The Automotive MP-A9_Rev1.0
(MP-A9_Rev1_SCH-29323_B2,
MP-A9_Rev1_LAY-29323_B2) wireless
charging TX demo is used to transfer power
wirelessly to a charged device. A charged device
can be any electronic device equipped with a
dedicated Qi wireless charging receiver.
The main parameters of the wireless charging
transmitter (WCT) are as follows:
• The input voltage ranges from 9 V DC to
16 V DC (automotive bat range).
Contents
1. Key Features 1
2. Hardware Setup 2
3. Application Operation 6
4. Hardware Description 7
5. Application Monitoring and Contro l Through
FreeMASTER 15
6. Application Monitoring Through Console 21
7. Programming New Software and Cal ibration 23
• The input voltage can drop down to 6 V
DC level during the start-stop function.
• The nominal delivered power to the
receiver is 15 W (at the output of the
receiver) and can be compatible with 5W
receiver.
The WCT board is connected to the system by the main power connector. It comprises the automotive
battery connection (red wire = +12 V line, black wire = GND line), the CAN connection (yellow wires),
and the IGNITION (blue wire).
The connectors on the bottom edge of the board provide a JTAG connection for programming and
debugging, 2xSCI for the FreeMASTER tool connection for the debug option and the console connection,
and the temperature connector and backup touch sense connector are placed on the edge of the board. The
thermal resistor circuits can be used to develop the temperature sensing and protection.
The circuitry on the board is covered by the metal shield to lower the EMI and provides a f ixed position for
the coils. Figure 2 shows the device.
Connect the demo to the supply voltage +12 V DC. The WCT starts to send pe riodically the power ping to
check whether the compatible device wireless charging receiver (WCR) is placed on the charging surface.
When the Qi-compliant device is placed on the top of the TX coils area, the WCT starts the charging
process. If there is no correct Qi answer from the WCR side, the TX does not start the Qi charging process.
If the WCR answers properly, the power transfer starts. The actual level of the transferred power is
controlled by the WCT in accordance with WCR requirements. The receiver sends messages to the WCT
through ASK on the coil resonance power signal, and the transmitter sends the information to the receiver
by FSK according to the Qi specif ication. The power transfer is terminated if the receiver is removed from
the WCT magnetic field.
The system supports all Qi WCR devices: Qi_Ver-1.0 compliance and Qi_Ver-1.1 compliance, and the Qi
EPP 15 W receiver. The sy stem supports all the FOD features for different receivers. For the low-power 5
W receiver, the power loss FOD is supported. For the EPP 15 W receiver, both Q-value method and power
loss FOD method are supported.
Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the automotive wireless charger MP-A9.
Go to the NXP website to obtain the latest Hardware Design files.
The whole design consists of several blocks, which are described in the following sections.
Figure 5 Block diagram of the automotive wireless charger MP-A9
The input connector J1 provides the whole connection to the car wiring. It connects the battery voltage to
the WCT and CAN communication interface.
The input filter consists of the Common Mode Filter FL1 and the filter capacitors C1, C3, C4, C14, and
L1.
The main battery voltage switch is equipped with MOSFET Q1. This stage is controlled by the main
controller WCT1011A/WCT1013A and the IGNITION signal. The hardware overvoltage protection
(more than 20 V DC) is also implemented by D1 and Q2 to this switch.
4.2 System voltage DCDC and LDO
The 12 V Car Battery input is connected to a buck converter U25 (MPQ4558). Its output is 5 V and
supplies LDO U26 (MPQ8904), MOSFET Driver, and CAN Transceiver. The 3.3 V output of LDO is
mainly for WCT1011A/WCT1013A and other 3.3 V powered components.
Generally, the DCDC works at the light-load conditions. High efficiency in light-load is very important
for this auxiliary buck converter.
4.3 Rail voltage generated by digital buck-boost or analog buck-boost chip
The Qi specification for the MP-A9 topology requires the DC voltage control to control the power
transferred to the receiver. The buck-boost converter is selected to obtain the regulated DC voltage in the
range from 1 V DC to 24 V DC for the full-bridge inverter power supply. The buck-boost can be digitally
controlled by the WCT chip or the individual analog buck-boost converter and the WCT chip just controls
the output voltage feedback.
Digital buck-boost module includes the drivers, the full-bridge converter, and the output voltage feedback.
The DCDC converter’s control loop is implemented by the firmware, and the control parameters can be
optimized with different main circuit parameters, such as the inductor and output capacitor.
