vius Qksu dks tkusa
LØhu
nk;ha lkW¶VdqUth
ck;ha lkW¶VdqUth
ekxZn”kZd dqfUt;k¡
fidvi dqUth
ekbØksQksu
fQfyIl yxkrkj vius mRiknksa esa lqq/kkj djus dk iz;kl djrh jgrh
gSA vr%] fQfyIl ds ikl bl mi;ksxdrkZ funsZf”kdk ds iqujkoyksdu
djus ;k bls fdlh Hkh le; fcuk fdlh lwpuk ds okfil ysus dk
vf/kdkj lqjf{kr gSA fQfyIl ;g mi;ksxdrkZ funsZf”kdk dks
^^orZeku #i** esa iznku djrh gS vkSj] mfpr dkuwu dh vko”;drk
ds vfrfjDr] dksbZ =qfV] Hkqy pwd ;k bl mi;ksxdrkZ funsZf”kdk vkSj
of.kZr mRikn ds chp dksbZ folaxfr Lohdkj ugha djrhA ;g midj.k
th,l,e@thihvkj,l usVoDlZ ls tksM+s tkus ds fy, gSA
gSaxvi vkSj pkyw@
can dqUth
o.kZla[;kRed
dqUthiVy
gSaMlsV@pktZj duSDVj
fdl izdkj ---
Qksu pkyw@can djus ds fy,
Qksucqd esa uEcj jf{kr djus ds
fy,
dkWy djus ds fy,
vkbZ-ih- dkWy djus ds fy,
dkWy dk mÙkj nsus ds fy,
dkWy lekIr djus ds fy,
dkWy vLohdkj djus ds fy,
bZ;jihl dh /ofu lek;ksftr
djus ds fy,
laidZ
esa tkus ds fy,
eq[; ehuw esa tkus ds fy,
)
dks nsj rd nck,aA
Qksu uEcj Hkjsa vkSj
L
nck,aA
dqUthiVy ds iz;ksx }kjk Qksu uEcj Hkjsa
vkSj Mk;y djus ds fy,
dqUthiVy ds iz;ksx }kjk Qksu uEcj HkjsaA
dk Á;ksx dj vkbZ-ih- dkWy pqusa
L
(;fn vkbZ-ih- milxZ igys gh Qksucqd
esa jf{kr gks] rks og Lor% gh tksM+ fn;k
tk,xk) vkSj uEcj Lo;a gh Mk;y gks
tk,xkA
viuk Qksu ctus ij ( nck,aA
)
nck,aA
viuk Qksu ctus ij ) nck,aA
dkWy ds nkSjku + ;k - nck,aA
fuf’Ø; voLFkk
fuf’Ø; voLFkk
esa -
esa L
jf{kr djus ds fy,
(
nck,aA
nck,aA
nck,aA
/ofujfgr voLFkk esa
tkus gsrq
fiNys ehuw esa tkus gsrq
fuf’Ø; voLFkk esa ”kh?kz
ykSVus gsrq
ehfVax eksM ,oa lkekU; eksM ds chp
leUo; cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fuf’Ø;
esa +
voLFkk
R
)
dks nsj rd nck,aA
nck,aA
nck,aA
ck;ha@nk;ha dqUth
LØhu ds fupys Hkkx esa iznf”kZr fØ;k dks djus ds fy, dqUthiVy ds Åijh
Hkkx esa fLFkr ck;ha vkSj nk;ha lkW¶VdqfUt;k¡
L
vkSj R nck,aA
1
1. ”kq#vkr .................................................... 4
fle dkMZ Mkyuk ........................................................ 4
Qksu pkyw djuk ......................................................... 5
cSVjh pktZ djuk ........................................................ 5
2. dkWy djuk ................................................ 7
dkWy djuk ................................................................ 7
vkikrdkyhu dkWy djuk .............................................. 7
dkWy dk mÙkj nsuk vkSj lekIr djuk ............................. 7
dkWy ds nkSjku fodYi .................................................. 7
bZ;jihl dh /ofu fu;kstu djuk .................................... 7
dqUthiVy ykWd djuk@ykWd gVkuk .................................. 7
,d ls vf/kd dkWysa djuk ............................................. 8
3. ikB~; ;k uEcj izfof"V ................................. 9
fufof’V fof/k ............................................................. 9
