can be expected. With Normal Shutter operation the shutter is opened for the set exposure time. With PreOpen Shutter operation the shutter is open during the continuous cleaning, and once the External Sync pulse trigger edge is received, the shutter remains open for the set exposure time, then closes. If the vertical rows are shifted midway when the External Sync pulse trigger edge arrives, the pulse is saved until the row shifting is

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics 59

completed, to prevent the CCD from getting "out of step." As expected, the response latency is on the order of one vertical shift time, from 1-30 µs depending on the array. This latency does not prevent the incoming signal from being detected, since photogenerated electrons are still collected over the entire active area. However, if the signal arrival is coincident with the vertical shifting, image smearing of up to one pixel is possible. The amount of smearing is a function of the signal duration compared to the single vertical shift time.

Note: If EXT SYNC is still active (in Figure 27, this means that if it is still LOW) at the end of the readout, the hardware may interpret this as a second sync pulse, and so on.

Figure 27. Continuous Cleans Timing Diagram (-edge trigger)

Fast Mode and Safe Mode

The Experiment Setup|Timing tab allows you to choose Fast Mode or Safe Mode. Figure 28 is a flowchart comparing the two modes. In Fast Mode operation, the ST-133 runs according to the timing of the experiment, with no interruptions from the computer. In Safe Mode operation, the computer processes each frame as it is received. The ST-133 cannot collect the next frame until the previous frame has been completely processed.

Fast Mode operation is primarily for collecting "real-time" sequences of experimental data, where timing is critical and events cannot be missed. Once the ST-133 is sent the Start Acquisition command by the computer, all frames are collected without further intervention from the computer. The advantage of this timing mode is that timing is controlled completely through hardware. A drawback to this mode is that the computer will only display frames when it is not performing other tasks. Image display has a lower priority, so

the image on the screen may lag several images behind. A video monitor connected to the VIDEO output will always display the current image. A second drawback is that a data

overrun may occur if the number of images collected exceeds the amount of allocated RAM or if the computer cannot keep up with the data rate.

Safe Mode operation is primarily useful for experiment setup, including alignment and focusing, when it is necessary to have the most current image displayed on the screen. It is also useful when data collection must be coordinated through software with external devices such as external shutters and filter wheels. As seen in Figure 28, in Safe Mode operation, the computer controls when each frame is taken. After each frame is received, the camera sends the Stop Acquisition command to the camera, instructing it to stop acquisition. Once that frame is completely processed and displayed, another Start Acquisition command is sent from the computer to the camera, allowing it to take the next frame. Display is therefore, at most, only one frame behind the actual data collection.

60 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

One disadvantage of the Safe Mode is that events may be missed during the experiment, since the ST-133 is disabled for a short time after each frame.

Figure 28. Chart of Safe Mode and Fast Mode Operation

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics 61

TTL IN

Value

TTL IN

Value

1 5

2 6

4 7

64 4 8 8

128

TTL IN

Value

TTL IN

Value

High (1)

5 Low (0)

High (2)

6 Low (0)

Low (0)

7 Low (0)

Low (0)

8 Low (0)

TTL Control

Fully supported by WinView/WinSpec Version 2.5 when the communication protocol is TAXI (PCI), this feature is not supported when the protocol is USB 2.0.

Introduction

Princeton Instruments' WinView and WinSpec software packages incorporates WinX32 Automation, a programming language that can be used to automate performing a variety of data acquisition and data processing functions, including use of the TTL In/Out functions. WinX32 Automation can be implemented in programs written in Visual Basic or Visual C++. See the WinX32 documentation for more detailed information.

The TTL lines are made available through the TTL In/Out connector on the rear of the ST-133 Controller. This connector provides 8 TTL lines in, 8 TTL lines out and an input control line. Figure 29 illustrates the connector and Table 5 lists the signal/pin assignments.

TTL In

The user controls the 8 TTL Input lines, setting them high (+5 V; TTL 1) or low (0 V; TTL 0). When the lines are read, the combination of highs and lows read defines a decimal number which the computer can use to make a decision and initiate actions as specified in the user’s program. If a TTL IN line is low, its numeric value is 0. If a TTL IN line is high, its numeric value is as follows.

This coding allows any decimal value from 0 to 255 to be defined. Thus, as many as 256 different sets of conditions can be specified, at the user’s discretion, using the TTL IN

lines. Any unused lines will default to TTL high (+5 V). For example, to define the

number three, the user would simply set the lines TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 both high (+5 V). It would be necessary to apply TTL low to the remaining six lines because they would otherwise default to TTL high as well.

62 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Decimal

Equiv.

TTL

IN/OUT 8

1= dec 128

TTL IN/OUT 7 1=dec 64

TTL IN/OUT 6 1=dec 32

TTL IN/OUT 5 1=dec 16

TTL IN/OUT 4

1=dec 8

TTL IN/OUT 3

1=dec 4

TTL IN/OUT 2

1=dec 2

TTL IN/OUT 1

1=dec 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Table 4 illustrates this coding for decimal values 0 through 7. Obviously this table could easily be extended to show the coding for values all the way to 255.

Table 4. Bit Values with Decimal Equivalents:

1 = High,

0 = Low

Buffered vs. Latched Inputs

In controlling the TTL IN lines, users also have the choice of two input-line states,

buffered or latched. In the buffered state, the line levels must remain at the intended

levels until they are read. With reference to the preceding example, the high level at TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 would have to be maintained until the lines are read. In the latched state, the applied levels continue to be available until read, even if they should change at the TTL In/Out connector.

This control is accomplished using the EN/CLK TTL input (pin 6). If EN/CLK is open or

high, buffered operation is established and the levels reported to the macro will be those

in effect when the READ is made. With reference to our example, if pin 6 were left unconnected or a TTL high applied, TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 would have to be held high until read. If, on the other hand, EN/CLK were made to go low while TTL IN 1 and TTL

IN 2 were high, those values would be latched for as long as EN/CLK remained low. The

levels actually present at TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 could then change without changing the value that would be read by software.

TTL Out

The state of the TTL OUT lines is set from WinView/32 (or WinSpec/32). Typically, a program (for example, a macro) monitoring the experiment sets one or more of the TTL Outputs. Apparatus external to the PI-SCX system interrogates the lines and, on detecting the specified logic levels, takes the action appropriate to the detected condition. The coding is the same as for the input lines. There are eight output lines, each of which can be set low (0) or high (1). The combination of states defines a decimal number as

previously described for the TTL IN lines.

