ORION TELESCOPES & BINOCULARS SkyQuest XT10 9990 Instruction Manual

Providing Exceptional Consumer Optical Products Since 1975
Customer Support (800) 676-1343 E-mail: support@telescope.com
Corporate Offices (831) 763-7000 P.O. Box 1815, Santa Cruz, CA 95061
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
®
SkyQuest™ XT10
Dobsonian Reflector
#9990
2
W
elcome to an exciting new world of adventure!
Your SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian is a high-quality opti­cal instrument designed to bring you dazzling views of the outer reaches of our universe.With special new innov ations, such as the CorrecTension (XT) Friction Optimization system, large f ormat focuser, and deluxe accessory package, this telescope represents a giant leap forward in the evolution of the Dobsonian. Whether you are brand-new to amateur astronomy or a seasoned stargazer, the SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian will provide many evenings of enjoyment and fascination.
Secondary mirror holder with 3-vane spider (not visible)
Right side panel
Front brace
Handle
Top baseplate
Ground baseplate
Finder scope
Finder scope bracket
Eyepiece
Focus knob
Optical tube
Altitude side bearing
CorrecTension (XT)
Friction Optimization system
Pull loop
Eyepiece rack
Primary
mirror cell
Left side panel
Figure 1. The SkyQuest XT10 par ts diagram.
Foot (3)
3
1. Unpacking
The telescope will arrive in two boxes, one containing the optical tube assembly and accessories, the other containing the unassembled Dobsonian base. Be careful unpacking the boxes. We recommend keeping the original shipping contain­ers. In the event that the telescope needs to be shipped to another location, or returned to Orion for warranty repair, ha v­ing the proper shipping containers will help ensure that your telescope will survive the journey intact.
Make sure all the parts in the Parts List below are present.Be sure to check box es carefully, as some parts are small.If any­thing appears to be missing or broken, immediately call Orion Customer Support (800-676-1343) for assistance.
Parts List
Box #1: Optical Tube Assembly and Accessories
Qty. Description 1 Optical tube assembly 1 Dust cover 1 25mm Plössl eyepiece, 1.25" barrel diameter 1 9mm Plössl eyepiece, 1.25" barrel diameter 1 8x50 finder scope 1 Finder scope bracket 6 Finder scope alignment thumb screws with
knurled lock nuts
1 Moon filter 1 Eyepiece rack 2 Eyepiece rack mounting wood screws (length 3/4") 2 Spring coils 2 Pull loops 4 Nylon spacers (black) 2 1/4" washers (black) 2 Phillips-head screws (black, length 1-3/4") 2 Screws with round knobs attached
1 Handle 2 Socket head cap screws, 5/16" (black) 2 5/16" washers (black) 2 5/16" nuts (black) 1 Large Allen wrench (6mm)
Box #2: Dobsonian Base
Qty. Description 1 Left panel 1 Right panel 1 Front brace 1 Top baseplate 1 Ground baseplate 12 Base assembly screws (length 2") 1 Small Allen wrench (size 4mm) 3 Plastic feet 3 Feet attachment wood screws (length 1") 1 Self-adhesive rubber bumper 1 Large hex-head bolt (length 3") 2 3/8" washers 1 3/8" lock nut 1 Nylon spacer (white) 1 T-nut
WARNING:
Never look directly at the Sun through your telescope or its finder scope—even for an instant—without a professionally made solar filter that completely covers the front of the instrument, or permanent eye damage could result.Young children should use this telescope only with adult supervision.
Table of Contents
1. Unpacking............................................................................................................................. 3
2. Assembly.............................................................................................................................. 4
3. Using Your Telescope ......................................................................................................... .. 7
4. Collimation (Aligning the Mirrors)....................................................................................... 10
5. Astronomical Observing ....................................................................................................... 12
6. Care and Maintenance......................................................................................................... 15
7. Specifications........................................................................................................................ 16
4
2. Assembly
Now that you hav e unpac k ed the boxes and familiarized your­self with all the parts in front of you, it’s time to begin assembly.The optics of the telescope are already installed in the tube, so most of the required assembly concerns the Dobsonian base.
Assembly of the Dobsonian base
Refer to Figure 2 during base assembly.The base need only be assembled once, unless you disassemble it for long-term stor­age.The assembly process takes about 30 minutes and requires a Phillips screwdriver, an adjustable crescent wrench, and the provided Allen wrenches.When tightening screws, tighten them until firm, but be careful not to strip the holes by over-tightening. If you use an electric screwdriver, do final tightening with a stan­dard screwdriver to avoid stripping.
1. Screw the plastic feet into the underside of the ground baseplate (A) using the self-tapping wood screws provided, with a Phillips screwdriver. Inser t the screws through the feet and thread them into the predrilled starter holes.
2. Loosely attach the front brace (B) to the two side panels (C) with six of the base assembly screws in the predrilled holes. Use the smaller Allen wrench to tighten the screws. The side panels should be oriented so the SkyQuest labels are facing outward.Do not completely tighten the screws yet.
3. Attach the two sides (C) with the front brace attached to
the top baseplate (D) with the remaining six base assem­bly screws in the predrilled holes.Tighten all six screws.
4. Tighten the six side screws installed earlier.
5. Insert the white nylon bushing (E) into the hole in the cen­ter of the top baseplate (D).Tap the nylon bushing in so it goes all the way into the top baseplate.The nylon bushing should be flush with the top surface of the top baseplate.
6. Insert the T-nut (K) into the center hole of the ground base­plate (A) so the nut’s flanged top is on the same side of the baseplate as the Teflon pads. Thread the large hex-head bolt (G) with a 3/8" washer (F) attached up through the ground baseplate and through the T-nut until it is tight. Now position the top baseplate (D) (with side panels attached) over the ground baseplate and lower it so the bolt goes through the nylon spacer in the center hole of the top base­plate. Now thread the remaining 3/8" washer (H) and lock nut (I) onto the bolt’s shaft.You might need to hold the bolt’s head in place with another crescent wrench or pliers. Tighten the lock nut with the wrench just enough to allow a slight separation of the top and bottom baseplates when the mount is lifted.The purpose of the lock nut is merely to keep the two baseplates from coming apart when moving the tel­escope. Overtightening the lock nut (I) will make the mount difficult to rotate in the azimuthal (horizontal) direction.