fØ;k dqfUt;k¡ ............................................................. 9
ABC/Abc/abc fufof’V ............................... 9
eYVh&VSi
ABC/Abc/abc fufof’V ............................... 10
LekVZ
fpUg fufof’V ........................................................... 10
fpà fufof’V ............................................................ 10
4. Qksucqd .................................................. 11
lEidZ izca/ku djuk .................................................. 11
2
fo’k; & lwph
u, lEidZ cukuk ..................................................... 11
Qksucqd dh izfrfyfi djuk ......................................... 11
Qksucqd dh izfof"V LFkkukarfjr djuk ............................ 11
lEidZ gVkuk ........................................................... 12
Qksucqd esa lEidZ [kkstuk ........................................... 12
izn”kZu izdkj ........................................................... 12
esjk uEcj .............................................................. 12
Le`fr dh fLFkfr ........................................................ 12
5. lUns'k .................................................... 13
,l,e,l ............................................................... 13
lsy izlkj.k lUns'k ................................................... 15
6. dkWy iath ................................................ 16
NwVh dkWysa ............................................................... 16
vkmVxksbax dkWysa ....................................................... 16
mÙkfjr dkWysa ............................................................ 16
dkWy vof/k ............................................................. 16
7. lsfVaXl ................................................... 17
Qksu lsfVaXl ............................................................ 17
dkWy lsfVaXl ............................................................ 17
lqj{kk lsfVaXl ........................................................... 18
usVodZ lsfVaXl ......................................................... 19
iqu% lsV djuk ........................................................ 19
8. izksQkby ...................................................20
9. VwYl .......................................................21
vykeZ .................................................................... 21
dk;ZØe .................................................................. 21
dSYdqysVj ............................................................... 21
10. [ksy .....................................................22
[ksy ...................................................................... 22
11. ,lVhds .................................................23
,lVhds .................................................................. 23
fp= ,oa fpà............................................................... 30
