Panasonic NN46110-600 User Manual

Version 7.00

Part No. NN46110-600 315897-F Rev 02 January 2008 Document status: Standard

600 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01821-4130

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. The statements, configurations, technical data, and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without express or implied warranty. Users must take full responsibility for their applications of any products specified in this document. The information in this document is proprietary to Nortel Networks.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that license. The software license agreement is included in this document.

Trademarks

Nortel Networks, the Nortel Networks logo, and Nortel VPN Router are trademarks of Nortel Networks. Adobe and Acrobat Reader are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. NETVIEW is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp (IBM). OPENView is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company. SPECTRUM is a trademark of Cabletron Systems, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Restricted rights legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013.

Notwithstanding any other license agreement that may pertain to, or accompany the delivery of, this computer software, the rights of the United States Government regarding its use, reproduction, and disclosure are as set forth in the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52.227-19.

Statement of conditions

In the interest of improving internal design, operational function, and/or reliability, Nortel Networks Inc. reserves the right to make changes to the products described in this document without notice.

Nortel Networks Inc. does not assume any liability that may occur due to the use or application of the product(s) or circuit layout(s) described herein.

Portions of the code in this software product may be Copyright © 1988, Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms of such portions are permitted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that such portions of the software were developed by the University of California, Berkeley. The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from such portions of the software without specific prior written permission.

SUCH PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

In addition, the program and information contained herein are licensed only pursuant to a license agreement that contains restrictions on use and disclosure (that may incorporate by reference certain limitations and notices imposed by third parties).

NN46110-600

Nortel Networks Inc. software license agreement

This Software License Agreement (“License Agreement”) is between you, the end-user (“Customer”) and Nortel Networks Corporation and its subsidiaries and affiliates (“Nortel Networks”). PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING CAREFULLY. YOU MUST ACCEPT THESE LICENSE TERMS IN ORDER TO DOWNLOAD AND/OR USE THE SOFTWARE. USE OF THE SOFTWARE CONSTITUTES YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. If you do not accept these terms and conditions, return the Software, unused and in the original shipping container, within 30 days of purchase to obtain a credit for the full purchase price.

“Software” is owned or licensed by Nortel Networks, its parent or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates, and is copyrighted and licensed, not sold. Software consists of machine-readable instructions, its components, data, audio-visual content (such as images, text, recordings or pictures) and related licensed materials including all whole or partial copies. Nortel Networks grants you a license to use the Software only in the country where you acquired the Software. You obtain no rights other than those granted to you under this License Agreement. You are responsible for the selection of the Software and for the installation of, use of, and results obtained from the Software.

1. Licensed Use of Software. Nortel Networks grants Customer a nonexclusive license to use a copy of the Software on only one machine at any one time or to the extent of the activation or authorized usage level, whichever is applicable. To the extent Software is furnished for use with designated hardware or Customer furnished equipment (“CFE”), Customer is granted a nonexclusive license to use Software only on such hardware or CFE, as applicable. Software contains trade secrets and Customer agrees to treat Software as confidential information using the same care and discretion Customer uses with its own similar information that it does not wish to disclose, publish or disseminate. Customer will ensure that anyone who uses the Software does so only in compliance with the terms of this Agreement. Customer shall not a) use, copy, modify, transfer or distribute the Software except as expressly authorized; b) reverse assemble, reverse compile, reverse engineer or otherwise translate the Software; c) create derivative works or modifications unless expressly authorized; or d) sublicense, rent or lease the Software. Licensors of intellectual property to Nortel Networks are beneficiaries of this provision. Upon termination or breach of the license by Customer or in the event designated hardware or CFE is no longer in use, Customer will promptly return the Software to Nortel Networks or certify its destruction. Nortel Networks may audit by remote polling or other reasonable means to determine Customer’s Software activation or usage levels. If suppliers of third party software included in Software require Nortel Networks to include additional or different terms, Customer agrees to abide by such terms provided by Nortel Networks with respect to such third party software.

2. Warranty. Except as may be otherwise expressly agreed to in writing between Nortel Networks and Customer, Software is provided “AS IS” without any warranties (conditions) of any kind. NORTEL NETWORKS DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES (CONDITIONS) FOR THE SOFTWARE, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND ANY WARRANTY OF NON-INFRINGEMENT. Nortel Networks is not obligated to provide support of any kind for the Software. Some jurisdictions do not allow exclusion of implied warranties, and, in such event, the above exclusions may not apply.

