Pco VC45, VM45 Operating Instructions Manual

VC45VC45 VM45VM45
Operating InstructionsOperating Instructions
Safety Instructions 3
Safety Instructions
For your own safety and in order to guarantee a safe operation of the camera, please read carefully the following information prior to using the device.
Never operate the camera at places where water or dust might penetrate.
Place the camera on a sufficiently stable basis. Shocks like e.g. dropping the camera onto the floor, might cause serious damage to the device. Therefore exclusively the tripod attachment at the bottom side should be used for mounting the camera.
Always unplug the camera before cleaning it. Do not use cleaning liquids or sprays. Instead, use a dry, soft duster.
Make sure that the connecting cable is in good condition and that the link to the socket does not represent an obstacle.
Detach the camera and contact the customer service in the following cases:
When cable or plug are damaged or worn-out.
When water or other liquids have soaked into the device.
When the device is not properly working although you
followed all instructions of the user's manual.
When the camera fell to the floor or the housing has been
damaged.
When the device shows apparent deviations of normal
operation.
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Contents 5
Contents
1. Video Camera VC45
1.1 Features of the Camera............................................6
Video Standard ...........................................................................6
Shutter Control............................................................................6
Long Exposure............................................................................6
1.2 CCD Sensor..............................................................7
Overview of the used sensors..................................................... 7
Lens-on-chip............................................................................... 7
Spectral Response...................................................................... 8
1.3 Connections..............................................................8
Lens Mount................................................................................. 8
Power Supply..............................................................................8
Video Output...............................................................................8
Pin Assignment...........................................................................9
1.4 Mode Settings.........................................................14
Operating Mode ........................................................................14
Long Exposure in Frame Mode .................................................15
Long Exposure in Field Mode....................................................15
Shutter Mode ............................................................................ 16
Gain Control..............................................................................16
Gamma Setting.........................................................................16
2. Video Module VM45
Pinning of the I/O Connector ST1..............................................17
DIP switches............................................................................. 21
CCD select and standard.......................................................... 22
Gamma Setting.........................................................................23
3. Servicing, Maintenance and Cleaning
Instructions
Servicing, Maintenance and Cleaning Instructions.................... 24
Cleaning Method for the Optical Part.........................................24
4. Appendix
Customer Service......................................................................25
Warranty................................................................................... 25
CE-Certification.........................................................................26
Dimensions and Weight............................................................ 26
Electrical Schematics of the board VMAIN................................27
System Data .............................................................................28
PCO 1999
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Operating Instructions VC45/VM45
Version 03/99
Subject to change without prior notice!! Copyright by PCO, 1999
6 1. Video Camera VC45
VC45 VM45VC45 VM45
This manual contains important information and instructions for the use of the Video Camera VC45 and the Video Module VM45.
If you work with a Video Camera VC45, you will find all neces­sary information in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 includes additional information when working with a Video Module VM45 (= VC45 without housing).
1. Video Camera VC45
1.1 Features of the Camera
The video camera VC45 is a high performance monochrome camera, based on a solid state image sensor. The high quality "lens-on-chip" CCD, combined with an advanced electronics, in­creases sensitivity of the VC45 substantially, compared with high standard video cameras. An absolute black level is achieved via special darkened reference pixels, yielding a per­fect linear relation between light input and output signal. A great number of additional features makes the VC45 suitable for nearly every application.
Video Standard The VC45 is easy to use. The analog video signal is a CCIR,
respect. a RS170 standard signal and compatible to the whole video equipment on the market. With a potentiometer at the rear panel of the camera the gain can be set externally.
Shutter Control An integrated shutter control allows exposure times from 100µs
to 20ms (CCIR) respect. 16.7ms (RS170). It can be set by DIP switches, parallel or serial input.
Long Exposure A long exposure time can be generated up to 20s by an external
or serial input. When using the external input a special power down mode prevents the CCD from additional dark current. There are two integration modes possible: FRAME interlaced and FIELD interlaced.
The sensor of the VC45 is absolutely insensitive against over­exposure, i. e. too much light cannot damage the CCD sensor.