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics 63

Pin #

Assignment

Pin #

Assignment

IN 1

IN 2

IN 3

IN 4

IN 5

IN 6

IN 7

IN 8

GND

EN/CLK

Reserved

(future use)

GND

OUT 2

OUT 1

OUT 4

OUT 3

OUT 6

OUT 5

OUT 8

OUT 7

GND

Reserved

Figure 29. TTL In/Out

Connector

Table 5. TTL In/Out Connector Pinout

Figure 30. TTL Diagnostics dialog

TTL Diagnostics Screen

Note that WinView/32 and WinSpec/32 provide a TTL Diagnostics screen (located in WinView/32

under Hardware Setup|Diagnostics) that can

be used to test and analyze the TTL In/Out lines.

Hardware Interface

A cable will be needed to connect the TTL In/Out connector to the experiment. The design will vary widely according to each user’s needs, but a standard 25-pin female type D-subminiature connector will be needed to mate with the TTL In/Out connector on the back of the ST-133. The hardware at the other end of the cable will depend entirely on the user’s requirements. If the individual connections are made using coaxial cable for maximum noise immunity (recommended), the center conductor of the coax should connect to the proper signal pin and the cable shield should connect to the nearest available ground (grounds are conveniently provided at pins 5, 8, 18 and 20). Connector hardware and cables of many different types are widely available and can often be obtained locally, such as at a nearby Radio Shack® store. A list of possibly useful items follows. Note that, although the items listed may be appropriate in many situations, they might not meet your specific needs.

 25-pin female type D-subminiature solder type connector (Radio Shack

276-1548B).

part number

 RG/58U coaxial cable.

64 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

 Shielded Metalized hood (Radio Shack part no 276-1536A).  BNC connector(s) type UG-88 Male BNC connector (Radio Shack part no 278-103).

Example

Suppose you needed to build a cable to monitor the line TTL OUT 1. One approach would be to build a cable assembly as described in the following paragraphs. This procedure could easily be adapted to other situations.

1. Begin with a 25-pin female type D-subminiature solder type connector (Radio Shack

part no 276-1548B). This connector has 25 solder points open on the back.

2. Referring to Table 5, note that pin 8 = GND and pin 9 = TTL OUT 1.

3. Using coaxial cable type RG/58U (6 feet length), strip out the end and solder the

outer sheath to pin 8 (GND) and the inner line to pin 9 (TTL OUT 1). Then apply shielding to the lines to insulate them.

4. Mount the connector in a Shielded Metalized hood (Radio Shack part no

276-1536A).

5. Build up the cable (you can use electrical tape) to where the strain relief clamp holds.

6. Connect a BNC connector (UG-88 Male BNC connector) to the free end of the cable

following the instructions supplied by Radio Shack on the box (Radio Shack part no 278-103).

7. To use this cable, connect the DB-25 to the TTL In/Out connector on the back of the

ST-133.

8. To check the cable, start WinView/32 and open the TTL Diagnostics screen (located

in WinView under Hardware Setup|Diagnostics). Click the Write radio button. Then click the Output Line 1 box. Next click the OK button to actually set TTL OUT 1 high. Once you set the voltage, it stays until you send a new command.

9. Measure the voltage at the BNC connector with a standard voltmeter (red on the

central pin, black on the surrounding shielding). Before clicking OK at the TTL Diagnostics screen you should read 0 V. After clicking OK you should read +5 V.

Note that adding a second length of coaxial cable and another BNC connector would be straightforward. However, as you increase the number of lines to be monitored, it becomes more convenient to consider using a multiple conductor shielded cable rather than individual coaxial cables.

Chapter 7

Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes

Page 66

Camera Stops Working

Page 66

Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field

Page 66

Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses

Page 67

Controller Is Not Responding

Page 68

Cooling Troubleshooting

Page 69

Data Loss or Serial Violation

Page 70

Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message

Page 70

Data Overrun Has Occurred message

Page 71

Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

Page 71

Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

Page 73

Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

Page 75 Error Creating Controller message

Page 76

Error Occurs at Computer Powerup

Page 76

WARNING!

Troubleshooting

Do not attach or remove any cables while the PI-SCX system is powered on.

Introduction

The PI-SCX system is designed to be highly reliable. Nevertheless, problems could develop. In most instances, the best recourse will be to contact the factory for guidance. Most often the system will be most reliably and quickly restored to service by identifying the faulty component and returning it to the factory for service. The information in this chapter is provided as an aid for gathering information that will assist in identifying the source of the problem. The most likely problem with the camera would be gradual deterioration of the vacuum to where temperature lock can no longer be achieved.

Do NOT attempt any disassembly of the camera. The camera sections have Indium

vacuum seals where they join. Attempting to disassemble the camera would damage these seals. Once the integrity of a seal is compromised, there would be no alternative but

to return the camera to the factory for repair. Such a repair would not be covered by the

equipment Warranty.

The following issues have corresponding troubleshooting sections in this chapter.

66 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

Page 79 Program Error message

Page 79

Removing/Installing a Plug-In Module

Page 80

Securing the Detector-Controller Cable Slide Latch

Page 82

Serial violations have occurred. Check interface cable.

Page 83

Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes

If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal, you may have excessive humidity in the vacuum enclosure of the camera. Turn off the controller and have the camera

repumped before resuming normal operation. Contact the factory Customer Support

Dept. for information on how to refresh the vacuum. See page 108 for contact information.

Camera Stops Working

Problems with the host computer system or software may have side effects that appear to be hardware problems. If you are sure the problem is in the PI-SCX system hardware, begin with these simple checks:

 Turn off all AC power.  Verify that all cables are securely fastened and that all locking screws are in place.  Check for a burned-out fuse in the Controller power input module. For

information about changing a fuse, see "Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses" on page 67.

 Correct any apparent problems and turn the system on.

If the system still does not respond, contact Customer Support.

Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field

Figure 31. Camera1 in Camera Name Field

When a PVCAM-based camera is detected/selected during the Camera Detection wizard (formerly the Hardware Setup wizard), a default name such as Camera1 will be shown in the Detected Hardware table and will be entered in the Camera Name field on the

Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab. Because this name is not particularly

descriptive, you may want to change it. Such a change is made by editing the PVCAM.INI file that is generated by Camera Detection wizard (or by the RSConfig.exe if you have a software version 2.5.19.0 or earlier).

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 67

1. As shown in Figure 32, place the flat

side of a flat bladed screwdriver parallel to the back of the Controller and behind the small tab at the top of the power module, and twist the screwdriver slowly but firmly to pop the module open.