3. Limitation of Remedies. IN NO EVENT SHALL NORTEL NETWORKS OR ITS AGENTS OR SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: a) DAMAGES BASED ON ANY THIRD PARTY CLAIM; b) LOSS OF, OR DAMAGE TO, CUSTOMER’S RECORDS, FILES OR DATA; OR c) DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS OR SAVINGS), WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) ARISING OUT OF YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF NORTEL NETWORKS, ITS AGENTS OR SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THEIR POSSIBILITY. The forgoing limitations of remedies also apply to any developer and/or supplier of the Software. Such developer and/or supplier is an intended beneficiary of this Section. Some jurisdictions do not allow these limitations or exclusions and, in such event, they may not apply.

4. General

a. If Customer is the United States Government, the following paragraph shall apply: All Nortel Networks

Software available under this License Agreement is commercial computer software and commercial computer software documentation and, in the event Software is licensed for or on behalf of the United States

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

Government, the respective rights to the software and software documentation are governed by Nortel Networks standard commercial license in accordance with U.S. Federal Regulations at 48 C.F.R. Sections

12.212 (for non-DoD entities) and 48 C.F.R. 227.7202 (for DoD entities).

b. Customer may te rminate the license at any time. Nortel Networks may terminate the license if Customer fail s

to comply with the terms and conditions of this license. In either event, upon termination, Customer must either return the Software to Nortel Networks or certify its destruction.

c. Customer is responsible for payment of any taxes, including personal property taxes, resulting from

Customer’s use of the Software. Customer agrees to comply with all applicable laws including all applicable

export and import laws and regulations. d. Neither party may bring an action, regardless of form, more than two years after the cause of the action arose. e. The terms and conditions of this License Agreement form the complete and exclusiv e agreement between

Customer and Nortel Networks. f. This License Agreement is governed by the laws of the country in which Customer acquires the Software. If

the Software is acquired in the United States, then this License Agreement is governed by the laws of the state

of New York.

NN46110-600

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Before you begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Text conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Related publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hard-copy technical manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

How to get help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Finding the latest updates on the Nortel Web site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Getting help from the Nortel Web site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Getting help over the phone from a Nortel Solutions Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Getting help from a specialist by using an Express Routing Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Getting help through a Nortel distributor or reseller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

New in this release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

LDAP proxy password management support for Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

LDAP 3DES password encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LDAP user configurable encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LDAP optimization scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

RADIUS dynamic filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

CRL Retrieval Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Authentication services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Contents 1

LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SSL and digital certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Tunnel certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Authentication servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Configuring servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Using IPsec client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

LDAP database servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

LDAP encryption keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

2 Contents

RADIUS authentication service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Configuring DHCP servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Configuring remote user IP address pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Configuring DHCP relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Configuring SSL administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Configuring DNS servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Using certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Configuration information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

External LDAP key information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Changing from DES to 3DES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3DES external LDAP information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3DES external LDAP proxy information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Encrypting with 3DES password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Configuring LDAP user encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Optimizing LDAP scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Configuring internal LDAP server authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Configuring LDAP proxy server authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

LDAP proxy user authentication and password management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

LDAP V3-compliant LDAP server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

LDAP server without LDAP control support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Monitoring LDAP servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Configuring RADIUS authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

RADIUS authentication class attribute values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

RADIUS-Assigned Framed-IP-Address attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Configuring IPsec authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Configuring RADIUS dynamic filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Configuring PPTP and RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Configuring group-level RADIUS authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Vendor-specific RADIUS attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Configuring RADIUS accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Browser security checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Configuring SSL/TLS and configuring HTTP services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

LDAP server SSL encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Installing LDAP certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

LDAP special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

NN46110-600

Contents 3

External LDAP proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Configurable warning time for certificate expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

VPN security using digital certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Setting up public key infrastructure (PKI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

CA and X.509 certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Loading certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Generating a server certificate request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Installing server certificates using cut and paste #7 and #10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Installing server certificates using CMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Installing trusted CA certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Setting certificate parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Trusted CA certificate settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Group assignment by user identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Allow All policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Access control by Subject DN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Group and certificate association configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

