Porsche 911 CARRERA 4, 911 TURBO CABRIOLET, 911 CARRERA S CABRIOLET, 911 CARRERA 4S CABRIOLET, 911 CARRERA 4S User Manual
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The 911
The 911 | Contents
The 911 6
Model range 20
Engine 38
Transmission 52
Chassis 66
Safety 80
Comfort 96
Motorsport 122
Environment 130
Personalisation 136
Factory collection 162
Service 164
Summary 166
Technical data 168
Index 178
The 911
Porsche, Weissach
Image 000001
911
· 6 ·
· 13 ·
The 911 | The 911
911 Carrera
Other manufacturers can
build a sportscar. But what
makes a sportscar a 911?
It may have the classic
exterior design to which
you are accustomed, but
we have furnished it with
advanced engineering
technology. An efficient
engine and the optional
Porsche Doppelkupplung
(PDK) transmission – for
reduced fuel consumption
and emissions, and out-
standing dynamics. And the
Porsche Communication
Management information
system – for direct, intuitive
control.
We don’t believe in fairy tales like the perfect sportscar.
Otherwise, we would have given up work over 45 years ago.
The 911 range.
The 911 stirs emotions in many.
Timeless emotions that have been
experienced by generations since
1963.
Emotions that can also be veri-
fied. Indeed, with impressive
regularity, the 911 is voted‚ ‘best
sportscar’ in readers’ polls held
by leading motoring magazines.
These emotions are evoked by
two characteristics: distinctive
design and inner strength.
With the 911, these characteristics
are born out of progressive
engineering above all else. For
example, the engines with direct
fuel injection (DFI), the optional
Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK),
the Porsche Traction Management
(PTM) active all-wheel drive, or the
intuitive Porsche Communication
Management (PCM).
Not only is this inner strength built
on technological achievements, it
also comes from the harmonious
relationship between design
and practicalit y, and between
everyday road use and sports
driving. The 911 Coupé models,
the 911 Cabriolet models and the
911 Targa 4 models – the result
of our engineers’ confidence
that they can excel themselves.
Over forty-five years in the
making. The 911.
In short: a car with inner
strength.
The 911.
· 12 ·· 11 ·
· 14 ·
· 15 ·
Design icons. Engineering icons.
Yes, it sends shivers down our spine, too.
The engineering of the 911.
The 911 | The 911
Two engines with direct fuel injec-
tion and power outputs of 345 hp
and 385 hp. The optional Porsche
Doppelkupplung (PDK). Porsche
Communication Management with
touchscreen and, on request, a
voice control system. All progres-
sive technologies. It would be so
easy just to sum up the meaning
of inner strength. We, however,
prefer to get to the root of it.
All of the 911 Carrera and
911 Targa 4 models have direct
fuel injection (DFI, p. 40). So how
does this compare with standard
fuel injection? The fuel/air mixture
is prepared entirely in the com-
bustion chamber after having
been metered and injected direct-
ly, with millisecond precision.
From a technical perspective,
this means an accurate fuel/air
mixture and therefore optimum
combustion. For the driver, it
means a distinct rise in power
and torque, and a distinct fall in
fuel consumption and emissions.
It has been possible to reduce
CO2 emissions by up to 17 % com-
pared with the previous model.
Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK,
p. 55), available as an option, is
based on a development that
helped Porsche racing cars in the
1980s to cause a sensation on
racetracks around the world.
PDK, with both a manual gearshift
and an automatic mode, has
seven gears at its disposal. It is
like having two gearboxes in one
and, as the name suggests, two
clutches. Whenever a particular
gear is engaged, the next gear
is always preselected. Gearshifts
therefore take place within
hundredths of a second, without
any interruption in the flow of
power. In comparison with con -
ventional manual transmission,
PDK achieves a considerably
faster rate of acceleration for the
same rate of fuel consumption.
When compared with the previous
automatic transmission, it pro -
vides significantly more driving
pleasure thanks to improved
responsiveness and thus greater
agility – with the same degree
of comfort at a reduced rate of
fuel consumption.
In combination with the Sport
Chrono Package Plus (p. 74), PDK
has a choice of t wo additional
functions: ‘Launch Control’ for
optimum acceleration from a
standing start, and a ‘motorsport-
derived gearshift strategy’
bringing gearshift characteristics
straight from the racetrack.
