Thank you for purchasing an Onkyo AV Receiver.
Please read this manual thoroughly before making
connections and plugging in the unit.
Following the instructions in this manual will enable
you to obtain optimum performance and listening
enjoyment from your new AV Receiver.
Please retain this manual for future reference.
TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC
SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPARATUS
TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
CAUTION:
TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK,
DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO
USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER
SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE
PERSONNEL.
Important Safety Instructions
WARNING
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPEN
The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, within an
equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the
presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within
the product’s enclosure that may be of sufficient
magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to
persons.
The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is
intended to alert the user to the presence of important
operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in
the literature accompanying the appliance.
AVIS
RISQUE DE CHOC ELECTRIQUE
OUVRIR
NE PAS
1. Read these instructions.
2. Keep these instructions.
3. Heed all warnings.
4. Follow all instructions.
5. Do not use this apparatus near water.
6. Clean only with dry cloth.
7. Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
8. Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus
(including amplifiers) that produce heat.
9. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or
grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two
blades with one wider than the other. A grounding
type plug has two blades and a third grounding
prong. The wide blade or the third prong are provided for your safety. If the provided plug does not
fit into your outlet, consult an electrician for
replacement of the obsolete outlet.
10. Protect the power cord from being walked on or
pinched particularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the point where they exit from the apparatus.
11. Only use attachments/accessories specified by the
manufacturer.
12.
Use only with the cart, stand,
PORTABLE CART WARNING
tripod, bracket, or table specified by the manufacturer, or
sold with the apparatus.
When a cart is used, use caution when moving the cart/
apparatus combination to
avoid injury from tip-over.
S3125A
13. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or
when unused for long periods of time.
14. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.
Servicing is required when the apparatus has been
damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord or
plug is damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects
have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus has
been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate
normally, or has been dropped.
15. Damage Requiring Service
Unplug the apparatus from the wall outlet and refer
servicing to qualified service personnel under the
following conditions:
A. When the power-supply cord or plug is damaged,
B. If liquid has been spilled, or objects have fallen
into the apparatus,
C. If the apparatus has been exposed to rain or
water,
D. If the apparatus does not operate normally by
following the operating instructions. Adjust only
those controls that are covered by the operating
instructions as an improper adjustment of other
controls may result in damage and will often
require extensive work by a qualified technician
to restore the apparatus to its normal operation,
E. If the apparatus has been dropped or damaged in
any way, and
F. When the apparatus exhibits a distinct change in
performance this indicates a need for service.
16. Object and Liquid Entry
Never push objects of any kind into the apparatus
through openings as they may touch dangerous voltage points or short-out parts that could result in a
fire or electric shock.
The apparatus shall not be exposed to dripping or
splashing and no objects filled with liquids, such as
vases shall be placed on the apparatus.
Don’t put candles or other burning objects on top of
this unit.
17. Batteries
Always consider the environmental issues and follow local regulations when disposing of batteries.
18. If you install the apparatus in a built-in installation,
such as a bookcase or rack, ensure that there is adequate ventilation.
Leave 20 cm (8") of free space at the top and sides
and 10 cm (4") at the rear. The rear edge of the shelf
or board above the apparatus shall be set 10 cm (4")
away from the rear panel or wall, creating a flue-like
gap for warm air to escape.
2
Precautions
1. Recording Copyright
only, recording copyrighted material is illegal without the permission of the copyright holder.
2. AC Fuse
serviceable. If you cannot turn on the unit, contact
your Onkyo dealer.
3. Care
over with a soft cloth. For stubborn stains, use a soft
cloth dampened with a weak solution of mild detergent and water. Dry the unit immediately afterwards
with a clean cloth. Don’t use abrasive cloths, thinners, alcohol, or other chemical solvents, because
they may damage the finish or remove the panel lettering.
4. Power
WARNING
BEFORE PLUGGING IN THE UNIT FOR THE
FIRST TIME, READ THE FOLLOWING SECTION CAREFULLY.
AC outlet voltages vary from country to country.
Make sure that the voltage in your area meets the
voltage requirements printed on the unit’s rear panel
(e.g., AC 230–240 V, 50 Hz or AC 120 V, 60 Hz).
The power cord plug is used to disconnect this unit
from the AC power source. Make sure that the plug
is readily operable (easily accessible) at all times.
Pressing the [STANDBY/ON] button to select
Standby mode does not fully shutdown the unit. If
you do not intend to use the unit for an extended
period, remove the power cord from the AC outlet.
5. Never Touch this Unit with Wet Hands—
handle this unit or its power cord while your hands
are wet or damp. If water or any other liquid gets
inside this unit, have it checked by your Onkyo
dealer.
6. Handling Notes
• If you need to transport this unit, use the original
• Do not leave rubber or plastic items on this unit
• This unit’s top and rear panels may get warm
• If you do not use this unit for a long time, it may
—The AC fuse inside the unit is not user-
—Occasionally you should dust the unit all
packaging to pack it how it was when you originally bought it.
for a long time, because they may leave marks on
the case.
after prolonged use. This is normal.
not work properly the next time you turn it on, so
be sure to use it occasionally.
—Unless it’s for personal use
Never
For U.S. models
FCC Information for User
CAUTION:
The user changes or modifications not expressly
approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
NOTE:
This equipment has been tested and found to comply
with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular
installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the
user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by
one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and
receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
For Canadian Models
NOTE:
COMPLIES WITH CANADIAN ICES-003.
For models having a power cord with a polarized plug:
CAUTION:
MATCH WIDE BLADE OF PLUG TO WIDE SLOT,
FULLY INSERT.
THIS CLASS B DIGITAL APPARATUS
TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK,
Modèle pour les Canadien
REMARQUE:
LA CLASSE B EST CONFORME À LA NORME
NMB-003 DU CANADA.
Sur les modèles dont la fiche est polarisée:
ATTENTION:
TRIQUES, INTRODUIRE LA LAME LA PLUS
LARGE DE LA FICHE DANS LA BORNE CORRESPONDANTE DE LA PRISE ET POUSSER
JUSQU’AU FOND.