Figure 32. Power Input Module

2. To change the voltage setting, roll the

selector drum until the setting that is closest to the actual line voltage is facing outwards.

WARNING!

To change the default Camera Name:

1. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in

the Windows directory (C:\Windows, for example). You should see entries like the ones below.

[Camera_1] Type=1

Name=Camera1

Driver=apausb.sys Port=0 ID=523459

2. Change the "Name=" entry to something more meaningful for you (for example,

ST133USB - to indicate that this is a PVCAM-based system using an ST-133 with a USB 2.0 interface) and save the edited file.

[Camera_1] Type=1

Name=ST133USB

Driver=apausb.sys Port=0 ID=523459

3. The new camera name will now appear in the Camera Name field.

Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses

The appropriate voltage setting for your country is set at the factory and can be seen on the power input module. If your voltage source changes, you will need to change the voltage setting and you may need to change the fuse configuration.

Use proper fuse values and types for the controller and camera to be properly protected.

To Change Voltage and Fuse Configuration:

Turn the Controller OFF and unplug the line cord before opening the power input module.

68 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

3. Confirm the fuse ratings by removing the

two white fuse holders. To do so, simply insert the flat blade of the screwdriver behind the front tab of each fuse holder and gently pry the assembly out.

Figure 33. Fuse Holder

4. Refer to the Fuse/Voltage label (above or below the Power Module) to see which

fuses are required by the selected voltage. If Controller power switch is on the back of the ST-133, the Fuse/Voltage label is located below the Power Module.

5. After inspecting and if necessary, changing the fuses to those required by the

selected voltage, reinstall the holders with the arrow facing to the right.

6. Close the power module and verify that the correct voltage setting is displayed.

7. Verify that the Controller power switch is in the OFF position and then plug the

power cord back into the power module.

Controller Is Not Responding

If this message pops up when you click on OK after selecting the "Interface Type" during

Hardware Setup (under the WinView/32 Setup menu), the system has not been able to

communicate with the Controller. Check to see if Controller has been turned ON and if the interface card, its driver, and the interface cable have been installed.

 If the Controller is ON, the problem may be with the interface card, its driver,

interrupt or address conflicts, or the cable connections.

 If the interface card is not installed, close the application program and turn the

Controller OFF. Follow the interface card installation instructions in provided with your interface card and cable the card to the SERIAL COM port on the rear of the Controller. Then do a "Custom" installation of WinView/32 with the appropriate interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA Interface", depending on the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface component that does not apply to your system.

Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) does not support the ISA interface.

 If the interface card is installed in the computer and is cabled to the SERIAL

COM port on the rear of the Controller, close the application program and turn the Controller OFF. Check the cable connections and tighten the locking screws if the connections are loose.

 If the interface card was installed after WinView/32 has been installed, close that

application and do a "Custom" installation of it with the appropriate interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA Interface", depending on the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface component that does not apply to your system.

Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) does not support the ISA interface.

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 69

Caution

Cooling Troubleshooting

Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or Maintained.

Operating a PI-SCX:1300 camera with coolant at a temperature colder than specified could cause induced condensation in the electronics enclosure and possible catastrophic

damage to the camera. Damage resulting from this type of operation may void the

warranty.

Possible causes could include:

 Ambient temperature greater than +23°C. If it is greater than +23°C, you will need to

cool the camera environment or raise the set temperature.

 The vacuum has deteriorated and needs to be refreshed.  The connectors of the cable that interconnects the controller and the camera need to

be secured.

 The target array temperature is not appropriate for your particular camera and CCD

array.

 For cameras that are liquid-cooled or have liquid-assisted cooling, the coolant flow

rate may be insufficient due to a pinched coolant line, blockages, circulator power

problem, or pump failure. Check the flow rate and coolant temperature.

 For a TE-cooled camera, the camera's internal temperature may be too high, such as

might occur if the operating environment is particularly warm or if you are attempting to operate at a temperature colder than the specified limit. TE-cooled cameras are equipped with a thermal-protection switch that shuts the cooler circuits down if the internal temperature exceeds a preset limit. Typically, camera operation is restored automatically in about ten minutes. Although the thermo-protection switch will protect the camera, you are nevertheless advised to power down and correct the

operating conditions that caused the thermal-overload to occur.

Camera loses Temperature Lock

The internal temperature of the camera is too high. This might occur if the operating environment is particularly warm or if you are trying to operate at a temperature colder than the specified limit. If this happens, an internal thermal overload switch will disable the cooler circuits to protect them. Typically, camera operation is restored in about ten minutes. Although the thermal overload switch will protect the camera, users are advised to power down and correct the operating conditions that caused the thermal overload to

occur. With some versions of the software, the indicated temperature when the camera is in thermal overload (thermal switch is in the cut-out state) is -120° C.

Gradual Deterioration of Cooling Capability

With time, there may be a gradual deterioration of the camera’s vacuum. This can affect temperature performance such that it may be impossible to achieve temperature lock at the lowest temperatures. In the kind of applications for which cooled CCD cameras are so well suited, it is highly desirable to maintain the system’s lowest temperature performance because lower temperatures result in lower thermal noise and better the signal-to-noise ratio.

Vacuum deterioration occurs primarily as a result of material outgassing in the vacuum chamber. Because outgassing normally diminishes with time, the rate of vacuum

70 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

deterioration in new cameras may be faster than in old ones. For example, a camera that has to be repumped after perhaps a year of operation, may not have to be pumped again for several years. In any case you may notice a gradual deterioration in temperature control performance indicative of vacuum deterioration. If this happens, the camera will have to be repumped. Appendix C provides directions for repumping the vacuum. If you have the appropriate equipment and personnel with the necessary expertise available, you may wish to pump down the camera at your facility by following the procedure outlined in Appendix C. If the necessary equipment and expertise isn’t available, simply contact the factory to make arrangements for returning the camera to the support facility nearest to you to have the vacuum restored.

Data Loss or Serial Violation

You may experience either or both of these conditions if the host computer has been set up with Power Saving features enabled. This is particularly true for power saving with regard to the hard drive. Make sure that Power Saving features are disabled while you are running WinView/32.

Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message

Figure 34. Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict dialog

If this dialog appears when you try to acquire a test image, acquire data, or run in focus mode, check the CCD array size and then check the DMA buffer size. A large array (for example, a 2048x2048 array), requires a larger DMA buffer larger setting than that for a smaller array (for example, a 512x512 array).

To change the DMA buffer setting:

1. Note the array size (on the Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab or the

Acquisition|Experiment Setup|Main tab Full Chip dimensions).