911 Carrera
911 Carrera
· 16 ·
· 17 ·
The 911 Carrera 4 models and
the 911 Targa 4 models have
Porsche Traction Management
(PTM, p. 62) where an electroni-
cally controlled multi-plate clutch
regulates the distribution of drive
force to the front axle according
to the driving conditions.
The new standard steering
wheels with sporty three-spoke
design feel comfortable and
provide excellent grip, even
through high-speed turns.
The standard Porsche Communi-
cation Management (PCM, p. 100)
with touchscreen and MP3-
compatible CD/DVD drive is also
extremely ergonomic. Featuring
an optional universal audio
interface enabling you to connect
and easily control an iPod®, for
example, it is intuitive to operate.
An enhanced voice control
system with word-by-word input
is also available as an option.
The 911 | The 911
For all its advanced technologies,
one thing cannot be denied:
The inner strength of the
911 is what makes this 911 the
best 911 of all time.
911 Carrera
· 18 ·
· 19 ·
The 911 | The 911
911 Ca rrera 4 911 Ca rrera 4
Character traits cannot be changed.
But they can be reinforced.
The design of the 911.
Every element fulfils a function.
From this principle, the 911 draws
its inner strength. The logical
consequence of this is the
911 Carrera’s very low drag
coefficient of 0.29.
The large air intakes on the front
end provide highly effective
cooling power and give the 911 a
sporty and dynamic appearance.
Bi-Xenon headlights are fitted
as standard on all 911 models.
The indicators and LED daytime
running lights, and position lights
are harmoniously integrated into
the separate front light units
above the outer air intakes for
an imposing look. The optional
dynamic cornering lights have a
swivelling module for the dipped
beams – visible engineering for
improved visibility.
As with the modified exterior
mirrors which provide an even
better rearward view.
The rear end follows the design
cues of the front. The imposing
LED taillights are drawn right
into the wing and taper off to the
outside. Unmistakable – especially
at night. The stainless steel tail-
pipes, designed as twin tailpipes
on the S model range, are integrat-
ed seamlessly. Another important
aesthetic contribution is the wheel
design. Models with the 3.6-litre
engine are fitted as standard with
18-inch wheels and S models with
the 3.8-litre engine have 19-inch
wheels.
Specific to the all-wheel drive
variants is the 44 mm wider
stance at the rear and the taillight
strip, which, as a striking design
feature, lends even more impact
to the rear end.
In every respect, the design is
unmistakably 911 – because
its form follows function. And all
the while it maintains its unique
appeal.
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Model range
Porsche, Weissach
911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet,
911 Carrera,
911 Targ a 4S
What’s the effect of inner
strength? It makes it
possible to constantly seek
innovations without having
to change the car’s unique
character.
This inner strength has
distinguished the 911
concept since it began.
The evidence? A history
of success spanning more
than 45 years, and the
10 models in the current
range. Each one has its
own character, its own
personality.
Image 000002
Model range
But they all share the
same heritage.
· 22 ·
· 23 ·
The 911 | Model range
The 911 has always had character.
Which one is up to you.
The 911 models.
The 911 Carrera.
The 911 Carrera S.
The 911 Carrera 4.
The 911 Carrera 4S.
The 911 Carrera Cabriolet.
The 911 Carrera S Cabriolet.
The 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet.
The 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet.
The 911 Targa 4.
The 911 Targa 4S.
Inner strength defines character
and manifests itself in various
ways.
Just like the 911 model range.
The models all exemplify our ideal
of a sportscar – the marriage of
contrasts: sportiness and comfort;
functionality and design; tradition
and innovation.
These are the foundation pillars
of the 911. Each model stands for
itself. And for a driver’s individual
requirements of a sportscar.
For one driver, it’s about purit y
of design and lightweight con-
struction – traditional sportscar
characteristics. For another, per-
formance is paramount. Others
like nothing better than open-top
driving – in classic sportscar
style with a 911 Cabriolet, or in
a supremely individual way in
a 911 Targa 4.
These are all very different
requirements, and, as we said
before, highly individual.
It is our pledge to meet them.
And has been for over 45 years.
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· 25 ·
The 911 | Model range
911 Carrera 911 Carrera
How often in life have you wanted to change something about
yourself intrinsically and yet also stay the same?
The 911 Carrera.
Efficiency, power and sportiness.
These virtues are the basis of
the traditional sportscar, and are
the essence of the 911 Carrera.
