RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE STATEMENT
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and
used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, may cause
interference with radio and television reception.
If this equipment does cause interference to radio or TV reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct
the interference by one or more of the following measures:
* Reorient the receiving antenna.
* Relocate the computer away from the receiver.
* Move the computer away from the receiver.
* Plug the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different
branch circuits.
* Ensure that card slot covers are in place when no card is installed.
* Ensure that card mounting screws, attachment connector screws, and ground wires are
tightly secured.
* If peripherals are used with this system, it is suggested to use shielded, grounded cables,
with in- line filters if necessary.
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer service representative for additional suggestions.
The manufacturer is not responsible for any radio or TV interference caused by unauthorized
modifications to this equipment. It is the responsibility of the user to correct such interference.
NOTE
1. When you see an error message appear on the screen after turning the power on, leave
the system switched on for one or two hours to recharge the battery. You can then
enter the system configuration.
2. Leave your system switched on for 10 to 15 hours to completely recharge the battery.
3. If you had left the system switched off for more than one month, follow step 2, above.
CONTENTS
SECTION 0 GENERAL FEATURES
0.1 Processor and System
0.2 Memory Subsystem
0.3 I/O Subsystem
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION 2 SYSTEM BOARD SWITCH SETTING
2.1 System board switch block location
2.2 RAM Configuration and Installation
2.3 Examples
SECTION 3 SYSTEM BOARD JUMPER SELECTION
3.1 Parity Enable/Disable
3.2 ROM Configuration and Installation
3.3 80287 Numeric Processor Installation
3.4 80287 Co-processor Clock Rate Selector
3.5 Display Adapter Settings
SECTION 4 SYSTEM BOARD CONNECTOR
4.1 P1 - Hardware reset connector
4.2 P2 - Speaker connector
4.3 P3 - Turbo switch connector
4.4 P4 - Turbo LED connector
4.5 P5 - Power LED and Ext-Lock connector
4.6 P6,P7 - Power supply connector
4.7 P8 - External battery connector
4.8 KB1 (DIN connector) - Keyboard connector
SECTION 5 SYSTEM OPERATION
5.1 System BIOS
5.2 Power Up
5.3 First Time Startup
5.4 Configuring your System
5.4.1 Memory Test Bypass
5.4.2 Running Setup
5.5 Running AMI BIOS Diagnostics
SECTION 6 TECHNICAL INFORMATION
6.1 GC101/GC102/GC113 AT Chip Set
6.2 OCTEK 286EMS System Block Diagram
6.3 Microprocessor
6.4 System Memory Map
6.5 I/O Address Map
6.6 System Timers
6.7 System Interrupts
6.8 Direct Memory Access
6.9 Real Time Clock and CMOS RAM
6.10 Math Coprocessor
6.11 System Expansion Bus
APPENDIX
Hard Disk Drives supported by AMI BIOS
Summary of System Board Settings
OCTEK 286EMS System Board Layout
EMS Driver Version 4.00 Description
SECTION 0 GENERAL FEATURES
The OCTEK 286EMS system board is a high performance system board that represents a
significant technological advance over the conventional 80286 designs. It offers an increased
power and flexibility architecture by supporting 80286 processor speeds up to 16 MHz. The
design utilizes advanced main frame techniques such as two or four way interleaving along with
high speed page mode capability. It is also optimized to allow mixing of DRAM types to give
end user the maximum flexibility in choosing the correct DRAM capacity for their application.
This manual covers the necessary information to operate the OCTEK 286EMS system board. It
will assist you in the installation and configuration of the system. By familiarizing the features
of the board and where things are, user should be able to operate the system smoothly.
The OCTEK 286EMS system board is designed for the most advanced computer-based
applications for today and in the future. The OCTEK 286EMS system provides a highly
integrated approach to implement a very flexible system based on the PC/AT and the 80286
CPU. Key features of the board are summarized as follows :
0.1 PROCESSOR AND SYSTEM
* 80286-16 CPU
* Optional 80287 numeric coprocessor
* 8/16 MHz system speed hardware/software switchable
* Optimized for OS/2 operation
* Real time clock and calendar circuit
* Onboard battery backup for CMOS configuration table and real-time clock
* On board power good test circuit
0.2 MEMORY SUBSYSTEM
* Memory Capacity:
2MB using 256Kx4 DRAM chips or 256K SIMMs
8MB using 1M SIMMs
Support mix memory of 256K DRAM and
1M SIMMs
Page/Interleave memory supported:
- Page mode memory
- 2-way and 4-way page/interleave mode
Hardware LIM/EMS 4.0 implementation
Shadow RAM support for System and Video BIOS
Parity bit can either be enabled or disabled
Available Memory Configuration
- 512 KB
- *640 KB
- 1 MB
- 1.5 MB
- 2 MB
- 3 MB
- 4 MB
- 4.5 MB
- 5 MB
- 6 MB
- 8 MB
(640 KB memory configuration is available only if SIMM type memory is used)
* ROM Capacity:
256K or 128K EPROM BIOS space for custom BIOS applications
0.3 I/O SUBSYSTEM
* Bus I/O Speed
- Equal to Processor Clock Speed
- Half of Processor Clock Speed
* Eight expansion slots
- 6 with a 36- and a 62-pin card-edge socket
- 2 with only the 62-pin card-edge socket
Additional Features
* Hardware control support
- Keylock
- Reset
- Turbo LED
- Power LED
- Speaker
- External Battery
* System support function:
- 7-Channel Direct Memory Access
- 16-level interrupt
- Three programmable timers
- System clock
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
The design of cost effective IBM PC/AT compatible microcomputer requires taking advantage of
every possible advanced technology. The OCTEK 286EMS is designed with top performance
and flexibility in mind, it is a fully PC/AT compatible system board implemented with the high
integration G2 AT chip set which supports the 80286 CPU at clock speeds up to 16 MHz zero
wait state performance.