CET APPAREIL NUMÉRIQUE DE
POUR ÉVITER LES CHOCS ÉLEC-
3
Precautions
—Continued
Supplied Accessories
For British models
Replacement and mounting of an AC plug on the power
supply cord of this unit should be performed only by
qualified service personnel.
IMPORTANT
The wires in the mains lead are coloured in accordance
with the following code:
Blue: Neutral
Brown: Live
As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this
apparatus may not correspond with the coloured markings identifying the terminals in your plug, proceed as
follows:
The wire which is coloured blue must be connected to
the terminal which is marked with the letter N or
coloured black.
The wire which is coloured brown must be connected to
the terminal which is marked with the letter L or
coloured red.
IMPORTANT
The plug is fitted with an appropriate fuse. If the fuse
needs to be replaced, the replacement fuse must
approved by ASTA or BSI to BS1362 and have the same
ampere rating as that indicated on the plug. Check for
the ASTA mark or the BSI mark on the body of the fuse.
If the power cord’s plug is not suitable for your socket
outlets, cut it off and fit a suitable plug. Fit a suitable
fuse in the plug.
For European Models
Make sure you have the following accessories:
Remote controller and two batteries (AA/R6)
Indoor FM antenna
AM loop antenna
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Front
Front
Front
Front
Right
Right
Right
Right
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
/
/
/
/
Surround
SP-B
SP-B
SP-B
SP-B
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
/
/
/
/
Front
Left
Front
Right
SP-B
Left
SP-B
Right
Surround
Left
Front
Left
Front
Right
SP-B
Left
SP-B
Right
1
2
Speaker Cable
Speaker cable labels
* In catalogs and on packaging, the letter at the end of the
product name indicates the color. Specifications and operation are the same regardless of color.
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Right
Right
Center
Surround
Surround
Surround
Surround
Right
Center
Surround
Right
Surround
Left
3
Right
Right
Right
Right
Center
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 2
Surround Back
Surround Back
Surround Back
Surround Back
Zone 2
Right
Zone 2
Left
Zone 2
Right
Zone 2
Left
Surround Back
Right
Surround Back
Left
Center
Surround Back
Right
Surround Back
Left
Declaration of Conformity
We,
ONKYO EUROPE
ELECTRONICS GmbH
LIEGNITZERSTRASSE 6,
82194 GROEBENZELL,
GERMANY
declare in own responsibility, that the ONKYO product
described in this instruction manual is in compliance with the
corresponding technical standards such as EN60065,
EN55013, EN55020 and EN61000-3-2, -3-3.
GROEBENZELL, GERMANY
K. MIYAGI
ONKYO EUROPE ELECTRONICS GmbH
This product incorporates copyright protection technology that is protected by U.S. patents and other
intellectual property rights. Use of this copyright
protection technology must be authorized by Macrovision Corporation, and is intended for home and
other limited consumer uses only unless otherwise
authorized by Macrovision. Reverse engineering or
disassembly is prohibited.
4
Features
Amplifier
• 7-channel amplifier
• 80 watts per channel rms into 8 ohms, 2 channels
driven, 20 Hz to 20 kHz, less than 0.08% total harmonic distortion (FTC rating)
• WRAT (Wide Range Amplifier Technology)
• Optimum Gain Volume Circuitry
Processing
• Dolby*1 Digital EX and Dolby Pro Logic IIx
• DTS, DTS-ES Matrix/Discrete, DTS Neo:6, and DTS
• Neural Surround
• CinemaFILTER function
• Linear PCM 192 kHz/24-bit D/A converters on all
• Pure Audio listening mode (not North American
•Powerful and highly accurate 32-bit DSP processing
• HDTV-capable component video (3 inputs, 1 output)
• Composite and S-video to component video conversion
•3 S-Video inputs, 2 outputs
•4 assignable digital inputs (3 optical, 1 coaxial)
• Subwoofer pre out
• Color-coded 7.1 multichannel input for use with Super
Audio CD and DVD-Audio
• A/B speaker drive
• Color-coded speaker terminal posts
*1
Manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories.
“Dolby”, “Pro Logic” and the double-D symbol are registered trademarks of Dolby Laboratories.
*2
“DTS,” “DTS 96/24,” “DTS-ES,” and “Neo:6” are trademarks of DTS, Inc.
*3
Neural Surround name and related logos are trademarks
owned by Neural Audio Corporation.
Tuner
• 40 AM/FM presets
• AM/FM auto tuning
Remote Controller
• Preprogrammed for use with other AV components
5
Enjoying Home Theater
Speaker Sets A and B
You can use two sets of speakers with the AV receiver:
Speaker set A
*While speaker set B is on, speaker set A is reduced to 5.1-channel playback.
Speaker set B
*Only analog input sources are output by speaker set B.
AV receiver
SPEAKERS
AB
should be used in your main listening room for up to 7.1-channel playback.
can be used in another room and offers 2-channel stereo playback.
Speaker set ASpeaker set BIndicatorOutput
Remote
controller
or
On
Off
speaker set A
and
speaker set B
On
OffSet A: 7.1 channels
OnSet B: 2 channels
OffNo sound
AB
A
Speaker Set A: Main Room
Front left and right speakers
These output the overall sound. Their role in a home theater is to provide a solid anchor
for the sound image. They should be positioned facing the listener at about ear level,
and equally spaced from the TV. Angle them inward.
Surround back left and right
speakers
Center speaker
This speaker enhances the
front left and right speakers,
making sound movements
distinct and providing a full
sound image. For movies it’s
used mainly for dialog.
Position it close to your TV
facing forward at about ear
level, or at the same height
as the front left and right
speakers.
Corner
These speakers further enhance the
realism of surround sound and
improve sound localization behind the
listener. Position them behind the listener about 2–3 feet (60–100 cm)
above ear level.
.
Set A: 5.1 channels
Set B: 2 channels
B
* While speaker set B is on, these
speakers output no sound.
Subwoofer
The subwoofer handles the
bass sounds of the LFE (LowFrequency Effects) channel. In
general, a good bass sound
can be obtained by installing
the subwoofer in a front corner,
or at one-third the way along
the wall, as shown.