CA key update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Configuring a certificate revocation list (CRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Configuring CRL servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Configuring CRL Retrieval Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

CRL distribution points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

CRL retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Enabling certificate use for tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Identifying individual users with certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Identifying branch offices with certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

IPsec authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

L2TP/IPsec authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

4 Contents

NN46110-600

Figures

Figure 1 Authenticating users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 2 Authentication servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 4 Enable 3DES window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 5 LDAP proxy server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 6 LDAP proxy user authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 7 LDAP Proxy Server password management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 8 RADIUS authentication class attribute values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 9 SSL administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 10 HTTPS services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figure 11 Select ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 12 LDAP special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Figure 13 Sample CMP environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 14 CA Key Update ready for authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Figure 15 CRL distribution points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Figures 1

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

2 Figures

NN46110-600

Tables

Table 1 RADIUS class attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Table 2 RADIUS example details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Table 3 Syntax of attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Tables 1

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

2 Tables

NN46110-600

Preface

This guide describes how to configure the Nortel VPN Router authentication services and digital certificates.

Before you begin

This guide is for network managers who are responsible for setting up and configuring the Nortel VPN Router. This guide assumes that you have experience with windowing systems or graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and familiarity with network management.

Text conventions

This guide uses the following text conventions:

angle brackets (< >) Indicate that you choose the text to enter based on the

description inside the brackets. Do not type the brackets when entering the command.

Example: If the command syntax is

ping <ip_address>, you enter ping 192.32.10.12

bold Courier text

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

Indicates command names and options and text that you need to enter.

Example: Use the Example: Enter

show health command.

terminal paging {off | on}.

4 Preface

braces ({}) Indicate required elements in syntax descriptions where

there is more than one option. You must choose only one of the options. Do not type the braces when entering the command.

Example: If the command syntax is

source {external | internal}

ldap-server source external or

either

ldap-server source internal

ldap-server

, you must enter

, but not both.

brackets ([ ]) Indicate optional elements in syntax descriptions. Do

not type the brackets when entering the command. Example: If the command syntax is

show ntp [associations], you can enter

show ntp or show ntp associations.

either Example: If the command syntax is default rsvp

[token-bucket default rsvp, default rsvp token-bucket depth, or default rsvp token-bucket rate.

{depth | rate}], you can enter

ellipsis points (. . . ) Indicate that you repeat the last element of the

command as needed. Example: If the command syntax is

more diskn:<directory>/...<file_name>,

you enter

more and the fully qualified name of the file.

NN46110-600

italic text Indicates new terms, book titles, and variables in

command syntax descriptions. Where a variable is two or more words, the words are connected by an underscore.

Example: If the command syntax is

ping <ip_address>, ip_address is one variable

and you substitute one value for it.

plain Courier text

Indicates system output, for example, prompts and system messages.

Example:

File not found.

separator ( > ) Shows menu paths.

Example: Choose Status > Health Check.

Preface 5

Acronyms

vertical line (

This guide uses the following acronyms:

AVPAIR Cisco's Vendor specific RADIUS Attribute Value Pair

CA Certification Authority

CDP CRL distribution points

CRL certificate revocation list

FTP File Transfer Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

IKE IPsec Key Exchange

| ) Separates choices for command keywords and

arguments. Enter only one of the choices. Do not type the vertical line when entering the command.

Example: If the command syntax is

terminal paging {off | on}, you enter either terminal paging off or terminal paging on,

but not both.

ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management

Protocol

ISP Internet service provider

L2TP Layer2 Tunneling Protocol

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LAN local area network

PDN public data networks

POP point-of-presence

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

6 Preface

UDP User Datagram Protocol

VPN virtual private network

WAN wide area network

Related publications

For more information about the Nortel VPN Router, refer to the following publications:

• Release notes provide the latest information, including brief descriptions of the new features, problems fixed in this release, and known problems and workarounds.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—Basic Features (NN46220-500) introduces the product and provides information about initial setup and configuration.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—SSL VPN Services (NN46110-501) provides instructions for configuring services on the SSL VPN Module 1000, including authentication, networks, user groups, and portal links.

• Nortel VPN Router Security—Servers, Authentication, and Certificates (NN46110-600) provides instructions for configuring authentication services and digital certificates.

