The CS5171/2/3/4 products are 280 kHz/560 kHz switching
regulators with a high efficiency, 1.5 A integrated switch. These parts
operate over a wide input voltage range, from 2.7 V to 30 V. The
flexibility of the design allows the chips to operate in most power
supply configurations, including boost, flyback, forward, inverting,
and SEPIC. The ICs utilize current mode architecture, which allows
excellent load and line regulation, as well as a practical means for
limiting current. Combining high frequency operation with a highly
integrated regulator circuit results in an extremely compact power
supply solution. The circuit design includes provisions for features
such as frequency synchronization, shutdown, and feedback controls
for either positive or negative voltage regulation. These parts are
pin−to−pin compatible with LT1372/1373.
• Frequency Foldback Reduces Component Stress During an
Overcurrent Condition
• Thermal Shutdown with Hysteresis
• Regulates Either Positive or Negative Output Voltages
• Shut Down Current: 50 A Maximum
• Pin−to−Pin Compatible with LT1372/1373
• Wide Temperature Range
♦ Industrial Grade: −40°C to 125°C
♦ Commercial Grade: 0°C to 125°C
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SOIC−8
D SUFFIX
CASE 751
PIN CONNECTIONS AND
MARKING DIAGRAM
CS5171/3
1
V
C
SS
CS5172/4
1
V
C
SS
x= 1, 2, 3, or 4
x= E, G
A= Assembly Location
L= Wafer Lot
Y= Year
W= Work Week
See detailed ordering and shipping information in the
package dimensions section on page 17 of this data sheet.
ORDERING INFORMATION
ALYW
ALYW
517xx
517xx
8
V
SW
PGNDFB
AGNDTest
V
CC
8
V
SW
PGNDTest
AGNDNFB
V
CC
Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2004
June, 2004 − Rev. 20
1Publication Order Number:
CS5171/D
0.01 F
SS
3.3 V
C1
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
R2
3.72 k
1
V
C
2
FB
3
Test
45
SS
PGND
AGND
CS5171/3
8
V
SW
7
6
L1
V
CC
22 H
D1
MBRS120T3
+
V
OUT
C3
22 F
5 V
R1
5 k
R3
1.28 k
+
C2
22 F
Figure 1. Applications Diagram
MAXIMUM RATINGS
RatingValueUnit
Junction Temperature Range, T
Storage Temperature Range, T
J
STORAGE
Package Thermal Resistance: Junction−to−Case, R
Junction−to−Ambient, R
JC
JA
−40 to +150°C
−65 to +150°C
45
165
°C/W
°C/W
Lead Temperature Soldering: Reflow (Note 1)230 Peak°C
ESD, Human Body Model1.2kV
Maximum ratings are those values beyond which device damage can occur. Maximum ratings applied to the device are individual stress limit
values (not normal operating conditions) and are not valid simultaneously . If these limits are exceeded, device functional operation is not implied,
damage may occur and reliability may be affected.
1. 60 second maximum above 183°C.
MAXIMUM RATINGS
Pin NamePin SymbolV
IC Power InputV
CC
MAX
30 V−0.3 VN/A200 mA
Shutdown/SyncSS30 V−0.3 V1.0 mA1.0 mA
V
MIN
I
SOURCE
I
SINK
Loop CompensationV
Voltage Feedback InputFB
C
6.0 V−0.3 V10 mA10 mA
10 V−0.3 V1.0 mA1.0 mA
(CS5171/3 only)
Negative Feedback Input
(transient, 10 ms)
NFB
(CS5172/4 only)
−10 V10 V1.0 mA1.0 mA
Test PinTest6.0 V−0.3 V1.0 mA1.0 mA
Power GroundPGND0.3 V−0.3 V4 A10 mA
Analog GroundAGND0 V0 VN/A10 mA
Switch InputV
SW
40 V−0.3 V10 mA3.0 A
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2
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (2.7 V< V
Commercial Grade: 0°C < T
Characteristic
< 125°C; For all CS5171/2/3/4 specifications unless otherwise stated.)
J
< 30 V; Industrial Grade: −40°C < TJ < 125°C;
CC
Test ConditionsMinTypMaxUnit
Positive and Negative Error Amplifiers
FB Reference Voltage (CS5171/3 only)VC tied to FB; measure at FB1.2461.2761.300V
NFB Reference Voltage (CS5172/4 only)VC = 1.25 V−2.55−2.45−2.35V
FB Input Current (CS5171/3 only)FB = V
REF
NFB Input Current (CS5172/4 only)NFB = NV
FB Reference Voltage Line Regulation
VC = FB−0.010.03%/V
REF
−1.00.11.0A
−16−10−5.0A
(CS5171/3 only)
NFB Reference Voltage Line Regulation
VC = 1.25 V−0.010.05%/V
(CS5172/4 only)
Positive Error Amp TransconductanceIVC = ± 25 A300550800Mho
Negative Error Amp TransconductanceIVC = ± 5 A115160225Mho
Positive Error Amp Gain(Note 2)200500−V/V
Negative Error Amp Gain(Note 2)100180320V/V
VC Source CurrentFB = 1.0 V or NFB = −1.9 V, VC = 1.25 V255090A
VC Sink CurrentFB = 1.5 V or NFB = −3.1 V, VC = 1.25 V2006251500A
VC High Clamp VoltageFB = 1.0 V or NFB = −1.9 V;
V
sources 25 A
C
1.51.71.9V
VC Low Clamp VoltageFB = 1.5 V or NFB = −3.1 V, VC sinks 25 A0.250.500.65V
VC ThresholdReduce VC from 1.5 V until switching stops0.751.051.30V
Oscillator
Base Operating FrequencyCS5171/2, FB = 1 V or NFB = −1.9 V230280310kHz
Reduced Operating FrequencyCS5171/2, FB = 0 V or NFB = 0 V3052120kHz
Maximum Duty CycleCS5171/29094−%
Base Operating FrequencyCS5173/4, FB = 1 V or NFB = −1.9 V460560620kHz
Reduced Operating FrequencyCS5173/4, FB = 0 V or NFB = 0 V60104160kHz
Maximum Duty CycleCS5173/48290−%
NFB Frequency Shift ThresholdFrequency drops to reduced operating frequency−0.80−0.65−0.50V
FB Frequency Shift ThresholdFrequency drops to reduced operating frequency0.360.400.44V