7. Attach the handle (J) to the front brace (B) with the two black socket-head screws. Inser t the screws through the handle and into the predrilled holes.Place the 5/16" wash­ers and 5/16" nuts on the protruding ends of the screws. Tighten the nuts with a crescent wrench while holding the screws stationary with the large Allen wrench.
8. The rubber bumper (L) provides a convenient “stop” for the telescope’s altitude motion; it prevents the telescope mirror cell from being knocked against the hard surface of the base’s front brace .At the bottom of the interior surface of the front brace, you will notice a small index mark engraved. Remove the backing from the rubber bumper and position the bumper over the inde x mark, as shown in Figure 3.Press firmly so the adhesive holds the bumper securely in place.
Figure 2. Exploded view of the Dobsonian base.
C
C
B
D
J
A
F
I
H
K
L
E
G
Figure 3. Position the rubber bumper “stop” over the index mark on the inside surface of the front brace.
5
Installing the Eyepiece Rack
The aluminum eyepiece rack is a standard accessory on SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonians.It holds four 1.25" ey epieces in a convenient place on the base, within easy reach while you’re observing. A 1.25" barlow lens also can be held in the rack.
About halfway down the left side panel of the base you will notice two predrilled starter holes, about 6" apar t. Take the black wood screws that come packaged with the rack, insert them through the small holes in the rack, and then thread them into the starter holes with a Phillips screwdriver until tight (but do not overtighten!). Orient the rack as in Figure 4.
Placing the Optical Tube on the Dobsonian Base
Lift the optical tube and set the altitude bearings on either side of the tube in the “cradle” of the base (Figure 5). The unique flange design of the altitude bearing allows for auto­matic left-to-right centering of the optical tube in the cradle. Once in the cradle, the tube should pivot freely up and down with gentle hand pressure. Note that the tube will not yet be properly balanced, since the eyepiece and finder scope are not in place, and the CorrecTension system has not been installed.
Installing the CorrecTension (XT) Friction Optimization System
Perhaps the most exciting new feature of the SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian is the CorrecTension Friction Optimization sys­tem. Because of their relatively light weight, 10" and smaller Dobsonians have always been plagued by insufficient friction on the altitude bearing surfaces.As a result, such telescopes move up and down much too freely. This causes problems when the observer tries to accurately center and track an object for viewing, especially at higher powers. Also, the tele­scope becomes very sensitive to balance, requiring additional equipment such as counterweight systems or adjustable side bearings to compensate.
SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonians employ a simple yet effective remedy for the friction problem that obviates the need for such cumbersome countermeasures. CorrecTension Friction Optimization utilizes a spring coil to “pull” the tube assembly down onto the altitude bearing pads, thereby increasing the friction by just the right amount.With CorrecTension, you can change eyepieces or add a barlow lens without having to tediously adjust the telescope’s balance as you would with other Dobsonians. The altitude friction will roughly equal the azimuth friction, ensuring optimal performance.
To install the CorrecTension assembly, follow these steps while referring to Figure 6:
1. Put one of the black nylon spacers on a black Phillips head screw.The spacer should be oriented so the narrow end seats against the head of the screw. Slip one of the
Figure 4. Using the two supplied screws, install the aluminum eyepiece rack in the predrilled holes about halfway down the left side panel of the base.
Figure 6. Close-up view of the CorrecTension system.
Black nylon
spacers
1/4" washer
(black)
Altitude side bearing
Bolt w/round knob
Spring Phillips head
screw (black) Pull loop
Figure 5. Set the optical tube on the “cradle” of the base so that the altitude side bearings on the tube rest on the white plastic “pads.”
black 1/4" washers o ver the end of the screw.Now, thread the screw into the hole in the base side panel just below the cradle. The screw will thread into the preinstalled insert in the hole. Use a Phillips screwdriver to tighten the screw. Repeat this procedure on the opposite side panel.
2. Next, insert one of the screws with round plastic knob attached through the end ring of one of the springs. Slip a black nylon spacer onto the screw. Orient the spacer so the narrow end is closest to the knob. Thread the entire assembly into the hole in the center of the telescope’ s alti­tude side bearing until tight. The end ring of the spring should seat onto the narrow end of the spacer.Repeat this procedure for the other altitude side bearing.
3. Attach a pull loop to the free end of each spring. Slide the loop through the opening in the ring on the end of the spring.
4. Now, pull each spring down using the pull loop, and posi­tion the spring’s end ring over the head of the Phillips
screw (installed in step 1) and onto the narrow part of the nylon spacer, as shown in Figure 7. You needn’t attach both springs simultaneously; one at a time is fine.
The CorrecTension system is now installed and engaged. If you wish to remove the telescope from the base, you will first need to disconnect the springs from the “posts” on the Dobsonian base. The springs will remain captive on the alti­tude side bearings, so they will not get lost.
Installing the Finder Scope
SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonians come with a high quality, large aperture 8x50 achromatic crosshair finder scope and a preci­sion metal finder scope bracket as standard equipment.This greatly aids in finding objects to view in the night sky, which will be discussed in detail later.
Before attaching the finder scope bracket to the telescope tube, it is convenient to first install the finder in the bracket. Thread the six finder scope alignment thumb screws (with knurled lock nuts attached) into the holes on the outside of the finder bracket’s rings. Slide the finder scope through the bracket’s rings and secure it in place with the alignment thumb screws; make sure the knurled lock nuts are ade­quately loosened to do this. The finder scope should be oriented within the finder bracket as shown in Figure 8.
Now , connect the entire assemb ly to the telescope .Do this by first removing the round knurled nuts on the two threaded bolts adjacent to the focuser. Then position the holes in the base of the finder bracket over the bolts, and secure the bracket in place with the two round n uts.The large (objective) end of the finder scope should be pointing toward the front (open) end of the telescope tube.
Inserting an Eyepiece
The final step in the assembly process is to insert an eye­piece into the telescope’s focuser.Take the cover cap off the end of the focuser drawtube. Loosen the thumb screw on the
1.25" eyepiece adapter (see Figure 9).Do not loosen the two thumb screws on the 2" eyepiece adapter. Inser t one of the supplied eyepieces, then secure it by retightening the thumb screw on the 1.25" eyepiece adapter.The other eyepiece can be placed in the eyepiece rack until it is needed.