Speaker Set B: Sub Room
6
1/3 wall
length
Surround left and right speakers
These speakers are used for precise sound
positioning and to add realistic ambience. Position them at the sides of the listener, or slightly
behind, about 2–3 feet (60–100 cm) above ear
level. Ideally they should be equally spaced
from the listener.
Contents
Introduction
Important Safety Instructions ....................2
For detailed information, see the pages in parentheses.
A
STANDBY/ON button (32)
Sets the AV receiver to On or Standby.
STANDBY indicator (32)
B
Lights up when the AV receiver is on Standby and
flashes while a signal is being received from the
remote controller.
C
Remote-control sensor (11)
Receives control signals from the remote controller.
Display
D
See “Display” on page 9.
Input selector buttons (37)
E
Select the input sources.
The [MULTI CH] button selects the multichannel
DVD input.
8
Arrow/TUNING/PRESET and ENTER buttons
F
When AM or FM is selected, the TUNING []
[] buttons are used for radio tuning, and the PRESET [] [] buttons are used to select radio pre-
sets (see page 40). With the setup menus, they work
as arrow buttons and are used to select and set
items. The ENTER button is also used with the
setup menus.
MASTER VOLUME control (37)
G
Sets the volume of the AV receiver to MIN, 1
through 79, or MAX.
PHONES jack (42)
H
This 1/4-inch phone jack is for connecting a standard pair of stereo headphones for private listening.
SPEAKERS A and B buttons (6, 37)
I
Turn speaker sets A and B on or off.
Getting to Know the AV Receiver
—Continued
TONE, [–], and [+] buttons (41)
J
Used to adjust the bass and treble.
STEREO button (43)
K
Selects the Stereo listening mode.
LISTENING MODE []/[] buttons (43)
L
Select the listening modes.
DISPLAY button (38)
M
Displays various information about the currently
selected input source.
DIGITAL INPUT button (33, 52)
N
Used to assign the digital inputs and to specify the
format of digital input signals.
O
DIMMER button (41)
Adjusts the display brightness.
MEMORY button (40)
P
Used when storing or deleting radio presets.
TUNING MODE button (39)
Q
Selects the Auto or Manual tuning mode for AM
and FM radio.
R
RETURN button
Selects the previously displayed setup menu.
SETUP button
S
Used to access the setup menus.
VIDEO 3 INPUT (26, 49)
T
Used to connect a camcorder, games console, and so
on. There are jacks for composite video and analog
audio.
U
PURE AUDIO button and indicator (43)
The North American model doesn’t have this button
and indicator.
Selects the Pure Audio listening mode. The indicator lights up when this mode is selected.
Display
2134
5
For detailed information, see the pages in parentheses.
A and B speaker indicators (6, 37)
1
Indicator A lights up when speaker set A is on. Indicator B lights up when speaker set B is on.
MUTING indicator (41)
2
Flashes while the AV receiver is muted.
Listening mode and format indicators (45)
3
Show the selected listening mode and the format of
digital audio signals.
Radio indicators
4
6
FM STEREO (39):
reo FM station.
5
SLEEP indicator (42)
Lights up when the Sleep function has been set.
Message area
6
Displays various information about the selected
input source.
Lights up when tuned to a ste-
TUNED (39):
tion.
AUTO (39):
Auto Tuning is selected, and disappears when Manual Tuning mode is selected.
MEMORY (40):
stations.
Lights up when tuned to a radio sta-
For AM and FM radio, lights up when
Lights up when presetting radio
9
Getting to Know the AV Receiver
Rear Panel
—Continued
13425
ANTENNA
DIGITAL IN
COA
XIAL
OPTICAL
1
2
3
REMOTE
CONTROL
IN 3
COMPONENT
IN 2IN 1
ININ
L
R
CDTAPE
OUT
VIDEO
OUT
Y
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1
B
P
V
PR
S
L
L
R
R
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1DVD
FMAM75
INININ
OUT
ININ
OUT
DVD
FRONT
78 9JKLN
DIGITAL IN OPTICAL 1, 2, 3, and COAXIAL
A
These optical and coaxial digital audio inputs are
for connecting components with optical or coaxial
digital audio outputs, such as CD and DVD players.
COMPONENT VIDEO
B
A DVD player, TV, or other component that supports component video can be connected here.
AM ANTENNA
C
These push terminals are for connecting an AM
antenna.
FM ANTENNA
D
This jack is for connecting an FM antenna.
MONITOR OUT
E
The S-Video or composite video output should be
connected to a video input on your TV or projector.
FRONT SPEAKERS A, SURROUND
F
SPEAKERS, CENTER SPEAKER, and
SURROUND BACK SPEAKERS
These terminal posts are for connecting speaker
set A.
G
H
I
REMOTE CONTROL
This Remote Interactive jack can be connected to
the jack on another -capable Onkyo component. To use , you must make an analog audio
connection (RCA) between the AV receiver and the
other component, even if they are connected digitally.
CD IN
This analog audio input is for connecting a CD
player’s analog audio output.
TAPE IN/OUT
This analog audio input and output are for connecting a recorder with an analog audio input and output, such as a cassette deck, MD recorder, etc.
MONITOR
OUT
SURROUND
SURROUND BACK
SPEAKERS
L
R
CENTER
SUB
WOOFER
SURR BACK
6
SURROUND
SPEAKERS
PRE OUT
SUB
WOOFER
FRONT
SPEAKERS A
SPEAKERS B
L
R
FRONT
CENTER
SPEAKER
L
R
AV RECEIVER
AC OUTLET
AC 120V
SWITCHED
120W 1A MAX.
60Hz
M
VIDEO 1 IN/OUT and VIDEO 2 IN
J
The VIDEO 1 inputs and outputs can be used to
connect a VCR. The VIDEO 2 inputs can be used to
connect another video source (e.g., cable/satellite
receiver, set-top box, etc).
K
DVD IN
These jacks can be used to connect a DVD player
with an analog multichannel audio output for SACD
and DVD-Audio playback.
L
SUBWOOFER PRE OUT
A powered subwoofer can be connected here.