In terms of efficiency, its engine
has direct fuel injection (DFI,
p. 40).
The power is provided by a
3.6-litre 6- cylinder boxer engine,
positioned low down in the rear
of the chassis. As usual.
With this power unit, the
911 Carrera is now able to deliver
254 kW (345 hp) at 6,500 rpm
and a maximum torque of 390 Nm
at 4,400 rpm. All this with a 15 %
reduction in CO2 emissions and a
13 % reduction in fuel consumption
in conjunction with the manual
gearbox. Compelling figures.
Just like these: 0 to 100 km/h
(62 mph) in 4.9 seconds and a top
speed of 289 km/h (180 mph).
The six-speed manual sport
transmission with self-adjusting
clutch, fitted as standard,
ensures that the correct ratio is
always at hand.
Sport y and imposing describes
the two single tailpipes. Just like
the typical Porsche sound.
18-inch Carrera IV wheels are
fitted as standard. The black,
four-piston aluminium monobloc
calipers of the brake system are
extremely rigid thanks to their
closed-type design. The front and
rear brake discs have a diameter
of 330 mm for impressive braking
performance.
Other safety features include
enhanced Porsche Stability
Management (PSM, p. 70) and
Bi-Xenon headlights.
Efficiency, power, sportiness.
Three virtues that distinguish
the 911 Carrera. Intrinsically.
· 26 ·
· 27 ·
The 911 | Model range
911 Ca rrera S 911 Carrera S
It’s not only heritage that defines character.
Values do, too.
The 911 Carrera S.
As far as the 911 Carrera S is
concerned, the driver can take
this quite literally. This is where
performance is paramount. The
car’s performance values are a
testament to its inner strength:
a 3.8-litre engine with direct
fuel injection (DFI, p. 40). Power
output: 283 kW (385 hp) at
6,500 rpm. Maximum torque:
420 Nm at 4,400 rpm.
Values that are impressive in
themselves: 0 to 100 km/h
(62 mph) in 4.7 seconds.
Top
speed isn’t reached until
302 km/h (187 mph). Also
available as an option is the
Porsche Doppel kupplung (PDK,
p. 55), which improves accele-
ration values further still:
0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in
4.5 seconds.
And if you combine PDK with
the optional Sport Chrono
Package Plus (p. 74), the sprint
from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph)
takes just 4.3 seconds.
Additionally, the sound produced
by the two stainless steel
twin tailpipes is characteristic.
Characteristically Porsche.
The four-piston aluminium mono-
bloc calipers have a striking red
painted finish and the generously
dimensioned brake discs make for
outstanding deceleration. These
complement the 19-inch Carrera S
II wheels with their sporty design.
The Porsche Ceramic Composite
Brake (PCCB, p. 88) is also
offered as an option.
Perfect road holding is assured
by the Porsche Active Suspension
Management (PASM, p. 72) and
the 10-mm lowered suspension.
For those who appreciate more
uncompromising qualities, the
PASM sports suspension with a
20-mm reduction in ride height
and a mechanically locking rear
differential is available as an
option whichever gearbox you
choose.
However, along with all these
sporting features, this remains
a practical everyday sportscar.
As evidenced by the Porsche
Communication Management
(PCM, p. 100) and the optional
dynamic cornering lights.
To sum it up, the inner strength
of the 911 Carrera S does not
only manifest itself in pure
performance values. Not only,
indeed, but also.
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· 29 ·
The 911 | Model range
911 Ca rrera 4 911 Ca rrera 4S
How do you combine safety and dynamics?
With inner strength, for instance.
The 911 Carrera 4 models.
Outstanding driving dynamics and
traction are what the all-wheel
drive variants of the 911 have to
offer above all else. And they’re
instantly recognisable. By their
wider body – an extra 44 mm at
the rear wings.
By the wider rear track – 32 mm
more in 911 Carrera 4S models
– and the wider rear tyres. Also,
by their titanium-coloured front
air intake grilles and slats, and
seamless taillight strip. Painted
in black for contrast, the trims
on the lower rear panel and the
side skirts provide improved
protection against stone impact.
In terms of measurable values:
The per formance of the
911 Carrera 4 with the 3.6-litre
engine is 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph)
in 5.0 seconds with a top speed
of 284 km/h (177 mph).
The 911 Carrera 4S completes
the 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph)
sprint in just 4.7 seconds and
reaches a maximum speed of
297 km/h (185 mph).