A distinguishing feature of this design includes the dual clock system. This innovation make it
possible for your computer to operate at either of two clock speeds: 8 MHz or 16 MHz. In the 16
MHz mode, your computer will operate much faster than a conventional 80286-based computer.
Another significant advance feature of the OCTEK 286EMS is its memory subsystem. The
system board utilizes advanced main frame techniques such as two or four way interleaving
along with high speed page mode capability. It supports up to eight MByte of DRAMs on the
system board, with hardware implementation of EMS 4.0. The hardware has been optimized to
allow mixing of DRAM types to give the end user the maximum flexibility in choosing the
correct DRAM capacity for your application. It supports both 256K and 1M DRAMs in a
configuration of up to eight megabytes of on-board memory. This flexibility in configuration
allows you to select an ideal cost/performance combination.
The OCTEK286EMS architecture features OS/2 optimization. OS/2 makes frequent DOS calls
while operating in protected mode of 80286 CPU. In order to service these DOS calls, the
80286 CPU has to switch from protected to real mode quickly. OCTEK286EMS provides an
unique method to handle the mode switching for OS/2 operation optimization. In an OS/2
environment, where frequent DOS calls are made, this feature provides significant performance
improvement.
The OCTEK286EMS provides Shadow RAM for BIOS and Video ROM, these can be enabled or
disabled in the SETUP program (See Section 5). When enabled the execution speed of the BIOS
and/or the Video ROM program will be faster.
In addition, memory interleave is supported which will improve the system speed.
It also provides on-board power good source. The on- board power good generator provides a
'power-good' signal to indicate proper operation of the power supply. It allows you to used XT
grade power supply which does not provide the circuitry to generate the power good signal.
The OCTEK 286EMS system is hardware and software compatible with associated PC-AT
products. This means that virtually all the hardware and software that is available for the PC/AT
can also be run on a system you build around the OCTEK 286EMS system board.
The OCTEK 286EMS is fully software compatible with the IBM PC-AT design. The OCTEK
286EMS is designed such that software is completely portable between the PC-AT to the
OCTEK 286EMS. Note that "real-time" types of software programs could be the exception, as
the higher operating speed of the OCTEK 286EMS could cause execution or human interface
problems.
The OCTEK 286EMS supports MS-DOS Version 2.0 and above, Xenix and all PC/AT
application programs. Users can run applications designed for the PC/AT on the OCTEK
286EMS without any modification. Multi- tasking and multi-user capabilities are fully
functional on the OCTEK 286EMS system board.
In addition, the OCTEK 286EMS provides standard expansion bus connectors so that add-on
cards developed for the PC-AT will interface correctly.
The OCTEK 286EMS features high performance, low power consumption, low board space
requirements, reliability and low cost.
For these reasons, the OCTEK 286EMS is the ideal choice for a person seeking affordable, well
designed AT-style power.
SECTION 2 SYSTEM BOARD SWITCH
SETTING
The switches on the system board are shown in the figure below and on the following pages.
These settings are used to specify the system board memory type and memory size. If you
change the memory size of the mainboard, you have to reset them accordingly.
Warning: Before you change any switch settings, make a note of how the switches are
originally set.
Switch Function
1-4 RAM size & RAM type Selection
5 ON for 640KB total memory
OFF for all other memory configurations
6 Reserved
2.1 System board switch block location
The following figure shows where the switch block is on the system board.
Note: The switch settings below are for example only.
The switch settings may be changed by using the tip of a pen to gently push the switches into the
correct position.
2.2 RAM Configuration and Installation
The OCTEK286EMS supports the following memory components:
a) 44256K DIPs
b) 41256 DIPs (parity RAM)
c) 64KB SIMM
d) 256KB SIMM
e) 1MB SIMM
The above memory components may be combined in such a way to obtain total memory of
512KB, 640KB, 1MB, 1.5MB, 2MB, 3MB, 4MB, 4.5MB, 5MB, 6MB and 8MB.
The OCTEK 286EMS system board provides sixteen 20- pins DIP sockets (for 44256 DRAMs)
and eight 18-pins DIP sockets (for 41256 parity DRAMs). In addition, 8 SIMM sockets are
provided for installation of 64KB, 256KB or 1MB SIMMs.
The DIPs DRAMs and the SIMMs are organized in 4 banks as shown below :
Bank 0 : U1,U2,U3,U4
: U5,U6 (Parity)
or
: SIMM at Bank 0 - low byte
: SIMM at Bank 0 - high byte
Bank 1 : U7,U8,U9,U10
: U11,U12 (Parity)
or
: SIMM at Bank 1 - low byte
: SIMM at Bank 1 - high byte
Bank 2 : U13,U14,U15,U16
: U17,U18 (Parity)
or
: SIMM at Bank 2 - low byte
: SIMM at Bank 2 - high byte
Bank 3 : U19,U20,U21,U22
: U23,U24 (Parity)
or
: SIMM at Bank 3 - low byte
: SIMM at Bank 3 - high byte
(U5,U6, U11,U12, U17,U18, U23,U24 are parity bits used for data checking. In normal
situations, those bits are not needed. Hence, the user can left those sockets blank and thus
allowing you to minimize the system cost. Also see Jumper setting JP1.)
You may install in each Bank either using DIP DRAMs or SIMMs. But do not install DIP
DRAMs and SIMMs on the same Bank.