2. Open Setup|Environment|Environment dialog.

3. Increase the DMA buffer size to a minimum of 32 Mb (64 Mb if it is currently

32 Mb or 128 Mb if it is currently 64 Mb), click on OK, and close the WinX application.

4. Reboot your computer.

5. Restart the WinX application and begin acquiring data or focusing. If you see

the message again, increase the DMA buffer size.

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 71

Data Overrun Has Occurred message

Because of memory constraints and the way that USB transfers data, a "Data overrun has occurred" message may be displayed during data acquisition. If this message is displayed, take one or more of the following actions:

1. Minimize the number of programs running in the background while you are

acquiring data with WinView/32.

2. Run data acquisition in Safe Mode.

3. Add memory.

4. Use binning.

5. Increase the exposure time.

6. Defragment the hard disk.

7. Update the Orange Micro USB2 driver. See "To Update the OrangeUSB USB

2.0 Driver:", page 33.

If the problem persists, your application may be USB 2.0 bus limited. Since the host computer controls the USB 2.0 bus, there may be situations where the host computer interrupts the USB 2.0 port. In most cases, the interrupt will go unnoticed by the user. However, there are some instances when the data overrun cannot be overcome because USB 2.0 bus limitations combined with long data acquisition times and/or large data sets increase the possibility of an interrupt while data is being acquired. If your experiment requirements include long data acquisition times and/or large data sets, your application may not be suitable for the USB 2.0 interface. Therefore, we recommend replacement of the USB

2.0 interface module with our TAXI interface module and Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI card. If this is not the case and data overruns continue to occur, contact Customer Support (see page 108 for contact information).

Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

If RSConfig.exe has not been run and there is not an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI) high speed PCI card, the Hardware Wizard will only present the choice "Demo" in the

Interface dialog (Figure 35). Clicking on Next presents an "Error Creating Controller. Error=129." message, clicking on OK presents "The Wizard Can Not Continue Without a Valid Selection!" message, clicking on OK presents the Interface dialog again.

Figure 35. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog

At this point, you will need to exit WinView and run the RSConfig.exe program, which creates a file called PVCAM.INI. This file contains information required to identify the

72 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

interface/camera and is referenced by the Hardware Wizard when you are setting up WinView with USB for the first time:

1. If you have not already done so, close WinView/32.

2. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.

3. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from the

directory where you installed WinView.

4. When the RSConfig dialog (Figure 36) appears, you can change the camera name

to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera1". When

you have finished, click on the Done button.

Figure 36. RSConfig dialog

5. You should now be able to open WinView and, from Setup|Hardware…, run

the Hardware Wizard.

6. When the PVCAM dialog (Figure 37) is displayed, click in the Yes radio button,

click on Next and continue through the Wizard. After the Wizard is finished, the

Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use PVCAM checkbox

selected. You should now be able to set up experiments and acquire data.

Figure 37. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 73

Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

If there is an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI) high speed card in the host computer and you want to operate a camera using the USB 2.0 interface, the PVCAM.INI file (created by RSConfig.exe) must exist and the USB 2.0 supported camera must be [Camera_1]. PVCAM.INI, which contains information required to identify the interface/camera, is referenced by the Hardware Wizard when you are setting up WinView/32 with USB for the first time. If the Wizard did not find a PVCAM.INI file or if RSConfig.exe was run but the USB 2.0 camera is [Camera_2] in the PVCAM.INI file, "Demo", "High Speed PCI", and "PCI(Timer)" will be selectable from the Wizard's Interface dialog.

Figure 38. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog

At this point, you will need to run the RSConfig.exe program:

1. If you have not already done so, close WinView/32.

2. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.

3. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from

the directory where you installed WinView.

4. When the RSConfig dialog (Figure 39) appears, you can change the camera

name to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera2".

When you have finished, click on the Done button. You will next edit the

generated PVCAM.INI file.

Figure 39. RSConfig dialog: Two Camera Styles

74 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

If the contents of the file look like:

Change the headings so the contents now look like:

[Camera_1] Type=1 Name=Camera1 Driver=rspipci.sys Port=0

[Camera_2] Type=1 Name=Camera2 Driver=apausb.sys Port=0

[Camera_2] Type=1 Name=Camera1 Driver=rspipci.sys Port=0

[Camera_1] Type=1 Name=Camera2 Driver=apausb.sys Port=0

5. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in

the Windows directory (C:\Windows, for example).

Note: The [Camera_#] must be changed so the camera supported by the USB interface will be recognized (the USB driver is "apausb.sys"). For consistency, you may also want to change the camera names.

6. Save the file. With the ST-133 connected and on, open WinView/32.

7. Run the Hardware Wizard.

8. When the PVCAM dialog (Figure 40) is displayed, click in the Yes radio button,

click on Next and continue through the Wizard. After the Wizard is finished, the

Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use PVCAM checkbox

selected. You should now be able to acquire data.

Figure 40. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 75

If the contents of the file look like:

Change the headings so the contents now look like:

[Camera_1] Type=1 Name=Camera1 Driver=rspipci.sys Port=0

[Camera_2] Type=1 Name=Camera2 Driver=apausb.sys Port=0

[Camera_2] Type=1 Name=Camera1 Driver=rspipci.sys Port=0

[Camera_1] Type=1 Name=Camera2 Driver=apausb.sys Port=0

Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

These functions and others will be deactivated if you have installed a camera being run under USB 2.0 and have opened WinView/32 without having first turned on the ST-133. They will also be deactivated if you have installed a camera being run under USB 2.0 and a Princeton Instruments high speed PCI card was also detected when RSConfig.exe was run.

1. Check to see if the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and is turned on. If

it is not connected or is connected but not turned on, go to Step 2. If it is connected and on, go to Step 3.

2. Close WinView, verify that the ST-133 is connected to the host computer, turn on

the ST-133, and reopen WinView. The formerly grayed out functions should now be available.

3. If the ST-133 is connected and on, the USB 2.0 camera may not be listed as

Camera 1 in the PVCAM.INI file.

4. Run RSConfig.exe (accessible from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton

menu). If the USB 2.0 camera is listed as Camera 2 (Princeton Style (USB2) in Figure 41), you will have to edit the PVCAM.INI file.

5. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in

the Windows directory (C:\Windows, for example).

Figure 41. RSConfig dialog: Two Camera Styles

76 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Note: The [Camera_#] must be changed so the camera supported by the USB interface will be recognized (the USB driver is "apausb.sys"). For consistency, you may also want to change the camera names.