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1. Video Camera VC45 7
1.2 CCD Sensor
Overview The following CCD sensors can be used in the camera:
CCIR
format resolution pixel size active sensor
1/2“ 741 x 576 pixel 8.6 x 8.3 µm 6.4 x 4.8 mm 2/3“ 741 x 576 pixel 11.6 x 11.2 µm 8.6 x 6.5 mm
RS170
format resolution pixel size active sensor
1/2“ 756 x 486 pixel 8.4 x 9.8 µm 6.4 x 4.8 mm 2/3“ 756 x 486 pixel 11.6 x 13.5 µm 8.8 x 6.6 mm
Lens-on-chip Each of the used CCD sensors have the “lens-on-chip“ inte-
grated which increases the sensitivity of about factor 2. The following drawings show the principle function of the lens-
on-chip technical.
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8 1. Video Camera VC45
Spectral Response The following drawing shows the spectral response of the used
sensors. Optional the VC45 is available with an infrared cutting filter. All wavelength higher than about 680nm will be cut off.
= without filter = with infrared cutting filter
1.3 Connections
Lens Mount The VC45 uses a C-Mount with a standard back focal length of
17.52mm (distance between the front edge of the C-Mount in-
sert and the focal plane of the CCD sensor). The C-Mount has a fine adjustment to allow for small variations in the focal length of instruments. To adjust to a different back focal length, just loosen the set screw at the bottom of C-Mount front plate. Rotate the C-Mount insert to the desired position. (The C-Mount insert has a 0.5 thread suitable for fine adjustment.) Then secure the insert again by tightening the set screw.
Power Supply The power supply (230V), delivered with the VC44, provides
12V (-5%, +10%). At 12V the power consumption is about 300mA. On the power supply a 12-pin special connector is mounted.
Video Output The analog video output (BNC socket) supplies a standard
video signal (1Vpp, 0.3V Sync-Level on 75) according to CCIR or RS170 standard. The video signal is compatible to all video equipment like re­corder, printer, monitors, ... Please use only 75 cables (e.g. RG59)! Some monitors need an external Sync-signal. In this case you need a connection between VIDEO OUT of the monitor and SYNC IN of the monitor.
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1. Video Camera VC45 9
Pin Assignment The 12 pin socket at the camera rear panel has a standard pin
assignment as follows. Please note that there are also special pin assignments possi­ble. In this case a separate pin assignment is enclosed.
12 pin socket of the camera rear panel
pin signal name level function input / output
1 POWER GND ground input 2 POWER +12V +12V DC input power input 3 EXP TTL exposure input 4 EXPD TTL exposure power down input 5 ENB TTL enable shutter input 6 ED0 TTL shutter control input 7 ED1 TTL shutter control input 8 ED2 TTL shutter control input 9 CSYNC TTL composite sync output 10 VSYNC TTL vertical sync output 11 MODE TTL frame / field integration input 12 GENLOCK Video, TTL* genlock input
* signal level from 1 ... 5V is accepted
POWER GND Ground
POWER +12V Input voltage 12V (+10% / -2%)
EXP Long Exposure Control input
TTL level The exposure time can be prolonged by a low signal. Typical time range between 40ms ... 10s.
This input is checked at any rising edge of the VSYNC signal (= end of the VSYNC). When the input is low, the integration time will be prolonged for the next field/frame. In the field integration mode multiple of 20ms will be exposed, in the frame integration mode multiple of 40ms will be exposed. The input is connected to a pull-up resistance.
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10 1. Video Camera VC45
Remark The Long Exposure Control can only be active when the module
is in the parallel mode and the shutter is off!
DIP switch S1/pin 7 = open DIP switch S1/pin2 = closed; ENB don’t care or DIP switch S1/pin2 = open; ENB = low
EXPD Long Exposure Power Down input
TTL level For long integration times, the sensor can be set in a power­down mode. This mode avoids the generating of an additional dark current. This input can be set parallel with the EXP input but must be re­set at least 200ms before the EXP is reset.
The input is connected to a pull-up resistance.
Remark The Long Exposure Power Down can only be active when the
module is in the parallel mode and the shutter is off!
DIP switch S1/pin 7 = open DIP switch S1/pin2 = closed; ENB don’t care or DIP switch S1/pin2 = open; ENB = low
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1. Video Camera VC45 11
ENB Shutter speed setting, parallel or serial input. ED0
ED1 ED2
Parallel Input Only the high-speed shutter is used when using parallel input.
(During frame accumulation, low-speed shutter does not oper­ate normally).
