Orangepip Kona328 User Manual
Overview
The Kona328 is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which
6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.
The Kona328 differs from all preceding boards in that it does
not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Kona328 board has a resistor pulling the
8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Summary
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide
PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which
0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Power
The Kona328 can be powered via the USB connection or
with an external power supply. The power source is selected
automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC
adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board’s power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin
pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20
volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than ve volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN The input voltage to the Kona328 board when it’s using
an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from
the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
Kona328 Arduino
UNO Compatible
Development Board
Order code: 75-0550
5V The regulated power supply used to power the
microcontroller and other components on the board.
This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3 A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND Ground pins.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the
bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Kona328 can be used
as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In
addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) Used to receive (RX) and transmit
(TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3 These pins can be congured to
trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a
change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK) These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.
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LED: 13 There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13.
When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is
LOW, it’s off.
The Kona328 has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through
A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their
range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL) Support TWI communication
using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the
board:
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with
analogReference().
Reset Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically
used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on
the board.
See also the mapping between Orangepip pins and
ATmega328 ports?
Communication
The Kona328 has a number of facilities for communicating
with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers.
The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication,
which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication
over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The ‘8U2 rmware uses the standard USB
COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .inf le is required. The Arduino software includes
a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board
will ash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
Kona328 Arduino
UNO Compatible
Development Board
Order code: 75-0550
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any
of the Kona328’s digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to
simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details.
For SPI communication, use the SPI library. Programming
The Kona328 can be programmed with the Arduino software.
Select “Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according
to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the
reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Kona328 comes preburned with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without
the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header les).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the
microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega8U2 rmware source code is available. The
ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the
board and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel’s
FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new rmware. Or you can use the ISP
header with an external programmer.
Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button
before an upload, the Kona328 is designed in a way that
allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware ow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328
via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the
chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you
to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can
have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be wellcoordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Kona328
is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or
Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so,
the bootloader is running on the Kona328. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides
an upload of new code), it will intercept the rst few bytes
of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time conguration
or other data when it rst starts, make sure that the
software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data.
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