6
Figure 7: (a) To attach the spring to the base, grip the pull loop with your index finger and pull down on the spring.(b) While pulling down, slip the end ring of the spring over the screw head and onto the narrow part of the nylon spacer, then release the pull loop.
a.
b.
Figure 8:The 8x50 finder scope and bracket.
Round
knurled nut
Knurled lock nut
Alignment thumb screw
Lock ring
7
The assembly of your SkyQuest Dobsonian is now complete. It should appear as shown in Figure 1. The dust cap on the front of the telescope tube should always remain in place when the telescope is not in use.It is also a good idea to store eyepieces in an eyepiece case and to replace the cover caps on the focuser and finder scope when the telescope is idle.
3. Using Your Telescope
It is best to get a feel for the basic functions of the SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian during the day, before observ­ing astronomical objects at night. This way you will not have to fumble around trying to orient yourself in the dark! Find a spot outdoors where you have plenty of room to move around the telescope, and where you have a clear view of some object or vista that is at least 1/4-mile away. It is not critical that the base be exactly level, but it should be placed on somewhat flat ground or pavement to ensure smooth movement of the telescope.
Remember, ne v er point the telescope at or near the Sun with­out using a proper solar filter over the front aperture!
Altitude and Azimuth
The Dobsonian base of the SkyQuest XT10 permits motion of the telescope along two axes: altitude (up/down) and azimuth (left/right) (see Figure 10). This is very con­venient, since up/down and left/right are the most “natural” ways that people aim.As a result, pointing the telescope is exceptionally easy.
Simply take hold of the telescope tube and move it left or right so the base rotates about its central azimuth bolt, and move it up or down so the altitude side bearings rotate in the base’s cradle. Both motions can be made simultane­ously and in a continuous manner for easy aiming. Move the telescope gently - let it glide. In this way you can point the telescope to any position in the night sky, from horizon to horizon.
When moving the telescope, it may be convenient to grasp the front end of the telescope tube so that your fingers just protrude into it; this provides a convenient “handle”.
Focusing the Telescope
Insert the low power 25mm eyepiece into the focuser and secure it with the thumb screw on the 1.25" adapter. Move the telescope so the front (open) end is pointing in the general direction of an object at least 1/4-mile away. Now, with your fingers, slowly rotate one of the focusing knobs until the object comes into sharp focus. Go a little bit beyond sharp focus until the image just starts to blur again, then reverse the rotation of the knob, just to make sure you’ve hit the exact focus point.
If you have trouble focusing, rotate the focusing knob so the drawtube is in as far as it will go. Now look through the eyepiece while slowly rotating the focusing knob in the opposite direction.You should soon see the point at which focus is reached.
The black nylon thumb screw on the top of the body of the focuser (see Figure 9) is to lock the f ocuser dr a wtube in place once the telescope is properly focused. Before refocusing, remember to first loosen this thumb screw.
Viewing with Eyeglasses
If you wear eyeglasses, you may be able to keep them on while you observe, if your eyepieces have enough eye relief to allow you to see the whole field of view.You can try this by looking through the eyepiece first with your glasses on and then with them off, and see if the glasses restrict the view to only a portion of the full field. If they do, you can easily
Altitude
Azimuth
Figure 10. The SkyQuest has two axes of motion: altitude (up/down) and azimuth (left/right).
Figure 9:The large format focuser with eyepiece adapters attached.The focuser will accept eyepieces with barrel diameters of both 1.25" and 2".
Focus knob
2"
eyepiece
adapter
Focus
lock
thumb
screw
1.25" eyepiece adapter
8
observe with your glasses off by just refocusing the telescope the needed amount. If you suffer from severe astigmatism, however, you may find images noticeably sharper with your glasses on.
Aligning the Finder Scope
The finder scope must be aligned accurately with the tele­scope for proper use.To align it, first aim the main telescope in the general direction of an object at least 1/4-mile away ­the top of a telephone pole, a chimney, etc. Position that object in the center of the telescope’s eyepiece.
Now, look in the finder scope. Is the object visible? Ideally, it will be somewhere in the field of view.If it is not, some coarse adjustments of the six finder scope alignment thumb screws will be needed to get the finder scope roughly parallel to the main tube.
NOTE:The image in both the finder scope and the main tele­scope will appear upside-down (rotated 180°).This is normal for finder scopes and reflector telescopes (see Figure 11).
With the image in the finder scope’s field of vie w, you will now use the six alignment thumb screws to center the object on the intersection of the crosshairs.
By loosening one alignment thumb screw and tightening anoth­er, you change the line of sight of the finder scope.The round, knurled lock nuts installed on the alignment thumb screws must be adequately loosened to allow the thumb screws to be threaded in or out.Continue making adjustments to the various alignment thumb screws until the image in both the finder scope and the telescope’s eyepiece is exactly centered.
Check the alignment by moving the telescope to another object and fixing the finder scope’s crosshairs on the exact
point you want to look at. Then look through the telescope’s eyepiece to see if that point is centered in the field of view.If it is, the job is done. If not, make the necessary adjustments until the two images match up. Once the finder scope is aligned, turn the lock nuts clockwise until finger-tight to secure the alignment thumb screws in place.
The finder scope alignment needs to be checked before every observing session. This can easily be done at night, before viewing through the telescope.Choose any bright star or plan­et, center the object in the telescope eyepiece, and then adjust the finder scope’s alignment thumb screws until the star or planet is also centered on the finder’s crosshairs. The finder scope is an invaluable tool for locating objects in the night sky; its usage for this purpose will be discussed later.
Focusing the Finder Scope
If, when looking through the finder scope, the images appear somewhat out of focus, you will need to refocus the finder scope for your eyes. Loosen the lock ring located behind the objective lens cell on the body of the finder scope (see Figure
8). Back the lock ring off by a few turns, for now.Refocus the finder scope on a distant object by threading the objective lens cell in or out on the finder scope body. Precise focusing will be achieved by focusing the finder scope on a bright star. Once the image appears sharp, retighten the lock ring behind the objective lens cell. The finder scope’s focus should not need to be adjusted again.
Aiming/Pointing the Telescope
With the finder scope aligned, the telescope can be quickly and accurately pointed at anything you wish to observe.The finder scope has a much wider field of view than the tele­scope’s eyepiece, and therefore it is much easier to first center an object in the finder scope.Then, if the finder scope is accurately aligned, the object will also be centered in the telescope’s field of view.