Sync/ Shutdown
Sync RangeCS5171/2320−500kHz
Sync RangeCS5173/4640−1000kHz
Sync Pulse Transition ThresholdRise time = 20 ns2.5−−V
SS Bias CurrentSS = 0 V
SS = 3.0 V
−15−−3.0
3.0
8.0
−
A
A
Shutdown Threshold−0.500.851.20V
Shutdown Delay2.7 V ≤ VCC ≤ 12 V
12 V < V
≤ 30 V
CC
12
12
80
36
350
200
s
s
2. Guaranteed by design, not 100% tested in production.
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CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (2.7 V< V
Commercial Grade: 0°C < T
< 125°C; For all CS5171/2/3/4 specifications unless otherwise stated.)
J
< 30 V; Industrial Grade: −40°C < TJ < 125°C;
CC
CharacteristicUnitMaxTypMinTest Conditions
Power Switch
I
Switch Saturation Voltage
= 1.5 A, (Note 3)
SWITCH
I
= 1.0 A, 0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 85°C
SWITCH
I
= 1.0 A, −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 0°C
SWITCH
I
= 10 mA
SWITCH
Switch Current Limit50% duty cycle, Note 3
80% duty cycle, Note 3
1.6
1.5
−
−
−
−
0.8
0.55
0.75
0.09
1.9
1.7
1.4
−
−
0.45
2.4
2.2
Minimum Pulse WidthFB = 0 V or NFB = 0 V, ISW = 4.0 A, (Note 3)200250300ns
ICC/ IV
SW
2.7 V ≤ VCC ≤ 12 V, 10 mA ≤ISW ≤ 1.0 A
12 V < V
2.7 V ≤ V
12 V < V
≤ 30 V, 10 mA ≤ISW ≤ 1.0 A
CC
≤ 12 V, 10 mA ≤ISW ≤ 1.5 A, (Note 3)
CC
≤ 30 V, 10 mA ≤ISW ≤ 1.5 A, (Note 3)
CC
−
−
−
−
10
17
30
−
100
30
−
100
Switch LeakageVSW = 40 V, VCC = 0V−2.0100A
General
Operating Current
Shutdown Mode CurrentVC < 0.8 V, SS = 0 V, 2.7 V ≤ VCC ≤ 12 V
Minimum Operation Input VoltageVSW switching, maximum I
3. Guaranteed by design, not 100% tested in production.
V
V
V
V
A
A
mA/A
mA/A
mA/A
mA/A
A
PACKAGE PIN DESCRIPTION
Package
Pin #
1V
2
(CS5171/3
only)
2
(CS5172/4)
3
(CS5171/3)
3
(CS5172/4)
4SSSynchronization and shutdown pin. This pin may be used to synchronize the part to nearly twice the base
5V
6AGNDAnalog ground. This pin provides a clean ground for the controller circuitry and should not be in the path of
7PGNDPower ground. This pin is the ground connection for the emitter of the power switching transistor. Connection
8V
Pin
Symbol
C
Loop compensation pin. The V
current limit and soft start. Loop compensation can be implemented by a simple RC network as shown in the
pin is the output of the error amplifier and is used for loop compensation,
C
Function
application diagram on page 2 as R1 and C1.
FBPositive regulator feedback pin. This pin senses a positive output voltage and is referenced to 1.276 V. When
the voltage at this pin falls below 0.4 V, chip switching frequency reduces to 20% of the nominal frequency.
TestThese pins are connected to internal test logic and should either be left floating or tied to ground. Connection
to a voltage between 2 V and 6 V shuts down the internal oscillator and leaves the power switch running.
NFBNegative feedback pin. This pin senses a negative output voltage and is referenced to −2.5 V. When the volt-
age at this pin goes above −0.65 V, chip switching frequency reduces to 20% of the nominal frequency.
frequency. A TTL low will shut the part down and put it into low current mode. If synchronization is not used,
this pin should be either tied high or left floating for normal operation.
Input power supply pin. This pin supplies power to the part and should have a bypass capacitor connected to
CC
AGND.
large currents. The output voltage sensing resistors should be connected to this ground pin. This pin is connected to the IC substrate.
to a good ground plane is essential.
High current switch pin. This pin connects internally to the collector of the power switch. The open voltage
SW
across the power switch can be as high as 40 V. To minimize radiation, use a trace as short as practical.