• Nortel VPN Router Security—Firewalls, Filters, NAT, and QoS (NN46110-601) provides instructions for configuring the Stateful Firewall and interface and tunnel filters.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—Tunneling Protocols (NN46110-503) provides configuration information for the tunneling protocols IPsec, L2TP, PPTP, and L2F.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—Routing (NN46110-504) provides instructions for configuring BGP, RIP, OSPF, and VRRP, as well as instructions for configuring ECMP, routing policy services, and client address redistribution (CAR).

• Nortel VPN Router Troubleshooting (NN46110-602) provides information about system administrator tasks such as backup and recovery, file management, and upgrading software, and instructions for monitoring VPN Router status and performance. This book also provides troubleshooting information and inter operability considerations.

NN46110-600

• Nortel VPN Router Using the Command Line Interface (NN46110-507) provides syntax, descriptions, and examples for the commands that you can use from the command line interface.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—Client (NN46110-306) provides information for setting up client software for the VPN Router.

• Nortel VPN Router Configuration—TunnelGuard (NN46110-307) provides information about configuring and using the TunnelGuard feature.

Hard-copy technical manuals

You can print selected technical manuals and release notes free, directly from the Internet. Go to www.nortel.com/documentation, find the product for which you need documentation, then locate the specific category and model or version for your hardware or software product. Use Adobe Reader to open the manuals and release notes, search for the sections you need, and print them on most standard printers. Go to Adobe Systems at www.adobe.com to download a free copy of the Adobe Reader.

Preface 7

How to get help

This chapter explains how to get help for Nortel products and services.

Finding the latest updates on the Nortel Web site

The content of this documentation was current at the time the product was released. To check for updates to the latest documentation and software for VPN Router, click one of the following links:

Link to Takes you directly to the

Latest software Nortel page for VPN Router software located at:

www130.nortelnetworks.com/cgi-bin/eserv/cs/ main.jsp?cscat=SOFTWARE&resetFilter=1&poid =12325

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

8 Preface

Getting help from the Nortel Web site

Link to Takes you directly to the

Latest documentation Nortel page for VPN Client documentation

located at: www130.nortelnetworks.com/cgi-bin/eserv/cs/

main.jsp?cscat=DOCUMENTATION&resetFilter= 1&poid=12325

The best way to get technical support for Nortel products is from the Nortel Technical Support Web site:

www.nortel.com/support

This site provides quick access to software, documentation, bulletins, and tools to address issues with Nortel products. From this site, you can:

• download software, documentation, and product bulletins

• search the Technical Support Web site and the Nortel Knowledge Base for answers to technical issues

• sign up for automatic notification of new software and documentation for Nortel equipment

• open and manage technical support cases

Getting help over the phone from a Nortel Solutions Center

NN46110-600

If you do not find the information you require on the Nortel Technical Support Web site, and you have a Nortel support contract, you can also get help over the phone from a Nortel Solutions Center.

In North America, call 1-800-4NORTEL (1-800-466-7835).

Outside North America, go to the following web site to obtain the phone number for your region:

www.nortel.com/callus

Preface 9

Getting help from a specialist by using an Express Routing Code

To access some Nortel Technical Solutions Centers, you can use an Express Routing Code (ERC) to quickly route your call to a specialist in your Nortel product or service. To locate the ERC for your product or service, go to:

www.nortel.com/erc

Getting help through a Nortel distributor or reseller

If you purchased a service contract for your Nortel product from a distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff for that distributor or reseller.

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

10 Preface

NN46110-600

New in this release

The following section details what is new in Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates for Release 7.0.

Features

See the following sections for information about feature changes:

• LDAP proxy password management support for Active Directory

• LDAP 3DES password encryption

• LDAP user configurable encryption key

• LDAP optimization scheduling

• RADIUS dynamic filtering

• CRL Retrieval Scheduling

LDAP proxy password management support for Active Directory

The Microsoft Active Directory is a server type that you select on the Servers > LDAP Proxy window to manage passwords. With this option, if your password is expired, a pop-up window appears, forcing you to change the password. You do not receive a notification when the password is about to expire. To change the password, you must have a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection between the VPN Router and Active Directory. This feature extends the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Proxy password management function to Active Directory.

For more information about Microsoft Active Directory, see “LDAP server

without LDAP control support” on page 38.

