Philips basic_dvd_training_manual_830 Datasheet

Basic Training DVD V1.0

Service Engineering and Training Theo Heijnen

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Mai 2007

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Agenda.

• Introduction from CD to DVD

• Requirements for the DVD

• Region Coding

• Main features on a DVD

• About Titles and Chapters

• The basics of optical reading with a laser

• Physical specifications of a DVD

• The DVD video signal (What is MPEG)

•Audio on a DVD

• Copy Protection

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• The files on a DVD

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Introduction

• Compact Disc has become the distribution medium of choice for Music, Multimedia, Movies, computer operating and application software, and data distribution.

• The motion picture industry decided that a new optical disc should be able to store full-length movies quality comparable to that of broadcast pictures, in both regular and wide-screen sound and sub-titles in several languages.

• These were the pressures that produced a new highcapacity, universally applicable optical standard: DVD.

formats, with digital surround

, with a picture

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Requirements of the DVD

• The Movie industry requirements The basic requirement was that the capacity of a single disc

should be sufficient to hold a full-length motion picture, with a picture quality comparable to broadcast quality. Further features:

Audio

formats, including the 5.1 channel digital surround sound systems.

Multiple sound channels Subtitles Multiple screen aspect ratios Parental control, regional control and copy

protection.

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had to be compatible with existing surround sound

: in 4-6 languages.

to store 3-5 dubbed languages

,

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Region Coding

The world is sub divided in six regions:

1 USA + Canada 2 Europe + Japan + South Africa + Middle East 3 South East Asia e.g. Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and

Indonesia

4 Middle and South America + Australia + New

Zealand

5 Former Soviet Union + India + Pakistan + Africa 6 People’s Republic of China

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As all know, movies are not shown at the same time in the whole world.

Therefore the marketing organizations have the possibility to commercialized

the movies at they best way.

This step by step release could mean that a movie, which is straight shown in

Europe, is in the USA already on DVD available.

To prevent this, that the DVD movies are taken from the USA to Europe, a

system with regional codes was developed. Whether the regional codes are

used is the responsibility of the publisher. DVD-discs with older movies haven’t

this code usually and could see on every DVD-player in the whole world.

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Main Features on a DVD

•Widescreen movies on standard or widescreen TVs (4:3 and 16:9

aspect ratios).

•Up to 8 tracks of digital audio (for multiple languages, commentaries, etc.).

Dolby Digital (= AC3), DTS, PCM (uncompressed audio), MPEG-1 Layer2. One audio track must have MPEG-1, DD or PCM Audio.

•Up to 32 subtitle/karaoke tracks.

•Up to 9 camera angles (different viewpoints can be selected during

playback).

•On-screen menus and simple interactive features (for games, quizzes,

etc.).

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Titles and Chapters.

A disc can store more titles (max99).

Each title can be divided in more chapters.

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Start Menu

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The basics of optical reading

1,6 µm track pitch

3,054 µm max.

0,83 µm min.

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During production, millions of “pits” are embossed in a reflective layer. For a

CD the length of a pit is between 0.83µm and 3.054 µm. (A human hear is

between 40 and 60 µm).

A laser beam is focused to the layer. Because of the reflective layer the beam

reflects to the laser unit. Because of the embossed pits, the reflected signal is

interrupted every time there is a pit on the disc. This means Signal or No

signal.

The total information flow contains signal or no signal, meaning a digital bit or

no bit.

Example: 100111010001011101000010111100011110010101

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Reading the CD Signal

Signa l from CD

10010100010101

CD Decoder

Chip

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When reading the CD with the laser, the laser unit delivers only the bits as

they are embossed on the CD. This Is a very complex data signal, including

error correction etc. An chip inside the player analyses the signal and convert

it to the original digital signal as it was recorded in the studio. A chip DA

(Digital to Analogue Converter ) makes again an analogue signal, ready to

connect to an amplifier.

A na logue s ignalto output

10010100010101

DA

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CD and DVD Compared

1,6 μm

0,74μm

0,83μm

0,4μ m

CD DVD

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Reading a CD is done with a infra red laser. By using a RED laser, the

wavelength is even smaller. This gives the opportunity to read out smaller pits

compared with the CD. The DVD Disc has pits half the size of a CD. At the

same time the track is half the size. This increases the amount of data that can

be stored on the disc up to 4,7GBytes. (Per layer).

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C

o

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Physical Specifications

Back to the basics of the CD

1.2mm

a ting and L a be l

Information Layer

Laser Beam

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Lens

Information Layer is just below the label!

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DVD Layout. Single Sided Single Layer (SS/SL) or DVD-5

Label

1.2mm

0.6mm

Lens

Information Laye

Information Layer in the middle!