lko/kkfu;k¡................................................................... 31
nks"k&fuokj.k................................................................ 35
fQfyIl izkekf.kd lgk;d midj.k............................. 37
VªsMekdZ dFku.............................................................. 38
,l,vkj tkudkjh & varjkZ"Vªh;
(vkbZlh,uvkbZvkjih)
................................................. 39
lhfer okjaVh............................................................... 40
3
1. ”kq#vkr
viuk Qksu iz;ksx djus ls igys —i;k ^^lko/kkfu;k¡** Hkkx esa lqj{kk funsZ
i<+saA
viuk Qksu iz;ksx djus gsrq] vkidks vius th,l,e vkWijsVj ;k foØsrk
}kjk iznku fd;k x;k ,d oS/k fle dkMZ Mkyuk gksxkA fle dkMZ esa vkids
Hkqxrku dh tkudkjh] vkidk eksckby Qksu uEcj vkSj ,d Le`fr ”kkfey
gSa] ftlesa vki Qksu uacj vkSj lans”kksa dks lgst ldrs gSaA
fle dkMZ Mkyuk
viuk u;k fle dkMZ Mkyus gsrq uhps fn, vuqØe dk ikyu djsaA fiNyk
doj vkSj cSVjh fudkyus ls igys viuk eksckby Qksu can djuk u HkwysaA
fiNyk doj gVkuk
fle dkMZ Mkyus gsrq] vkidks igys fiNyk doj gVkuk gksxkA fiNys doj
dks vius vaxwBs ls nck,a vkSj mls Åij dh vksj f[kLdk,aA fQj uhps n”kkZ,
x, rjhds ls cSVjh ds LFkku dk vkoj.k Åij mBkus ds fy, vius [kkyh
gkFk dk iz;ksx djsaA
4
”k
cSVjh fudkyuk
cSVjh gVkus gsrq] uhps n”kkZ, x, rjhds ls cSVjh dks Åijh Hkkx ls mBk,aA
fle dkMZ Mkyuk
;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd fle dkMZ dk dVk gqvk dksuk lgh fn”kk esa gks vkSj
/kkrq dk lEidZ uhps dh vksj gksA fle dkMZ dks fle dkMZ [kk¡psa esa mlds
LFkku esa #dus rd f[kLkdk,aA
”kq#vkr
cSVjh cnyuk
Lo.kZ lEidksZa dks uhps dh vksj j[krs gq,] cSVjh dks mlds LFkku esa #dus
rd okfil f[kLkdk,aA fQj mls uhps dh vksj nckrs gq, ykWd djsaA
fiNyk doj cnyuk
fiNys doj dks mlds LFkku esa #dus rd ihNs ljdkrs gq, iqu% yxk,aA
Qksu dk iz;ksx djus ls igys LØhu dks <dus okyh lqj{kkRed fQYe gVk,aA
Qksu pkyw djuk
Qksu pkyw djus ds fy,] nsj rd ) nck,aA vko”;drk iM+us ij fiu
dksM MkysaA ;g iwoZfu/kkZfjr gksrk gS vkSj vkidks vkids vkWijsVj ;k foØsrk
}kjk crk;k tkrk gSA fiu dksM ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy,] ^^lqj{kk
lsfVaXl** ns[ksaA
;fn vki yxkrkj rhu ckj ,d xyr fiu dksM Mkyrs gSa] rks vkidk fle
dkMZ ykWd gks tk,xkA mldk ykWd [kksyus ds fy,] vkidks vius usVodZ
vkWijsVj ls ih;wds dksM izkIr djuk gksxkA
cSVjh pktZ djuk
vkids Qksu dks ,d iqu% pktZ djus ;ksX; cSVjh }kjk ÅtkZ iznku dh tkrh
gSA ,d ubZ cSVjh vkaf”kd :i ls pktZ gksrh gS vkSj cSVjh dk Lrj de gksus
ij ,d vykeZ vkidks psrkouh nsrk gSA cSVjh lekIr gksus ij] cSVjh ds
fpà ladsrd ¶yS“k gksus ls iwoZ mls 2 ;k 3 feuV ds fy, pktZ djus dh
vko”;drk gksxhA pktZj dks Qksu ds fupys Hkkx esa pktZj dusDVj esa yxk,a
vkSj lqfuf”pr djsa fd uhps n”kkZ, x, rjhds ds vuqlkj pktZj ij cuk
”kq#vkr
5
rhj dk fpà Åij dh vksj gSA fQj pktZj ds nwljs fljs dks ,lh ikWoj