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4
V
CC
SS
NFB
CS5172/4
only
FB
CS5171/3
only
250 k
Shutdown
Delay
Timer
200 k
2.0 V
1.276 V
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
Thermal
Shutdown
2.0 V
Regulator
PWM
S
Latch
+
Sync
Negative
Error Amp
+
−
−0.65 V Detector
0.4 V Detector
−
+
Positive
Error Amp
Oscillator
Frequency
Shift 5:1
Q
R
Slope
Compensation
PWM
Comparator
−
Driver
Ramp
Summer
×5
Switch
63 m
V
SW
PGND
AGND
V
C
Figure 2. Block Diagram
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5
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
Current (mA)
5.8
5.6
0
Temperature (°C)
50100
Figure 3. ICC (No Switching) vs. Temperature
1200
1000
800
(mV)
600
CE(SAT)
400
V
200
0
5001000
I
SW
(mA)
VCC = 30 V
VCC = 12 V
VCC = 2.7 V
−40 °C
85 °C
25 °C
70
60
50
40
(mA/A)
30
20
10
0
1.9
1.8
(V)
1.7
IN
V
1.6
1.5
VCC = 30 V
ISW = 1.5 A
VCC = 12 V
VCC = 2.7 V
0
Temperature (°C)
50100
Figure 4. ICC/ IVSW vs. Temperature
010050
Temperature (°C)
285
280
275
270
(kHz)
OSC
265
f
260
255
Figure 5. V
010050
Temperature (°C)
CE(SAT)
vs. I
SW
Figure 7. Switching Frequency vs. Temperature
(CS5171/2 only)
Figure 6. Minimum Input V oltage vs. Temperature
570
565
560
555
550
(kHz)
545
OSC
f
540
535
530
525
520
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 8. Switching Frequency vs. Temperature
(CS5173/4 only)
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CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
VCC = (12 V)
100
−40°C
75
50
(% of Typical)
OSC
25
f
0
350
25°C
380400420450
V
(mV)
FB
Figure 9. Switching Frequency vs. V
(CS5171/3 only)
1.280
1.278
1.276
1.274
Voltage (V)
1.272
1.270
1.268
VCC = 2.7 V
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 11. Reference Voltage vs. Temperature
(CS5171/3 only)
85°C
FB
VCC = 12 V
VCC = 30 V
VCC = (12 V)
100
85°C
75
50
(% of Typical)
OSC
f
25
25°C
0
−550
−660
V
(mV)
NFB
Figure 10. Switching Frequency vs. V
(CS5172/4 only)
−2.42
−2.43
−2.44
−2.45
Voltage (V)
−2.46
−2.47
−2.48
= 12 V
V
CC
010050
Temperature (°C)
V
CC
Figure 12. Reference Voltage vs. Temperature
(CS5172/4 only)
−40°C
−725
NFB
= 30 V
VCC = 2.7 V
0.20
0.18
0.16
(A)
0.14
FB
I
0.12
0.10
0.08
Figure 13. I
= 12 V
V
CC
V
= 2.7 V
CC
010050
Temperature (°C)
vs. Temperature (CS5171/3 only)
FB
−7
−8
−9
−10
(A)
−11
NFB
I
−12
−13
−14
Figure 14. I
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7
050100
Temperature (°C)
vs. Temperature(CS5172/ 4 only)
NFB
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
2.60
2.50
2.40
Current (A)
2.30
2.20
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
Voltage (V)
0.9
0.7
VCC = 2.7 V
VCC = 12 V
010050
Temperature (°C)
VCC = 30 V
Figure 15. Current Limit vs. Temperature
VC High Clamp Voltage
VC Threshold
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 17. V
Threshold and High Clamp
C
Voltage vs. Temperature
99
98
97
96
95
Duty Cycle (%)
94
93
010050
Temperature (°C)
VCC = 30 V
Figure 16. Maximum Duty Cycle vs. T emperature
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Voltage (V)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
Temperature (°C)
50
Figure 18. Shutdown Threshold vs. Temperature
VCC = 12 V
VCC = 2.7 V
100
160
140
120
100
Delay (s)
80
60
40
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 19. Shutdown Delay vs. Temperature
VCC = 2.7 V
VCC = 12 V
VCC = 30 V
40
30
20
(A)
SS
10
I
0
−10
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8
175
39
VSS (V)
Figure 20. I
SS
vs. V
25°C
85°C
−40°C
SS
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
40
30
(A)
20
CC
I
10
190
180
170
160
150
(mho)
140
m
g
130
120
110
100
0
Figure 21. ICC vs. V
010050
Temperature (°C)
10
VIN (V)
During Shutdown
IN
−40°C
25°C
85°C
Figure 23. Negative Error Amplifier
Transconductance vs. Temperature (CS5172/4 only)
600
550
(mho)
m
g
500
450
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 22. Error Amplifier Transconductance
vs. Temperature (CS5171/3 only)
100
60
(A)
20
OUT
I
−20
−60
−125−175−255
V
REF
−VFB (mV)
Figure 24. Error Amplifier I
(CS5171/3 only)
OUT
0
vs. V
25−25−75
FB
100
80
60
40
(A)
20
OUT
I
−20
−40
−60
0
Figure 25. Error Amplifier I
(CS5172/4 only)
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
Current (A)
2.2
2.1
−100−150−200
V
−V
NFB
(mV)
REF
OUT
0
vs. V
50−50
NFB
2.0
010050
Temperature (°C)
Figure 26. Switch Leakage vs. T emperature
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CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
THEORY OF OPERATION
Current Mode Control
V
Oscillator
−
V
C
+
PWM
Comparator
SUMMER
Slope Compensation
S
R
Q
X5
Power Switch
In Out
Driver
63 m
CC
L
V
SW
D1
C
O
R
LOAD
Figure 27. Current Mode Control Scheme
The CS517x family incorporates a current mode control
scheme, in which the PWM ramp signal is derived from the
power switch current. This ramp signal is compared to the
output of the error amplifier to control the on−time of the
power switch. The oscillator is used as a fixed−frequency
clock to ensure a constant operational frequency. The
resulting control scheme features several advantages over
conventional voltage mode control. First, derived directly
from the inductor, the ramp signal responds immediately to
line voltage changes. This eliminates the delay caused by the
output filter and error amplifier, which is commonly found
in voltage mode controllers. The second benefit comes from
inherent pulse−by−pulse current limiting by merely
clamping the peak switching current. Finally, since current
mode commands an output current rather than voltage, the
filter offers only a single pole to the feedback loop. This
allows both a simpler compensation and a higher
gain−bandwidth over a comparable voltage mode circuit.
