PASCO ES-9060 User Manual
Instruction Manual
Manual No. 012-08455A
Charge,
Equipotential and
Field Mapper
Model No. ES-9060
Table of Contents
Equipment List........................................................ 3-4
Introduction ............................................................. 5
Equipment Setup .................................................... 6-10
Part I: Sketching the Charged Paths........................................................................................... 6-7
Part II: Connecting the Electrodes to a Power Supply and Checking their Potential ................ 7-8
Part III: Plotting an Equipotential .............................................................................................. 8-9
Part IV: Plotting Field Gradients ............................................................................................. 9-10
Equipotential and Field Mapping Experiments ....................11-15
Experiment 1: Parallel Plate Capacitor ........................................................................................11
Experiment 2: Point Source and Guard Ring...............................................................................11
Experiment 3: Dipoles of Opposite Charge.................................................................................12
Experiment 4: Dipoles of Like Charge ........................................................................................12
Experiment 5 :Floating Electrode ................................................................................................12
Experiment 6: Floating Insulator .................................................................................................13
Experiment 7: Line and Circular Source......................................................................................13
Experiment 8: Line and Sharp Point............................................................................................13
Experiment 9: Triode ...................................................................................................................14
Experiment 10: Fluid Mechanisms ..............................................................................................14
Charge Mapping Experiments ......................................16-21
Experiment 1: Charge Density Inside and Outside a Cylinder .............................................. 18-19
Experiment 2: Charge Density on a Cone.............................................................................. 19-20
Experiment 3: Charge Density on a Plane near a Point Source ............................................. 20-21
Appendix A: Technical Support .......................................22
Appendix B: Copyright and Warranty Information ..................22
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Model No. ES-9060 Charge, Equipotential, and Field Mapper
Charge, Equipotential
and Field Mapper
Model No. ES-9060
Equipment List
1
2
Included Equipment Replacement
1. Conductive paper, plain, 45 x 30 cm (no grid) (50 sheets)
2. Conductive paper, black, 23 x 30 cm (with grid) (50 sheets)
3. Corkboard working surface, 32 x 48 cm (1)
4. Circle template for drawing the conductive paths (1)
5. Large plastic tray for storing the paper and supplies (1)
3
4
6
5
7
10
9
8
Model Number*
646-01214
PK-9025
648-02015
699-001
648-02014
11
6. Push pins for attaching the paper to the board (10)
7. Conductive Ink Pen (for approximately 60 m of continuous line) (1)
8. Probe, red lead (1)
9. Probe, black lead (1)
10. Wire, test lead, red, 18 awg (1)
11. Point Charge Disk (with blue charge pad) (1)
12. Instruction sheet for PK-9025 Conductive Paper (1) (not shown)
13. Instruction sheet for PK-9031B Conductive Ink Pen (1) (not shown)
14. Safety sheet for PK-9031B Conductive Ink Pen (not shown)
®
699-002
PK-9031B
517-022
517-023
710-032
003-02018
012-04371
012-04297
012-04298
3
Charge, Equipotential, and Field Mapper Model No. ES-9060
*Use Replacement Model Numbers to expedite replacement orders.
Additional Equipment Recommended (for Equipotential and Field
Gradient Experiments)
Voltmeter or Digital Multimeter (10 M or higher)
Ω
Electrostatics Voltage Source, DC Power Supply, or Battery
Additional Equipment Recommended (For Charge Mapping
Experiments
Conductive Paper without grid, 30 cm x 46 cm (100 sheets)
Electrometer
Proof Plane
Electrostatics Voltage Source or DC Power Supply
Faraday Ice Pail
Replacement
Model No.
ES-9078 or SE-9589
ES-9077
Replacement
Model No.
PK-9026
ES-9078
ES-9057B
ES-9077
ES-9042A
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Model No. ES-9060 Charge, Equipotential, and Field Mapper
Introduction
The PASCO scientific model
ES-9060 Equipotential,
Charge and Field Mapper
consists of two basic
elements. The first is a
-
carbon impregnated paper in
the resistance range of 5 to 20
Ω
K per square. This paper
forms the conducting medium
or space between the
Figure 1: Equipotential Lines
electrodes. The second
element is a conductive ink dispensed from a pen. The ink is produced
from silver particles in a suspension liquid. As the ink dries, the silver
flakes settle on top of each other forming a conductive path (or
conductive ink electrodes). The resistance of the ink is between 0.03
and 0.05 /cm for a 1 mm wide line.