For the analog buck-boost module, the LTC3789 is selected to generate the rail voltage. The WCT chip
C524 0.01uF
GND6
R664
1K
R665
1K
R666 68K
C525 1000pF
C526 3300pF
R6670
R6680
DNP
R669
120K
R671 0
R672 0
DNP
C527
10uF
R676
0.015
GND6
GND6
C529 0.22uF
INTVCC
9
C530 4.7uF
GND6
C531 0.22uF
GND6
VBAT_SW_6
R6790
GND6
INTVCC
9
INTVCC
9
GND6
R646
2.00k
R687
2.00k
LTC3789IGN
U75
VFB
1
SS
2
SENSE+3SENSE-
4
ITH
5
SGND
6
MODE/PLLIN
7
FREQ
8
RUN
9
VINSNS
10
VOUTSNS
11
ILIM
12
IOSENSE+
13
IOSENSE-
14
TRIM
15
SW2
16
TG2
17
BOOST2
18
BG2
19
EXTVCC
20
INTVCC
21
VIN
22
BG1
23
PGND
24
BOOST1
25
TG1
26
SW1
27
PGOOD
28
GND6
R6570
DCDC_PG_6
9
GND6
R6700
VRAIL_6
R625
1.6K
C502
10uF
GND6
C503
10uF
GND6
C504
10uF
GND6
R680 0
VBAT_SW_6
C513
47pF
VRAIL_6
TP64
DNP
Differential Wire
Small board 6
DCDC_EN_6
9
GND6
R634 10
R635 10
D90 1PS76SB10
A
C
R637 10
R636 10
R639 0
R638 0
D91
1PS76SB10
AC
R641 0
R640 0
R642 0
R643
0
C515
0.1uF
50V
R6450
D85
PMEG2005AEA
AC
D86
PMEG2005AEA
AC
D87
PMEG2005AEA
AC
D88
PMEG2005AEA
A
C
C518
0.1uF
50V
R651
0.015
R652
10.0K
R653
10.0K
Q76
NVTFS5820NLTAG
1
4
3
2
5
Q77
NVTFS5820NLTAG
1
4
3
2
5
R654
10.0K
Q78
NVTFS5820NLTAG
1
4
3
2
5
R655
10.0K
Q79
NVTFS5820NLTAG
1
4
3
2
5
L32
10UH
1
2
VBAT_SW_6
C521
0.1uF
50V
VRAIL_6
INTVCC
9
R662
200
C523
4700pF
RAIL_CNTL_6
9
INTVCC
9
R663
39K
R661 4.3K
GND6
R629 100
DNP
R628 100
DNP
VRAILB_S6
C514 1.0uF
IS-_S6
9
R677
100
R678
100
C517
2700pF
C520
2700pF
C519
2700pF
C516
2700pF
R648
3.32
R647
3.32
R650
3.32
R649
3.32
controls the rail voltage by one analog signal. This analog signal affects the analog buck-boost converter
feedback, and then the system can get the rail voltage as the system expects.
The digital buck-boost is recommended for use on this wireless charging solution due to its lower cost,
simpler hardware circuits, and easier to be controlled.
4.4 Full-bridge and resonant circuits
The full-bridge power stage consists of two MOSFET Drivers, U8 and U9, as well as four power
MOSFETs, Q13, Q15, Q19, and Q20. The MOSFET Drivers are powered by the stable voltage level 5 V
DC that decreases the power losses in the drivers and MOSFETs. The full-bridge power stage converts the
variable DC voltage VRAIL to the square wave 50% duty-cycle voltage with 125 kHz frequency. The
range of the used frequency (120 kHz to 130 kHz) is defined in the Qi specification for the MP-A9
topology.
The resonant circuits consist of C111, C112, C423, C580, and coils, all of which are fixed values defined
in the Qi specification for the MP-A9 topology. The snubber RC pairs connected in parallel to power
MOSFETs are used to lower the high frequency EMI products. The Vrail discharge circuit Q46, R376, is
switched ON while the system is terminated.
Figure 8 Full bridge circuits and coil selection circuits
4.5 Communication
There is bi-way communication between the medium power transceiver and receiver. Communication
from RX to TX: The receiver measures the received power and sends back to transmitter the information
about the re quired power level. This message is amplitude modulated (AM) on the coil current and sensed
by TX.
The RC circuits (C210, R116, R118, R224), known as DDM, sample the signals from the coil, compress
the signal amplitude, and feed to ADC B-channel of WCT1011A/WCT1013A. The information about the
current amplitude and modulated data are processed by the embedded software routine.
Communication from TX to RX: TX shall negotiate with RX in the negotiation phase if requested by RX.
TX uses FSK Modulation to communicate with RX, and the communication frequency is about 512 times
operating frequency.
4.6 FOD based on power loss
The power loss
Received Power , i.e.
in Figure 9.
, which is defined as the difference between the Transmitted Power and the
=
, provides the power absorption in Foreign Objects, as shown
Figure 9 Power loss illustrated
When the FO is implemented in the power transfer, the power loss will increase accordingly, and the FO
can be detected based on the power loss method.