Without discrediting its apparent merits, current mode
control comes with its own peculiar problems, mainly,
subharmonic oscillation at duty cycles over 50%. The
CS517x family solves this problem by adopting a slope
compensation scheme in which a fixed ramp generated by
the oscillator is added to the current ramp. A proper slope
rate is provided to improve circuit stability without
sacrificing the advantages of current mode control.
Oscillator and Shutdown
Sync
Current
Ramp
V
SW
Figure 28. Timing Diagram of Sync and Shutdown
The oscillator is trimmed to guarantee an 18% frequency
accuracy. The output of the oscillator turns on the power
switch at a frequency of 280 kHz (CS5171/2) or 560 kHz
(CS5173/4), as shown in Figure 27. The power switch is
turned off by the output of the PWM Comparator.
A TTL−compatible sync input at the SS pin is capable of
syncing up to 1.8 times the base oscillator frequency. As
shown in Figure 28, in order to sync to a higher frequency,
a positive transition turns on the power switch before the
output of the oscillator goes high, thereby resetting the
oscillator. The sync operation allows multiple power
supplies to operate at the same frequency.
A sustained logic low at the SS pin will shut down the IC
and reduce the supply current.
An additional feature includes frequency shift to 20% of
the nominal frequency when either the NFB or FB pins
trigger the threshold. During power up, overload, or short
circuit conditions, the minimum switch on−time is limited
by the PWM comparator minimum pulse width. Extra
switch off−time reduces the minimum duty cycle to protect
external components and the IC itself.
As previously mentioned, this block also produces a ramp
for the slope compensation to improve regulator stability.
Error Amplifier
NFB
FB
250 k
200 k
CS5172/4
negative error−amp
1.276 V
CS5171/3
2.0 V
+
−
+
−
positive error−amp
1M
120 pF
Voltage
Clamp
V
C
C1
0.01 F
R1
5 k
Figure 29. Error Amplifier Equivalent Circuit
For CS5172/4, the NFB pin is internally referenced to
−2.5 V with approximately a 250 k input impedance. For
CS5171/3, the FB pin is directly connected to the inverting
input of the positive error amplifier, whose non−inverting
input is fed by the 1.276 V reference. Both amplifiers are
transconductance amplifiers with a high output impedance
of approximately 1 M, as shown in Figure 29. The V
C
pin
is connected to the output of the error amplifiers and is
internally clamped between 0.5 V and 1.7 V. A typical
connection at the V
pin includes a capacitor in series with
C
a resistor to ground, forming a pole/zero for loop
compensation.
An external shunt can be connected between the VC pin
and ground to reduce its clamp voltage. Consequently, the
current limit of the internal power transistor current is
reduced from its nominal value.
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10
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
Switch Driver and Power Switch
The switch driver receives a control signal from the logic
section to drive the output power switch. The switch is
grounded through emitter resistors (63 m total) to the
PGND pin. PGND is not connected to the IC substrate so that
switching noise can be isolated from the analog ground. The
peak switching current is clamped by an internal circuit. The
clamp current is guaranteed to be greater than 1.5 A and
varies with duty cycle due to slope compensation. The
power switch can withstand a maximum voltage of 40 V on
the collector (V
pin). The saturation voltage of the switch
SW
is typically less than 1 V to minimize power dissipation.
Short Circuit Condition
When a short circuit condition happens in a boost circuit,
the inductor current will increase during the whole
switching cycle, causing excessive current to be drawn from
the input power supply. Since control ICs don’t have the
means to limit load current, an external current limit circuit
(such as a fuse or relay) has to be implemented to protect the
load, power supply and ICs.
In other topologies, the frequency shift built into the IC
prevents damage to the chip and external components. This
feature reduces the minimum duty cycle and allows the
transformer secondary to absorb excess energy before the
switch turns back on.
I
L
approximately 1.5 V, the internal power switch briefly turns
on. This is a part of the CS517x’s normal operation. The
turn−on of the power switch accounts for the initial current
swing.
When the V
pin voltage rises above the threshold, the
C
internal power switch starts to switch and a voltage pulse can
be seen at the V
pin. Detecting a low output voltage at the
SW
FB pin, the built−in frequency shift feature reduces the
switching frequency to a fraction of its nominal value,
reducing the minimum duty cycle, which is otherwise
limited by the minimum on−time of the switch. The peak
current during this phase is clamped by the internal current
limit.
When the FB pin voltage rises above 0.4 V, the frequency
increases to its nominal value, and the peak current begins
to decrease as the output approaches the regulation voltage.
The overshoot of the output voltage is prevented by the
active pull−on, by which the sink current of the error
amplifier is increased once an overvoltage condition is
detected. The overvoltage condition is defined as when the
FB pin voltage is 50 mV greater than the reference voltage.
COMPONENT SELECTION
Frequency Compensation
The goal of frequency compensation is to achieve
desirable transient response and DC regulation while
ensuring the stability of the system. A typical compensation
network, as shown in Figure 31, provides a frequency
response of two poles and one zero. This frequency response
is further illustrated in the Bode plot shown in Figure 32.
V
OUT
V
CC
V
C
Figure 30. Startup Waveforms of Circuit Shown in
the Application Diagram. Load = 400 mA.
The CS517x can be activated by either connecting the
VCC pin to a voltage source or by enabling the SS pin.
Startup waveforms shown in Figure 30 are measured in the
boost converter demonstrated in the Application Diagram
on the page 2 of this document. Recorded after the input
voltage is turned on, this waveform shows the various
phases during the power up transition.