Shutter speed table
JP1 ENB ED0 ED1 ED2 shutter speed
X L X X X shutter off L H H H H 1/60
H H H H H 1/50
1)
1)
L H L H H 1/100
H H L H H 1/120 X H H L H 1/250 X H L L H 1/500 X H H H L 1/1000 X H L H L 1/2000 X H H L L 1/4000 X H L L L 1/10000
1) Accumulation time is as follows regardless of field accumulation / frame accumulation: JP1 = low (EIA RS170), 1/60s
JP2= high (CCIR), 1/50s (Pseudo field readout during frame accumulation)
Serial Input The following four modes can be selected according to the
combination of serial data SMD1 and SMD2. (During frame accumulation, low-speed shutter does not oper­ate normally).
Shutter Mode
mode flickerless high-speed
shutter
low-speed shutter
no shutter
SMD1 L L H H SMD2 L H L H
flickerless: eliminates flicker resulting from the frequency of fluorescent light high-speed shutter: shutter speed higher than 1/50 (CCIR)
low-speed shutter: shutter speed lower than 1/50 (CCIR)
no shutter no shutter operation
shutter speed higher than 1/60 (RS170) shutter speed lower than 1/60 (RS170)
(does not operate normally during frame accumulation
Input timing when using serial input
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The data on ED2 is latched in the register at the rising edge of ED1 and is then taken in internally while ED0 is low.
12 1. Video Camera VC45
symbol min: max:
ts2 ED2 setup time against the rising edge of ED1 20ns th2 ED2 hold time against the rising edge of ED1 20ns ts1 ED1 rising setup time against the rising edge of ED0 20ns tw0 ED0 pulse width 20ns 50µs ts0 ED0 rising setup time against the rising edge of ED1 20ns
Shutter speed calculation
(During frame accumulation, low-speed shutter does not oper­ate normally).
High-speed shutter ... for CCIR: T=[31210-(1FF16-L16)] x 63.56 + 34.78µs ... for RS170: T=[26210-(1FF16-L16)] x 64 + 35.6µs (L16 = load value)
CCIR RS170
load value shutter
speed
0C8 0CA 0CE 0D6 0E6 1o5 143 149
16
16
16 16 16
16 16 16
1/10000 1/10040 0FA
1/4000 1/4394 0FC 1/2000 1/2068 100 1/1000 1/1004 108
1/500 1/495 118 1/250 1/250 137 1/125 1/125 176 1/100 1/120 196
Low-speed shutter N = 2 x (1FF16-L16) FLD However, 1FF cannot be used as the load value. Maximum 1023 fields à 20ms (= 20 seconds).
load value shutter speed (FLD)
1FE 1FD
... ...
101 100
16 16
16 16
calculated
value
load value shutter
16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16
1/10000 1/10169
1/4000 1/4435 1/2000 1/2085 1/1000 1/1012
2 4
508 510
calculated
speed
value
1/500 1/499 1/250 1/252 1/125 1/125 1/100 1/100
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1. Video Camera VC45 13
CSYNC Composite synchronisation output
TTL level
VSYNC Vertical synchronisation output
TTL level
MODE Switch between field-frame readout and integration
TTL level
mode readout
low field high frame
GENLOCK External synchronisation
Input to synchronise the camera to an external video device. A video signal (75) or a TTL signal, consisting of horizontal and vertical synchronize pulses (composite sync, CSYNC) is needed. (Internally there is no 75 termination.) The synchronisation is achieved by an internal PLL.
The synchronisation with Genlock can be enabled/disabled by controlling LSW. This can be done with DIP switch S1:
DIP switch S1/pin 8 = open Genlock disabled DIP switch S1/pin 8 = closed Genlock enabled
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14 1. Video Camera VC45
FIELD 1
FIELD 2
FRAME
INTERLA-
1
2
Video Out
FIELD 1
FIELD 2
INTERLA-
FIELD
1
2
Video Out
1.4 Mode Settings
Operating Mode The camera runs in two different operating modes:
FRAME interlaced
FIELD interlaced
1
2
3
4
5
Integration Time: 2 x 40ms (CCIR)
2 x 33.4ms
Image 1
Image 2
1 2 3 4 5
Integration Time: 2 x 20ms (CCIR)
Image 1
1 2 3 4 5
2 x 16.7ms
Image 2
Hint At continuous illumination the brightness of the image is the
same in FIELD or FRAME mode:
CCIR: 40ms with 1 pixel or 20ms with 2 pixels
RS170: 33ms with 1 pixel or 16.5ms with 2 pixels However, with externally applied shuttering (e.g. flashlight or la­ser pulse), the FIELD mode generated image has double the brightness of a FRAME mode generated image.