The switch setting SW1-SW4 for different memory configurations are listed below :
SUMMARY OF SYSTEM BOARD SETTINGS
DIP SWITCH SETTING TYPES OF RAMS INSTALLED INTERLEAVE MEMORY
1 2 3 4 BANK0 BANK1 BANK2 BANK3 FACTOR TOTAL
OFF OFF OFF OFF 256K - - - - 512KB
OFF OFF OFF ON 256K 256K - - 2-WAY 1 MB
OFF OFF ON OFF 256K 256K 256K - - 1.5MB
OFF OFF ON ON 256K 256K 256K 256K 4-WAY 2 MB
OFF ON OFF OFF* 256K 64K - - - 640KB
OFF ON OFF ON 256K 256K - - 2-WAY 1 MB
OFF ON ON OFF 256K 256K 1M - - 3 MB
OFF ON ON ON 256K 256K 1M 1M 2-WAY 5 MB
ON OFF OFF OFF 1M - - - - 2 MB
ON OFF OFF ON 1M 1M - - 2-WAY 4 MB
ON OFF ON OFF 1M 1M 1M - - 6 MB
ON OFF ON ON 1M 1M 1M 1M 4-WAY 8 MB
ON ON OFF OFF 1M - - - - 2 MB
ON ON OFF ON 1M 1M - - 2-WAY 4 MB
ON ON ON OFF 1M 1M 256K - - 4.5MB
ON ON ON ON 1M 1M 256K 256K 2-WAY 5 MB
*
DIP SWITCH-5 should be OFF for all memory configuration
except for 640KB memory configuration
DIP SWITCH-6 - Reserved
Page/Interleave Memory
Memory access for OCTEK 286EMS is based on what is called a page/interleave arrangement.
This means information stored in the memory subsystem is divided up, some of it going to one
bank and some to another. This allows faster memory access but requires that banks operate in
pairs, hence the physical organization of the memory system. In order to use the interleave
option, banks on the memory cards must be filled in pairs. Any configuration of the memory
system which results in less than 2 MB total memory will not take adavantage of the
page/interleave function. Use of the Interleave feature will maximize the performance of the
OCTEK 286EMS.
Interleave will enable a faster execution speed for the programs. There are two types of
interleave - 2way interleave & 4way interleave.
2way interleave refers to interleave at Bank0 & Bank1 or at Bank2 & Bank3. But note that
interleave is supported in Bank0 & Bank1 when the same type of memory (either 256K or 1M) is
installed in the 2 Banks. Similarily, interleave is supported in Bank2 & Bank3 when the same
type of memory is installed in the 2 Banks.
4way interleave refers to interleave at the 4 Banks. This is supported only when the 4 Banks are
installed of the same type of memory (either 256K or 1M).
Shadow RAM
If you have 1MB or more of memory installed it is possible to use a feature of the OCTEK
286EMS's chip set called "Shadow RAM". This feature allows the relocation of the contents of
the ROM BIOS to a memory location in RAM above 640K. This feature increases overall system
speed. Use of the Shadow Ram feature is optional if only 1MB of memory is installed. It must be
used if more memory is present. Turning on the Shadow RAM feature is done by using a section
of the extended setup program described in Software Setup.
2.3 Examples
Example 1:
Installation of 640KB memory using DIP DRAMs and SIMMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : SIMM 64KB x 2 pcs
Example 2:
Installation of 1MB memory using DIP DRAMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Example 3:
Upgrading the installation of Example 2 to 3MB memory using SIMMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Bank 2 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Example 4:
Installation of 640KB memory using SIMMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : SIMM 256KB x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : SIMM 64KB x 2 pcs
Example 5:
Installation of 4MB memory using SIMMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Example 6:
Upgrading the installation of Example 5 to 5MB memory using DIP DRAMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 2 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Bank 3 : 44256 x 4 pcs
: 41256 x 2 pcs
Example 7:
Upgrading the installation of Example 5 to 8MB memory using 1MB SIMMs :
Switch Setting :
Bank 0 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 1 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 2 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
Bank 3 : SIMM 1MB x 2 pcs
SECTION 3 SYSTEM BOARD JUMPER
SELECTION
The mainboard jumpers allow the user to select the desired system configuration. The tables
below shows the function and the default settings of these jumpers. Details of these jumpers
will be discussed in the following sections. (There are also other jumpers in the mainboard, do
not alter these jumper settings as this may affect the normal operation of the system.)
Jumper Function
JP1 Parity enable/disable
JP3 BIOS ROM chip size selection
JP7 80287 co-processor clock rate selector
JP8 Display adapter selection
Default Settings
JP1 Pin 2,3 short (Parity check enable)
JP3 Pin 1,2 short (256K ROM BIOS)
JP7 Pin 1,2 short (80287 clock at 10MHz)
JP8 Open (Monochrome)
3.1 Parity Enable/Disable
What is Parity?
Parity is a method for detecting errors in data communications. The parity bit is added at the
end of data word. The value of this bit is a function of the rest of the data word. There are
several ways that the parity bit can be calculated.
"Even parity" means that the parity bit is set so that the sum of all the bits in the data word
(including the parity bit) is even.
"Odd parity" similarly means that the parity bit is set so that the sum of all the data bits in a word
(including the parity bit) is odd.
"No parity" means that no parity bit is added to the end of a data word.
For the OCTEK-286EMS System board, Memory Data Parity Check can either be enabled or
disabled by altering the setting of jumper JP1.
When installing DIP type RAM chips; U5, U6, U11, U12, U17, U18, U23 and U24 are the
DRAM chips for the parity bit. If data parity check is not desired, these sockets can be left
blank; thus enabling the user to minimize the number of RAM chips installed for the system.
41256 DRAM chips are used for parity bits.
JP1 Setting Parity Check
1-2 Disable
2-3 Enable
Refer to the following figure for the location of jumper JP1 and the appropriate setting :
3.2 ROM Configuration and Installation
The OCTEK 286EMS contains sockets for two BIOS EPROMs that can either be 27128 or
27256. Setting of jumper JP3 determines the ROM size and the type of ROM being used in the
system board. Installation of the chips is explained in the table below. No matter what BIOS is
used, the low-byte chip should be inserted in socket U27 and the high-byte chip in socket U28.