Laser Beam

Single-sided, single-layer disc, having a maximum storage capacity of 4.7 GBytes for a 12cm disc; playback time: about 133 minutes

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DVD9

DVD Layout. Single Sided Dual Layer (SS/DL) or DVD-9

Label

1.2mm

0.6mm Information Laye

0.6mm

Lens

Laser Beam

Single-sided, dual-layer disc, with a maximum storage capacity of 8.5 GBytes; playback time: about 241 minutes

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On a dual-layer disc, two information layers are separated by a thin space

layer. The first layer (layer 0) is partially transparent, allowing the second

layer (layer 1) to be read out through layer 0. If the spacer thickness is much

bigger than the focal depth of the imaging optics, both layers can be read out

from the same side, and individual layers can be accessed by simply stepping

the focus of the lens.

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DVD10

DVD Layout. Dual Sided Single Layer (DS/SL) or DVD-10

No Label!

1.2mm

0.6mm Information Layer

0.6mm

Lens

Laser Beam

Double-sided, single-layer disc, having a maximum storage capa of 9.4 GBytes; playback time: about 266 minutes

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DVD Layout. Dual Sided Dual Layer (DS/DL) or DVD-18

No Label!

DVD18

1.2mm

0.6mm Information Layer

0.6mm

Lens

Laser Beam

Double-sided, dual-layer disc, with a maximum storage capacity of over 17 GBytes; playback time: about 482 minutes

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Parameter Units DVD CD remarks

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thickness of substrat mm 0,6 1,2 disc thickness mm 1,2 1,2 disc weight gram 13 to 20 14 to 33 12 cm disc

thickness of spacing µm 40 to 70 - DL layer in Dual Layer

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gram 6 to 9 - 8 cm disc

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Resolution and frame rate

What is a video picture……

 A video is a series of pictures played

back one after another.

 A picture is made up of “pixels”.  A pixel is a tiny dot of color on the

screen.

 The size of a video is the no. of

pixels on a row (width) by the no. of pixels in Height e.g 640x480 means 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high.

 In video, a picture is called a Frame”  A picture appears to move by

quickly playing one Frame after another. This is known as Frame per Second.e.g. 30fps

Width

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What is Video?

fps

Height

That’s why people talk about video in e.g. 640x480 at 30fps

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Video Resolution

Video resolutions

There are many different resolutions because of many uses of video.….

HD: 1280 x 720

D1: 720 x 576 @ 25fps D1: 720 x 480 @ 30fps

VGA: 640 x 480

CIF: 252 x 288

QVGA: 320 x 240

QCIF: 176 x 144

QQVGA: 160 x 128

QCIF+: 220 x 176

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Video Technologies

Video technologies

 The information in a video file is stored in a special

format. Each format tries to store the information in more compact way. The more compact the file, the smaller the file size, the more you can fit onto a disc or other medium. However very compact files are more complex to play and need higher processing power from the player.

 The most popular video format is called MPEG.

This format is owned by the Motion Picture Experts Group - an industry consortium.

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Video Technologies

Video technologies

 Motion JPEG: Very easy to create and playback also ideal for editing  MPEG1: An old standard, QVGA (low resolution 320x240), used to store video on a CD

 MPEG2: The DVD standard and is also widely used in digital video broadcasting (called  MPEG3: Originally designed as “High Definition” but MPEG2 was so good it was eventually  MPEG4: Originally designed for video telephony but has become so good it will replace  H264 (AVC): This also had its roots in video telephony and represents the state of the art for

 WMV (VC-1): Microsoft Video Technology comparable to the MPEG H264 performance

(Video CD)

DVB) cancelled MPEG2 compression. H264 are the smallest files and therefore the most difficult to play

back

Quality

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H264 / WMV

MPEG-4

MPEG-1

File size

MPEG-2

Motion JPEG

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File Formats

File formats

 A file is actually a container. Normally it just stores your text (or your PowerPoint

etc.) However, video files store both the images (frames) and the audio and both need to be linked to make sure that the audio plays back in time with the video.

 There are many containers

- AVI the most widely used format for portable devices

- AVS special version to allow accurate streaming of video over a network.

- MOV Widely used by Apple as their “Quicktime” format

- MP2 Used for MPEG2 files

- VOB Used for MPEG2 files as stored on a DVD

- MP4 File format specified by MPEG consortium for MPEG 4 / H264 video

- WMV Microsoft media container for video files

 Because a video file contains both video and audio information which can both be in

multiple formats, two files that both have the same extension e.g. .avi may contain different combinations of audio and video formats and resolutions.

 So if you have two files with the same extension (for example .avi) a situation may

occur where only one of them can be played back by the device while the other cannot.