Start by once again moving the telescope until it is pointed in the general direction of the object you want to see. Some observers find it convenient to sight along the tube to do this. Now, look in the finder scope. If your general aim is accurate, the object should appear somewhere in the field of view. Make small adjustments to the telescope’s position until the object is centered on the finder’s crosshairs.Now, look in the telescope’s eyepiece and enjoy the view!
Magnification
Now that the object you want to view is well centered in the 25mm eyepiece, you may want to increase the magnification to get a closer view. Loosen the thumb screw on the 1.25" eyepiece adapter and remove the eyepiece. Place it in the eyepiece rack, if you wish. Insert the 9mm eyepiece into the
1.25" eyepiece adapter , then retighten the thumb scre w .If you were careful not to bump the telescope, the object should still be centered within the field of view. Notice that the object being viewed is now larger, but somewhat dimmer.
The SkyQuest XT10 is designed to accept any eyepiece with a barrel diameter of 1.25" or 2". Magnification, or power, is determined by the focal length of the telescope and the focal
Naked-eye view
Figure 11. The view through a standard finder scope and reflector telescope is upside down.This is tr ue for the SkyQuest and its finder scope as well.
View through finder scope and telescope
9
length of the eyepiece.Therefore, by using eyepieces of dif­ferent focal lengths , the resultant magnification can be v aried.
Magnification is calculated as follows:
Magnification =
Telescope Focal Length (mm)
Eyepiece Focal Length (mm)
The SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian has a focal length of 1250mm. So, the magnification with the supplied 25mm eye­piece is 1250mm ÷ 25mm = 50x. The magnification provided by the 9mm eyepiece is 1250mm ÷ 9mm = 139x.
The maximum attainable magnification for a telescope is directly related to how much light its optics can collect. A tel­escope with more light collecting area, or aperture, can yield higher magnifications than a smaller aperture telescope. The maximum practical magnification for any telescope, regard­less of optical design, is about 50x per inch of aperture. This translates to about 500x for the SkyQuest XT10.
Keep in mind that as magnification is increased, the bright­ness of the object being viewed will decrease; this is an inherent principle of the physics of optics and cannot be avoided. If magnification is doubled, an image appears four times dimmer. If magnification is tripled, image br ightness is reduced by a factor of nine!
Note About High Magnifications:
Maximum magnifications are achieved only under the most ideal viewing conditions at the best observing sites. Most of the time, magnifications are limited to 200x or less, regard­less of aperture. This is because the Earth’s atmosphere distorts light as it passes through. On nights of good “seeing”, the atmosphere will be still and will yield the least amount of distortion. On nights of poor seeing, the atmosphere will be turbulent, which means different densities of air are rapidly mixing.This causes significant distortion of the incoming light, which prevents sharp views at high magnifications.
Tube Balance
Dobsonians are designed to balance with standard supplied accessories, such as an eyepiece and a finder scope. But what if you want to use other accessories such as a barlow lens or a heavy 2" eyepiece? Traditional Dobsonian designs expect the user to compensate for heavier accessories by adding weight to the opposite end of the telescope tube.Such counterweighting systems can be expensive and unwieldy.
The CorrecTension Friction Optimization system of the SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian, however, solves the finicky bal­ance problem. The spring coils pull the tube down onto the base, thereby increasing the friction on the altitude bearing pads! With CorrecTension, the added weight of small front­end loads will not adversely affect the balance of the telescope.
If you install an array of heavier accessories onto your SkyQuest XT10’s optical tube, y ou ma y need at some point to counterbalance the telescope with a counterweight system.
Carrying the Telescope
Moving the SkyQuest XT10 is easy to do. Remove any eye­pieces from the telescope and eyepiece rac k, and place them
in an eyepiece case.You can also remove the finder scope and finder scope bracket, if you wish. Disengage the CorrecTension springs by unhooking them from the posts on the base, using the pull loops.The spr ings remain captive on the telescope side bearings.The base and tube are now dis­engaged and can be transported separately.
To carry the base, simply grasp the handle on the front of it. The tube should be carried with two hands. One way to do this is to grasp the tube with one hand while grasping the mir­ror cell end with the other (Figure 12).Another way is to gr asp the tube with both hands around its circumference (Figure
13). Be careful when setting the tube down on its end so as not to bend or damage the primary mirror collimation screws on the bottom of the primary mirror cell.
Figure 13: Another way to carry the tube is to grasp the tube with both hands around its circumference.
Figure 12: You can carry the tube by grasping the tube with one hand while grasping the mirror cell end with the other.
10
When putting the SkyQuest into a vehicle, common sense prevails. It is especially important that the optical tube does not knock around; this can cause the optics to become mis­aligned, and could dent the tube. We recommend transporting and storing the tube assembly in a padded case for proper protection.
4. Collimation
(Aligning The Mirrors)
Collimation is the process of adjusting the mirrors so they are perfectly aligned with one another .Y our telescope’s optics were aligned at the factory, and should not need much adjustment unless the telescope was handled roughly during shipment. Accurate alignment is important to ensure the peak perform­ance of your telescope, so it should be checked regularly. Collimation is relatively easy to do and can be done in daylight.
T o chec k the collimation, remove the e yepiece and look down the focuser drawtube .Y ou should see the secondary mirror centered in the drawtube as well as the reflection of the primary mirror centered in the secondary mirror, and the reflection of the sec­ondary mirror (and your eye) centered in the reflection of the
primary mirror, as in Figure 14a. If anything is off-center, as in Figure 14b, proceed with the f ollowing the collimation procedure.
It helps to put a piece of white paper on the inside of the optical tube opposite the focuser. It forms a bright background behind the secondary mirror, making it easier to distinguish the mirror holder from the background.
Use a Collimating Tool
To aid in centering your line of sight down the focuser drawtube, and in centering the mirror reflections during collimation, it is very helpful to use a precision collimating tool containing crosshairs, such as the Orion Collimating Eyepiece (#3640). We strongly recommend that you purchase one.
Alternatively, you can make a crude collimating tool out of an empty, black plastic 35mm film canister. It will not have crosshairs, so it won’t be as precise, but it will be better than nothing. Cut 1/2" from the top lip of the canister and put a 1/16" to 1/8" diameter hole in the center of its bottom.The film canister collimating tool goes into the focuser like an eyepiece, with the bottom end out.