JP3 Type of ROM chip installation
Setting BIOS U27 U28
1-2 64KB size 27256 27256
2-3 32KB size 27128 27128
Refer to the following figure for the location of jumper JP3 and the appropriate setting :
3.3 80287 Numeric Processor Installation
If you use certain applications or programming languages, you may want to install a math coprocessor to enhance the performance of you system. Be ware, however, that your application
program must be specifically designed to take advantage of the math co- processor to benefit
from its presence in the system.
The 80287 Numeric Processor operates in conjunction with the 80286 CPU and will enhance the
system's math capabilities. To install the 80287, simply insert the LSI chip into the empty
socket below the power connector.
Important
Each pin on this LSI has a unique function. The 80287 should therefore be inserted into the
socket in the correct direction. If it is inserted incorrectly, the LSI or the computer may be
damaged. Install the LSI correctly by referring to the illustration. Care should be taken not to
bend and damage any of the pins. When inserting the LSI into the socket, apply force evenly
over the LSI body.
3.4 80287 Co-processor Clock Rate Selector
The operating clock rate of the co-processor depends on the clock rating of the 80287 chip used.
The co-processor's clock rate should match the clock rating of the 80287 chip to guarantee
proper and stable operation. Jumper JP7 is used to select the desire clock source for the 80287
co-processor.
In order to ensure maximum flexibility in choosing 80287 chip, there is a oscillator socket (Y4)
provided so that an external clock source for the co-processor is possible. If external clock
source is desired, JP7 should be set to position 2-3, and an oscillator should be installed on the
socket located at "Y4". Note that the oscillator's frequency should match that of the 80287 chip.
In this way, the user can readily make use of 80287 chip of any clock rate. (Please refer to the
following table for details.)
If on the other hand, the user wishes to used on-board clock source so that no external oscillator
is needed (socket "Y4" could left blank), then jumper JP7 should be set to position 1-2. This
setting would meant that a 80287-10 is required.
JP7 80287 Oscillator (Y4) Co-processor
Setting clock source (external) required
1-2 On-board None 80287-10
2-3 External 18 MHz 80287-6
External 24 MHz 80287-8
External 30 MHz 80287-10
Refer to the following figure for the location of jumper JP7 and the appropriate setting :
3.5 Display Adapter Settings
The OCTEK-286EMS system can work with various display monitors if provided with a suitable
display adapter. Jumper JP8 is used to signal the system what type of display adapter is
installed. If you want to use two monitors (a color monitor and a high-resolution monochrome
monitor, for example), set the adapter type to the monitor you want to use when the system
boots. Refer to the figure below for the location of JP8 and the appropriate setting:
JP8 Setting Adapter Type
ON Color Graphics Adapter or
Enhanced Graphics Adapter
OFF Monochrome Adapter
Refer to the following figure for the location of jumper JP8 and the appropriate setting :
SECTION 4 SYSTEM BOARD
CONNECTOR
This section describes with details of the hardware features in the system board. You may
find the information in this section useful. Under typical conditions, these connectors will
have to connected to the indicators and switches of the system unit.
Connector Function
P1 Hardware reset
connector
P2 Speaker connector
P3 Turbo switch connector
P4 Turbo LED connector
P5 Power LED and Ext-Lock
connector
P6-P7 Power supply connector
P8 External battery
connector
KB1 Keyboard connector
Pin assignments are as follows :
4.1 P1 - Hardware reset connector
A reset will restarts the computer from the RAM test stage. If this has been connected to the
front panel of your system case, the button can be used to restart your computer without turning
the power off. If you encounter any problems while using unfamiliar software, you can always
restart from the beginning by pushing the restart button.
Pin Assignments
1 Selection pin
2 Ground
4.2 P2 - Speaker connector
The speaker connector is a 4-pin, keyed, Berg strip.
Pin Assignments
1 Data out
2 +5 Vdc
3 Ground
4 +5 Vdc
4.3 P3 - Turbo switch connector
The operating speed of the system board can be selected by the turbo switch setting. A speed
switchover circuit ensures a smooth switchover between operating speeds, even during system
operation. Also software selection via keyboard is also allowed if appropriate BIOS is used.
Hardware Select Mode:
The turbo switch changes operation mode between 16MHz and 8MHz. This setting determines
the speed at which the processor runs after booting. If you have a hardware switch on your case
panel, connect it to jumper P3. You then can push the hardware switch to enter either Normal
mode or Turbo mode. (When the 2 pins are shorted, the system will operate at lower speed at
boot up.)
The pin assignments are as follows:
Pin Assignments
1 Select pin
2 Ground
Software Select Mode:
In addition to setting the processor clock speed by front-panel switch (Turbo switch), you can
also change processor speed 'on-the-fly' via keyboard command. The OCTEK286EMS has
speed switching circuitry allowing it to change speed during operation, even while you are
running a program.
The system is default to run in high speed, but the operating mode can also be changed. You
can toggle the operating speed between turbo mode and normal mode by pressing the following
keys simultaneously:
<Ctrl>, <Alt>, <+>
or <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <->
The turbo LED light will light up to show whether your computer is now running in turbo
mode or normal mode. When the Turbo LED is turned on, the system is in Turbo mode
(16 MHz). If the Turbo LED is off, the system is in Normal mode (8 MHz).
4.4 P4 - Turbo LED connector
The turbo LED indicates operation in Turbo mode (16MHz). This is a 2-pin keyed, Berg strip
(0.1") male pin connector.
Pin Assignments
1 +5Vdc
2 LED signal
4.5 P5 - Power LED and Ext-Lock connector
The power LED indicates whether the power is on. The keylock is used to enable or disable the
keyboard. By disabling the keyboard, the user ensures that anyone who does not have the key
will be unable to use the computer. Unlocking the keylock enables the normal operation of the
keyboard. If this is connected to the front panel of your case, a key provided with the case can
be used to disable the keyboard.