When the V
voltage is below the minimum supply
CC
voltage, the VSW pin is in high impedance. Therefore,
current conducts directly from the input power source to the
output through the inductor and diode. Once VCC reaches
V
C
R1
CS5171
C1
GND
Figure 31. A Typical Compensation Network
C2
The high DC gain in Figure 32 is desirable for achieving
DC accuracy over line and load variations. The DC gain of
a transconductance error amplifier can be calculated as
follows:
GainDC GM R
O
where:
GM = error amplifier transconductance;
RO = error amplifier output resistance ≈ 1 M.
The low frequency pole, f
is determined by the error
P1,
amplifier output resistance and C1 as:
1
2C1R
O
f
P1
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11
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
The first zero generated by C1 and R1 is:
2C1R1
1
f
Z1
The phase lead provided by this zero ensures that the loop
has at least a 45° phase margin at the crossover frequency.
Therefore, this zero should be placed close to the pole
generated in the power stage which can be identified at
frequency:
2COR
1
LOAD
f
P
where:
C
= equivalent output capacitance of the error amplifier
O
≈120pF;
R
= load resistance.
LOAD
The high frequency pole, fP2, can be placed at the output
filter’s ESR zero or at half the switching frequency. Placing
the pole at this frequency will cut down on switching noise.
The frequency of this pole is determined by the value of C2
and R1:
2C2R1
1
f
P2
One simple method to ensure adequate phase margin is to
design the frequency response with a −20 dB per decade
slope, until unity−gain crossover. The crossover frequency
should be selected at the midpoint between fZ1 and fP2 where
the phase margin is maximized.
−V
OUT
R1
NFB
R2
Figure 33. Negative Error Amplifier and NFB Pin
R
IN
250 k
2 V
R
P
200 k
+
−
Negative Error−Amp
It is shown that if R1 is less than 10 k, the deviation from
the design target will be less than 0.1 V. If the tolerances of
the negative voltage reference and NFB pin input current are
considered, the possible offset of the output V
OFFSET
varies
in the range of:
0.0.5 (R1 R2)
VSW Voltage Limit
R2
(15 A R1) V
0.0.5 (R1 R2)
R2
OFFSET
(5 A R1)
In the boost topology, VSW pin maximum voltage is set by
the maximum output voltage plus the output diode forward
voltage. The diode forward voltage is typically 0.5 V for
Schottky diodes and 0.8 V for ultrafast recovery diodes
f
P1
DC Gain
f
Z1
f
P2
Gain (dB)
Frequency (LOG)
Figure 32. Bode Plot of the Compensation Network
Shown in Figure 31
Negative Voltage Feedback
Since the negative error amplifier has finite input
impedance as shown in Figure 33, its induced error has to be
considered. If a voltage divider is used to scale down the
negative output voltage for the NFB pin, the equation for
calculating output voltage is:
V
OUT
2.5 (R1 R2)
R2
10 A R1
V
SW(MAX)
V
OUT(MAX)VF
where:
VF = output diode forward voltage.
In the flyback topology, peak VSW voltage is governed by:
V
SW(MAX)
V
CC(MAX)
(V
OUTVF
) N
where:
N = transformer turns ratio, primary over secondary.
When the power switch turns off, there exists a voltage
spike superimposed on top of the steady−state voltage.
Usually this voltage spike is caused by transformer leakage
inductance charging stray capacitance between the V
PGND pins. To prevent the voltage at the V
SW
and
SW
pin from
exceeding the maximum rating, a transient voltage
suppressor in series with a diode is paralleled with the
primary windings. Another method of clamping switch
voltage is to connect a transient voltage suppressor between
the V
pin and ground.
SW
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12
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
Magnetic Component Selection
When choosing a magnetic component, one must consider
factors such as peak current, core and ferrite material, output
voltage ripple, EMI, temperature range, physical size and
cost. In boost circuits, the average inductor current is the
product of output current and voltage gain (V
OUT/VCC
assuming 100% energy transfer efficiency. In continuous
conduction mode, inductor ripple current is
I
RIPPLE
VCC(V
(f)(L)(V
OUT
VCC)
OUT)
where:
f = 280 kHz for CS5171/2 and 560 kHz for CS5173/4.
The peak inductor current is equal to average current plus
half of the ripple current, which should not cause inductor
saturation. The above equation can also be referenced when
selecting the value of the inductor based on the tolerance of
the ripple current in the circuits. Small ripple current
provides the benefits of small input capacitors and greater
output current capability. A core geometry like a rod or
barrel is prone to generating high magnetic field radiation,
but is relatively cheap and small. Other core geometries,
such as toroids, provide a closed magnetic loop to prevent
EMI.
Input Capacitor Selection
In boost circuits, the inductor becomes part of the input
filter, as shown in Figure 35. In continuous mode, the input
current waveform is triangular and does not contain a large
pulsed current, as shown in Figure 34. This reduces the
requirements imposed on the input capacitor selection.
During continuous conduction mode, the peak to peak
inductor ripple current is given in the previous section. As
we can see from Figure 34, the product of the inductor
current ripple and the input capacitor’s effective series
resistance (ESR) determine the V
ripple. In most
CC
applications, input capacitors in the range of 10 F to 100 F
with an ESR less than 0.3 work well up to a full 1.5 A
switch current.
I
IN
+
V
CC
),
−
Figure 35. Boost Circuit Effective Input Filter
C
IN
R
ESR
I
L
The situation is different in a flyback circuit. The input
current is discontinuous and a significant pulsed current is
seen by the input capacitors. Therefore, there are two
requirements for capacitors in a flyback regulator: energy
storage and filtering. T o maintain a stable voltage supply to
the chip, a storage capacitor larger than 20 F with low ESR
is required. To reduce the noise generated by the inductor,
insert a 1.0 F ceramic capacitor between V
and ground
CC
as close as possible to the chip.