M
FRONT SPEAKERS B
These push terminals are for connecting speaker
set B.
N
AC OUTLET
This switched AC outlet can be used to supply
power to another AV component. The type of outlet
depends on the country in which you purchased
your AV receiver.
See pages 16–31 for hookup information.
10
Remote Controller
Installing the Batteries
To open the battery compartment, press
1
the small hollow and slide open the cover.
Insert the two supplied batteries (AA/R6)
2
in accordance with the polarity diagram
inside the battery compartment.
Slide the cover shut.
3
Aiming the Remote Controller
When using the remote controller, point it toward the AV
receiver’s remote control sensor, as shown below.
Remote control sensor
AV receiver
STANDBY indicator
Approx. 16 ft.
(5 m)
Notes:
• The remote controller may not work reliably if the AV
receiver is subjected to bright light, such as direct sunlight or inverter-type fluorescent lights. Keep this in
mind when installing.
• If another remote controller of the same type is used in
the same room, or the AV receiver is installed close to
equipment that uses infrared rays, the remote controller may not work reliably.
• Don’t put anything on top of the remote controller,
such as a book or magazine, because a button may be
pressed continuously, thereby draining the batteries.
• The remote controller may not work reliably if the AV
receiver is installed in a rack behind colored glass
doors. Keep this in mind when installing.
• The remote controller will not work if there’s an obstacle between it and the AV receiver’s remote control
sensor.
Notes:
• If the remote controller doesn’t work reliably, try
replacing the batteries.
• Don’t mix new and old batteries or different types of
batteries.
• If you intend not to use the remote controller for a long
time, remove the batteries to prevent damage from
leakage or corrosion.
• Expired batteries should be removed as soon as possible to prevent damage from leakage or corrosion.
11
Remote Controller
—Continued
Using the Remote Controller
Including the AV receiver, the remote controller can be
used to control up to seven different components. The
remote controller has a specific operating mode for use
with each type of component. Modes are selected by
using the six REMOTE MODE buttons.
■
RECEIVER/TAPE Mode
In RECEIVER/TAPE mode, you can control
the AV receiver and an Onkyo cassette
recorder connected via .
■
DVD and CD/MD/CDR/HDD Modes
With these modes, you can control a DVD
player and CD, MD, CDR, or HDD player
or recorder. By entering the appropriate
remote control code, you can control Onkyo
components or components made by other
manufacturers (see page 54).
■
TV, VCR and SAT/CABLE Modes
With these modes, you can control a TV,
VCR, and satellite or cable receiver. You
must enter the appropriate remote control
code first (see page 54).
RECEIVER
TAPE
DVD
M D/CDR
C
D
HDD
TV
VCR
CABLE
SAT
RECEIVER/TAPE Mode
RECEIVER/TAPE mode is used to control the AV
receiver. It can also be used to control an Onkyo cassette
recorder connected via .
RECEIVER
TAPE
K
L
M
N
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
ON/STANDBY
INPUT SELECTOR
123
V
1
456
789
101112
+
10
D TUN
--/---
TV
INPUT
GUIDE
TOP MENU
SP A / B
PLAYLIST/CATPLAYLIST/CAT
V
MULTI CH
0
DIMMER
VOL
2
ENT
ENTER
REMOTE MODE
DVD
RECEIVER
TAPE
M
D/CDR
HDD
V
3
DVD
VCR
C DTAPE TUNER
CABLE
SAT
CLR
SLEEP
CH
DISC
VOL
ALBUM
PREVIOUS
MENU
MUTING
C D
TV
1
REMOTE MODE
RECEIVER
TAPE
2
Press one of the REMOTE MODE
buttons to select a mode.
DVD
M D/CDR
D
C
HDD
TV
VCR
CABLE
SAT
Use the buttons supported by
that mode to control the component.
RECEIVER/TAPE mode:
see right column
DVD mode:
see page 14
CD/MD/CDR/HDD mode:
see page 15
TV, VCR, SAT/CABLE modes:
see page 56
7
4
LISTENING MODE
SURROUND
8
9
J
Buttons
or TAPE input is selected.
STEREO
SUBTITLE
AUDIOREPEAT
TEST TONE
PLAY MODE
DISPLAY
1, 2, 3
, and 4 are used when the TUNER
CH SEL
RC
RANDOM
LEVEL
L NIGHT
-
647M
SETUPRETURN
O
+
-
LEVEL
CINE FLTR
HDDDVDVCR
P
Q
Note:
Some of the remote controller operations described in
this manual may not work as expected with other components.
12
Remote Controller
—Continued
For detailed information, see the pages in parentheses.
A
ON/STANDBY button (32)
Sets the AV receiver to On or Standby.
B
INPUT SELECTOR buttons (37)
Used to select the input sources.
MULTI CH button (38)
C
Selects the multichannel DVD input.
DIMMER button (41)
D
Adjusts the display brightness.
E
SP A/B button (6, 37)
Used to turn speaker sets A and B on or off.
F
Arrow []/[]/[]/[] and ENTER buttons
Used to select and adjust settings.
G
RETURN button
Selects the previously displayed setup menu.
LISTENING MODE buttons (43)
H
Used to select the listening modes. These buttons
work in all remote controller modes.
STEREO button
Selects the Stereo listening mode.
SURROUND button
Selects the Dolby and DTS listening modes and the
Neural Surround listening mode (North American
model only).
[]/[] buttons
Used to select the available listening modes.
I
TEST TONE, CH SEL, LEVEL-, and LEVEL+
buttons (36, 42, 52)
Used to adjust the level of each speaker.
J
DISPLAY button (38)
Displays various information about the selected
input source.
REMOTE MODE buttons (12)
K
Used to select the remote controller modes. When a
remote controller button is pressed, the REMOTE
MODE button for the currently selected mode lights
up.
L
SLEEP button (42)
Used with the Sleep function.
VOL []/[] button (37)
M
Adjusts the volume of the AV receiver regardless of
the currently selected remote controller mode.
MUTING button (41)
N
Mutes or unmutes the AV receiver.
SETUP button
O
Used to access the setup menus.