The power LED and keylock connector is a 5-pin Berg strip. Its pin assignments are as follow:
Pin Assignments
1 LED Power
2 Key
3 Ground
4 Keyboard inhibit
5 Ground
4.6 P6, P7 - Power supply connector
Pin Assignments
P6: 1 Ground
2 Ground
3 -5 Vdc
4 +5 Vdc
5 +5 Vdc
6 +5 Vdc
P7: 1 Power good
2 +5 Vdc
3 +12 Vdc
4 -12 Vdc
5 Ground
6 Ground
4.7 P8 - External battery connector
This is for connecting four "AA" size batteries instead of using the on-board battery for the
CMOS RAM. This batteries provides the same function as the on- board batteries.
Pin Assignments
1 6 Vdc
2 N/C
3 Ground
4 Ground
4.8 KB1 (DIN connector) - Keyboard connector
The keyboard connector is a five-pin DIN 90-degree printed circuit board (PCB) mounting. The
pin assignments are as follows :
Pin Assignments
1 Keyboard clock
2 Keyboard data
3 Spare
4 Ground
5 +5 Vdc
SECTION 5 SYSTEM OPERATION
5.1 System BIOS
All microcomputer systems use a Basic Input Output System. This is software that has been
permanently recorded in a ROM (Read Only Memory) chip and functions as the basic point of
communication between the system board and the rest of the computer.
The BIOS provides an operational interface to the system and relieve the programmer from
worrying about the characteristics of hardware devices. Thus, hardware modifications and
enhancements become transparent to user's programs, access to BIOS is through the program
interrupts of the 80286 microprocessor. Each BIOS entry point is available through its own
interrupt.
5.2 Power Up
Upon your turning on the power of your OCTEK286EMS system, the system will go through a
self-test routine which checks all of its internal devices. Complete testings will be carried out on
the CPU, base 640K RAM, extended RAM, ROM, system board, CMOS memory, video
controllers, parallel and serial subsystems, floppy and fixed disk subsystems and the keyboard.
When the self-test is completed, the system will search for the DOS (disk operating system)
system file in drive A. If no system diskette is put in drive A, it will check the fixed disk (if
installed).
5.3 First Time Startup
If it is the first time that the computer is started up, you will need to configure the system by
telling the SETUP program what hardware configuration your system contains.
5.4 Configuring your System
The AMI BIOS, in addition to the BIOS program itself, contains a setup program that is called
up everytime the system boots up. This is called the SETUP. The SETUP program lets you
specify your system's configuration of diskette drives, hard disk drives, video display, memory,
and date and time. The AMI BIOS provides a one-screen interactive equipment and machine
configuration setup. The SETUP can be run after the system has been turned on and the
memory test is finished or has been escaped. The SETUP program is built-in, you do not need a
diskette to use it.
If your OCTEK286EMS is already installed in a working system, you will not need to use the
SETUP program unless the configuration already recorded in the on-board CMOS RAM is lost
or a change is made in your system hardware configuration. If the information is lost due to
loss of battery power, you will need to reenter the configuration. If the configuration is altered,
the changes must be recorded.
5.4.1 Memory Test Bypass
After the system is powered on or after a reset, the BIOS performs diagnostics of the system and
displays the size of the memory being tested.
Note that you can bypass the memory test by pressing the <ESC> key. This option would be
useful when the memory on the system is quite large. You may hit the <ESC> key when the
message following message appears on the screen:
Press <ESC> Key to bypass MEMORY test
5.4.2 Running Setup
Follow the instructions as they come up on the screen to complete the procedure. The initial
prompt on the screen tells you to press the <DEL> key if you want to use the setup program.
It is displayed briefly just after the RAM test is run when you first turn on the system. If it
disappears before you have a chance to respond turn the system off and on again or reset the
system and the message will reappear. The initial screen prompt will be similar to:
Press <DEL> key if you want to run SETUP or DIAGS.
Hit <DEL> key to get into the Setup Mode. (Note that <DEL> key will get you into the setup
mode, only when the above message is displayed on the screen.)
Upon your pressing of the <DEL> key, the following message will appear on the screen :
EXIT FOR BOOT
RUN CMOS SETUP
RUN DIAGNOSTICS
Use <Up> and <Down> keys to highlight the selected item. Highlight RUNCMOSSETUP for
the SETUP program and press the <Return> key to enter this option.
In a moment, the following SETUP menu will appear :
Once you have entered the SETUP menu, enter the date, time, the primary display type, the
floppy drive installed and the hard disk drive type (if installed). See Appendix1 for a printed
list of hard disk drive types. The SETUP program will automatically determines your
computer's memory configuration and displays it on the SETUP menu.
Use the <Up>, <Down> , <Left>, <Right>, and Return keys to move between options. The
field shown in reverse video is the current field, which is the one the user may changes. Then
use <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys to select the correct values.
After you have entered the correct values to all of the SETUP options, you may now exit the
SETUP program. To do so, press <ESC> key to exit. The following message will then
appear :
Write data into CMOS and exit (Y/N)?
Press Y to update the data and exit the SETUP program.
The computer now performs a cold boot (equivalent to turning the power off and back on again),
performs the memory test, and then tries to boot from the disk drive. If your hard disk has not
yet been initialized, be sure that you have a bootable DOS diskette in the A drive.
5.5 Running AMI BIOS Diagnostics
Following the above procedures until the following display is shown on the screen :
EXIT FOR BOOT
RUN CMOS SETUP
RUN DIAGNOSTICS
Use the <Up> & <Down> to move the highlight bar to select "RUN DIAGNOSTICS" and
then press <Enter>. The following screen will then appear :
The AMI Utilities includes services for the hard disk, floppy, keyboard, video and miscellaneous.