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

12 New in this release

LDAP 3DES password encryption

The VPN Router can store shared secrets that are encrypted with 3DES, but you must first enable the feature. You enable 3DES by selecting Servers > LDAP and clicking TripleDES.

For more information about encryption of shared secrets, see “Encrypting with

3DES password” on page 27.

LDAP user configurable encryption key

In previous releases, passwords stored in LDAP were encrypted with the same encryption key across all VPN Routers. This enhancement provides more security on the VPN Router by allowing you to enter a desired encryption key for passwords.

For more information about the user encryption key, see “Configuring LDAP user

encryption key” on page 28.

LDAP optimization scheduling

NN46110-600

With the LDAP optimization scheduling option, the VPN Router administrator can configure the time and day that the LDAP database is optimized.

LDAP optimization is a process that frees all unused memory blocks and deletes any deleted LDAP data structures, making the LDAP database lookups faster and more efficient. The disadvantages of the LDAP optimization process are that it runs at the LDAP priority and is very CPU intensive. In environments with heavy traffic and very large LDAP databases, the optimization can cause timeouts and data drops.

For more information about LDAP optimization scheduling, see “Optimizing

LDAP scheduling” on page 29.

RADIUS dynamic filtering

You can set up and manage policy filters in the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server. If you use a RADIUS server to authenticate users, the VPN Router can retrieve those policy filters from the server. IPsec user tunnels are dynamically filtered based on attributes returned from the authenticating RADIUS server. The returned dynamic filters are then prepended to the groups filter to which the user is bound.

For more information about RADIUS dynamic filtering, see “Configuring

RADIUS dynamic filters” on page 51.

CRL Retrieval Scheduling

With CRL Retrieval Scheduling, the Nortel VPN Router administrator can configure the time and day that a CRL request is sent to the CRL Server.

The CRL process has disadvantages because it is run at the LDAP priority and it is very CPU intensive. In environments with heavy volume traffic and very large LDAP CRLs, the CRL process can cause timeouts and data drops. The administrator can use the CRL Update Specific Time to avoid these timeouts and data drops.

New in this release 13

You can use the GUI or the CLI to configure CRL Retrieval Scheduling.

For more information about CRL Retrieval Scheduling, see “Configuring CRL

Retrieval Scheduling” on page 88.

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

14 New in this release

NN46110-600

Chapter 1 Authentication services

The remote user attempting to dial in to the VPN Router must be authenticated before gaining access to the corporate network. Authentication is one of the most important functions that the VPN Router provides because it identifies users and drives many other aspects of the user-centric functionality.

For authentication and access control, the VPN Router supports an internal or external Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server and external Remote Authentication Dial-In User Services (RADIUS) servers. External LDAP proxy server support allows authentication of users against existing LDAP databases.

Figure 1 shows how users are authenticated.

Figure 1 Authenticating users

The VPN Router uses a group profile mechanism to augment support for several authentication services. When a remote user attempts to access the network, the VPN Router references a particular group profile to determine encryption strength, filtering profile, and quality of service attributes for that user.

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16 Chapter 1 Authentication services

With user- and group-specific profiles, you can group common attributes while preserving the flexibility to make exceptions for individual users. The product features and network access that apply to a user are controlled by the user identity, rather than by the source IP address or another mechanism. This is necessary to support mobile users and users coming from other organizations.

LDAP

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) emerged from the X.500 directory service. LDAP is gaining acceptance as the directory model for the Internet. Microsoft*, Netscape*, and Novell* all support LDAP in their directory service strategies. LDAP is based on directory entries; it has an Internet person schema that defines standard attributes and you can extend it to include other attributes. A directory service is a central repository of user information; for example, the VPN Router supports the following elements using LDAP:

•groups

•users

• filters

• services

RADIUS

NN46110-600

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Services (RADIUS) is a distributed security system that uses an authentication server to verify dial-up connection attributes and authenticate connections. RADIUS is commonly used for remote access authentication.

Many security systems are configured with a RADIUS front end to facilitate remote access authentication. RADIUS is also the most common authentication mechanism used by ISPs. Novell NDS*, Microsoft Windows NT* Domains, and Security Dynamics ACE Server* all support RADIUS authentication. Windows NT Domain authentication controls access to NT file servers and other resources on NT networks. The RADIUS server provides a place to store user passwords, because users generally remember their file server passwords.