P
CINE FLTR button (47)
Used with the CinemaFILTER function.
Q
L NIGHT button (47)
Used with the Late Night function.
■
Buttons used when the TUNER input is
selected
To select the Tuner (AM/FM) as the input
source, press:
RECEIVER
1
Number and D TUN buttons (40)
Used to select AM and FM radio stations directly.
CH +/– button (40)
2
Used to select radio presets.
3
Arrow []/[]/[]/[] and ENTER buttons
For AM and FM, the Up and Down []/[] buttons are used for tuning.
■
Buttons used when the TAPE input is
selected
To select your Cassette deck as the input
source, press:
RECEIVER
Playback buttons
4
On twin cassette decks, only deck B can be controlled.
Play [] button
Starts playback.
Stop [ ] button
Stops playback.
Reverse Play [] button
Starts reverse playback.
Rewind and FF []/[] buttons
The Rewind [] button starts rewind. The FF
[] button starts fast forward.
8
TUNER
7
TAPE
13
Remote Controller
—Continued
DVD Mode
By default, the remote controller is set to control an
Onkyo DVD player.
To select your DVD player as the input source, press:
6
REMOTE MODE
RECEIVER
TAPE
V
3
DVD
C DTAPE TUNER
CLR
ENT
SLEEP
CH
DISC
ALBUM
or
DVD
M
D/CDR
C D
HDD
TV
VCR
CABLE
SAT
VOL
PREVIOUS
MENU
MUTING
SETUPRETURN
5
MULTI CH
DVD
K
L
M
1
2
3
4
5
6
RECEIVER
DVD
ON/STANDBY
INPUT SELECTOR
123
V
1
V
2
456
MULTI CH
789
101112
+
0
10
DTUN
--/---
DIMMER
TV
VOL
INPUT
GUIDE
TOP MENU
SP A / B
ENTER
PLAYLIST/CATPLAYLIST/CAT
7
LISTENING MODE
SURROUND
8
9
J
STEREO
RANDOM
SUBTITLE
AUDIOREPEAT
TEST TONE
CH SEL
PLAY MODE
DISPLAY
LEVEL
L NIGHT
-
LEVEL
CINE FLTR
HDDDVDVCR
+
N
O
P
Q
-
647M
RC
A
ON/STANDBY button
Sets the DVD player to On or Standby.
B
Number buttons
Used to enter title, chapter, and track numbers and
times for locating specific points.
C
DISC +/– button
Selects discs on a DVD changer.
TOP MENU button
D
Selects a DVD’s top menu.
Arrow []/[]/[]/[] and ENTER buttons
E
Used to navigate DVD menus and the DVD player’s
onscreen setup menus.
RETURN button
F
Exits the DVD player’s onscreen setup menus.
Playback buttons
G
From left to right: Pause, Play, Stop, Fast Reverse,
Fast Forward, Previous, and Next.
SUBTITLE button
H
Selects subtitles.
I
AUDIO button
Selects foreign language soundtracks and audio formats (e.g., Dolby Digital or DTS).
J
DISPLAY button
Displays information about the current disc, title,
chapter, or track, including elapsed time, remaining
time, total time, and so on.
CLR button
K
Cancels functions and clears entered numbers.
L
MENU button
Displays a DVD’s menu.
M
SETUP button
Used to access the DVD player’s onscreen setup
menus.
N
RANDOM button
Used with the random playback function.
REPEAT button
O
Used with the repeat playback functions.
VCR, DVD, and HDD buttons
P
Used to select VCR, HDD (hard disk drive), or
DVD playback on a VCR/DVD recorder with a
built-in hard disk drive.
PLAY MODE button
Q
Selects play modes on components with selectable
play modes.
14
Remote Controller
—Continued
CD/MD/CDR/HDD Mode
By default, the remote controller is set to control an
Onkyo CD player.
To select the input source, press:
9
C D
RECEIVER
TAPE
7
TAPE
7
or
* If you’re using an MD, CDR, or HDD component, you
must change the Input Display (see page 33).
ON/STANDBY
1
INPUT SELECTOR
2
3
123
V
1
V
2
456
MULTI CH
789
101112
+
10
--/---
INPUT
GUIDE
0
DIMMER
TV
VOL
DTUN
TOP MENU
4
SP A / B
ENTER
PLAYLIST/CATPLAYLIST/CAT
CD player
MD or CD recorder
Next generation HDD-
2
compatible component
V2
REMOTE MODE
DVD
RECEIVER
TAPE
M
D/CDR
C D
HDD
V
3
TV
DVD
VCR
C DTAPE TUNER
CABLE
SAT
CLR
ENT
SLEEP
CH
DISC
VOL
ALBUM
PREVIOUS
MENU
MUTING
SETUPRETURN
M D/CDR
C D
HDD
G
8
9
A
ON/STANDBY button
Sets the component to On or Standby.
Number buttons
B
Used to enter track numbers and times for locating
specific points on CD/MD players.
DISC/ALBUM +/– button
C
Selects discs on a CD changer, or the next or previous album on an HDD-compatible component.
Arrow []/[] and ENTER buttons
D
Used to navigate menus on an HDD-compatible
component.
E
Playback buttons
From left to right: Pause, Play, Stop, Fast Reverse,
Fast Forward, Previous and Next.
F
DISPLAY button
Displays information about the current disc or track
on a CD player or MD/CD recorder, including
elapsed time, remaining time, total time, and so on.
On an HDD-compatible component, it turns on the
back light for 30 seconds.
CLR button
G
Cancels functions and clears entered numbers on a
CD player or MD/CD recorder.
MENU button
H
Used to navigate menus on an HDD-compatible
component.
I
PLAYLIST []/[] buttons
Selects the previous or next playlist on an HDDcompatible component.
J
RANDOM button
Used with the random/shuffle playback function.
REPEAT button
K
Used with the repeat playback functions.
PLAY MODE button
L
Used to select play modes on components with
selectable play modes.