It provides an easy to operate screen-menu allowing inexperienced users to operate the program.
Simply press
<Left> or <Right> and <Up> or <Down> keys to move the highlight bar the option desired.
SECTION 6 TECHNICAL INFORMATION
This section provides the technical materials about the OCTEK 286EMS system board. The
information in this section is for reference, and is intended for advanced readers who needs to
understand the basic design and operation of the OCTEK 286EMS system.
6.1 GC101/GC102/GC113 AT Chip Set
The GC101 Peripheral Controller is the heart of the three chip system and forms most of the
control circuits and "glue" logic of the AT architecture in a single CMOS VLSI chip.
The GC101 performs CPU and peripheral support functions including the following:
* All Peripheral Devices and Refresh Counters
* All mega functions
-82284 Clock Generator
-82288 Bus Controller
-8254 Timer
-8259 Interrupt Controller (2)
-8237 DMA Controller
The GC102 may be configured as either an Address Buffer of Data Buffer by strapping one pin
high or low. This chip replaces address buffer, data transceivers, memory drivers, parity
generators and supporting circuitry. The chip is now used as a Data Buffer in the system.
GC102 Data Buffer provides:
* Buffers and latches data for the CPU expansion bus and memory
* Parity bit generation and checking
* Slew rate controlled outputs
GC113 Advanced Memory Manager provides:
* Page Mode and 2 or 4-Way Interleave support
* Hardware support for EMS4.0
* Support Shadow RAM for Video and System BIOS
* Supports 256K or 1M DRAMs
* Supports up to 8MB of on-board system memory
6.2 OCTEK 286EMS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
6.3 Microprocessor
The 80286 is a high-performance microprocessor with a 16-bit external data path, up to 16
megabytes of directly addressable physical memory and up to one gigabyte of virtual memory
space. The operating speed of the 80286 chip is 8 MHz in Normal mode and 16 MHz in Turbo
mode.
The 80286 operates in two modes: protected virtual address and real address.
Virtual address mode
The virtual address mode provides a 1-gigabyte virtual address space mapped onto a 16
megabyte physical address space. Virtual address space is larger than physical address space,
and the use of a virtual address that does not map to a physical address location will cause a
restartable interrupt.
This mode uses 32-bit pointers that consist of a 16-bit selector and offset components. The
selector specifies an index into a memory-resident table, and the 24 bit base address of the
desired segment is obtained from the memory table. A 16-bit offset is added to the segment
base address to form the physical address. The microprocessor automatically references the
tables whenever a segment register is loaded with a selector. Instructions that load a segment
register will refer to the memory-based tables without additional program support. The
memory-based tables contain 8-byte values called descriptors.
Real address mode
In this mode, physical memory is a contiguous array of up to 1 megabyte. The selector portion
of the pointer is interpreted as the upper 16 bits of a 20-bit address, and the remaining 4 bits are
set to zero. This mode of operation is compatible with the 8088 and 8086.
Segments in this mode are 64KB in size and may be read, written or executed. An interrupt may
occur if data operands or instructions attempt to wrap around the end of a segment. In this
mode, the information contained in the segment does not use the full 64KB, and the unused end
of the segment may be overlay by another segment to reduce physical memory requirements.
6.4 System Memory Map
6.5 I/O Address Map
I/O Address Map on System Board
I/O address hex 000 to 0FF are reserved for the system board I/O.
I/O Address Map on the I/O slots
I/O address hex 100 to 3FF are available on the I/O channel.
6.6 System Timers
The system has three programmable timer/ counters controlled by the timer/counter from the
GC101 chip set and are defined as channels 0 through 2 :
Note: Channel 1 is programmed to generate a 15-micro- second period signal.
The 8254 Timer/Counter is treated by system programs as an arrangement of four programmable
external I/O ports. Three are treated as counters, the fourth is a control register for mode
programming.
6.7 System Interrupts
Sixteen levels of system interrupts are provided by the 80286 NMI and two 8259 Interrupt
Controller within the GC101 chip set. The following shows the interrupt- level assignments in
decreasing priority.
6.8 Direct Memory Access (DMA)
The system supports seven DMA channels. Two DMA Controller are included in the GC101,
with four channels for each chip. The DMA channels are assigned as follows:
The following shows the addresses for the page register.
6.9 Real Time Clock and CMOS RAM
The CMOS RAM Chip (146818) contains the real-time clock and 64 bytes of CMOS RAM, it
keeps configuration information when power is off. Upon you turn the system power on,
CMOS will load the recorded configuration into the system so that the system can function in the
right track with the equipped components. However, if you haven't configured the CMOS, or
the battery which supports the power to the CMOS is weaken, you need to redefine the necessary
parameters whenever the system is booting up.
The program of the CMOS setting will be loaded into the system automatically from the subsystem named BIOS. The following table shows the CMOS RAM addresses.
CMOS RAM Address Map
* These bytes are not included in the checksum calculation and are not part of the
configuration record.
Real-time Clock Information
The following table describes real-time clock bytes and specifies their addresses.
Note: The setup program initializes registers A, B, C, and D when the time and date are set.
Also Interrupt 1A is the BIOS's interface to read/set the time and date. It initializes the status
bytes the same as the setup program.
6.10 Math Coprocessor
The 80287 Math Coprocessor enables the Micro-286 system to perform high-speed arithmetic,
logarithmic functions, and trigonometric operations with extreme accuracy.
The coprocessor works in parallel with the microprocessor. The parallel operation decrease
operating time by allowing the coprocessor to do mathematical calculations while the
microprocessor continues to do other functions.
The Mathematics Coprocessor, 80287 is treated as an I/O device through I/O port address hex
0F8, 0FA and 0FC. The microprocessor sends OP codes and operands through these I/O ports.