In the FRAME interlace mode the camera produces two fields generated with a time shift FIELD 1 and FIELD 2 (odd respect. even lines). These fields are each integrated for 40ms.
The FIELD interlace mode combines 2 lines (1+2, 3+4, ... in FIELD 1 and 2+3, 4+5, ... in FIELD 2). FIELD 2 is shifted by one line in respect to FIELD 1 (line shifting).
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1. Video Camera VC45 15
Long Exposure in Frame Mode
By using the EXP (= exposure) input (pin 3 of the 12-pin socket) the integration time can be controlled. In line 10 of the video signal a marker pulse is allocated. If in this moment the EXP signal is "high", the marker pulse is sup­pressed, the image is not shifted into the shift-register and the integration time is prolonged. When operating in the FRAME mode, always 2 x n marker pulses are suppressed, to achieve two evenly illuminated fields (40ms). During the integration, black pictures are released from the camera.
*) *)
*) Marker pulse (in video line 10) is suppressed, thus yielding longer integration time.
Long Exposure in Field Mode
VSYNC
EXP
Integr. ODD
Integr. EVEN
VIDEO OUT
20ms
odd even odd even odd 1 even 1 odd 2 even 2even
odd 1
even 1
black image
odd 2 odd 3
even 2 even 3
Via the EXP signal the integration time can be controlled. In line 10 of the video signal a marker pulse is allocated. If in this mo­ment the EXP signal is "high", the marker pulse is suppressed, the picture not shifted in the shift register and integration time prolonged. The FIELD mode allows integration time prolongation in steps of 20ms. During the integration, black pictures are released from the camera.
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*) *)
VSYNC
EXP
Integration
VIDEO OUT
20ms
field x field x+1 field x+2
black image
field x field x+1 field x+2
*) Marker pulse (in video line 10) is suppressed, thus yielding longer integration time.
16 1. Video Camera VC45
312
Shutter Mode In the shutter mode, exposure times between 1/50 ... 1/10000 s
can be realized. These shutter times can be achieved by a par­allel and serial programming via external signals (ENB, ED0, ED1, ED2) or by a parallel setting via internal DIP switches.
Gain Control The gain is externally adjustable with the potentiometer at the
back panel of the camera. It can be selected in the range of ± 12dB.
1 12-pin Socket 2 Gain Potentiometer 3 Analog Video Output
Gamma Setting The gamma correction is preset by factory to "linear".
If you want to change it, internal changes are necessary (see Chapter 2).
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2. Video Module VM45 17
lower board VMAIN
2. Video Module VM45
The main features of the Video Module VM45 are identical to these of the Video Camera VC45. In this Chapter you will find some additional information to the Video Module VM45.
Please note that there are parallels between the 12-pin socket at the camera rear panel and the internal connector ST1.
Pinning of the I/O Connector ST1
The connector ST1 is placed on the lower (larger) board. Some signals has parallel wires to the I/O connector ST1 and to the DIP switch S1.
When using the external interface (I/O connector ST1) all DIP switches must be set to off!
ST1
DIP switch S1
pin at internal connector ST1
1 GND X 1 ground 2 +12V X 2 input power 3 GND X 1 ground 4 +5Vout -- input or output power 5 GND X 1 ground 6 VIDEO -- video out 7 TRIG -- trigger input 8 GAIN ext -- external gain
9 ENB X 5 enable shutter 10 ED0 X 6 shutter control 11 ED1 X 7 shutter control 12 ED2 X 8 shutter control 13 EXPD X 4 exposure power down 14 EXP X 3 exposure 15 CSYNC X 9 composite sync 16 MODE X 11 frame / field integration 17 VSYNC X 10 vertical sync 18 HSYNC -- horizontal sync 19 VR -- vertical reset 20 GENLOCK X 12 genlock
The ‘X’ marked signals are already described in Chapter 1 (see page 9).
signal name
pin at 12-pin connector
function
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18 2. Video Module VM45
GND Ground
+12V see Chapter 1, page 9
+5Vout Output of a +5V
Regulated by an internal voltage regulator (7805). When the voltage regulator is not needed you can also use an external 5V power supply. In this case the regulator has to be bridged.