On to the internal values:
Both models are equipped with
Porsche Traction Management
(PTM, p. 62) active all-wheel
drive. PTM has been optimised
for outstanding driving dynamics,
which are also underpinned
by the mechanically locking
rear differential. In addition,
the traction offered by PTM
represents a significant safety
feature – especially in wet and
snowy conditions.
The 911 Carrera 4 models
therefore deliver improvements
in both safety and dynamics.
However, this is no surprise to
their drivers, who see them
as an indication of their inner
strength.
· 30 ·
· 31 ·
The 911 | Model range
911 Carrera Cabriolet 911 Ca rrera S Cabri olet
It’s what we give every 911 Cabriolet: openness to enthusiasm.
The 911 Carrera Cabriolet models.
Irresistible appeal. This has always
been a driving force in the
development of the 911. There is
nowhere better to experience it
than during an involving Sunday
drive in an open-top 911. This is
why ever y 911 Carrera model is
also offered in Cabriolet form.
Technically, these models emulate
the performance of their closed-
top counterparts. With a 3.6-litre
or 3.8-litre power unit and two
or four-wheel drive, including
Porsche Traction Management
(PTM, p. 62).
Offering uncompromising sports
performance to 911 standards,
no less.
The same applies where safety is
concerned (p. 80). All 911 models
are equipped as standard with
full-size driver’s and passenger’s
airbags and the Porsche Side
Impact Protection System (POSIP,
p. 93). On Cabriolet models, these
are complemented by an effective
roll-over protection system (p. 93).
The optional seat ventilation
provides added comfort
for open-top driving on those
particularly hot days.
Incidentally, the 911 Cabriolet
models are Cabriolets in the
traditional sense: they have a
fabric hood. This saves on weight
in just the right place – for that
low centre of gravity typical of a
sportscar, and for reduced fuel
consumption. Further refinements
to provide that irresistible appeal,
even in bad weather.
· 32 ·
· 33 ·
The 911 | Model range
Hood.
Here’s one consolation for anyone
forced to close their hood on a
rainy day: you’re still driving a 911.
The hood system of the
911 Cabriolet models is both light-
weight and robust. The roof frame
also has a lightweight structure.
The glass rear window is scratch
resistant and electrically heated
– for excellent rearward visibility.
An integral rain channel along
the edge of the hood removes
standing water to prevent dripping
when the doors are opened.
Operation of the hood is fully
electric, using a button on the
centre console or via the key
remote.
The interior hoodlining is made
from a heat-insulating and sound-
proofing fabric. Noise levels
are therefore almost as low as in
the Coupé models, even at high
speeds. So, you hardly hear
anything at all – apart from the
distinctive Porsche sound, of
course.
Wind deflector.
The detachable wind deflector is
fitted as standard. It was specially
developed in the wind tunnel for
practically draught-free driving
and minimal wind noise. When
folded, it can be stowed in the
luggage compartment with room
to spare.
Win d defle ctor
The hood has a concertina folding
action, ensuring optimum protec-
tion for the interior surface of
the lining. It opens and closes in
approximately 20 seconds from
start to finish and can be operated
when the vehicle is travelling
at speeds of up to 50 km/h
(30 mph).
Hardtop.
Optional equipment includes a
tough and lightweight aluminium
hardtop, which is also easy to fit.
The inside is lined with a sound-
proofing fabric which is matched
to the interior of the vehicle.
Hard top
· 34 ·
· 35 ·
The 911 | Model range
911 Targa 4 911 Targa 4S
Remember what your mother told you.
You should see something of the world. And keep out of draughts.
The 911 Targa 4 models.
Coupé or Cabriolet? We answered
this question back in 1965: both.
The result: the 911 Targa. Since
then we’ve refined it continuously.
And it ’s become even more com-
fortable and even more dynamic.
For example, take the drive: the
3.6-litre engine of the 911 Targa 4
delivers 254 kW (345 hp) at
6,500 rpm and a maximum torque
of 390 Nm at 4,400 rpm. The
engine of the 911 Targa 4S,
with 3.8 litres, delivers 283 kW
(385 hp) at 6,500 rpm. The
maximum torque of 420 Nm is
available even at 4,400 rpm.