6. Save the file. With the ST-133 connected and on, open WinView/32. The

formerly grayed out functions should now be available.

Error Creating Controller message

This message may be displayed if you are using the USB 2.0 interface and have not run the RSConfig.exe program (see previous topic), if the PVCAM.INI file has been corrupted, or if the ST-133 was not turned on before you started WinView/32 and began running the Hardware Wizard.

Figure 42. Error Creating Controller dialog

Error 129: Indicates that the problem is with the PVCAM.INI file. Close WinView/32,

run RSConfig, make sure the ST-133 is on, reopen WinView, and begin running the Hardware Wizard.

Error 183: Indicates that the ST-133 is off. If you are running the Hardware Wizard

when this message appears, click on OK, turn on the ST-133, and, on the PVCAM dialog, make sure Yes is selected and then click on Next. The Hardware Wizard

should continue to the Controller Type dialog.

Error Occurs at Computer Powerup

If an error occurs at boot up, either the interface card is not installed properly or there is an address or interrupt conflict. Turn off the computer, reinstall the interface card (make sure it is firmly seated), and reboot the system.

If an error occurs while you are using the WinView/32 program, check the interface selection on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab (WinView/32). If the current choice is "High Speed PCI", change the selection to "PCI(Timer)". If the problem goes away, you can either correct the interrupt conflict or you can continue using PCI(Timer) for data transfer (data transfer is controlled by a polling timer rather than interrupts). Note that data transfer can be slower in PCI(Timer) mode on slower computers.

Conflicts

One of the many advantages that PCI offers over ISA is that the whole issue of address and interrupt assignments is user transparent and under BIOS control. As a result, users typically do not have to be concerned about jumpers or switches when installing a PCI card. Nothing more should be required than to plug in the card, make the connections, and operate the system. As it turns out, however, in certain situations conflicts may nevertheless occur and user intervention will be required to resolve them.

Typical PCI motherboards have both ISA and PCI slots and will have both PCI and ISA cards installed. In the case of the ISA cards, the I/O address and Interrupt assignments will have been made by the user and the BIOS will not know which addresses and

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 77

Slot Type

Status

I/O Address

Interrupt

1 (ISA)

ISA Network Card

200-210

2 (PCI)

PCI Video Card

FF00-FFFF

3 (ISA)

ISA Sound Card

300-304

4 (PCI)

Empty

N/A

Slot Type

Status

I/O Address(s)

Interrupt

1 (ISA)

ISA Network Card

200-210

2 (PCI)

PCI Video Card

FE00-FEFF

3 (ISA)

ISA Sound Card

300-304

4 (PCI)

Princeton Instruments PCI Serial Card

FF80-FFFF

interrupts have been user assigned. When a PCI card is installed, the BIOS checks for available addresses and interrupt levels and automatically assigns them so that there are

no PCI address or interrupt conflicts. However, because the BIOS doesn't know about the

user-assigned ISA I/O address and interrupt level assignments, it is possible that a PCI card will be assigned an address or interrupt that is already assigned to an ISA card. If this happens, improper operation will result. Specifically, the problems could range from erratic operation under specific conditions to complete system failure. If such a conflict occurs, because the user has no control over the PCI address and interrupt assignments, there will be no recourse but to examine the .ISA assignments and change them to values which do not conflict. Most (but by no means all) ISA cards make provision for selecting alternative I/O addresses and interrupt levels so that conflicts can be resolved. Software is available to help identify specific conflicts.

The following example may serve to illustrate the problem. Suppose you had a system with an ISA network card, a PCI video card and an ISA sound card. Further suppose that you were then going to install a PCI Serial Buffer card. Before installing the PCI Serial card, the I/O address and interrupt assignments for the installed cards might be as follows.

Table 6. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments

before Installing Serial Card

As shown, there are no conflicts, allowing the three peripheral cards to operate properly. If the PCI Serial card were then installed, the BIOS would interrogate the PCI cards and may reassign them new address and interrupt values as follows.

Table 7. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments

after Installing Serial Card

As indicated, there is now an interrupt conflict between the ISA Network Card and the PCI Video card (both cards have been assigned Interrupt 11), causing the computer to no longer function normally. This doesn't mean that the PCI Serial card is defective because the computer stops functioning properly when the Serial card is installed. What it does mean is that there is an interrupt conflict that can be resolved by changing the interrupt level on the conflicting Network card in this example. It is up to the user to consult the documentation for any ISA cards to determine how to make the necessary change.

78 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Note: Changing the order of the PCI cards, that is, plugging them into different slots, could change the address and interrupt assignments and possibly resolve the conflict. However, this would be a trial and error process with no guarantee of success.

Diagnostics Software

Many diagnostics programs, both shareware and commercial, are available to help resolve conflicts. Most often, all that's required is a program that will read and report the address and interrupt assignments for each PCI device in the computer. One such program available from Princeton Instruments' Customer Support department is called PCICHECK. When the program is run, it reports the address and interrupt assignments for the first PCI device it finds. Each time the spacebar is pressed, it moves on to the next one and reports the address and interrupt assignments for that one as well. In a few moments this information can be obtained for every PCI device in the computer. Note that, even though there are generally only three PCI slots, the number of PCI devices reported may be larger because some PCI devices may be built onto the motherboard. A good strategy for using the program would be to run it before installing the PCI Serial card. Then run it again after installing the card and note any address or interrupt assignments that may have changed. This will allow you to easily focus on the ones that may be in conflict with address or interrupt assignments on ISA cards. It might be noted that there are many programs, such as the MSD program supplied by Microsoft, that are designed to read and report address and interrupt assignments, including those on ISA cards. Many users have had mixed results at best using these programs.

Operation

There are no operating considerations that are unique to the PCI Serial card. The card can easily accept data as fast as any Princeton Instruments System now available can send it. The incoming data is temporarily stored in the card’s memory, and then transferred to the main computer memory when the card gains access to the bus. The PCI bus arbitration scheme assures that, as long as every PCI card conforms to the PCI guidelines, the onboard memory will never overflow.

Unfortunately, there are some PCI peripheral cards that do not fully conform to the PCI

guidelines and that take control of the bus for longer periods than the PCI specification allows. Certain video cards (particularly those that use the S3 video chip) are notorious in this respect. Usually you will be able to recognize when memory overflow occurs because the displayed video will assume a split-screen appearance and/or the message Hardware Conflict will be displayed (WinView/32). At the same time, the LED on the upper edge of the PCI Serial card will light.