E
LISTENING MODE
SURROUND
STEREO
RANDOM
SUBTITLE
AUDIOREPEAT
TEST TONE
CH SEL
PLAY MODE
F
DISPLAY
-
LEVEL
LEVEL
CINE FLTR
L NIGHT
HDDDVDVCR
-
647M
RC
J
+
K
L
15
Connecting Your Speakers
Speaker Configuration
For the best surround-sound experience, you should connect seven speakers and a powered subwoofer.
The following table shows which channels you should
use based on the number of speakers that you have.
Number of speakers:234567
Front left
Front right
Center
Surround left
Surround right
Surround back*
Surround back left
Surround back right
*If you’re using only one surround back speaker, connect it to
the left (L) SURROUND BACK SPEAKERS terminals.
✓✓✓✓✓✓
✓✓✓✓✓✓
✓✓✓✓
✓✓✓✓
✓✓✓✓
✓
✓
✓
No matter how many speakers you use, a powered subwoofer is recommended for a really powerful and solid
bass.
Before using the AV receiver, you must specify which
speakers are connected and their sizes (see page 35).
To get the very best from your surround-sound system,
you should also set the advanced speaker settings (see
page 50.)
Attaching the Speaker Labels
The AV receiver’s positive (+) speaker terminals are
color-coded for ease of identification. (The negative (–)
speaker terminals are all black.)
Speaker terminalColor
Front leftWhite
Front rightRed
CenterGreen
Surround leftBlue
Surround rightGray
Surround back leftBrown
Surround back rightTan
The supplied speaker labels are also color-coded and you
should attach them to the positive (+) side of each
speaker cable in accordance with the above table. All you
need to do then is to match the color of each label to the
corresponding speaker terminal.
Speaker Connection Precautions
Read the following before connecting your speakers:
•
North American models:
with an impedance of between 6 and 16 ohms. If you
use speakers with a lower impedance, and use the
amplifier at high volume levels for a long period of
time, the built-in amp protection circuit may be activated.
•
Other models:
You can connect speakers with an
impedance of between 4 and 16 ohms. If the impedance of any of the connected speakers is 4 ohms or
more, but less than 6 ohms, be sure to set the minimum
speaker impedance to “4 ohms” (see page 34). If you
use speakers with a lower impedance, and use the
amplifier at high volume levels for a long period of
time, the built-in amp protection circuit may be activated.
• Disconnect the power cord from the wall outlet before
making any connections.
• Read the instructions supplied with your speakers.
•Pay close attention to speaker wiring polarity. In other
words, connect positive (+) terminals to only positive
(+) terminals, and negative (–) terminals to only negative (–) terminals. If you get them the wrong way
around, the sound will be out of phase and will sound
unnatural.
• Unnecessarily long or very thin speaker cables may
affect the sound quality and should be avoided.
• Be careful not to short the
positive and negative wires.
Doing so may damage the AV
receiver.
• Don’t connect more than one
cable to each speaker terminal. Doing so may damage the
AV receiver.
• Don’t connect a speaker to several terminals.
You can connect speakers
16
Connecting Your Speakers
—Continued
Connecting Speaker Set A
Strip 5/8" (15 mm) of insu-
1
lation from the ends of the
speaker cables, and twist
the bare wires tightly, as
shown.
Unscrew the terminal. Fully insert the bare wire,
2
making sure that it’s touching the threaded shaft
in the center. Screw the terminal tight.
5/8" (15 mm)
Connecting a Powered Subwoofer
Using a suitable cable, connect the AV receiver’s SUBWOOFER PRE OUT to the input on your powered subwoofer. If your subwoofer is unpowered and you’re
using an external amplifier, connect the SUBWOOFER
PRE OUT to it’s input.
Note:
Make sure the plugs are pushed in all the way.
Connecting Speaker Set B
Strip 3/8" (10 mm) of insu-
1
lation from the ends of the
speaker cables, and twist
the bare wires tightly, as
shown.
While pressing the lever, insert
2
the wire into the hole, and then
release the lever.
Make sure that the terminals are
gripping the bare wires, not the
insulation.
Note:
While speaker set B is on, speaker set A is reduced to
5.1-channel playback.
Speaker Set A
Front right
speaker
3/8" (10 mm)
Front left
speaker
The following illustration shows which speaker should be
connected to each pair of terminals.
If you’re using only one surround back speaker, connect it
to the left (L) SURROUND BACK SPEAKERS terminals.
FRONT
DIGITAL IN
COA
XIAL
OPTICAL
1
2
3
REMOTE
CONTROL
COMPONENT
VIDEO
OUT
IN 3
IN 2 IN 1
ININ
OUT
L
R
CD TAPE
Front right
speaker
ANTENNA
Y
P
B
PR
LRL
FMAM75
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1
DVD
V
S
ININ IN
OUT
ININ
FRONT
OUT
R
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1DVD
MONITOR
OUT
SURROUND
Front left
speaker
Speaker Set B
L
R
CENTER
SUB
WOOFER
SURROUND BACK
SPEAKERS
SURR BACK
SURROUND
SPEAKERS
PRE OUT
SUB
WOOFER
SPEAKERS A
CENTER
SPEAKER
L
R
FRONT
SPEAKERS B
L
AV RECEIVER
R
AC OUTLET
AC 120V
120W1AMAX.
LINE INPUT
60Hz
SWITCHED
Powered
subwoofer
SURROUND BACK
SPEAKERS
L
R
Surround
back right
speaker
SURROUND
SPEAKERS
Surround
back left
speaker
Center
speaker
FRONT
SPEAKERS A
CENTER
SPEAKER
L
R
Surround
right
speaker
Surround
left
speaker
17
Connecting Antennas
This section explains how to connect the supplied indoor
FM antenna and AM loop antenna, and how to connect
commercially available outdoor FM and AM antennas.
The AV receiver won’t pick up any radio signals without
any antenna connected, so you must connect the antenna
to use the tuner.