Ω
+
Because the paper has a finite resistance, a current must flow through it
to produce a potential difference. This current is supplied by the
conductive ink electrodes, which causes a potential drop to occur
across the paths. Because of the large difference between the ink’s
resistance and the resistance of the paper, this potential drop is less
than 1% of that produced across the paper. Therefore, for all practical
purposes, the potential drop across the electrodes may be considered
negligible.
To plot equipotentials, charge and field gradients with the ES-9060
Equipotential, Charge and Field Mapper, you will need a voltmeter or
other charge potential measuring device. It would be desirable that the
potential measuring instrument have an infinite impedance. An
electrometer, such as the PASCO Model ES-9054B (or ES-9078)
would be optimal; however, a standard electronic voltmeter, such as
PASCO’s SE-9589 Handheld Digital Multimeter with a 10 M (or
Ω
higher) input impedance is sufficient. Since the impedance of a 10
Ω
M voltmeter is at least 100 times greater than that of the paper, the
greatest distortion of the field which can be produced by the voltmeter
is approximately 1%.
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Charge, Equipotential, and Field Mapper Model No. ES-9060
Equipment Setup
Part I: Sketching the Charged Paths (Electrodes)
NOTE: The silver conductive ink reaches its maximum conductivity
after 20 minutes of drying time. For optimal results, plan the time
table for conducting the experiments and correlate drawing the
conductive paths accordingly.
1. Plan and sketch the layout (size, shape, and relative spacing) of the
charged path to be studied on a piece of paper. These paths can be any
two dimensional shape, such as straight or curved lines, circles, dots,
squares, etc. Since the charged paths will actually be conductive ink
electrodes, they will be referred to as electrodes.
2. Draw the electrodes on the black
paper (See Figure 2).
NOTE: This next steps (a-e) are the
most difficult and crucial part of the
experiment. Follow these steps
carefully.
a) Place the grid conductive paper
printed side up, on a smooth hard
Figure 2: Drawing
electrodes on black paper
surface. Do not attempt to draw
the electrodes while the paper is on the corkboard.
b) Vigorously shake the conductive ink pen (with the cap on) for 10-20
seconds to disperse any particle matter suspended in the ink.
c) Remove the cap. On a piece of scrap
paper, press lightly down on the
spring-loaded tip while squeezing
the pen barrel firmly. This starts the
ink flowing. Slowly drawing the
pen across the paper produces a
solid line. Drawing speed and
exerted pressure determines the path
width (See Figure 3).
Figure 3: Drawing on the
conductive paper
d) Once a satisfactory line is produced
on the scrap paper, draw the electrodes on the grid of the black
conductive paper. If the line becomes thin or spotty, draw over it
again. A solid line is essential for good measurements.
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Model No. ES-9060 Charge, Equipotential, and Field Mapper
The line will be air dry in 3-5 minutes at room temperature. However,
the medium won’t reach maximum conductivity until after 20 minutes
drying time.
e) A plastic template is included
with the PASCO Field Mapper
for drawing circles (See Figure
4). Place the template on the
conductive paper and draw the
circles with the conductive ink
pen. (If desired, you may first
Figure 4: Drawing over the
template
draw the circle template with a
soft lead pencil and trace over the
pencil line with the ink.)
3. Mount the conductive paper on the corkboard using one of the
metal push pins in each corner.
Part II: Connecting the Electrodes to a Power Supply and
Checking their Potential
1. Using the supplied connecting wires, connect the electrodes to a
battery, DC power supply, or any other potential source in the 5 to 20
VDC range (See Figure 5). The potential source should be capable of
supplying 25 mA. (If possible, the potential should be equal to the full
scale reading of the electronic voltmeter used in the experiment.)
DC Power
push pin
Supply
electrode
corkboard
Figure 5: Connecting Electrodes to a Power Supply and Voltmeter
Voltmet er
M
2. Place the terminal of a connecting wire over the electrode, then
stick a metal push pin through its terminal and the electrode into the
Note: The Voltmeter used
must meet the following
specifications: a) be at
least 10 M or higher
and b) have a range
which is equal to or
higher than the potential
used across the electrodes. Any commercial
voltmeter, either analog
or digital, is adequate.
The PASCO ES-9078
Electrometer or the SE9589 Digital Multimeter
are recommended.
Ω
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