More traction and more fun – in
any weather – from the Porsche
Traction Management (PTM, p. 62)
four-wheel drive system fitted as
standard. Like the 911 Carrera 4
models, the body is 44 mm wider
at the back. For an even more
sporting appearance and better
driving dynamics. The wider rear
track and wider tyres allow even
better transverse acceleration in
corners.
The electrically operated glass
roof is fully integrated into the
body and gives a sensation of
infinite width – open or closed.
Despite the large glass areas,
body rigidity is extremely high and
loading comfort is increased
thanks to the opening glass rear
screen.
A complete decor strip of ano-
dized and polished aluminium
emphasises the elegant lines
of the roof. It describes a tight
arc from the A-pillar back to the
rear quarter windows with their
characteristic pointed st yle.
For an unmistakable silhouet te.
The rear section is accentuated
by the striking taillight strip.
So the 911 Targa 4 models
combine design and comfort with
unsurpassed performance. For
a unique driving experience – as
they have since 1965.
· 36 ·
· 37 ·
The 911 | Model range
Glass roof open
Roof concept.
Even with the roof closed: the
view upwards is unlimited. Just
like the possibilities offered by the
glass roof on the 911 Targa 4
models. Because you decide how
open you want to drive. At any
speed.
Simply press the switch in the
centre console. The glass roof
lowers. Now it can be moved
back into any position you want.
The automatically extending wind
deflector reduces air turbulence
and wind noise. So you can enjoy
open-top driving even in damp or
cold weather and on long
journeys.
The glass roof is made of tinted
laminated safet y glass. Combined
with the electrically extending
extra sunblind, it offers good
protection against strong sunlight
or heat loss at low external
temperatures.
The glass rear screen can be
opened for easier loading of
l uggage into the rear. It is opened
either from the inside or by
remote control from the vehicle
key. An electric closing aid
ensures comfortable closing.
In brief: the 911 Targa 4 models
have a special place thanks to
the combination of a unique roof
concept and active all-wheel drive.
Almost no other vehicle combines
Tailgate open911 Targa 4
driving dynamics with function
and design so superbly.
· 38 ·
· 39 ·
Engine
Porsche, Weissach
911 Carrera
First, the good news: the
engine is at the rear. It has
six cylinders, and, naturally,
it’s a boxer engine available
with a 3.6-litre or 3.8-litre
capacity and VarioCam Plus.
Now for the even better
news: the 911 features
direct fuel injection (DFI).
For increased output,
increased torque and
increased fuel economy.
Inner strength means that
even the best have scope
for a little improvement.
Image 000003
Engine
· 40 ·
· 41 ·
3.8- litre boxer engine
The 911 | Engine
Why it always pays
to take the direct route.
The engine of the 911.
All 911 models feature direct fuel
injection (DFI). The 3.6-litre
horizontally-opposed engine
generates 254 kW (345 hp), and
the 3.8-litre version has an output
of 283 kW (385 hp). The results
are outstanding performance and
surprisingly low fuel consumption
and emission values. All made
possible thanks to DFI, VarioCam
Plus, a lightweight construction,
low friction and a number of
detailed technical solutions.
Direct fuel injection (DFI).
With millisecond precision, DFI
injects fuel at up to 120 bar
directly into the combustion
chamber by means of electro-
magnetically actuated injection
valves.
The spray and cone angles have
been optimised for torque, power
output, fuel consumption and
emissions by enabling a homoge-
neous distribution of the air/fuel
mixt ure, and, therefore, effective
combustion. With direct injection,
the EMS SDI 3.1 engine control
regulates injection timing individu-
ally for each cylinder as well as
the injection rate for each cylinder
bank. This optimises the combus-
tion process and fuel economy. A
hot-film air mass meter takes care
of the airflow, so that the combus-
tion chambers contain exactly the
right mixture at all times.
At up to 3,200 rpm, the engine
operates with dual injection; at
up to 2,500 rpm, it even works
with triple injection. The required
volume of fuel is distributed
between two or three sequential
injections, respectively – for faster
heating of the catalytic converters
after a cold start and for greater
torque in the upper load range.
DFI improves the internal cooling
of the combustion chamber by
having the mixture prepared
directly in the cylinder. This allows
for a higher compression ratio
(12.5:1) which helps to deliver
more output along with enhanced
engine ef ficiency. It has been
possible to reduce CO2 emissions
by up to 17 % compared with the
previous model.
Injection is regulated by the
electronic engine management
system. The exhaust gas cleaning
system ensures that emissions
remain well below even the
strict limits of the Euro 5 emission
standard, thus helping to protect
the environment.