lkWdsV ls tksM+saA
cSVjh dk fpà pktZ dh fLFkfr iznf”kZr djrk gSA cSVjh pktZ gksrs le; pktZ
ladsrd LØkWy djsaxsA pktZ ladsrdksa dk LØkWy djuk #dus ij cSVjh iw.kZr%
pktZ gks tk,xhA fQj vki pktZj dks can dj ldrs gSaA
cSVjh iw.kZr% pktZ gksus ds ckn Hkh pktZj dks eksckby Qksu ls yxk, j[kus
ls cSVjh dks dksbZ gkfu ugha gksxhA pktZj dks can djus dk ,dek= rjhdk
mls gVkuk gS] vr% vklku igq¡p okys fdlh ,lh ikWoj lkWdsV dk iz;ksx
djsaA ;fn vki dqN le; ds fy, viuk Qksu iz;ksx u dj jgs gksa] rks ge
lq>ko nsrs gSa fd vki cSVjh fudky nsaA
pktZ ds nkSjku Hkh vki vius Qksu dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA cSVjh ds iw.kZr%
[kkyh gksus ij] pktZ ladsrd pkftZax ds dsoy dqN feuV ckn gh izdV gksaxsA
6
”kq#vkr
2. dkWy djuk
dkWy djuk
fuf"Ø; LØhu ls
1. fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa] dqUthiVy }kjk Qksu uEcj MkysaA dksbZ =qfV lgh
djus ds fy,]
2. uEcj Mk;y djus ds fy,
3. dkWy lekIr djus ds fy,
vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkWy djus gsrq] vUrjkZ"Vªh; milxZ ^^$** izfo"V djus ds fy,
*
dks nks ckj nck,aA
Qksucqd iz;ksx djuk
1. fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa - nck,aA
2. lwph ls ,d lEidZ pqusa vkSj pquk x;k uEcj Mk;y djus ds fy,
(
¼vf/kd tkudkjh gsrq ^^Qksucqd** ns[ksa½A
3. dkWy lekIr djus ds fy,
vkikrdkyhu dkWy djuk
Qksu esa fle dkMZ ds fcuk] vki vkikrdkyhu dkWy Mk;y djus ds fy,
R (
,l vks ,l
Qksu esa fle dkMZ ds lkFk] vki fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa vkikrdkyhu uEcj
izfo"V dj ldrs gSa] fQj
;wjksi esa ekud vikrdkyhu uEcj
R nck,aA
(
nck,aA
)
nck,aA
nck,aA dksbZ vU; uXcj pquus ds fy, + ;k - nck,a
)
nck,aA
) nck ldrs gSaA
(
nck,aA
112
gS] baxySaM esa ;g
999
gSA
dkWy dk mÙkj nsuk vkSj lekIr djuk
;fn dkWydrkZ dh igpku iznf'kZr djus dk pquko fd;k x;k gsa]S rks dksbZ
budfeax dkWy vkus ij dkWydrkZ dk uEcj iznf”kZr gks ldrk gSA ;fn uEcj
Qksucqd esa lgst fn;k x;k gks] rks uEcj ds cnys lac) uke iznf”kZr gksrk gSA
• dkWy dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, %
•
dkWy vLohdkj djus ds fy, % ) nck,aA
• dkWy lekIr djus ds fy, %
/ofujfgr voLFkk esa gksus ij Qksu ugha ctsxkA
dksbZ Hkh dqUth mÙkj
;fn vkius
vU; dksbZ Hkh dqUth nckdj dkWy dk mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA
(
nck,aA
)
nck,aA
pquk gS] rks vki] ) rFkk R ds vykok
dkWy ds nkSjku fodYi
dkWy ds nkSjku] fuEu fodYi ÁkIr djus ds fy,
- dkWy
j¨dsa
ij j[kuk
- dkWy dks
e©u
djuk
-
u;k dkWy
-
u;k ,l ,e ,l
-
laidZ
ÁkIr djuk
L
fodYi
pqusa %
bZ;jihl dh /ofu fu;ksftr djuk
dkWy ds nkSjku] /ofu c<+kus ;k ?kVkus ds fy, + ;k - nck,aA
dqUthiVy ykWd djuk@ykWd gVkuk
ykWd djus@ykWd gVkus ds fy, fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa # nsj rd nck, j[ksaA
dkWy djuk
7
,d ls vf/kd dkWysa djuk
vki vius Qksu }kjk ,d lkFk nks ;k vf/kd dkWysa dj ldrs gSa] ,oa dkWUÝsUl
dkWysa dj ldrs gSaA bl lqfo/kk dh miyC/krk vkids usVodZ vkWijsVj