VIDEO Video output signal, CCIR or EIA RS170
1Vpp, 0.3V Sync-Level on 75
TRIG Trigger mode
Continuously variable shutter When using the normal shutter, either leave the TRIG pin open or connect it to the power supply. When using the continuous variable shutter, input the clock pulse to the TRIG pin When using the TRIG pin to control the exposure time, in order to broaden the control range it is necessary to use the ED=, ED1, and ED2 pins to set the shutter speed to 1/10000.
VSYNC
HSYNC
TRIG
XSG
exposure time
From the start of the TRIG input (falling edge) to the XSG pulse there is a variable exposure time. The XSG pulse is done in the following lines after the vertical sync has ended:
CCIR 8 lines odd field
8.5 lines even field
EIA RS170 1.5 lines odd field
1 line even field
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2. Video Module VM45 19
GAIN ext External gain setting
There are three possibilities to control the gain:
Internally by the potentiometer P2
GND
upper board VIDEO SPC
P2
Externally with a voltage range of 0 ... 5V The gain range is between 5 ... 32 dB.
Externally with a potentiometer:
+5 V
to GAINext
10k
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20 2. Video Module VM45
ENB see Chapter 1, page 11
ED0 see Chapter 1, page 11
ED1 see Chapter 1, page 11
ED2 see Chapter 1, page 11
EXPD see Chapter 1, page 10
EXP see Chapter 1, page 9
CSYNC Composite synchronisation output (CSYNC)
TTL level
MODE see Chapter 1, page 13
VSYNC see Chapter 1, page 13
HSYNC Horizontal synchronisation output (HSYNC)
TTL level
VR Vertical reset input (TTL level)
A vertical image synchronisation can be made with a vertical sync signal
GENLOCK External synchronisation
Input to synchronise the camera to an external video device. A video signal (75) or a TTL signal, consisting of horizontal and vertical synchronize pulses (composite sync, CSYNC) is needed. The synchronisation is achieved by an internal PPL. A second possibility is to input separately the horizontal sync and the vertical sync. In this case the horizontal sync must be connected to the GENLOCK and the vertical sync must be con­nected to the vertical reset (VR).
The synchronisation with Genlock can be enabled/disabled by controlling LSW. This can be done with DIP switch S1:
DIP switch S1/pin 8 = open Genlock disabled DIP switch S1/pin 8 = closed Genlock enabled
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2. Video Module VM45 21
lower board VMAIN
DIP switches The 8 DIP switches have the following function:
ST1
DIP switch S1
DIP switch S1 function factory set
1 TRIG open 2 ENB closed 3 ED0 open 4 ED1 open 5 ED2 open 6 Mode open 7 PS (parallel / serial) open 8 Genlock open
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22 2. Video Module VM45
JP2
JP1
CCD select and standard The following jumpers are factory settings and are not allowed
to change!
Pin 1
Pin 1
6 pin connector
CXD 1261
bottom side of lower board VMAIN
JP1: EIA RS170 or CCIR setting
Pin 1
EIA RS170
Pin 1
JP2: 1/2“ sensor or 2/3“ sensor
Pin 1
1/2“ sensor
Pin 1
CCIR
2/3“ sensor
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2. Video Module VM45 23
Gamma Setting The gamma setting can be done with the jumpers JP3, JP4 and
JP5, jumpered on the board "Video SPC".
JP3 JP4 JP5
Linear Gamma 1 Gamma 2
off on off off off on on off on
Other combinations are not allowed !!
upper board VIDEO SPC
JP5 JP3
GND
JP4
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24 3. Servicing, Maintenance and Cleaning Instructions
3. Servicing, Maintenance and Cleaning Instructions
Servicing, Maintenance and Cleaning Instructions
The camera is maintenance-free. Factory settings make any inspection and servicing superfluous.
During use the camera should be protected from hard shocks or strong vibrations. Also should the camera be protected from high humidity and temperature shocks. Avoid exposing to sunlight, since it heats up the camera housing unnecessarily and prevents the cooling from reaching its optimum operating temperature. Keep apertures and slots free to allow air to circulate.
Objective lens or lens adapter should be screwed in gently. Avoid forcing as it will damage the tread.