· 42 ·
· 43 ·
23
Engine speed (rpm)
Torque (Nm)
Power (kW)
180
220
260
300
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1500
75002000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000
340
380
420
460
280
300
283 kW (385 hp)
420 Nm
500
320
340
Engine speed (rpm)
Torque (Nm)
Power (kW)
180
220
260
300
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1500
75002000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000
340
380
420
460
280
300
500
320
340
254 kW (345 hp)
390 Nm
The 911 | Engine
22
20
21
29
1. High-pressure pump
2. High-pressure injector
3. Ignition rod module
4. Camshaft controller
5. Valve lift adjustment
switch valve
3
7
5
30
2
10
9
8
6
4
1
6. Switch tappet with
integrated valve
clearance compensation
7. Intake camshaft
8. Intake valves
9. Valve spring
11
26
31
24
25
28
13
15
12
16
911 Carrera/911 Targa 4: 390 Nm at 4,400 r pm, 254 kW (345 hp) at 6,500 rpm
18
27
17
19
14
Engine cross-section: 3.8- litre boxer engine
911 Carrera S/911 Targa 4S: 420 Nm at 4,400 rp m, 283 kW (385 hp) at 6,500 rpm
10. Combustion chamber with
Alusil cylinder liner surface
11. Forged aluminium piston
12. Forged connecting rod
13. Crankshaft
14. Water pump
15. Air-conditioning compressor
16. Power steering pump
17. Vibration damper
18. Alternator pulley
19. Hydraulic belt tensioner
20. Resonance valve
21. Distribution pipe
22. Selective resonator
23. Intake manifold with
integrated sound chamber
24. Electronically controlled
throttle valve
25. Oil filter
26. Thermostat
27. Evacuating pump
28. Coolant jacket
29. Crankcase breather
30. Timing chain
31. Starter
· 44 ·
· 45 ·
The 911 | Engine
911 Ca rrera 4S Cabriolet
VarioCam Plus System.
VarioCam Plus combines variable
valve timing with two-stage lift
on the inlet side. This results in
smoother running, better fuel
economy and lower exhaust
emissions. As well as greater top-
end power and low-end torque.
This two-in-one engine concept
seamlessly adapts in response
to driver input. The result: instant
acceleration and extremely
smooth running.
The variation in intake timing is
steplessly controlled by means
of an electro-hydraulic rotary
vane adjuster at the head of the
corresponding camshaft.
To improve throttle response
during the warm-up phase,
VarioCam Plus selects high valve
lifts with retarded valve timing.
In the middle and low load ranges,
low valve lifts with advanced
timing reduce fuel consumption
and exhaust emissions. High
valve lifts generate high torques
and maximum output.
Lightweight construction.
The advantages of an alloy engine
are its low weight and reduced
fuel consumption.
The intelligent engine design saves
even more weight, for example, by
fully integrating the camshaft
bearings into the cylinder heads.
Fuel economy has been further
improved by the effectively
designed oil supply system and
the low mechanical friction of
the engine.
· 46 ·
· 47 ·
The 911 | Engine
911 Ca rrera 4
lubricating points inside the
engine as and when required.
This means that the oil pump does
not work so hard when there is
less demand for lubrication. The
main benefit of an on- demand
oil supply system is optimum
efficiency, which ensures low
fuel consumption and reduced
exhaust emissions.
Single-jet spray nozzles cool the
piston crowns with oil from the
main lubrication circuit – another
detailed solution that helps to
reduce the thermal load on the
engine.
For the engine, all of these de-
tailed solutions mean a consistent
supply of oil regardless of gravi-
tational loads, even in the most
demanding track conditions.
efficient cross-flow cooling
system, as used in motorsport,
where each engine cylinder is
uniformly supplied with coolant.
In the 3.8-litre engine, the higher
output demands a corresponding
increase in cooling. The solution
is a more powerful coolant pump
and a more efficient oil/coolant
heat exchanger expanded by two
additional fins.
Ignition.
The ignition system is designed
for static high-voltage distribution.
Individual ignition coils on each
of the spark plugs ensure perfect
ignition every time.
Integrated dry-sump
lubrication.
The purpose of integrated dry-
sump lubrication is to guarantee a
reliable oil supply while reducing
engine temperatures, even in
sportily driven cars.