vkSj@vFkok lsok ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
nwljs dkWy djuk
dksbZ lfØ; dkWy ;k gksYM ij dksbZ dkWy gksus ij vki ,d nwljk dkWy dj
ldrs gSaA Qksu dk iz;ksx djrs le;] uEcj Mk;y djsa ¼;k Qksucqd ls ,d
lEidZ pqusa½ vkSj
nwljk uEcj Mk;y fd;k tkrk gSA fQj vki fuEu fodYi esa igq¡pus ds fy,
nck ldrs gSa %
L
1. 2 dkWyksa ds chp vny&cny ds fy,
2. dkWydrkZ dks fdlh dkWUÝsUl dkWy esa ykus ds fy,
(
nck,aA igyk dkWy gksYM dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
fLop
djsaA
dkaÝsal
djsaA
nwljk dkWy dk mÙkj nsuk
vkidh }kjk ckrphr ds nkSjku nwljk dkWy izkIr gksus ij] Qksu ,d chi
/ofu djsxk vkSj LØhu bUdfeax dkWy ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh iznf'kZr djsxkA
fQj vki %
(
nck,aA dkWy dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, (igyk dkWy gksYM
R
;k ) nck,aA dkWy vLohdkj djus ds fy,A
L
fodYi
nck,aA fodYi lwph esa igq¡pus ds fy,A orZeku dkWy
dj fn;k tkrk gS)A
dks lekIr djus vkSj bUdfeax dkWy dk mÙkj
nsus ds fy, vki
pqu ldrs gSaA
gSaxvi
djsa vkSj fQj
lfØ;
8
dkWy djuk
3. ikB~; ;k uEcj izfof"V
bUiqV fof/k
vkidk Qksu esa 6 izdkj dh bUiqV fof/k;k¡ lefFkZr gSa %
eYVh&VSi ABC/Abc/abc
LekVZ ABC/Abc/abc
fgUnh (T9)
,p,evkbZ (eYVh&VSi)
la[;kRed
fpà
ikB~; lEiknu ds nkSjku] fofHkUu Hkk’kkvksa esa vkus tkus gsrq
le; rd nck,a rFkk fofHkUu fufof’V fof/k;ksa esa vkus tkus gsrq
de le; ds fy, nck,aA LØhu ds Åijh Hkkx esa LVsVl ckj orZeku
fufof’V fof/k iznf'kZr djsxkA [ABC], [Abc] vkSj [abc] Øe'k% vaxzst+h
esa eYVh&VSi cM+s v{kjksa] LekVZ eYVh&VSi vkSj eYVh&VSi NksVs v{kjksa okys
fufof’V n'kkZrs gSa] [ENG], [Eng] vkSj [eng] Øe'k% LekVZ bafXy'k
cM+s v{kjksa] LekVZ bafXy'k vkSj LekVZ bafXy'k NksVs v{kjksa okys fufof’V n'kkZrs
gSa] [123] la[;kRed fufof’V n'kkZrk gSA
*
dks yacs
*
fØ;k dqfUt;k¡
R
+ - dlZj ?kqek,a] lwph ls v{kj] 'kCn ;k fpà pqusa] ;k lwph
)
L
#
*
eYVh&VSi ABC/Abc/abc bUiqV
dks
1. dqUth ij dk igyk v{kj izfo"V djus ds fy, la[;kRed dqUth
¼
djus ds fy, nks ckj nck,a] blh rjg vkxs HkhA ;fn vkids }kjk
izfo"V fd;k tkus okyk bfPBr v{kj vkSj vkids }kjk vHkh izfo"V
fd;k x;k v{kj ,d gh dqUth ij gSa] rks dlZj ds iqu% izdV gksus
gsrq dsoy dqN iy izrh{kk djsaA
2. dlZj dh ck;ha vksj dk v{kj gVkus ds fy,
ABC/abc
0
dqUth nck ldrs gSaA
dlZj dh ck;ha vksj dk v{kj gVkus ;k lEiknu eksM
ls ckgj fudyus ds fy,A
esa uhps LØkWy djus ds fy,A
fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa ykSVus ds fy,A
lwph esa ls Ánf“kZr 'kCn pquus ;k ehuw esa fodYi Áfo"V
djus ds fy,A
fpà izfo"V djus ds fy,A
fufof’V fof/k cnyus ds fy,A
2
ls 9½ dks ,d ckj nck,a] dqUth ij dk nwljk v{kj izfo"V
eYVhVSi fufof’V fof/k esa [kkyh LFkku izfo"V djus ds fy, vki
R
nck,aA
ikB~; ;k uEcj izfof"V
9
izR;sd dqUth ij fLFkr v{kj bl izdkj gSa%
dqUth Øe ls o.kZ iznf'kZr djus gsrq
1
@1,;:?!()
2
a b c 2
3
d e f 3
4
g h i 4
5
j k l 5
6
m n o 6
7