Users are thus advised not to take any actions that would worsen the possibility of memory overflow occurring when taking data. In that regard, avoid multitasking while taking data. Specific operations to avoid include multitasking (pressing ALT TAB or ALT ESC to start another program), or running a screensaver program.

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 79

No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)

Figure 43. Hardware Wizard: Detector/Camera/CCD dialog

If you have installed a USB 2.0 Interface Module in your ST-133, a blank field may be displayed in the Detector/Camera/CCD dialog (Figure 43) if the ST-133 controller was made before January 2001. Earlier versions of the ST-133 did not contain non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), which is programmed with information about the controller and the camera. PVCAM, the program under which the Princeton Instruments USB works, retrieves the information stored in NVRAM so it can enter specific camera characteristics into WinView/32.

Check the serial label on underside of your controller. If the first five characters are D1200 (December 2000) or earlier (J0797 or July 1997, for example), contact Customer Support to find out about an NVRAM controller upgrade.

Program Error message

This dialog may appear if you have tried to acquire a test image, acquire data, or run in focusing mode and the DMA buffer size is too small. A large array (for example, a 2048x2048 array), requires a larger setting than that for a smaller array (for example, a 512x512 array).

To correct the problem:

1. Click on OK.

2. Reboot the WinX application.

3. Note the array size (on the Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab or the

Acquisition|Experiment Setup|Main tab Full Chip dimensions). If your

camera contains a large array (such as a 2048x2048 array), and the DMA buffer size is too small, there will not be enough space in memory for the data set.

4. Open Setup|Environment|Environment dialog.

5. Increase the DMA buffer size to a minimum of 32 Mb (64 Mb if it is currently

32 Mb or 128 Mb if it is currently 64 Mb), click on OK, and close the WinX application.

Figure 44. Program Error dialog

80 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNINGS!

6. Reboot your computer.

7. Restart the WinX application and begin acquiring data or focusing. If you see the

message again, increase the DMA buffer size.

Removing/Installing a Plug-In Module

The ST-133 Controller has three plug-in slots. The Analog/Control module (leftmost slot when the controller is viewed from the rear) and the Interface Control module (either a TAXI or a USB 2.0 compatible module in the middle slot) are always provided. The third slot, however, is covered with a blank panel unless a PTG module has been installed in the ST-133.

If a module is ever removed for any reason, internal settings should not be disturbed.

Changing a setting could radically alter the controller’s performance. Restoring normal operation again without proper equipment and guidance would be very difficult, and it might be necessary to return the unit to the factory for recalibration.

Note: If you have an installed PTG and are changing from one interface type to another (TAXI to USB 2.0 or USB 2.0 to TAXI), contact Customer Support for specific changeover instructions. See page 108 for contact information.

1. Always turn the Controller OFF before removing or installing a module. If a

module is removed or installed when the controller is powered, permanent equipment damage could occur which would not be covered by the warranty.

2. Before handling any boards, take precautions to prevent electrostatic discharge

(ESD). The modules are susceptible to ESD damage. Damage caused by improper handling is not covered by the Warranty.

Figure 45. Module Installation

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 81

WARNING!

To Remove a Module:

1. Verify that the Controller has been turned OFF.

2. Rotate the two locking screws (one at the top of the module and one at the bottom)

counterclockwise until they release from the chassis.

3. Then, grasp the module and pull it straight out.

4. Set the module aside in a safe place. If you are replacing it with another module, as in

the case of exchanging a TAXI module for a USB 2.0 module, you may be able to use the packaging from the new module to store the old module. This packaging is usually an antistatic bag that will protect the module components from electrostatic discharge.

To Install a Module:

Installing a module is a bit more complex because you first have to be sure the locking screws are aligned correctly. The following procedure is suggested.

1. Verify that the Controller has been turned OFF.

2. Remove the replacement module from its antistatic packaging. This packaging is

designed to protect the module components from electrostatic discharge.

3. Rotate the two locking screws counterclockwise until the threads on the screws

engage those of the module panel. See Figure 45. By doing this, the screws will be

perfectly perpendicular to the module panel and will align perfectly when the module is inserted.

4. Insert the module so the top and bottom edges of the board are riding in the proper

guides.

5. Gently but firmly push the module in until the 64-pin DIN connector at the back of

the module mates with the corresponding connector on the backplane, leaving the module panel resting against the controller back panel.

6. Rotate the two locking screws clockwise. As the screws are rotated, they will first

disengage from the module panel threads, and then begin to engage those of the bracket behind the controller panel.

Tighten the screws to where they are just snug. Do not tighten them any further because

you could easily bend the mating bracket.

82 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Securing the Detector-Controller Cable Slide Latch

Some Princeton Instruments Detector-Controller cables use a slide latch to secure the Detector-Controller cable to the DETECTOR connector on the back of the ST-133. Incorrectly plugging this cable into the connector and improperly securing the slide latch may prevent communication with the PI-SCX (the camera may appear to stop working).

1. Before trying to plug in the cable, slide the latch up (toward Pin 1). Then, plug the

cable into the DETECTOR connector on the ST-133.

2. Slide the latch down. You may hear a click when the latch locks.

3. Verify that the connector is fully secured.

If you are having trouble sliding the latch, slightly pull the connector out and then slide the latch into its locked position.

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 83

Serial violations have occurred. Check interface cable.

Figure 46. Serial Violations Have Occurred dialog

This error message dialog will appear if you try to acquire an image or focus the camera and either (or both) of the following conditions exists:

 The camera system is not turned ON.  There is no communication between the camera and the host computer.

To correct the problem:

1. Turn OFF the camera system (if it is not already OFF).

2. Make sure the Detector-Controller cable is secured at both ends and that the

computer interface cable is secured at both ends.

3. After making sure that the cables are connected, turn the camera system power

ON.

4. Click OK on the error message dialog and retry acquiring an image or running in

focus mode.

Note: This error message will also be displayed if you turn the camera system OFF or a cable comes loose while the application software is running in Focus mode.

84 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

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Appendix A

Model

CCD (WinView/32

Name)

Pixel

Format

Pixel Size

CCD Type

1300

EEV CCD36-40 (EEV 1300x1340F)

1300 × 1340

20 × 20 µm

100 kHz/1 MHz, Full Frame

4300

Kodak KAF 4300E (KAF 2084x2084 SCX)

2084 × 2084

24 × 24 µm

1 MHz, Full Frame

4096

Fairchild CCD486 (FCD 4096x4096F)

4096 × 4091

15 × 15 µm

1 MHz, Full Frame

Specifications

CCD Arrays

Types

The following list is not necessarily current. Other chips may also be available. Contact the factory for up-to-date information.