The oil reservoir is located inside
the engine, making an external
tank unnecessary. Four oil pumps
remove the oil from the cylinder
heads directly into the oil sump. A
fifth pump in the oil sump directly
supplies the lubricating points in
the engine.
To prevent foaming, the oil is
channelled through cylinders
known as swirlpots. In this way,
optimum lubrication is guaranteed
at all times and the oil pressure is
always maintained at the neces-
sary level in order to ensure, for
example, that hydraulic valve
clearance compensation remains
fully functional – a condition that
is crucial to the power and emis-
sion characteristics of the engine.
To reduce power losses and in-
crease efficiency, an electronically
controlled oil pump supplies the
Engine cooling system.
DFI and VarioCam Plus enable
a tremendous amount of power
to be produced with reduced
emissions, fuel consumption and
noise. The same applies to our
· 48 ·
· 49 ·
The 911 | Engine
911 Carrera S with s ports exhaust 911 Carrera S exhaust system
Air intake system.
All models have a two-stage
resonance intake system, which
uses the vibration of the air as
it passes through the intake
manifold to increase the intake
volume. The system can adjust
to engine speed.
Benefits of this include higher
torque at low engine speeds and
a flatter torque curve.
The entire intake system is made
from lightweight plastic. The
air-filter housing of the 3.8 -litre
engine has a variable geometry
that brings added character to
the engine sound which becomes
much more aggressive at higher
rpm.
Exhaust system.
The stainless steel exhaust system
comprises two independent
and separate exhaust tracts. Its
catalytic converters are highly
temperature-resistant and heat
up rapidly for effective emissions
reduction.
Thanks to advances in emissions
technology, they are able to meet
strict emission standards, such
as Euro 5 in Europe and LEV II in
the USA.
Using stereo lambda control, two
sensors continuously monitor the
exhaust gas composition for each
exhaust tract. A further sensor
monitors the efficiency of the
catalytic converters.
In addition, a sports exhaust
system is available as an option
(p. 48, 150). This can be activated
as desired using a button on the
centre console.
· 50 ·
· 51 ·
Input data Regulation/control of
The 911 | Engine
Engine speed (from crankshaft)
Inlet camshaft phase angle
Engine load
Throttle-valve angle
Lambda sensor signals
Knock sensor signals
Temperatures – Coolant
– Intake air
– Engine oil
– Air in engine compartment
– Ambient air
Pressures – Engine oil
– Fuel
– Ambient air
Vehicle speed
Air-conditioning settings
Accelerator pedal
CAN interface with driving dynamics control, transmission control, immobiliser, instrument cluster, climate control,
Engine management system.
Sport button, Sport Plus button, sports exhaust system button, diagnostics, etc.
Stability Management (PSM),
EMS SDI 3.1
Electronic Engine Management
which comes as standard.
The EMS SDI 3.1 engine manage-
ment system ensures optimum
engine performance at all times.
Moreover, it regulates all engine-
related functions and assemblies
(see diagram). The results:
optimum fuel economy, emissions,
In particular, it controls the
position of the electronic throttle
and performance in all driving
s i t u a t i o n s .
valve (ETV) – a prerequisite for
compatibility with the Porsche
Ignition
Direct fuel injection
Idling via throttle valve
and ignition
Heating of lambda sensors
Fuel pumps controlled on-demand
Fuel-tank venting
Camshaft position
Valve lift switchover
(VarioCam Plus)
Engine fan
Starter
Oil pressure, fully variable oil pump
Fuel pressure
Throttle valve
Another important function of the
system is cylinder-specific knock
control. Since the six cylinders
never all work under exactly
the same conditions, they are
monitored individually by the
knock control. The ignition point
is shifted individually, as and when
necessary to prevent damage
to the cylinders and pistons at
high engine speeds and loads.
The on-board diagnostics, which
are compliant with European
standards, ensure timely detection
of any faults and defects that
may occur in the exhaust and fuel
systems and notify the driver
immediately. This also prevents
increased pollutant emissions and
unnecessary fuel consumption.
Servicing.
Every Porsche is designed with
longevity in mind and the 911
is no dif ferent. The alternator,
power-steering pump and the
air-conditioning compressor are
all driven by a single self-adjusting
belt. Hydraulic valve clearance
911 Targa 4S
compensation makes valve clear-
ance adjustment unnecessary.