Aligning the Secondary Mirror
With eyepiece removed, look straight down the open focuser drawtube at the secondary (diagonal) mirror. Ignore the
Figure 14. Collimating the optics. (a) When the mirrors are properly aligned, the view down the focuser drawtube should look like this. (b) If the optics are out of alignment, the view might look something like this.(c) Here, the secondary mirror is centered under the focuser, but it needs to be adjusted (tilted) so that the entire primary mirror is visible. (d) The secondary mirror is correctly aligned, but the primary mirror still needs adjustment.When the primary mirror is correctly aligned, the eye will be centered, as in (a).
a.
b.
c.
d.
reflections for the time being. The secondary mirror itself should be centered in the focuser drawtube, in the direction parallel to the length of the telescope. If it isn’t, as in Figure 14b, it must be adjusted.(It helps to adjust the secondary mir­ror in a brightly lit room with the telescope pointed toward a bright surface, such as white paper or a wall.) Loosen the three small alignment screws in the center hub of the sec­ondary mirror holder several turns. Now hold the secondary mirror holder stationary (be careful not to touch the surface of the secondary mirror!), while turning the center Phillips head screw (as in Figure 15). Turning the bolt clockwise will move the secondary mirror toward the front opening of the optical tube, while turning the bolt counter-clockwise will move the secondary mirror toward the primary mirror.
When the secondary mirror is centered in the focuser draw­tube, rotate the secondary mirror holder slightly until the reflection of the primary mirror is as centered in the second­ary mirror as it will get. It still may not be perfectly centered, but that is OK. Now tighten the three alignment screws to secure the secondary mirror in that position. This adjustment will rarely need to be done, if ever.
If the entire primary mirror reflection is not visible in the sec­ondary mirror, as in Figure 14c, you will need to adjust the tilt of the secondary mirror.This is done by alternately loosening one of the three alignment screws while tightening the other two, as depicted in Figure 16. The goal is to center the pri-
mary mirror reflection in the secondary mirror, as in Figure 14d. Don’t worry that the reflection of the secondary mirror (the smallest circle, with your eye reflected in it) is off-center, you will fix that in the next step.
Adjusting the Primary Mirror
The final adjustment is made to the primary mirror. It will need adjustment if, as in Figure 14d, the secondary mirror is centered under the focuser and the reflection of the pri­mary mirror is centered in the secondary mirror, but the small reflection of the secondary mirror (with your eye inside) is off-center.
The tilt of the primary mirror is adjusted with three spring­loaded collimation thumb screws on the back end of the optical tube (bottom of the primary mirror cell); these are the larger thumb screws. The other three smaller thumb screws lock the primary mirror’s position in place; these thumb screws must be loosened before any collimation adjustments can be made to the primary mirror.
To start, unthread the thumb screws that lock the primary mir­ror in place a few turns each (Figure 17).The thumb screws are slotted, so if they are too difficult to loosen with your fin­gers, use a flat-head screwdriver.
Now, try tightening or loosening one of the spring-loaded col­limation thumb screws one turn (Figure 18). Look into the focuser and see if the secondary mirror reflection has moved closer to the center of the primary mirror reflection. Repeat this process on the other two collimation thumb screws, if
11
Figure 15.To center the secondary mirror under the focuser, hold the secondary mirror holder in place with your fingers while adjusting the center screw with a Phillips screwdriver. Do not touch the mirror’s surface!
Figure 16: Adjust the tilt of the secondar y mirror by loosening
or tightening the three alignment screws with a Phillips screwdriver.
Figure 17: The three thumb screws that lock the primary
mirror in place must first be loosened before any adjustments can be made.
Figure 18: The tilt of the pr imar y mirror is adjusted by turning
one or more of the three spring-loaded collimation thumb screws.
12
necessary .It will take a little trial and error to get a feel for how to tilt the mirror in this way to center the reflection.(It helps to have two people for primary mirror collimation, one to look in the focuser while the other adjusts the collimation thumb screws.) Do not loosen (i.e., rotate counter-clockwise) each collimation thumb screw too much, or the thumb screw will completely unthread from the mirror cell. Rather, try tighten­ing the other two collimation thumb screws.
Once the secondary mirror reflection is centered in the pri­mary mirror reflection, retighten the thumb screws that lock the primary mirror’s position in place.
The view through the focuser should now resemble Figure 14a;the reflection of the primary mirror is centered in the sec­ondary mirror, and the reflection of the secondary mirror is centered in the reflection of the primary mirror.
A simple star test will tell you whether the optics are accu­rately collimated.
Star-Testing the Telescope
When it is dark, point the telescope at a bright star and accu­rately center it in the eyepiece’s field-of-view. Slowly defocus the image with the focusing knob. If the telescope is correctly collimated, the expanding disk should be a perfect circle (Figure 19). If the image is unsymmetrical, the scope is out of collimation. The dark shadow cast by the secondary mirror should appear in the very center of the out-of-focus circle, like the hole in a doughnut.If the “hole”appears off-center, the tel­escope is out of collimation.
If you try the star test and the bright star you have select­ed is not accurately centered in the eyepiece, then the optics will always appear out of collimation, even though they may be perfectly aligned. It is critical to keep the star centered, so over time you will need to make slight correc­tions to the telescope’s position in order to account for the sky’s apparent motion.
5. Astronomical Observing
For many users, the SkyQuest XT10 telescope will be a major leap into the world of amateur astronomy.This section
is intended to get you ready for your voyages through the night sky.
Observing Tips
A. Site Selection
Pick a location awa y from street lights and bright yard lighting. Avoid vie wing o v er rooftops and chimneys , as the y often ha v e warm air currents rising from them, which distort the image seen in the eyepiece. Similarly, you should not observe through an open window from indoors. Better yet, choose a site out-of-town, away from any “light pollution”. You’ll be stunned at how many more stars you’ll see! Most important­ly, make sure that any chosen site has a clear view of a large portion of the sky.
B. Seeing and Transparency
Atmospheric conditions play a huge part in quality of view­ing. In conditions of good “seeing”, star twinkling is minimal and objects appear steady in the eyepiece. Seeing is best overhead, worst at the horizon. Also, seeing generally gets better after midnight, when much of the heat absorbed by the Earth during the day has radiated off into space. Typically, seeing conditions will be better at sites that have an altitude over about 3000 feet. Altitude helps because it decreases the amount of distortion causing atmosphere you are looking through.