PI-SCX:1300

Array Size: 1340x1300 Pixel Size: 20x20 µm Spectral Range (typical): 400-1100 nm Cooling: Air or Water

Output Amplifiers: Low-noise (~ 250,000 e-) and High-capacity (500,000 e-)

Parallel Shift Rate: 30 µs/row

Dual A/D: 100 kHz and 1 MHz

Readout Rates: Full Frame: ~ 1.8 s @ 1 MHz, ~18.0 s @ 100 kHz 2x2 Binning: ~ 0.65 s @ 1 MHz, ~4.8 s @ 100 kHz 8x8 Binning: ~ 0.15 s @ 1 MHz, ~ 0.5 s @ 100 kHz Quantum Efficiency:

86 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

PI-SCX:4096

Array Size: 4096x4096 Pixel Size: 15x15 µm Spectral Range (typical): 400-1000 nm Cooling: Water

Output Amplifier: Single port Parallel Shift Rate: 200 µs/row Pixel Well: 70 Ke- min, 85 Ke- typical Quantum Efficiency:

PI-SCX:4300

Array Size: 2084x2084 Pixel Size: 24x24 µm Spectral Range (typical): 350-1000 nm Cooling: Water

Output Amplifiers: Low-noise and High-capacity Parallel Shift Rate: 70 µs/row Quantum Efficiency:

Camera Window

Beryllium (Be); 10 mil (250 µm) thick

Camera Connector

Male, D-subminiature 25-pin power/signal connector

Appendix A Specifications 87

Camera

Cooldown Temperature

PI-SCX:1300

30°C with forced air

-35°C with water cooling (water at +25°C)

PI-SCX:4096

-50°C with +5°C circulating water for fiber ratio ≤ 1.5:1

-45°C with +0°C circulating water for fiber ratio >1.5:1

PI-SCX:4300

-50°C with +5°C circulating water

Camera Cooling

PI-SCX:1300: -30°C (forced air) to -35°C (water cooled at +25°C) thermoelectric (Peltier)

PI-SCX:4096: -50°C with +5°C water (≤1.5:1 fiber ratio); -45°C with +0°C water

(>1.5:1 fiber ratio)

PI-SCX:4300: -50°C with +5°C water

Passive Cooling: CCD array cooled by Peltier device. Heat is radiated away by

cooling fins on body of the round head camera.

Supplemental Air Cooling: The PI-SCX:1300 camera may have an internal fan that draws air in from the vents in the camera shell, circulates it past the internal cooling fins, and then exhausting the warmed air back into the atmosphere.

Water Cooling: Mixture of 50% ethylene glycol and 50% water pumped through coolant ports at the side of the camera (PI-SCX:1300) or the rear of the camera (PI-SCX:4096 and PI-SCX:4300).

Temperature Control

Setting Mechanism: Temperature is set by the application software.

Display: The actual temperature can be displayed at the computer by the application

software.

Gain

Control Precision: ±0.05°C; closed-loop stabilized-temperature control

Cooldown Temperature (typical): As long as the ambient temperature is between

+18°C and +23°C and the humidity is <50%, PI-SCX CCDs can typically be cooled down to the following temperatures:

Table 8. Camera vs. Approximate Cooldown Temperature

If the ambient temperature is greater than +23°C, temperature lock may not be achievable at the above temperatures

Software selectable (high, medium, low)

88 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

PI-SCX:4096 ≤ 1.5:1

PI-SCX:4096 >1.5:1

6.00 in (15.24 cm) width;

8.50 in (21.59 cm) width;

6.00 in (15.24 cm) height;

8.50 in (21.59 cm) height;

7.94 in (20.17 cm) length;

9.20 in (23.37 cm) length;

35 lb (15.89 kg) weight

Dimensions

All dimensions are approximate and subject to change. Refer also to the outline drawings in Appendix B.

PI-SCX:1300

4.63 in (11.8 cm) width;

4.63 in (11.8 cm) height;

8.71 in (22.15 cm) length; 10 lb (4.54 kg) weight

PI-SCX:4300

6.00 in (15.24 cm) width;

6.00 in (15.24 cm) height;

8.41 in (21.36 cm) length; 35 lb (15.89 kg) weight

Controller TTL I/O

Input: External Sync Output: (Not Ready) frame start; (Not Scan) shutter/readout status

Controller I/O

Male, D-subminiature 25-pin connector; 8 TTL inputs; 8 TTL outputs

Controller Interface

Female, D-subminiature 9-pin connector for RS232 serial communication

Controller Power Input

Refer to the Fuse/Voltage label on the back of the ST-133 for fuse, voltage, and power consumption information.

Controller Dimensions

Dimensions: See Appendix B. Controller Weight: ST-133A: 13 lb (5.9 kg); ST-133B: 12.5 lb (5.7 kg)

Mounting

PI-SCX:1300 The optional Tripod mount provides one each 1/4"-20, 3/8"-16, and M6

mounting hole.

PI-SCX:4096 and PI-SCX:4300 There are two M8 × 1.25 tap (25 mmdeep) and one

1/420 tap (0.5deep).

Appendix B Outline Drawings

Note: All dimensions are in inches unless otherwise noted.

Figure 47. ST-133A Controller

Figure 48. ST-133B Controller

90 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Figure 49. PI-SCX:1300

Appendix B Outline Drawings 91

Figure 50. PI-SCX:1300/PW

92 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Figure 51. PI-SCX:1300/1.5PW

Appendix B Outline Drawings 93

Figure 52. PI-SCX:4096 (100 mm Fiber Optic)

94 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Figure 53. PI-SCX:4096 (165 mm Fiber Optic)

Appendix B Outline Drawings 95

Figure 54. PI-SCX:4300 (75 mm Fiber Optic)

96 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

Figure 55. PI-SCX:4300 (165 mm Fiber Optic)

Appendix C Repumping the Vacuum

Introduction

Fiberoptic taper CCD cameras are shipped with a vacuum level below 10-5 Torr to assure proper cooling performance and to prevent condensation from collecting on the CCD. In time, the vacuum level could deteriorate to where achieving temperature lock will no longer be possible. If this happens, it will be necessary to restore the vacuum.

A ¼ Vacuum Pumping fitting (Figure 56) is supplied with the camera but is not factory installed. The access port, located at the top of the camera, is capped. The cap can easily be removed, allowing the vacuum pumping fitting to be installed.