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Comparison between different qualities

DVD Video

Horizontal resolution

Vertical resolution

Programme length

Coding

Speed Audio Samp.

frequency Audio

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720 lines 240 lines 400 lines 430 lines 288 lines

576 lines 576 lines 576 lines 576 lines 352 lines

135 min * 240 min 180 min 60 min 74 min

1-10 Mbits/s n.a. n.a n.a. 1.44 Mbits/s

96 kHz 20 bit 20 bit

8 channels 1/2 channels 1/2 channels 2 channels

VHS S-VHS Laserdisc Video CD

analogue

n.a. n.a.n.a.

analogueanalogue MPEG IMPEG 2

stereo or

2 channel5.1 / 7.1 stereo / HiFi stereo / HiFi CD audio

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96 kHz

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The DVD signal.

•What is MPEG2?

When converting a analogue video signal to a digital signal (only 1 or 0) the amount of data is huge. Even a DVD disc with 4,7GBytes can only store a few minutes of a movie. The Motion Picture Expert Group developed compression Techniques to reduce the file size enormous.

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MPEG2

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011100100101011

Encodin

g

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Basics MPEG

The power of the digital compression is:

• deleting the content we can not observe.

• Use only the differences of next frames and do not encode every frame again.

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Basics MPEG

Picture progression

I

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B

IP B P

Group Of Pictures

I

Relative size of MPEG frames

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Compression technique:

The running movie frames are grouped in blocks. Mostly 12 frames in one

group:

Group of Pictures. (GOP)

B

P

B

P

B

I

B

P

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P

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B lock 8 x 8 pixels

Ma cro B lock

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Compression starts with the first frame. This frame is divided into blocks of

8x8 pixels.

Every block is encoded. At the same time the frame is divided into blocks of

16x16 pixels. These are the Macro Blocks. The first frame is the I frame: Intra

Coded Picture.

Some frames in the GOP are P frames. (Predicted Frames).

To encode these frames only the movements of the macro blocks are encoded,

compared with the previous frame.

To give even a higher compression, between the P frames B frames are added.

(Bi Directional Frames.) The content of these frames depend on previous AND

coming frames.

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Audio on the DVD

A DVD-Video disc can have up to 8 audio tracks (streams) associated with each video track (or each video angle). Each audio track can be in one of three formats:

• Dolby Digital (AC-3): 1 to 5.1 channels

• MPEG-2 audio: 1 to 5.1 or 7.1 channels

• PCM: 1 to 8 channels

An optional format provided: DTS. DTS require the appropriate decoder and is not supported

by all players! DTS is available at the digital audio output

(optional).

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Linear PCM is uncompressed (lossless) digital audio, the same format used on CDs and most studi o

masters. It can be sampled at 48 or 96 kHz with 16, 20, or 24 bits/sample. (Audio CD is limited to 44.1

kHz at 16 bits.) There can be from 1 to 8 channels. The maximum bit rate is 6.144 Mbps, which limits

sample rates and bit sizes when there are 5 or more channels. It's generally felt that the 120 dB dynamic

range of 20 bits combined with a frequency response of around 22,000 Hz from 48 kHz sampling is

adequate for high-fidelity sound reproduction. However, additional bits and higher sampling rates are

useful in audiophile applications, studio work, noise shaping, advanced digital processing, and three-

dimensional sound field reproduction. DVD players are required to support all the variations of LPCM, but

many subsample 96 kHz down to 48 kHz, and some may not use all 20 or 24 bits. The signal provided on

the digital output for external digital-to-analog co nverters may be limited to less than 96 kHz and less

than 24 bits.

Dolby Digital is multi-channel digital audio, using lossy AC-3 coding technology from PCM source with a

sample rate of 48 kHz at up to 24 bits. The bitrate is 64 kbps to 448 kbps, with 384 or 448 being the

normal rate for 5.1 channels and 192 being the typical rate for stereo (with or without surround

encoding). The channel c ombinations are (front/surro und): 1/0, 1+1/0 (dual mono), 2/ 0, 3/0, 2/1, 3/1,

2/2, and 3/2. The LFE channel is option al with all 8 combinations. Dolby Digital is the format used for

audio tracks on almost all DVDs.

MPEG audio is multi-channel digital audio, using lossy compression from original PCM format with

sample rate of 48 kHz at 16 or 20 bits. Both MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 formats are supported. The variable bit

rate is 32 kbps to 912 kbps, with 384 being the normal average rate. MPEG-1 is limited to 384 kbps.

Channel combinations are (front/surround): 1/0, 2/0, 2/1, 2/2, 3/0, 3/1, 3/2, and 5/2. The LFE channel

is optional with all combinations. The 7.1 channel format adds left-center and right-center channels..