The microprocessor also receives and stores results through the same I/O ports. The "BUSY"
signal generated by the coprocessor signifies to the microprocessor to wait until the coprocessor
has finished executing.
The following describe the mathematics coprocessor control ports:
0F0 The latched Mathematics Coprocessor busy signal can be cleared with an 8- bit, Out
command, to port F0. The coprocessor will latch "BUSY", if it asserts its error signal. Data
output should be zero.
0F1 The Mathematics Coprocessor will reset to real address mode which is in the 8087
compatible if an 8- bit Out command is sent to port F1. Again, the data output should be zero.
6.11 System Expansion Bus
The Micro-286 provides drive for up to eight XT- compatible cards (six of which can be ATcompatible with the second connector)
The I/O channel supports:
* I/O address space from hex 100 to hex 3FF
* Selection of data access (either 8 or 16 bit)
* 24 bit memory addresses (16MB)
* Interrupts
* DMA channels
* Refresh of system memory from channel microprocessors
There are eight 62-pin (JA1-JA8) and six 36-pin (JB1- JB6) edge connector sockets for I/O
channel adapter cards. In two positions, the 36-pin connector is not present. These positions
can support only 62-pin I/O bus adapters.
The following figure shows the pin numbering for I/O channel connectors JA1 to JA8.
The following figure shows the pin numbering for I/O channel connectors JB1-JB6.
The following table summarize pin assignments for the I/O channel connectors.
I/O Channel (A-Side, JA1-JA8)
I/O Channel (B-Side, JA1-JA8)
I/O Channel (C-Side JB1-JB6)
I/O Channel (D-Side JB1-JB6)
APPENDIX
Hard Disk Drives supported by AMI BIOS
Write Landing
Type Cylinders Head Precomp Zone Capacity
1 306 4 128 305 10MB
2 615 4 300 615 21MB
3 615 6 300 615 31MB
4 940 8 512 940 64MB
5 940 6 512 940 48MB
6 615 4 None 615 21MB
7 462 8 256 511 31MB
8 733 5 None 733 31MB
9 900 15 None 901 115MB
10 820 3 None 820 21MB
11 855 5 None 855 36MB
12 855 7 None 855 51MB
13 306 8 128 319 21MB
14 733 7 None 733 44MB
15 Reserved
16 612 4 All 663 21MB
17 997 5 300 997 42MB
18 997 7 None 997 58MB
19 1024 7 512 1023 61MB
20 733 5 300 977 31MB
21 733 7 300 732 42MB
22 733 5 300 733 31MB
23 306 4 All 336 10MB
24 925 7 All 925 56MB
25 925 9 None 925 72MB
26 754 7 754 754 46MB
27 754 11 None 754 72MB
28 699 7 256 699 46MB
29 923 10 None 823 71MB
30 918 7 918 918 55MB
31 1024 111 None 1024 98MB
32 1024 15 None 1024 133MB
33 1024 5 1024 1024 44MB
34 612 2 128 612 10MB
35 1024 9 None 1024 80MB
36 1024 8 512 1024 71MB
37 615 8 128 615 42MB
38 987 3 987 987 25MB
39 987 7 987 987 60MB
40 820 6 820 820 42MB
41 977 5 977 977 42MB
42 981 5 981 981 42MB
43 830 7 512 830 50MB
44 830 10 None 830 72MB
45 917 15 None 918 115MB
46 1224 15 None 1223 152MB
47 USER TYPE
SUMMARY OF SYSTEM BOARD SETTINGS
DIP SWITCH SETTING TYPES OF RAMS INSTALLED INTERLEAVE MEMORY
1 2 3 4 BANK0 BANK1 BANK2 BANK3 FACTOR TOTAL
OFF OFF OFF OFF 256K - - - - 512KB
OFF OFF OFF ON 256K 256K - - 2-WAY 1 MB
OFF OFF ON OFF 256K 256K 256K - - 1.5MB
OFF OFF ON ON 256K 256K 256K 256K 4-WAY 2 MB
OFF ON OFF OFF* 256K 64K - - - 640KB
OFF ON OFF ON 256K 256K - - 2-WAY 1 MB
OFF ON ON OFF 256K 256K 1M - - 3 MB
OFF ON ON ON 256K 256K 1M 1M 2-WAY 5 MB
ON OFF OFF OFF 1M - - - - 2 MB
ON OFF OFF ON 1M 1M - - 2-WAY 4 MB
ON OFF ON OFF 1M 1M 1M - - 6 MB
ON OFF ON ON 1M 1M 1M 1M 4-WAY 8 MB
ON ON OFF OFF 1M - - - - 2 MB
ON ON OFF ON 1M 1M - - 2-WAY 4 MB
ON ON ON OFF 1M 1M 256K - - 4.5MB
ON ON ON ON 1M 1M 256K 256K 2-WAY 5 MB
JUMPER Pin Function
JP1 1,2 Parity check disable
2,3 Parity check enable
JP3 1,2 256K ROM BIOS
2,3 128K ROM BIOS
JP7 1,2 Fixed 80287 clock rate; use 80287-10
2,3 User defined 80287 clock rate
(Oscillator required at location "Y4")
JP8 short CGA, EGA or VGA mode
open Monochrome mode
Connector Function
P1 Hardware reset connector
P2 Speaker connector
P3 Turbo switch connector
P4 Turbo LED connector
P5 Power LED and Ext-Lock connector
P6-P7 Power supply connector
P8 External battery connector
KB1 Keyboard connector
*
DIP SWITCH-5 should be OFF for all memory configuration
except for 640KB memory configuration
DIP SWITCH-6 - Reserved
OCTEK 286EMS SYSTEM BOARD LAYOUT
EMS Driver Version 4.00 Description
There is an EMS Driver Diskette that came with the motherboard. This EMS Memory Manager
will conform to version 4.00 of the Lotus/Intel/Microsoft (LIM) expanded memory specification.