The drive chains on the camshafts
do not require servicing. With
the sole exception of the spark
plugs, the ignition system is also
maintenance-free. This all adds
up to long maintenance intervals
which are guaranteed by warranty:
two years, unlimited mileage.
· 52 ·
· 53 ·
Transmission
Porsche, Weissach
911 Carrera
Cause and effect. And
what happens in between?
Lots. Not that you would
notice. At least not in the
911.
For instance, when you
shift gear with Porsche
Doppelkupplung (PDK).
The gear is changed. In
milliseconds. Without any
interruption in the flow of
powe r.
The same goes for Porsche
Traction Management
(PTM). It reacts to the
driving situation at lightning
speed.
Image 000004
Transm ission
The cause: advanced
engineering. The effect:
unsurpassed.
· 54 ·
· 55 ·
As if one clutch didn’t deliver enough performance already.
Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK).
The 911 | Transmission
The optional Porsche Doppel-
kupplung (PDK), with both manual
gearshift and an automatic mode,
enables smooth gear changes
with no interruption in the flow of
power. This results in significantly
faster acceleration and lower fuel
consumption, without having
to sacrifice the ease of automatic
transmission.
In total, PDK has seven gears at
its disposal. Gears 1 to 6 have
a sports ratio and top speed is
reached in 6th gear. The 7th gear
has a long ratio and reduces
fuel consumption even further.
PDK is like having two gearboxes
in one and thus requires two
clutches – designed as a double
wet clutch transmission.
This double clutch provides
an alternating, non-positive
connection between the gearbox
and the engine by means of
two separate input shafts (input
shaft 1 is nested inside the
hollowed-out input shaft 2).
The flow of power from the engine
is only ever transmitted through
one clutch at a time, while the
next gear is preselected by the
second clutch. During a gear
change, a conventional shift no
longer takes place. Instead,
one clutch simply opens and the
other closes at the same time.
Gear changes therefore take
place within a few hundredths of
a second.
Clutch 1 controls the odd gears
(1, 3, 5, 7) and reverse. Clutch 2
controls the even gears (2, 4, 6).
911 Carrera Cabriolet
· 56 ·
· 57 ·
4
6
2
R1
3
7
5
The 911 | Transmission
How Porsche Doppelkupplung
(PDK) works.
The crankshaft transmits engine
torque to the dual-mass flywheel
which is then channelled through
the clutch housing and onto the
multi-plate clutches, or to be more
precise, the outer disc carrier.
Under oil pressure, clutch 1 closes
and forms a frictional connection
with input shaft 1.
4 6 2 1
The torque is now transmitted
through the differential to the
rear axle or, in the all-wheel drive
variants of the 911, the front and
rear axles.
At this stage, PDK has already
preselected the next gear. Engine
torque is already acting on the
other outer disc carrier and, in
response to a gear change signal,
the overlap shift is initiated, i.e.
as clutch 1 opens, clutch 2 closes.
The non-positive connection with
input shaft 2 is established, and
3 5
R 7
Porsche Dopp elkup plung ( PDK) PDK functio n diagram
power is transmitted to the
wheels.
The gear which is engaged is dis-
played on the instrument cluster.
PDK has distinct benefits. The
very rapid gearshif ts, with no
interruption in the flow of power,
produce faster acceleration.
Multi-plate clutch 1
Engine
Semi-gearbox 2
(2nd, 4th,
6th gear)
Driving feels even sportier and
more dynamic, and agility is
increased. Depending on the
gearshift programme, the gear
change is optimised for comfort
or for sporty handling.
The compact dimensions of the
gearbox reduce rotational masses
which means a more direct engine
response, and the system is more
lightweight.
Multi-plate clutch 2
Semi-gearbox 1
(1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th,
R gear)
This, along with the long-ratioed
7th gear, helps to achieve reduced
fuel consumption and emission
figures comparable with those of
a manual gearbox. In conjunction
with the engines featuring direct
fu el inject ion (D FI), it has be en pos -
sible to reduce fuel consumption
by up to 14 % and CO2 emissions
by up to 17 % (compared with the
previous model).
Rear wheelRear wheel
All-wheel drive models
Front axle
Differential
With the optional Sport Chrono
Package Plus, PDK is enhanced
by the ‘Launch Control’ and
‘motorsport-derived gearshift
strategy’ functions (p. 74). In
essence, PDK combines sporti-
ness with efficiency and comfort.
What could be more appropriate
to a Porsche 911?
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