AM antenna push terminals
FM antenna jack
FRONT
DIGITAL IN
COA
XIAL
OPTICAL
1
2
3
REMOTE
CONTROL
COMPONENT
VIDEO
OUT
IN 3
IN 2 IN 1
ININ
OUT
LRLRL
CD TAPE
Y
B
P
PR
ANTENNA
FMAM75
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1
V
S
ININ IN
OUT
ININ
OUT
R
VIDEO 2 VIDEO 1DVD
SURROUND BACK
SURROUND
SPEAKERS
SPEAKERS
L
MONITOR
DVD
OUT
R
FRONT
SURROUND
SURR BACK
CENTER
SUB
WOOFER
CENTER
SPEAKERS A
SPEAKER
L
R
FRONT
SPEAKERS B
PRE OUT
L
SUB
WOOFER
R
AC OUTLET
AC 120V
60Hz
SWITCHED
120W1A MAX.
AV RECEIVER
Connecting the Indoor FM Antenna
The supplied indoor FM antenna is for indoor use only.
Attach the FM antenna, as shown.
1
■
American Model
Connecting the AM Loop Antenna
The supplied indoor AM loop antenna is for indoor use
only.
Assemble the AM loop antenna, inserting
1
the tabs into the base, as shown.
Connect both wires of the AM loop
2
antenna to the AM push terminals, as
shown.
(The antenna’s wires are not polarity sensitive, so
they can be connected either way around).
Make sure that the wires are attached securely and
that the push terminals are gripping the bare
wires, not the insulation.
Insert the plug fully
into the jack.
■
Other Models
Insert the plug fully
into the jack.
Once your AV receiver is ready for use, you’ll
need to tune into an FM radio station and adjust
the position of the FM antenna to achieve the best
possible reception.
Use thumbtacks or something similar to
2
fix the FM antenna into position.
Thumbtacks, etc.
Push Insert wireRelease
Once your AV receiver is ready for use, you’ll
need to tune into an AM radio station and adjust
the position of the AM antenna to achieve the best
possible reception.
Keep the antenna as far away as possible from
your AV receiver, TV, speaker cables, and power
cords.
If you cannot achieve good reception with the supplied
indoor AM loop antenna, try using it with a commercially available outdoor AM antenna (see page 19).
Caution:
Be careful that you don’t injure yourself
when using thumbtacks.
If you cannot achieve good reception with the supplied
indoor FM antenna, try a commercially available outdoor FM antenna instead (see page 19).
18
Connecting Antennas
—Continued
Connecting an Outdoor FM Antenna
If you cannot achieve good reception with the supplied
indoor FM antenna, try a commercially available outdoor FM antenna instead.
FM 75
Notes:
• Outdoor FM antennas work best outside, but usable
results can sometimes be obtained when installed in an
attic or loft.
•For best results, install the outdoor FM antenna well
away from tall buildings, preferably with a clear line
of sight to your local FM transmitter.
• Outdoor antenna should be located away from possible noise sources, such as neon signs, busy roads, etc.
•For safety reasons, outdoor antenna should be situated
well away from power lines and other high-voltage
equipment.
• Outdoor antenna must be grounded in accordance
with local regulations to prevent electrical shock hazards.
Connecting an Outdoor AM Antenna
If good reception cannot be achieved using the supplied
AM loop antenna, an outdoor AM antenna can be used in
addition to the loop antenna, as shown.
Outdoor antenna
Insulated antenna cable
AM loop antenna
Outdoor AM antennas work best when installed horizontally outside, but good results can sometimes be obtained
indoors by mounting horizontally above a window. Note
that the AM loop antenna should be left connected.
Outdoor antenna must be grounded in accordance with
local regulations to prevent electrical shock hazards.
■
Using a TV/FM Antenna Splitter
It’s best not to use the same antenna for both FM and TV
reception, as this can cause interference problems. If circumstances demand it, use a TV/FM antenna splitter, as
shown.
TV/FM antenna splitter
To AV receiverTo TV (or VCR)
19
Connecting Your Components
About AV Connections
• Before making any AV connections, read the manuals
supplied with your other AV components.
• Don’t connect the power cord until you’ve completed
and double-checked all AV connections.
Optical Digital Jacks
The AV receiver’s optical digital jacks have shutter-type
covers that open when an optical plug is inserted and
close when it’s removed. Push plugs in all the way.
Caution:
plug straight when inserting and removing.
AV Cables and Jacks
Video
Component
video cable
To prevent shutter damage, hold the optical
CableJackDescription
Y
P
B
P
R
Y
P
B
R
P
Y
P
B
PR
AV Connection Color Coding
RCA-type AV connections are usually color coded: red,
white, and yellow. Use red plugs to connect right-channel audio inputs and outputs (typically labeled “R”). Use
white plugs to connect left-channel audio inputs and outputs (typically labeled “L”). And use yellow plugs to
connect composite video inputs and outputs.
Left (white)
Right (red)
(Yellow)
• Push plugs in all the way to make
good connections (loose connections can cause noise or malfunctions).
•To prevent interference, keep
audio and video cables away from
power cords and speaker cables.
Component video separates the luminance (Y) and
color difference signals (PR, PB), providing the best
picture quality. (Some TV manufacturers label their
component video jacks slightly differently.)
Analog audio
Composite video
Left (white)
Right (red)
(Yellow)
Right!
Wrong!
S-Video cable
Composite
video cable
Audio
Optical digital
audio cable
Coaxial digital
audio cable
Analog audio
cable (RCA)
Multichannel
analog audio
cable (RCA)
S-Video separates the luminance and color signals
S
and provides better picture quality than composite
video.
Composite video is commonly used on TVs, VCRs,
V
and other video equipment. Use only dedicated
composite video cables.
CableJackDescription
OPTICAL
This offers the best sound quality and allows you to
enjoy Dolby Digital and DTS. The audio quality is
the same as for coaxial.
COA
XIAL
This offers the best sound quality and allows you to
enjoy Dolby Digital and DTS. The audio quality is
the same as for optical.
L
R
This cable carries analog audio. It’s the most common connection format for analog audio and can be
found on virtually all AV components.
This cable carries multichannel analog audio and is
typically used to connect DVD players with a 7.1channel analog audio output. Several standard analog audio cables can be used instead of a multichannel cable.
Note:
The AV receiver does not support SCART connections.
20
Connecting Your Components
—Continued
Connecting Audio and Video Signals to the AV Receiver
By connecting both the audio and video outputs of your DVD player and other AV components to the AV receiver, you
can switch the audio and video signals simultaneously simply by changing the input source on the AV receiver.