Output Capacitor Selection
V
ripple
OUT
I
L
V
CC
I
IN
I
L
Figure 34. Boost Input Voltage and Current
Ripple Waveforms
By examining the waveforms shown in Figure 36, we can
ripple
see that the output voltage ripple comes from two major
sources, namely capacitor ESR and the
charging/discharging of the output capacitor. In boost
circuits, when the power switch turns off, I
output capacitor causing an instant V = I
same time, current IL − I
increases the output voltage gradually. When the power
switch is turned on, IL is shunted to ground and I
discharges the output capacitor. When the IL ripple is small
enough, IL can be treated as a constant and is equal to input
current I
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13
Figure 36. Typical Output Voltage Ripple
flows into the
L
× ESR. At the
IN
charges the capacitor and
OUT
.
IN
OUT
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
Summing up, the output voltage peak−peak ripple can be
calculated by:
V
OUT(RIPPLE)
(IIN I
I
OUT
(C
(C
OUT
(1 D)
OUT)
(f)
OUT)
D
IIN ESR
)(f)
The equation can be expressed more conveniently in
terms of V
CC
, V
OUT
and I
for design purposes as
OUT
follows:
V
OUT(RIPPLE)
I
OUT(VOUT
(I
OUT
(C
OUT
)(V
V
VCC)
)(f)
OUT
CC
)(ESR)
(C
1
OUT
)(f)
The capacitor RMS ripple current is:
I
RIPPLE
(IIN I
OUT
I
)2(1 D)(I
OUT
V
OUT
V
V
CC
CC
OUT
)2(D)
Although the above equations apply only for boost
circuits, similar equations can be derived for flyback
circuits.
Unfortunately, such a simple circuit is not generally
acceptable if VIN is loosely regulated.
V
IN
V
CC
R2
V
D1
R3
Figure 37. Current Limiting using a Diode Clamp
C
R1
C1
C2
Another solution to the current limiting problem is to
externally measure the current through the switch using a
sense resistor. Such a circuit is illustrated in Figure 38.
Reducing the Current Limit
In some applications, the designer may prefer a lower
limit on the switch current than 1.5 A. An external shunt can
be connected between the VC pin and ground to reduce its
clamp voltage. Consequently, the current limit of the
internal power transistor current is reduced from its nominal
value.
The voltage on the V
pin can be evaluated with the
C
equation
VC ISWREA
V
where:
RE = .063, the value of the internal emitter resistor;
A
= 5 V/V, the gain of the current sense amplifier.
V
Since RE and AV cannot be changed by the end user, the
only available method for limiting switch current below
1.5 A is to clamp the VC pin at a lower voltage. If the
maximum switch or inductor current is substituted into the
equation above, the desired clamp voltage will result.
A simple diode clamp, as shown in Figure 37, clamps the
V
voltage to a diode drop above the voltage on resistor R3.
C
V
CC
+
−
V
IN
Figure 38. Current Limiting using a Current Sense
PGND
Q1
C3
R
SENSE
AGND
R2
Resistor
V
C
R1
C1
C2
Output
Ground
The switch current is limited to
V
I
SWITCH(PEAK)
BE(Q1)
R
SENSE
where:
V
= the base−emitter voltage drop of Q1, typically
BE(Q1)
0.65 V.
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14
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
The improved circuit does not require a regulated voltage
to operate properly. Unfortunately, a price must be paid for
this convenience in the overall efficiency of the circuit. The
designer should note that the input and output grounds are
no longer common. Also, the addition of the current sense
resistor, R
, results in a considerable power loss which
SENSE
increases with the duty cycle. Resistor R2 and capacitor C3
form a low−pass filter to remove noise.
Subharmonic Oscillation
Subharmonic oscillation (SHM) is a problem found in
current−mode control systems, where instability results
when duty cycle exceeds 50%. SHM only occurs in
switching regulators with a continuous inductor current.
This instability is not harmful to the converter and usually
does not affect the output voltage regulation. SHM will
increase the radiated EM noise from the converter and can
cause, under certain circumstances, the inductor to emit
high−frequency audible noise.
SHM is an easily remedied problem. The rising slope of
the inductor current is supplemented with internal “slope
compensation” to prevent any duty cycle instability from
carrying through to the next switching cycle. In the CS517x
family, slope compensation is added during the entire switch
on−time, typically in the amount of 180 mA/s.
In some cases, SHM can rear its ugly head despite the
presence of the onboard slope compensation. The simple
cure to this problem is more slope compensation to avoid the
unwanted oscillation. In that case, an external circuit, shown
in Figure 39, can be added to increase the amount of slope
compensation used. This circuit requires only a few
components and is “tacked on” to the compensation
network.
V
SW
V
C
R1
C1
C2
C3
R2
R3
V
SW
The dashed box contains the normal compensation
circuitry to limit the bandwidth of the error amplifier.
Resistors R2 and R3 form a voltage divider off of the V
SW
pin. In normal operation, VSW looks similar to a square
wave, and is dependent on the converter topology. Formulas
for calculating V
in the boost and flyback topologies are
SW
given in the section “VSW Voltage Limit.” The voltage on
VSW charges capacitor C3 when the switch is off, causing
the voltage at the VC pin to shift upwards. When the switch
turns on, C3 discharges through R3, producing a negative
slope at the V
pin. This negative slope provides the slope
C
compensation.
The amount of slope compensation added by this circuit
is
I
T
V
SW
R2R
R
3
3
1 e
(1D)
R3C3f
SW
(1 D)REA
f
SW
V
where:
I/T = the amount of slope compensation added (A/s);
VSW = the voltage at the switch node when the transistor
is turned off (V);
fSW = the switching frequency, typically 280 kHz
(CS5171/3) or 560 kHz (CS5172/4) (Hz);
D = the duty cycle;
R
= 0.063 , the value of the internal emitter resistor;
E
AV = 5 V/V, the gain of the current sense amplifier.