MPEG-2 surround channels are in an extension stream matrixed onto the MPEG-1 stereo channels, which

makes MPEG-2 audio backwards compatible with MPEG-1 hardware (an MPEG-1 system will only see the

two stereo channels.) MPEG audio is not used much on DVDs, although some inexpensive DVD recording

software programs use MPEG audio, even on NTSC discs, which goes against the DVD standard and is not

supported by all NTSC players.

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supported by all NTSC players.

DTS (Digital Theater Systems) Digital Surround is an optional multi-channel digital audio format, using

lossy compression from PCM at 48 kHz at up to 24 bits. The data rate is from 64 kbps to 1536 kbps, with

typical rates of 754.5 and 1509.25 for 5.1 channels and 377 or 754 for 2 channels. DVD also doe s not

allow DTS sampling rates other than 48 kHz.). Channel combina tions are (front/surround): 1/0, 2/0, 3/0,

2/1, 2/2, 3/2. a Dolby Surround EX compatible matrixed rear center channel, 2) a discrete 7th channel.

DTS also has a 7.1-channel mode (8 discrete channels). The 7-channel and 8-channel modes require a

new decoder. The DVD standard includes an audio stream format reserved for DTS, but many older

players ignore it.

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Copy Protection

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I like to copy you

Sorry I am protected!

There are many forms of content protection that apply to DVD In order to protection of analog and digital outputs, and so on.

Read the notes page in the training manual for: CGMS

Macrovision Content Scramble System (CSS)

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CGMS

Each disc contains information specifying if the contents can be copied. This is a copy

management system (SCMS) designed to prevent initial copies or generational copies (copies

of copies). The CGMS information is embedded in the outgoing video signal. For CGMS to

work, the equipment making the copy must recognize and respect the CGMS information.

CGMS-A is recognized by recorders and by some computer video capture cards (they will flash

a message such as "recording inhibited .

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Analog CPS (Macrovision)

Videotape (analog) copying is prevented with a Macrovision 7.0 or similar circuit in every

player. Macrovision may show up as stripes of color, distortion, rolling, black & white picture,

and dark/light cycling.

Macrovision changes the composite video and s-video output in two ways: the Colorstripe

technique creates a rapidly modulated colorburst signal, and the AGC t echnique inserts pulses

technique creates a rapidly modulated colorburst signal, and the AGC technique inserts pulses

in the vertical blanking signal. This confuses the synchronization and auto matic-recording-

level circuitry in 95% of consumer VCRs. Unfortunately, it can degrade the picture, especially

with old or nonstandard equipment. Macrovision was not present on analog component video

output of early players, but is now required on component output (AGC only, since there is no

burst in a component signal). The discs themselves contain "trigger bits" telling the player

whether or not to enable Macrovision AGC, with the optional addition of 2-line or 4-line

Colorstripe.

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Colorstripe.

Content Scramble Syst em (CSS )

Because of the potential for perfect digital c opies, paranoid movie studios forced a deeper

copy protection requirement into the DV D standard. Content Scramble System (CSS) is a data

encryption and authentication scheme intended to prevent copying video files directly from

DVD-Video discs.

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Files on a DVD

What exactly is on a DVD disc? What are VOB, IFO and BUP

files?

When you put a DVD in a computer and watch the explorer

you'll see at least 2 directories:

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Others than you expect: the Audio_TS folder is empty! AUDIO_TS is used for

DVD Audio and contains the audio files, whereas VIDEO_TS is used to store

all data for the movie. In the video content, all other data like audio, subtitles

are integrated in the video files.

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Files on a DVD

Looking at the files on a DVD there are VOB, IFO and BUP Files.

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VOBs - Video OBjects

A VOB contains several streams multiplexed together: Video, Audio and

Subtitles.

A VOB can contain one main video stream and several multi-angle streams,

allowing you to switch the perspective during the movie. In the example there

are more VOB files on the disc. This because a DVD video can be divided into

more titles and chapters.

IFOs - InFOrmation

IFO Files give the player important navigational information, like where a

chapter starts, where a certain audio or subtitle stream is located, etc.

BUPs - BackUP

BUP files are just backup files off the IFO files.

The VIDEO_TS.* files represent the first play item. This is an item being set

during authoring and is the first thing being played when the disc is inserted in

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during authoring and is the first thing being played when the disc is inserted in

the player. Usually this is just a copyright notice, but it could also be a menu

where to select the language of the menu, some trailers, etc. The video_ts.vob

contains the video and audio data, the video_ts.ifo the navigational data and

video_ts.bup is the backup for video_ts.ifo.

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The end of the DVD session.

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