The X.509 digital certificates authentication mechanism works with public key encryption to provide a level of assurance that users are who they say they are.

SSL and digital certificates

The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol uses digital certificates to establish secure, authenticated connections between SSL clients and servers.

The VPN Router uses a digital certificate sent from an SSL-capable LDAP server to authenticate that server. In order for digital certificate authentication to succeed, you must import a certificate from the authority certifying the LDAP server into the VPN Router's certificate store. This type of certificate is often referred to as a CA root certificate.

A single CA root certificate can certify the authenticity of multiple LDAP servers, depending on the organization of your environment's certification hierarchy.

Chapter 1 Authentication services 17

Tunnel certificates

The VPN Router uses X.509 certificates for authentication to IPsec-based tunnel connections. The VPN Router supports RSA* digital signature authentication in the IPsec ISAKMP key management protocol. Remote users can authenticate themselves to the VPN Router using a public key pair and a certificate as credentials. In addition, the VPN Router uses its own key pair and certificate to authenticate the VPN Router to the user. The VPN Router currently supports the Entrust* product suite and Microsoft certificates.

The VPN Router supports retrieval of X.509v3 certificates from Microsoft certificate storage through the Microsoft CryptoAPI (MS CAPI). Microsoft certificate storage uses standard messages (PKCS #12) to import digital certificates granted by third-party certificate authorities. This allows the VPN Router and VPN Client to use CAs that are not tightly integrated with the client and VPN Router.

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

18 Chapter 1 Authentication services

Certificate payload transports certificates or other certificate-related information through ISAKMP and can appear in any ISAKMP message. Certificate payloads are included in an exchange whenever an appropriate directory service (such as Secure DNS) is not available to distribute certificates. The VPN Router supports Microsoft native client (L2TP/IPsec) PKCS #7 termination in chained environments.

Using certificates for tunnel connections requires the creation of a public key infrastructure (PKI) to issue and manage certificates for remote users and VPN Router servers.

Authentication servers

The VPN Router supports LDAP and RADIUS authentication servers. The VPN Router always attempts to authenticate a remote user against the internal or external LDAP profiles.

Note: If you authenticate using RADIUS or LDAP authentication, you must use unique names for the Group ID and User ID.

NN46110-600

Figure 2 shows a VPN Router and authentication servers.

Chapter 1 Authentication services 19

Figure 2 Authentication servers

RADIUS 3

Internal LDAP

10/100 LAN

VPN Router

RADIUS 2

RADIUS 1

External

LDAP 1

LDAP 2

LDAP 3

The user ID (UID) is checked against the LDAP profile database. If the UID is found in the LDAP database, the user is assigned to a group and acquires that group’s attributes. Next, the password is checked, and if it is correct, the VPN Router forms a tunnel.

If the UID is not in the profile LDAP (internal or external) database, and if you specified RADIUS as the next server to check, the UID and password is checked against the RADIUS database. If the UID and password are correct, the VPN Router checks to see if the RADIUS server returned a class attribute. The RADIUS class attribute is treated as an LDAP group name. If a RADIUS class attribute is returned, and it names an existing LDAP group, the VPN Router applies the attributes of this group to this user’s session, and forms a tunnel. If the group name does not exist, the user is given the RADIUS default group’s attributes. If the UID and password are incorrect, the VPN Router rejects the user request.

IPsec behaves the same as a PPTP session; the RADIUS server defines the group for the user after authentication using the class attribute group identifier. The only difference between IPsec and PPTP is that if the RADIUS server does not return a class attribute, the group associated with the IPsec group ID is used instead of the

Nortel VPN Router Security — Servers, Authentication, and Certificates

20 Chapter 1 Authentication services

RADIUS default group. You configure the IPsec Group ID in the Authentication section of the Profiles > Groups > Edit > Configure IPsec window. You configure the PPTP default group on the Servers > RADIUS Auth window, RADIUS Users Obtain Default Settings from the Group option.

Note: The group that the user is bound to must allow the authentication method that is used when the session is started.

If the UID is not in the profile LDAP (internal or external) database and if you specified LDAP proxy as the next server to check, the UID and password is checked against the LDAP proxy database.

Figure 3 illustrates the steps in user validation.

NN46110-600

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