In selecting appropriate values for the slope compensation
network, the designer is advised to choose a convenient
capacitor, then select values for R2 and R3 such that the
amount of slope compensation added is 100 mA/s. Then
R2 may be increased or decreased as necessary. Of course,
the series combination of R2 and R3 should be large enough
to avoid drawing excessive current from V
. Additionally,
SW
to ensure that the control loop stability is improved, the time
constant formed by the additional components should be
chosen such that
R3C
1 D
3
f
SW
Finally, it is worth mentioning that the added slope
compensation is a tradeoff between duty cycle stability and
transient response. The more slope compensation a designer
adds, the slower the transient response will be, due to the
external circuitry interfering with the proper operation of the
error amplifier.
Soft−Start
Through the addition of an external circuit, a Soft−Start
function can be added to the CS5171/2/3/4 family of
components. Soft−Start circuitry prevents the VC pin from
slamming high during startup, thereby inhibiting the
inductor current from rising at a high slope.
Figure 39. Technique for Increasing Slope
Compensation
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15
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
This circuit, shown in Figure 40, requires a minimum
number of components and allows the Soft−Start circuitry to
activate any time the SS pin is used to restart the converter.
V
IN
V
CC
SS
D1
SS
V
C
D2
C1
C3
Figure 40. Soft Start
R1
C2
Resistor R1 and capacitors C1 and C2 form the
compensation network. At turn on, the voltage at the VC pin
starts to come up, charging capacitor C3 through Schottky
diode D2, clamping the voltage at the VC pin such that
switching begins when VC reaches the VC threshold,
typically 1.05 V (refer to graphs for detail over temperature).
VC V
F(D2)VC3
Therefore, C3 slows the startup of the circuit by limiting
the voltage on the VC pin. The Soft−Start time increases with
the size of C3.
Diode D1 discharges C3 when SS is low. If the shutdown
function is not used with this part, the cathode of D1 should
be connected to V
Calculating Junction Temperature
IN
.
To ensure safe operation of the CS5171/2/3/4, the
designer must calculate the on−chip power dissipation and
determine its expected junction temperature. Internal
thermal protection circuitry will turn the part off once the
junction temperature exceeds 180°C ± 30°. However,
repeated operation at such high temperatures will ensure a
reduced operating life.
Calculation of the junction temperature is an imprecise
but simple task. First, the power losses must be quantified.
There are three major sources of power loss on the CS517x:
• biasing of internal control circuitry, P
• switch driver, P
• switch saturation, P
DRIVER
SAT
BIAS
The internal control circuitry, including the oscillator and
linear regulator, requires a small amount of power even
when the switch is turned off. The specifications section of
this datasheet reveals that the typical operating current, I
Q
due to this circuitry is 5.5 mA. Additional guidance can be
found in the graph of operating current vs. temperature. This
graph shows that IQ is strongly dependent on input voltage,
V
, and temperature. Then
IN
P
VINI
BIAS
Q
Since the onboard switch is an NPN transistor, the base
drive current must be factored in as well. This current is
drawn from the V
pin, in addition to the control circuitry
IN
current. The base drive current is listed in the specifications
as ICC/ISW, or switch transconductance. As before, the
designer will find additional guidance in the graphs. With
that information, the designer can calculate
I
P
DRIVER
VINI
SW
I
CC
SW
D
where:
ISW = the current through the switch;
D = the duty cycle or percentage of switch on−time.
I
and D are dependent on the type of converter. In a
SW
boost converter,
I
SW(AVG)
I
LOAD
D
D
V
OUT
1
Efficiency
V
V
OUT
IN
In a flyback converter,
V
V
OUT
OUTILOAD
V
IN
N
S
V
IN
N
P
I
SW(AVG)
D
V
OUT
The switch saturation voltage, V
source of on−chip power loss. V
Efficiency
1
, is the last major
(CE)SAT
(CE)SAT
is the
collector−emitter voltage of the internal NPN transistor
when it is driven into saturation by its base drive current. The
value for V
can be obtained from the specifications
(CE)SAT
or from the graphs, as “Switch Saturation Voltage.” Thus,
P
SAT
V
(CE)SATISW
D
Finally, the total on−chip power losses are
PD P
BIASPDRIVERPSAT
Power dissipation in a semiconductor device results in the
generation of heat in the junctions at the surface of the chip.
This heat is transferred to the surface of the IC package, but
a thermal gradient exists due to the resistive properties of the
package molding compound. The magnitude of the thermal
gradient is expressed in manufacturers’ data sheets as
JA
or junction−to−ambient thermal resistance. The on−chip
junction temperature can be calculated if
, the air
JA
temperature near the surface of the IC, and the on−chip
power dissipation are known.
,
,
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16
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
40°C
T
125°C
TJ TA(P
DJA
)
where:
T
= IC or FET junction temperature (°C);
J
TA = ambient temperature (°C);
PD = power dissipated by part in question (W);
= junction−to−ambient thermal resistance (°C/W).
JA
For the CS517x, JA=165°C/W.
Once the designer has calculated T
, the question of
J
whether the CS517x can be used in an application is settled.
If TJ exceeds 150°C, the absolute maximum allowable
junction temperature, the CS517x is not suitable for that
application.
If T
approaches 150°C, the designer should consider
J
possible means of reducing the junction temperature.
Perhaps another converter topology could be selected to
reduce the switch current. Increasing the airflow across the
surface of the chip might be considered to reduce TA.
Circuit Layout Guidelines
In any switching power supply, circuit layout is very
important for proper operation. Rapidly switching currents
combined with trace inductance generates voltage
transitions that can cause problems. Therefore the following
guidelines should be followed in the layout.