Figure 56. Vacuum Pumping Fitting

A special Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal (Figure 57) is installed in the side of the camera (see Figure 15 on page 39). At installation, the Vacuum Seal’s Indium tip is crushed to provide a metal-to-metal seal in the vacuum chamber. The number of times this can be done before a new Vacuum Seal is required is limited. Typically, an Indium tip can be crushed up to ten times before the Vacuum Seal must be replaced to assure a good vacuum seal. Because the tip is crushed only once at the factory, it can be successfully used again numerous times in the field. With repeated repumpings, however, it will eventually be necessary to replace the Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal (PI #2550-0352).

Note: The required seating torque for successful vacuum sealing is 28 in. lb. (3.2 Nm).

Figure 57. Indium-tipped Vacuum Valve

98 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

WARNING!

Caution

Requirements

 A laboratory-type vacuum pump capable of achieving absolute pressures below

10 mTorr.

Your vacuum system must have a trap (ideally cryogenic) placed between the camera and the pump to prevent contamination due to oil backstreaming from the pump.

 5/16 hex torque wrench for tightening the Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal.  A new Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal (PI #2550-0352). A new seal will only be

required if the camera has been repumped a number of times and the original seal is no longer able to maintain vacuum.

Pumping Procedure

Wait at least two hours after the camera was last operated before proceeding. This is necessary so that the CCD can warm to ambient before being opened to the atmosphere. If opened when still cold, potentially harmful condensation could form on the CCD.

Preliminary Steps

1. Turn off the system power and disconnect all cables.

2. Apply a light coating of high-quality vacuum grease such as Apiezon M to the O-

ring on the Vacuum Pumping Fitting supplied with the system.

3. Remove the cap from the vacuum access port at the top of the camera.

4. Insert the end of the Vacuum Pumping Fitting into the port at the top of the

camera to where the threads can be engaged. Then tighten it down. Finger tight is sufficient. The greased O-ring makes the seal.

5. Connect the vacuum hose from the pump to the ¼ fitting at the end of the

Vacuum Pumping fitting and clamp the hose connection securely.

6. If you are going to reuse the currently installed Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal,

turn on the vacuum pump. Then:

 Using the 5/16 hex torque wrench, rotate the Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal

two full revolutions counterclockwise, just enough to unseal the vacuum.

 Perform the steps outlined in the "Pumping Down" section, located on the

following page.

7. If you are going to install a new Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal, do not turn on the

pump. Instead, perform the steps outlined in the section titled "Installing a New Vacuum Seal", which follows the "Pumping Down" section.

Appendix C Repumping the Vacuum 99

Caution

Pumping Down

1. Do not bake during pumping. Maintain ambient temperature (≈25°C).

2. Continue pumping for 48 hr. The final vacuum must be below 10 mTorr. At the

factory, a much higher initial vacuum level is generated using a turbo pump. Although this is desirable, it is not necessary and may be cost prohibitive for the user to purchase similar equipment; 10 mTorr is sufficient to assure normal operation of the unit.

3. When the required vacuum level has been achieved, tighten down the Indium-

tipped Vacuum Seal with the 5/16 torque wrench to crush the Indium tip and reseal the vacuum. A sealing torque of 28 in. lb. or 3.2 Nm is required.

4. Shut down the pump and remove the vacuum hose from the Vacuum Pumping

fitting. Although it shouldn’t be required, a 7/16 nut driver may prove helpful in removing the fitting.

5. Replace the vacuum port cap.

Installing a New Vacuum Seal

Preventing atmospheric contamination of the vacuum chamber is imperative to the operation and longevity of the camera.

 Placing the camera inside a plastic bag filled with dry nitrogen gas prior to removing

the Vacuum Seal will backfill the camera when the Vacuum Seal is removed and

help prevent contamination. Consult the factory.

 Alternatively, a dry nitrogen pressure may be applied to the vacuum pumping fitting

before removing the vacuum valve. Pressure should be 3 psig or less. Maintain a flow

of nitrogen until the valve is replaced in Step 3. Consult the factory.

1. Using the 5/16" hex torque wrench, rotate the Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal

counterclockwise to where the threads completely disengage and then remove it from the vacuum block.

2. Lightly grease the Viton O-ring on the new Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal. Use a

high-quality grade of vacuum grease such as Apiezon M.

3. Carefully insert the new Indium-tipped Vacuum Seal into the corresponding

opening on the camera vacuum block to where the threads can be engaged – a

turn or two is sufficient. Do not rotate the plunger to where it bottoms out. The Indium tip should not be disturbed until the new vacuum has been established.

4. Turn on the pump and follow the "Pumping Down" instructions.

100 PI-SCX System Manual Version 2.E

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Princeton 1300, 4096, 4300 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

When Flexibility Counts

Fiberoptic Expertise

Shuttering and Synchronization

Low-Noise Configurations

Software Solutions

Custom Design

PI-SCX System Components

About this Manual

Manual Organization

Safety Related Symbols Used in this Manual

Environmental Conditions

Repairs

Warnings

Beryllium

Coolant

Precautions

Cleaning

Camera and Controller

Beryllium Window

Princeton Instruments Customer Service

Chapter 2 System Component Descriptions

PI-SCX Camera

ST-133 Controller

Cables

Interface Card

Application Software

User Manuals

Chapter 4 System Setup

Unpacking the System

Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory

System Requirements

Environmental

Ventilation

Vacuum

Coolant

Power

Host Computer

Verifying Controller Voltage Setting

To Check the Controller's Voltage Setting:

Mounting the Camera

Installing the Application Software

Setting up the Communication Interface

Setting up a PCI Interface

To Install a PCI Serial Buffer Card in the Host Computer:

Setting up a USB 2.0 Interface

USB 2.0 Limitations

Connecting the Interface (Controller-Computer) Cable

TAXI® Cable (6050-0148-CE)

To Connect the TAXI Cable:

USB 2.0 Cable (6050-0494)

To Connect the USB 2.0 Cable:

Connecting the Camera-Controller Cable

To Connect the Camera-Controller Cable (6050-0484):

Entering the Default Camera System Parameters into WinX (WinView/32, WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32)

WinX Versions 2.5.19.6 and later

WinX Versions before 2.5.19.6: Run RSConfig.exe

Making the Circulator-Camera Connections

Service Notes

Introduction

System On/Off Sequences

First Light

Cabling

Getting Started

Setting the Parameters

Acquiring Data

Power Down Procedure

Exposure and Signal

Introduction

CCD Array Architecture

Exposure Time

CCD Temperature

Temperature Stabilization

Dark Charge

Saturation