A good way to judge if the seeing is good or not is to look at bright stars about 40° above the horizon. If the stars appear to “twinkle”, the atmosphere is significantly distorting the incoming light, and views at high magnifications will not appear sharp. If the stars appear steady and do not twinkle, seeing conditions are probably good, and higher magnifica­tions will be possible.
Also, seeing conditions are typically poor during the day. This is because the heat from the Sun warms the air and causes turbulence.
Good “transparency” is especially important for observing faint objects. It simply means the air is free of moisture, smoke, and dust. All tend to scatter light, which reduces an object’s brightness.
C. Cooling the Telescope
All optical instruments need time to reach “thermal equilibri­um” to achieve maximum stability of the lenses and mirrors, which is essential for peak performance.When moved from a warm indoor location outside to cooler air (or vice-versa), a telescope needs time to cool to the outdoor temperature.The bigger the instrument and the larger the temperature change, the more time will be needed.
Allow at least 30 minutes for your SkyQuest XT10 to equili­brate. If the scope has more than a 40° temperature adjustment, allow an hour or more.In the winter, storing the telescope outdoors in a shed or garage greatly reduces the amount of time needed for the optics to stabilize.It also is a good idea to keep the scope covered until the Sun sets so the tube does not heat greatly above the temperature of the outside air.
Figure 19: A star test will determine if a telescope’s optics are properly collimated. An unfocused view of a bright star through the eyepiece should appear as illustrated on right if optics are perfectly collimated. If circle is unsymmetrical, as in illustration on left, scope needs collimation.
Out of collimation Collimated
13
D. Let Your Eyes Dark-Adapt
Do not expect to go from a lighted house into the darkness of the outdoors at night and immediately see faint nebulas, galaxies, and star clusters- or even very many stars, for that matter. Your eyes take about 30 minutes to reach perhaps 80% of their full dark-adapted sensitivity. Many observers notice improvements after several hours of total darkness. As your eyes become dark-adapted, more stars will glimmer into view and you will be able to see fainter details in objects you view in your telescope.Exposing your eyes to very bright day­light for extended periods of time can adversely affect your night vision for days. So give yourself at least a little while to get used to the dark before you begin observing.
To see what you are doing in the darkness, use a red-filtered flashlight rather than a white light. Red light does not spoil your eyes’ dar k adaptation like white light does. A flashlight with a red LED light is ideal, or you can cover the front of a regular incandescent flashlight with red cellophane or paper. Beware, too, that nearby porch and streetlights and automo­bile headlights will spoil your night vision.
Tracking Celestial Objects
The Earth is constantly rotating about its polar axis, complet­ing one full rotation every 24 hours; this is what defines a “day”.We do not feel the Earth rotating, but we can tell that it is at night by seeing the apparent movement of stars from east to west.This movement translates into a rate of .25° per minute, or 15 arc-seconds per second.(There are 60 arc-min­utes in 1°, and 60 arc-seconds in one arc-minute.) This is called the sidereal rate.
When you observe any astronomical object, you are watching a moving target.This means the telescope’s position must be slowly updated over time to k eep an object in the field of vie w. To keep the object in the telescope’s field of view (to “track” it), the telescope must be moved by small increments every now and then, in the direction the object is moving. This is easy to do with a SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian because of its buttery smooth motion on both axes.As the object moves off toward the edge of the field of view, you just lightly nudge the telescope to bring it back to the center.
You will notice that it is more difficult to track objects when the telescope tube is aimed nearly straight up.This is inherent to the basic design of the Dobsonian, and stems from the fact that there is very little leverage to move in azimuth when the tube is in a near-vertical position. To gain more leverage, try grasping the tube close to the altitude side bearings with both hands. Also, when looking overhead, if the telescope cannot be moved any more in altitude, rotate the telescope 180° in azimuth to continue motion.
Remember that objects appear to move across the field of view faster at higher magnifications.This is because the field of view becomes narrower.
Eyepiece Selection
By using eyepieces of varying focal lengths, it is possible to attain many magnifications with the SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonian.The telescopes come with two high-quality Plossl
eyepieces: a 25mm, which gives a magnification of 50x, and a 9mm, which gives a magnification of 139x.Other eyepieces can be used to achieve higher or lower powers. It is quite common for an observer to own five or more eyepieces to access a wide range of magnifications. This allows the observer to choose the best eyepiece to use depending on the object being viewed. At least to begin with, the two sup­plied eyepieces will suffice nicely.
Whatever you choose to view, always start by inser ting your lowest power (longest focal length) eyepiece to locate and center the object. Low magnification yields a wide field of view, which shows a larger area of sky in the eyepiece.This makes acquiring and centering an object much easier. If you try to find and center objects with high power (narrow field of view), it’s like trying to find a needle in a haystack!
Once you’ve centered the object in the eyepiece, you can switch to higher magnification (shorter focal length eyepiece), if you wish. This is especially recommended for small and bright objects, like planets and double stars.The Moon also takes higher magnifications well.
Deep-sky objects, howe ver, typically look better at medium or low magnifications. This is because many of them are quite faint, yet have some extent (apparent width). Deep-sky objects will often disappear at higher magnifications, since greater magnification inherently yields dimmer images.This is not the case for all deep-sky objects, how ever.Many galaxies are quite small, yet are somewhat bright, so higher power may show more detail.
The best rule of thumb with eyepiece selection is to start with a low power, wide field, and then work your way up in magni­fication. If the object looks better, try an even higher magnification. If the object looks worse, then back off the magnification a little by using a lower power eyepiece.
Use of 2" Eyepieces
The SkyQuest XT10 comes with a large format focuser (Figure 9) as standard equipment. Because of its large size, it is able to accept eyepieces that have a 2" barrel diameter. 2" eyepieces are desirable because they allow for a wider field of view than 1.25" eyepieces. Many observers own at least one 2" eyepiece to yield the largest field of view possi­ble for looking at wide deep sky objects, such as open star clusters and gaseous nebulae. 2" eyepieces can also give nice views of the Moon.
To use a 2" eyepiece, simply remove the 1.25" eyepiece adapter from the end of the focuser drawtube. You must first loosen the two thumb screws on the 2" eyepiece adapter to do this.Now, insert a 2" eyepiece into the focuser, and secure it with the two thumb screws. Focus the eyepiece as described previously.
You’ll be stunned at the wide fields of view that 2" eye­pieces can deliver. It makes you feel like you’re floating through space!