1.In boost circuits, high AC current circulates within the
loop composed of the diode, output capacitor, and
on−chip power transistor. The length of associated
traces and leads should be kept as short as possible. In
the flyback circuit, high AC current loops exist on both
sides of the transformer. On the primary side, the loop
consists of the input capacitor, transformer, and
on−chip power transistor, while the transformer,
rectifier diodes, and output capacitors form another
loop on the secondary side. Just as in the boost circuit,
all traces and leads containing large AC currents
should be kept short.
2.Separate the low current signal grounds from the
power grounds. Use single point grounding or ground
plane construction for the best results.
3.Locate the voltage feedback resistors as near the IC as
possible to keep the sensitive feedback wiring short.
Connect feedback resistors to the low current analog
ground.
†For information on tape and reel specifications, including part orientation and tape sizes, please refer to our Tape and Reel Packaging
Specifications Brochure, BRD8011/D.
−
°
−
<
<
J
0°C < TJ < 125°C
°
SOIC−8
SOIC−8
(Pb−Free)
SOIC−8
SOIC−8
(Pb−Free)
SOIC−8
95 Units/Rail
2500 Tape & Reel
95 Units/Rail
2500 Tape & Reel
2500 Tape & Reel
2500 Tape & Reel
95 Units/Rail
2500 Tape & Reel
95 Units/Rail
2500 Tape & Reel
95 Units/Rail
2500 Tape & Reel
†
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17
V
CC
5.0 V
C1
0.01 F
SS
R2
4.87 k
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
1
C
2
Test
3
NFB
CS5172/4
4
SS
V
SW
PGND
AGND
V
CC
8
7
22 F
6
L1
5
22 H
D2
MBRS120T3
C4
+
D1
MBRS120T3
+
22 F
V
C3
OUT
−12 VV
R1
5.0 k
R3
1.27 k
+
C2
22 F
Figure 41. Additional Application Diagram, 5.0 V to −12 V/ 75 mA Inverting Converter
3.3 V
GND
IN
0.1 F
10 F
V
PGND (7)
AGND (6)
CS5171/3
V
(1 )
C
CC
(5)
22 H
V
SW
FB (2)
(8)
MBRS120T3
3.6 k
1.3 k
22 F
5.0 V
GND
O
5.0 k
200 pF
Figure 42. Additional Application Diagram, 3.3 V Input, 5.0 V/ 400 mA Output Boost Converter
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18
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
MBRS140T3
V
CC
GND
+
22 F
47 nF
1.0 F
V
PGND (7)
AGND (6)
V
(1 )
C
(5)
CC
CS5171/3
V
SW
FB (2)
(8)
P6KE−15A
1N4148
1.28 k
T1
1:2
+
+
MBRS140T3
10.72 k
4.7 nF
2.0 k
Figure 43. Additional Application Diagram, 2.7 to 13 V Input, 12 V/ 200 mA Output Flyback Converter
GND
V
CC
V
SW
FB (2)
(5)
(8)
15 H
22 F
Low
ESR
1.1 k
300
2.2 F
V
(1 )
C
5.0 k
200 pF
CS5171/3
.01 F
V
IN
AGND (6)
PGND (7)
47 F
47 F
−12 V
GND
+12 V
GND
−5.0
V
OUT
Figure 44. Additional Application Diagram, −9.0 V to −28 V Input, −5.0 V/700 mA Output Inverted Buck Converter
V
CC
GND
200 pF
22 F
.01 F
5.0 k
PGND (7)
AGND (6)
CS5171/3
V
(1 )
C
22 H
V
(5)
CC
(8)
V
SW
FB (2)
22 F
+
22 H
+
22 F
Low
ESR
37.24 k
5.0 V
GND
12.76 k
Figure 45. Additional Application Diagram, 2.7 V to 28 V Input, 5.0 V Output SEPIC Converter
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19
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
GND
.01
4.0 V
R1R2
99.755 k/0.1 W, 1%1.245 k/0.1 W, 1%
C1C2C3
.1
50 V
C11
C10
.1
R3
2.0 k
.1
50 V
1
V
C
2
FB
3
Test
4
SS
V
SW
PGND
AGND
CS5171/3
V
CC
8
7
6
C8
10
5
D1D1D1D1D1D1D1
C9
.1
C7
.1
C4C5C6
.1 .1
50 V50 V50 V
.1
50 V
50 V
Figure 46. Additional Application Diagram, 4.0 V Input, 100 V/ 10 mA Output Boost Converter with
Output Voltage Multiplier
200 pF
D1
D3
SS
R1
5.0 k
C6
C1
0.01 F
1
V
C
2
FB
V
SW
PGND
8
7
L1
15 H
3
Test
45
SS
CS5171
AGND
V
CC
6
+
22 F
D2
.1
1N41481N41481N41481N41481N41481N41481N4148
+
C3
22 F
−12 V
100 V
GND
O
+5.0 V
GND
C4
0.1 F
R2R3
1.28 k
10.72 k
Figure 47. Additional Application Diagram, 5.0 V Input, ± 12 V
Output Dual Boost Converter
+
GND
C5
22 F
+12 V
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CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
SOIC−8
D SUFFIX
CASE 751−07
ISSUE AB
−Y−
−Z−
−X−
A
58
B
1
S
0.25 (0.010)
4
M
M
Y
K
G
C
SEATING
PLANE
0.10 (0.004)
H
D
0.25 (0.010)Z
M
SXS
Y
N
X 45
M
J
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER
ANSI Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSION A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
6. 751−01 THRU 751−06 ARE OBSOLETE. NEW
STANDARD IS 751−07.
*For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering
details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and
Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.
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21
CS5171, CS5172, CS5173, CS5174
ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice
to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability
arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages.
“Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All
operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights
nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications
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CS5171/D
22
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