p q r s 7
8
t u v 8
9
w x y z 9
0
0
LekVZ ABC/Abc/abc bUiqV
LekVZ bafXy'k fufof’V fof/k vkids fy, vaxzst+h 'kCn izfo"V djus dk ,d
rst rjhdk izLrqr djrh gSA
1. vkidks dksbZ 'kCn izfo"V djus gsrq mlds izR;sd v{kj ls lacaf/kr
la[;kRed dqUth ¼
}kjk v{kj izfo"V djus ij] LØhu ij iznf'kZr 'kCn Lor% cnyrs
tk,axsA
2
ls 9½ dks ,d ckj nckuk gksxkA vkids
2. dlZj dh ck;ha vksj dk v{kj gVkus gsrq
3. bfPNr 'kCn pquus gsrq ekxZn'kZd dqUth dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj mls
izfo"V djus ds fy,
L
nck,aA
R
nck,aA
la[;kRed bUiqV
1. dqfUt;ksa ls lacaf/kr vad izfo"V djus gsrq la[;kRed dqfUt;k¡ ¼
ls 9½ nck,aA
2. dksbZ la[;k gVkus gsrq
R
nck,aA
0
fpà bUiqV
1. bUiqV fof/k dh lwph ns[kus ds fy, # nck,a vkSj bfPNr fpà dk
pquko djus ds fy,
nck,aA
+/-
nck,aA izfo"V djus ds fy,
L
10
ikB~; ;k uEcj izfof"V
4. laidZ
nks miyC/k Qksu cqDl esa ls ,d esa laidZ lgsts tkrs gSa% fle Qksucqd ¼vkids
fle dkMZ esa fLFkr] ftlds dkj.k vkids }kjk jf{kr dh tkus okyh izfof"V;ksa
dh la[;k dkMZ dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrh gS½ ;k LekVZ Qksucqd ¼vkids Qksu
esa fLFkr] ftlls vki 300 ukeksa rd lgst ldrs gSa½A u, lEidZ Mkyrs
le;] ;s lEidZ dsoy vkids }kjk pquh xbZ Qksucqd esa gh Áfo’V gksaxssA
lEidZ izca/ku
Qksucqd dh lwph ls ,d uke pqusa vkSj fuEu fodYiksa rd igq¡pus gsrq
fodYi
nck,a %
fooj.k ns[ksa [kkstsa
cuk,a fMLiys izdkj
dWkih esjk uacj
gVk,a eSeksjh fLFkfr
feVk,a
u, lEidZ cukuk
1. fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa
cuk,a
pqusaA jf{kr djus dk LFkku pqusa vkSj
lEidZ
esa izos”k djsaA
L
L
fodYi
pqusa
L
nck,a vkSj
nck,aA
2. ;fn vki
3.
fle
vius }kjk uke Mkyus ds ckn]
Mkysa vkSj
;fn vki
lEidZ dk uke] dk;kZy; dk uEcj vkSj ?kj dk uEcj izfo"V dj
ldrs gSaA
pqurs gSa] rks vkidks uke vkSj uEcj Mkyuk gksxkA
L
Bhd
Qksu
pqurs gSa] rks fof/k mijksDr ds leku gh gksxhA vki
nck,aA
L
Bhd
nck,aA fQj Qksu uEcj
laidZ dkWih djuk
vki vius Qksu ls orZeku ;k fofo/k lEidZ vius fle dkMZ esa ;k fle
dkMZ ds }kjk Qksu esa dkWih dj ldrs gSaA
1. fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa
mifLFkr dks dkWih djsa
2.
fle dks
L
fodYi
pkgrs gSaA iqf"V djus gsrq
3. LØhu ij iqf"Vdj.k dk ,d izkWEIV iznf”kZr gksxkA fØ;k dh iqf"V
djus ds fy,
pqusaA
lEidZ
esa izos”k djsaA
;k
;k
Qksu dks
nckuk gksxk vkSj og lEidZ
vusd&dkWih
pqusaA vkids }kjk
L
L
Bhd
pqusa ;k fØ;k jÌ djus ds fy,
fodYi
L
fodYi
pqusa vkSj
L
vusd&dkWih
pqusa
ftls vki dkWih djuk
vkSj
Bhd
nck,aA
nck,a vkSj
pqusa
nck,aA
pquus ij vkidks
R
fujLr
laidZ gVkuk
1. fuf"Ø; voLFkk esa
orZeku dks gVk,a ;k vusd&gVk,aa
2.
fle ls
;k
L
fodYi
LFkkukarj.k djuk pkgrs gSaA iqf"V djus gsrq
nck,aA
lEidZ
esa izos”k djsaA
Qksu ls
pqusaA vkids }kjk
nckuk gksxk vkSj og lEidZ
L
pqusa vkSj
vusd&dkWih
fodYi
L
pqusa
nck,aA
pquus ij vkidks
pqusa
ftldk vki
L
fodYi
nck,a vkSj
vkSj
Bhd
Qksucqd
11
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