Objects to Observe
Now that you are all set up and ready to go, one critical deci­sion must be made: what to look at?
14
A. The Moon
With its rocky surface, the Moon is one of the easiest and most interesting targets to view with your telescope. Lunar craters, marias, and even mountain ranges can all be clear­ly seen from a distance of 238,000 miles away! With its ever-changing phases, you’ll get a new view of the Moon every night.The best time to observe our one and only nat­ural satellite is during a partial phase, that is, when the Moon is NOT full. Dur ing partial phases, shadows are cast on the surface, which reveal more detail, especially right along the border between the dark and light portions of the disk (called the “terminator”). A full Moon is too bright and devoid of sur­face shadows to yield a pleasing view.Make sure to observe the Moon when it is well above the horizon to get the sharpest images.
Use the included Moon filter to dim the Moon when it is very bright. It simply threads onto the bottom of the eyepieces (you must first remove the eyepiece from the focuser to attach a filter).You’ll find that the Moon filter improves view­ing comfort, and also helps to bring out subtle features on the lunar surface.
B. The Sun
You can change your nighttime telescope into a daytime Sun viewer by installing an optional full-aperture solar filter over the front opening of a SkyQuest XT10.The primary attraction is sunspots, which change shape, appearance, and location daily. Sunspots are directly related to magnetic activity in the Sun. Many observers like to make drawings of sunspots to monitor how the Sun is changing from day to day.
Important Note: Do not look at the Sun with any optical instru­ment without a professionally made solar filter , or permanent ey e damage could result.
C. The Planets
The planets don’t stay put like the stars, so to find them you should refer to Sky Calendar at our website (www.tele­scope.com), or to charts published monthly in Astronomy, Sky & Telescope, or other astronomy magazines. Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are the brightest objects in the sky after the Sun and the Moon.Your SkyQuest XT10 is capable of showing you these planets in some detail. Other planets may be visible but will likely appear starlike. Because planets are quite small in apparent size, optional higher power eye­pieces are recommended and often needed for detailed observations. Not all the planets are generally visible at any one time.
JUPITER The largest planet, Jupiter, is a great subject for observation. You can see the disk of the giant planet and watch the ever-changing positions of its four largest moons ­Io, Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede. Higher power eyepieces should bring out the cloud bands on the planet’s disk.
SATURN The ringed planet is a breathtaking sight when it is well positioned.The tilt angle of the rings varies over a period of many years; sometimes they are seen edge-on, while at other times they are broadside and look like giant “ears” on each side of Saturn’s disk. A steady atmosphere (good see-
ing) is necessary for a good view. You will probably see a bright “star” close by, which is Saturn’s brightest moon, Titan.
VENUS At its brightest, Venus is the most luminous object in the sky, excluding the Sun and the Moon. It is so bright that sometimes it is visible to the naked eye during full daylight! Ironically, Venus appears as a thin crescent, not a full disk, when at its peak brightness.Because it is so close to the Sun, it never wanders too far from the morning or evening horizon. No surface markings can be seen on Venus, which is always shrouded in dense clouds.
MARS The Red Planet makes its closest approach to Earth every two years. During close approaches you’ll see a red disk, and may be able to see the polar ice cap.To see surface detail on Mars, you will need a high power eyepiece and very steady air!
D. The Stars
Stars will appear like twinkling points of light. Even power­ful telescopes cannot magnify stars to appear as more than a point of light! You can, however, enjoy the different colors of the stars and locate many pretty double and mul­tiple stars. The famous “Double-Double” in the constellation Lyra and the gorgeous two-color double star Albireo in Cygnus are favorites. Defocusing a star slightly can help bring out its color.
E. Deep-Sky Objects
Under dark skies, you can observe a wealth of fascinating deep-sky objects, including gaseous nebulas, open and glob­ular star clusters, and a variety of different types of galaxies. Most deep-sky objects are very faint, so it is important that you find an observing site well away from light pollution.Take plenty of time to let your eyes adjust to the darkness.Do not expect these subjects to appear like the photogr aphs y ou see in books and magazines; most will look like dim gray smudges. (Our eyes are not sensitive enough to see color in deep-sky objects except in a few of the brightest ones.) But as you become more experienced and your observing skills get sharper, you will be able to ferret out more and more sub­tle details and structure.
How to Find Deep-sky Objects: Starhopping
Starhopping, as it is called by astronomers, is perhaps the simplest way to hunt down objects to view in the night sky. It entails first pointing the telescope at a star close to the object you wish to observe, and then progressing to other stars clos­er and closer to the object until it is in the field of view of the eyepiece. It is a very intuitive technique that has been employed for hundreds of years by professional and amateur astronomers alike. Keep in mind, as with any new task, that starhopping may seem challenging at first, but will become easier over time and with practice.
To starhop, only a minimal amount of additional equipment is necessary. A star chart or atlas that shows stars to at least magnitude 5 is required. Select one that shows the positions of many deep-sky objects, so you will have a lot of options to choose from. If you do not know the positions of the constel-
15
lations in the night sky, you will need to get a planisphere to identify them.
Start by choosing bright objects to view.The brightness of an object is measured by its visual magnitude; the brighter an object, the lower its magnitude.Choose an object with a visu­al magnitude of 9 or lower. Many beginners start with the Messier objects, which represent some of the best and bright­est deep-sky objects, first catalogued about 200 years ago by the French astronomer Charles Messier.
Determine in which constellation the object lies. Now, find the constellation in the sky. If you do not recognize the constella­tions on sight, consult a planisphere. The planisphere gives an all-sky view and shows which constellations are visible on a given night at a given time.
Now, look at your star chart and find the brightest star in the constellation that is near the object you are trying to find. Using the finder scope, point the telescope at this star and center it on the crosshairs. Next, look again at the star char t and find another suitably bright star near the bright star cur­rently centered in the finder. Keep in mind that the field of view of the finder scope is approximately 5°, so you should choose another star that is no more that 5° from the first star, if possible. Move the telescope slightly, until the telescope is centered on the new star.
Continue using stars as guideposts in this way until you are at the approximate position of the object you are trying to find (Figure 20). Look in the telescope’s eyepiece, and the object should be somewhere within the field of view.If it’s not, s weep the telescope carefully around the immediate vicinity until the object is found.