Use a soft and dry cloth to clean the housing.
Cleaning Method for the Optical Part
In principle every cleaning method bears the danger of damag­ing an optical surface. Therefore clean only if it is strictly necessary.
As a first step use dry air to blow out dust particles. Avoid strictly to wipe on a dry glass surface. In case dirt cannot be removed by blowing, use special optical cleaning fluids. Adequate fluids for optical surfaces are: pure dehydrogenated alcohol, pure acetone or cleaning fluids avail­able in photo shops. Use a soaked cotton tip and take care to wipe only on glass surfaces, avoiding contact to metal surfaces, e.g. C-Mount thread, otherwise microscopic dirt and metallic chips are released, causing irreparable scratches on the glass surface.
Never use aggressive cleaning substances, e.g. benzine, spirit, nitro solvents, etc. commonly found in labs. Such substances may destroy or damage the surface on which they are applied. The best is to avoid any dirt on optical parts, e.g. by replacing immediately the black protection cap when removing the objec­tive lens. Do not leave the camera’s optical input window open, without lens or protecting cap.
Our warranty does not cover damaged optical surfaces caused by improper cleaning methods.
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4. Appendix 25
4. Appendix
Customer Service
Having a problem or a question about matters not handled in these operating Instructions, we recommend to contact us :
... by phone +9441 / 2005-0 ... by fax +9441 / 2005-20 ...by email support@pco.de
For a quicker reply we need following information:
Short description of the problem
Typ: VC45
S/N: ....
experiment conditions
Camera serial-number (on the label placed on the bottom of
the camera)
Warranty
PCO grants a 12 month warranty period for the camera. The warranty period starts on day of delivery ex-factory. In case of defect within the warranty period replacement or repair will be made (at PCO’s discretion) free of charge. The device shall be returned on customer’s expenses to PCO, preferably in the original package. PCO is not liable for consequential damages.
Before returning the camera, contact PCO via any of the Cus­tomer Services.
Pay attention to use a sufficient package if you have to send the camera via mail (keep the original package).
Attention Opening of the camera or improper handling (e.g. damage by
electrostatic charge, wrong cleaning method) voids the war­ranty.
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26 4. Appendix
CE-Certification
VC45 complies with the requirements of the „EMC Directions of the European Communities (089 / 336 / EWG)“ and therefore bears the CE-Marking.
Dimensions and Weight
BNC
C-Mount
39mm
47mm
12mm
75mm
110mm
130mm
130mm
1/4”-20 UNC
M6
8,3mm
M6
25mm
37mm
50mm
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Weight: about 300g
4. Appendix 27
Electrical Schematics of the board VMAIN
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28 4. Appendix
System Data
Model VC45-C-12 VC45-C-23 VC45-N-12 VC45-N-23
Sensor format 1/2“ sensor 2/3“ sensor 1/2“ sensor 2/3“ sensor Video Standard CCIR EIA RS170 Pixel Resolution 741 x 576 741 x 576 756 x 486 756 x 486 Pixel Size 8.6 x 8.3µm 11.6 x 11.2µm 8.4 x 9.8µm 11.6 x 13.5µm Active Sensing Area 6.4 x 4.8mm 8.6 x 6.5mm 6.4 x 4.8mm 8.8 x 6.6mm Horizontal Scanning Fre­quency Vertical Scanning Fre­quency Aspect Ratio 4/3 (hor./ver.) 4/3 (hor./ver.) max. S/N ratio > 55dB > 55dB Gamma linear, gamma 1, gamma 2 linear, gamma 1, gamma 2 Shutter Control 100µs ... 20ms 100µs ... 16.7ms Long Exposure Internal: up to 20s
Gain Control internally or externally internally or externally Operating Mode FRAME or FIELD interlaced FRAME or FIELD interlaced Power Supply 12V DC 12V DC Weight 290g 290g Dimensions 47(W) x 39(H) x 130(L) mm 47(W) x 39(H) x 130(L) mm
15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.734 kHz 15.734 kHz 50Hz 50Hz 60Hz 60Hz
Internal: up to 20s
External: up to DC
External: up to DC
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Dear Customer, We hope the VC45 / VM45 will be an always valuable tool for your scientific day
in, day out work. Comments, suggestions or any new idea on our system are welcome. We are at your disposal at any time, also after your buying of this camera.
Your PCO Team
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