: Signal Flow
Video
Video
Audio
Audio
TV, projector,
Speakers (see page 17 for
etc.
hookup details)
DVD player, etc.
Which Connections Should I Use?
The AV receiver supports several connection formats for compatibility with a wide range of AV equipment. The format
you choose will depend on the formats supported by your other components. Use the following sections as a guide.
For video components, such as a DVD player, you must make an audio connection and a video connection.
Video Connection Formats
Video equipment can be connected to the AV receiver by
using any one of the following video connection formats:
composite video, S-Video, or component video, the
latter offering the best picture quality.
A video signal connected to a V or S IN jack will be converted—composite video to S-Video or S-Video to composite video—but only for the MONITOR OUT jacks,
not the VIDEO 1 OUT V and S jacks.
Note:
The AV receiver can be set to upconvert composite
video and S-Video input signals and output them from
the COMPONENT VIDEO OUT (see page 34).
Video Signal Flow Chart
DVD player,
etc.
Output
IN
AV Receiver
MONITOR OUT
Composite
Composite
Composite
S-Video
S-Video
S-Video
Component
Component
page 34
Component
Audio Connection Formats
When choosing a connection format, bear in mind that
the AV receiver doesn’t convert between formats.
For example, audio signals connected to an OPTICAL or
COAXIAL digital input are not output by the analog
TAPE OUT, so if you want to record from, for example,
your CD player, in addition to connecting it to a digital
input, you must also connect it to the analog CD IN.
Audio Signal Flow Chart
CD player,
etc.
Output
IN
AV Receiver
OUT
Input
Cassette
recorder, etc.
Optical
Optical
Coaxial
Coaxial
Analog
Analog
Analog
Multichannel
Multichannel
Input
Composite
S-Video
TV, projec-
tor, etc.
Component
21
Connecting Your Components
C
cab
Hint!
—Continued
Connecting a TV or Projector
Step 1: Video Connection
Choose a video connection that matches your TV ( , , or ), and then make the connection.
Step 2: Audio Connection
Choose an audio connection that matches your TV ( , , or ), and then make the connection.
A B
a bc
•With connection , you can listen to and record audio from your TV and listen via speaker set B.
•To enjoy Dolby Digital and DTS, use connection or . (For recording, use and , or and .)
a
b
ac
ConnectionAV receiverSignal flowTVPicture quality
A
B
C
a
b
c
b
c
A
COMPONENT VIDEO OUT
MONITOR OUT S
MONITOR OUT V
VIDEO 2 IN L/R
DIGITAL IN COAXIAL
DIGITAL IN OPTICAL 2
IN 3
L
R
COMPONENT
IN 2IN 1
ININ
CDTAPE
DIGITAL IN
COA
XIAL
OPTICAL
1
2
3
REMOTE
CONTROL
VIDEO
OUT
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇐
⇐
⇐
OUT
Y
P
B
V
PR
S
L
L
R
R
Component video input
S-Video inputBetter
Composite video input
Analog audio L/R output
Digital coaxial output
Digital optical output
ANTENNA
FMAM75
FRONT
MONITOR
DVD
OUT
SURROUND
VIDEO 2VIDEO 1
INININ
OUT
ININ
OUT
VIDEO 2VIDEO 1DVD
SURROUND BACK
SPEAKERS
L
R
CENTER
SUB
WOOFER
SURR BACK
Best
Standard
C
C
B
B
a
OUT
Connect one or the other
Connection must be assigned (see page 33)
b
If your TV has no audio outputs, connect an audio output from your VCR or cable or satellite
receiver to the AV receiver and use its tuner to listen to TV programs through the AV receiver (see
pages 25 and 27).
22
OPTICAL
OUT
YCOAXIAL
PB
RS VIDEO
COMPONENT VIDEO IN
P
LR
AUDIO
OUT
IN
TV, projector,
etc.
VIDEO
IN
Connecting Your Components
a
—Continued
Connecting a DVD player
Step 1: Video Connection
Choose a video connection that matches your DVD player ( , , or
A BC
You must connect the AV receiver to your TV via the same type of connection.
Step 2: Audio Connection
Choose an audio connection that matches your DVD player ( , , or ), and then make the connection.
), and then make the connection.
bc
•With connection , you can listen to and record audio from a DVD and listen via speaker set B.
•To enjoy Dolby Digital and DTS, use connection or . (For recording, use and , or and .)
a
bcabac
• If your DVD player has main left and right outputs and multichannel left and right outputs, be sure to use the
main left and right outputs for connection .
Connection AV receiverSignal flowDVD playerPicture quality
A
B
C
a
b
c
COMPONENT VIDEO IN 1
DVD IN S
DVD IN V
DVD IN FRONT
DIGITAL IN COAXIAL
DIGITAL IN OPTICAL 1
b
c
A
DIGITAL IN
COA
XIAL
OPTICAL
1
2
3
REMOTE
CONTROL
a
IN 3
L
R
COMPONENT
IN 2IN 1
ININ
CDTAPE
OUT
VIDEO
⇐
⇐
⇐
⇐
⇐
⇐
OUT
Y
P
B
PR
L
R
Component video output
S-Video outputBetter
Composite video output
Analog audio L/R output
Digital coaxial output
Digital optical output
SURROUND BACK
MONITOR
OUT
SURROUND
L
R
CENTER
SUBWOOFER
SPEAKERS
SURR BACK
ANTENNA
FMAM75
VIDEO 2VIDEO 1
V
S
INININ
ININ
L
R
VIDEO 2VIDEO 1DVD
DVD
OUT
FRONT
OUT
a
C
C
B
B
Best
Standard
OUT
Connect one or the other
Connection must be assigned (see page 33)
c
OPTICAL
OUT
LR
YCOAXIAL
PB
RS VIDEO
COMPONENT VIDEO OUT
P
AUDIO
OUT
OUT
VIDEO
OUT
DVD player
To connect a DVD player or DVD-Audio/SACD-capable player with a
multichannel analog audio output, see page 24.
23
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