If you have trouble finding the object, start the starhop again from the brightest star near the object you wish to view. This time, be sure the stars indicated on the star chart are in fact the stars you are centering in the eyepiece. Remember, the finder scope (and main telescope eyepiece, for that matter) gives an inverted image, so you must keep this in mind when starhopping from star to star.
Note About Astrophotography
SkyQuest XT10 Dobsonians are designed for visual, not pho­tographic, use. The Dobsonian mount is not an equatorial type mount, so it cannot be motor driven for long exposure astrophotography. SkyQuests have also been optically opti­mized for visual use, since photographic optimization degrades visual performance.
6. Care and Maintenance
If you give your telescope reasonable care, it will last a life­time. Store it in a clean, dr y, dust-free place, safe from rapid changes in temperature and humidity. Do not store the tele­scope outdoors, although storage in a garage or shed is OK. Small components like eyepieces and other accessories should be kept in a protective box or storage case. Keep the cap on the front of the telescope when it is not in use.
The telescope requires very little mechanical maintenance. The optical tube is steel and has a smooth painted finish that is fairly scratch-resistant. If a scratch does appear on the tube, it will not harm the telescope.If you wish, you ma y apply some auto touch-up paint to the scratch. Smudges on the tube can be wiped off with a soft cloth and a household cleaner such as Windex or Formula 409.
Cleaning Lenses
Any quality optical lens cleaning tissue and optical lens clean­ing fluid specifically designed for multi-coated optics can be used to clean the exposed lenses of your eyepieces or finder scope. Never use regular glass cleaner or cleaning fluid designed for eyeglasses. Before cleaning with fluid and tis­sue, however, blow any loose particles off the lens with a blower bulb or compressed air. Then apply some cleaning fluid to a tissue, never directly on the optics. Wipe the lens gently in a circular motion, then remove any excess fluid with a fresh lens tissue. Oily fingerprints and smudges may be removed using this method. Use caution; rubbing too hard may scratch the lens. On larger lenses, clean only a small area at a time, using a fresh lens tissue on each area. Never reuse tissues.
Cleaning Mirrors
You should not have to clean the telescope’s mirrors very often; normally once every year or so.Covering the telescope with the dust cap when it is not in use will prevent dust from accumulat­ing on the mirrors. Improper cleaning can scratch mirror coatings, so the fewer times you have to clean the mirrors, the better. Small specks of dust or flecks of paint have virtually no effect on the visual performance of the telescope.
Figure 20. Starhopping is a good way to locate hard-to-find objects. Refer to a star chart to map a route to the object that uses bright stars as guideposts. Center the first star you’ve chosen in the finder scope and telescope eyepiece (1). Now move the scope carefully in the direction of the next bright star (2), until it is centered. Repeat (3 and 4). The last hop (5) should place the desired object in the eyepiece.
The large primary mirror and the elliptical secondar y mirror of your telescope are front-surface aluminized and over­coated with hard silicon monoxide, which prevents the aluminum from oxidizing. These coatings normally last through many years of use before requiring re-coating (which is easily done).
To clean the secondary mirror, first remov e it from the telescope. Do this by keeping the secondary mirror holder stationary with your fingers while unthreading the center Phillips head screw in the hub of the 3-vaned spider .The entire mirror holder will come out of the telescope. The secondary mirror itself cannot be removed from the holder because it is glued into place.Handle the entire assembly carefully by the holder only;do not touch the mirror surface.You can clean the secondary mirror in its holder by following the same procedure described below for cleaning the primary mirror.
To clean the primary mirror, carefully remove the mirror cell from the telescope.This is done by removing the six screws that con­nect the entire mirror cell to the steel tube. These screws are located on the outside of the tube, just above the mirror cell casting.
Now, remove the mirror from the mirror cell by first removing the four mirror clips that secure the mirror in its cell. Use a Phillips screwdriver to unthread the mirror clip anchor screws.Next, hold the mirror by its edge, and remov e it from the mirror cell.Be care­ful not to touch the aluminized surface of the mirror with your fingers! Set the mirror on a clean, soft towel.Fill a clean sink, free of abrasive cleanser, with room-temperature water, a few drops of liquid dishwashing detergent, and if possible, a cap-full of rub­bing alcohol. Submerge the mirror (aluminized face up) in the water and let it soak for several minutes (or hours if it’s a very
dirty mirror).Wipe the mirror under water with clean cotton balls, using extremely light pressure and stroking in straight lines across the surface.Use one ball for each wipe across the mirror. Then rinse the mirror under a stream of lukewarm water. Any particles on the surface can be swabbed gently with a series of clean cotton balls, each used just one time. Dr y the mirror in a stream of air (a “blower bulb” works great), or remove any stray drops of water with the corner of a paper towel.Water will run off a clean surface.Dry the bottom and edge surfaces with a towel (not the mirror surface!). Cover the mirror surface with Kleenex, and leave the entire assembly in a warm area until it is com­pletely dry before reassembling the telescope.
7. Specifications
SkyQuest XT10
Focal Length: 1250mm Aperture: 250mm Focal Ratio: f/5 Mirror Coatings: aluminum with SiO overcoat, 88% reflective Minor Axis of Secondary Mirror: 63mm Weight: 57.6 lbs. (tube 35.0 lbs., base 22.6 lbs.) Tube Length: 1220mm (48") Tube Outer Diameter: 303mm
One-Year Limited Warranty
This Orion SkyQuest XT Dobsonian Reflecting Telescope is warranted against defects in materials or workmanship for a period of one year from the date of purchase.This warranty is for the benefit of the original retail purchaser only.During this warranty period Orion Telescopes & Binoculars will repair or replace, at Orion’s option, any warranted instrument that proves to be defective, provided it is returned postage paid to: Orion Warranty Repair, 89 Hangar Way, Watsonville, CA 95076. If the product is not registered, proof of purchase (such as a copy of the original invoice) is required.
This warranty does not apply if, in Orion’s judgment, the instrument has been abused, mishandled, or modified, nor does it apply to normal wear and tear.This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and y ou may also have other rights, which vary from state to state. For further warranty service information, contact: Customer Service Department, Orion Telescopes & Binoculars, P. O. Box 1815, Santa Cruz, CA 95061; (800) 676-1343.
Orion Telescopes & Binoculars
Post Office Box 1815, Santa Cruz, CA 95061
Customer Support Help Line (800) 676-1343 • Day or Evening
Loading...