Version 4.00 of the LIM specification is upward compatible with version 3.20 and will run
programs written for that version of the memory manager.
This version of the Memory Manager supports both standard EMS and the Enhanced EMS
(EEMS) types of expanded memory to allow multi-tasking.
The memory manager should be installed in the CONFIG.SYS file as the first driver. This
allows other device dirvers, such as the ramdisk, to make use of the memory manager's services.
After being loaded, the memory manager will determine the amount of expanded memory in the
system and perform any required initialization. The syntax for installation of the memory
manager is shown below.
device = MM.SYS [/Handles=nnn] [/Contexts=nnn] [/Depth=nn] [/Start=xxxx] [/Xclude=xxxxxxxx] [/L=xxxx-xxxx] [/Address=xxx] [/M=nnnn] [/Test]
The numeric parameters for the memory manager should be specified in decimal except where
specically noted otherwise. Memory sizes should be specified in K (1024) bytes without the K
on the end of the number. 32,767 bytes would be specified as 32. Only the first character of
the parameter is significant. For example "/D=" may be substituted for "/Depth=".
All of the parameters noted above are optional. Default values for each will be selected if the
parameter is not specified. Below is a description of each of the memory manager's parameters.
OPTION PARAMETERS FOR THE LIM MEMORY MANAGER
This document provides information on the option parameters for the LIM memory manager by
Quadtel. The format of this document is as follows:
1) General information
2) Individual discussion of the different option parameters
GENERAL INFORMATION:
HARDWARE OPTION PARAMETERS AND
MEMORY MANAGER OPTION PARAMETERS:
There are two different types of option parameters: the hardware option parameters and the
memory manager option parameters. The format for the two types is identical so the user does
not usually need to be concerned with this distinction. However, there is one important item to
note: if a hardware option parameter and a memory manager option parameter have the same
name, the HARDWARE interpretation wins out. Hence any naming conflicts cause the memory
manager to effectively lose an option.
SPECIFICATION OF NUMBERS:
In the next section on the discussion of the option parameters,the following formats will be used
for representing numbers:
Symbol Meaning
dd a single byte decimal value:[0-255]
dddd a single word decimal value:[0-65535]
xx a single byte hex value: [00-FF]
xxxx a single word hex value: [0000-FFFF]
OPTION PRAMETERS:
HARDWARE OPTION PARAMETERS:
/A=xxxx
Sets the base I/O address of the EMS controller (GC103 only) e.g. /A=02E8 the base I/O
address is at 02E8
Note: No test is done at the time this option is entered to verify tht a controller chip does indeed
exist at this I/O address. However, the initialization routines performed later will fail if this is not
a controller address.
/M=dddd
Tells the memory manager how many kilobytes of extended memory can be used for EMS
memory. This value is rounded UP to the next multiple of 16. If /M is not used, or /M=0 is
entered, then NO extended memory is allocated as EMS memory. This parameter overrides the
amount of EMS memory specified by setup.
e.g. /M=384 EMS can use 384K of available memory
/M=120 EMS can use 128K of available memory
Note: No test is done at the time this option is entered to verify that EMS has at least the amount
of memory specified.
MEMORY MANAGER OPTION PARAMETERS:
/C=dddd
Sets the number of contexts that EMS can save. The number of contexts must lie in the range
[3,255].
e.g. /C=8 8 contexts can be saved simultaneously
/D=dd
Sets the depth of a context (number of registers) that can be saved. The context depth must lie in
the range [1,32].
e.g. /D=12 Each stack frame can hold 12 registers.
/H=dddd
Sets the maximum number of handles the manager will have open at any time. This number must
lie in the range [3,255].
e.g. /H=128 128 handles can be open at one time.
/I=xxxx-xxxx
Excludes the specified I/O range from the scan. The start address range must be less than the end
address range or an error will be generated.
e.g. /I=03D0-03D9 I/O 3D0-3D9 is excluded.
/X=xxxx-xxxx
Sets an address range which should be EXCLUDED from EMS paging. The exclusion option
can be used to prevent special RAM sections from being banked out. The memory manager will
automatically exclude address ranges for ROM and standard video cards; these do not need to be
specified. Both of the addresses entered are considered to be paragraph addresses. The addresses
will be rounded UP to the next multiple of 1K, unless they are already a multiple of 1K. The
second value must be larger than the first or an error will occur.
e.g. /X=A000-A800 Excludes A0000-A8000 from paging
e.g. /X=4015-5000 Excludes 44000-50000 from paging
/L=xxxx-xxxx
Sets an address range which should be INCLUDED in EMS paging. The addresses are
interpreted exactly as in the /X exclude option parameter.
e.g. /L=3800-4200 Includes 38000-42000 in paging
/S=xxxx
Sets the start of page frame address. This is the address at which EMS pages will appear as they
are mapped in. It is often referred to as the EMS window. The address is interpreted exactly as
in the /X exclude option parameter and it must be less than E000.
e.g. /S=9000 Sets the page frame address to 90000
/F
Full display option. This option causes the status of the memory manager to be displayed.
e.g. /F
/N
Specifies that non-volatile and display memory can be used by the EMS memory manager.
e.g. /N
/V
Specifies that only volatile memory is to be used by the EMS memory manager.
e.g. /V
/T
Enables a pattern test and two different types of address tests to be performed on the memory
during the memory manager initialization.
e.g. /T
/Z
Disables memory testing during initialization.
e.g. /Z
CHKMEM
A utility called CHKMEM is provided which will display the amount of allocated system and
expanded memory. Simply type CHKMEM from the DOS prompt and then press ENTER. If
the "/A" optional parameter is used, all of the allocated handles will be displayed with their
respective names and sizes.
Loading...