Power loss FOD method is divided into two types: FOD for baseline power profile (TX and RX can
transfer no more than 5 W of power) and extensions power profile (TX and RX can transfer power above
5 W).
4.6.1 Power loss FOD baseline
The equation for power loss FOD baseline is
The Transmitted Power represents the amount of power that leaves the TX due to the magnetic field
of the TX, and
=
, where represents the input power of the TX and
power dissipated inside the TX. could be measured by sampling input voltage and input current, and
could be estimated through the coil current.
The Received Power represents the amount of power that is dissipated within the RX due to the
magnetic field of the TX, and
is the power lost inside the RX.
=
+
When NXP WCT-15WTXAUTO charges the RX baseline, the power loss baseline is applied. The TX
continuously monitors
, and if it exceeds the threshold several times, the TX terminates power
transfer.
=
. The power
.
is provided at the RX’s output and
is the
4.6.2 Power loss FOD extensions
Typically, a RX estimates the power loss inside itself to determine its Received Power. Similarly, the TX
estimates the power loss inside itself to determine its Transmitted Power. A systematic bias in these
estimates results in a difference between the Transmitted Power and the Received Power, even if there is
no Foreign Object present on the Interface Surface. To increase the effectiveness of the power loss
method, the TX can remove the bias in the calculated power loss by calibration. For this purpose, the TX
and Power RX execute the calibration phase before the power transfer phase starts. The TX needs to verify
that there is no FO present on its interface surface before the calibration phase and FOD based on Q factor
could work.
As the bias in the estimates can be dependent on the power level, the TX and RX determine their
Transmitted Power and Received Power at two load conditions — a “light” load and a “connected” load.
The “light” load is close to the minimum expected output power, and the “connected” load is close to the
maximum expected output power. Based on the two load conditions, the Power Transmitter can calibrate
its Transmitted Power using linear interpolation. Alternatively, the Power Transmitter can calibrate the
reported Received Power.
Take calibrated Transmitted Power as an example:
b =
()
a =
=
()
()
()
()
+
()
()
(
()
)
()
Therefore, the TX uses the calibrated Transmitted Power to determine the power loss as follows:
=
When a RX baseline is charged by NXP WCT-15WTXAUTO, only the power loss FOD baseline works.
If a RX extension is placed on NXP WCT-15WTXAUTO, the Q factor would be measured at first to
detect if there is a FO presents. If yes , the TX would stop charging; otherwise, the TX can proceed to
calibration phase and power transfer phase, and power loss FOD extension works to detect if a FO is
inserted during power transfer phase.
For details of FOD, see the WCT1011A /WCT1013A Automotive MP-A9 Run-Time Debug User’s Guide
(WCT101XARTDUG).
4.7 FOD based on Q factor change
A change in the environment of the TX coil typically causes its inductance to decrease or its equivalent
series resistance to increase. Both effects lead to a decrease of the TX coil’s Q factor. The RX sends a
packet including the reference Q factor for TX to compare and determine if FO exists, as shown in
Figure 10.
The reference Q factor is defined as the Q factor of Test Power Transmitter #MP1’s Primary Coil at an
operating frequency of 100 kHz with RX positioned on the interf ace surface and no FO nearby. Due to the
differences between its design and that of Test Power Transmitter #MP1, the difference between the
frequency it uses to determine its Q factor and 100 kHz, the TX needs to convert the Q factor it measured
to that of Test Power Transmitter #MP1. NXP provides the conversion method and needs to get the
parameters on board at first. The TX would do auto-calibration and get parameters at the first time
powering up after flashed new image, and then these parameters are written to flash. Therefore, it is
necessary to make sure there is no object on the TX surface at the first time powering up after flashed new
image.
Figure 10 Quality factor threshold example
4.7.1 Free Resonance Q factor
The free resonance Q factor detection is to detect the decay rate of the resonance signal, as shown in
Figure 11. With the system’s high Q, driving just a few pulses near resonant frequency are sufficient to
serve as impulses and start the sy stem ringing. Collec t ADC data of tank voltage ( or coil current), and then
get the decay rate of the signal.
Q=/(-ln(Rate))
Rate is the value of decay rate of resonance signal.
The circuit for free resonance Q measurement is as shown in the following figure, which samples the
signal on resonance capacitors.
Figure 12 Free resonance Q measurement circuit
4.8 Coil selection
The Qi specification defines the MP-A9 as the more-than-one coil topology with one coil energized at a
time to realize the free position charging.
The coil selection topology connects only one coil to the full-bridge inverter at a time. The coil is equipped
with the dual N-MOSFETs, Q9, Q12, or Q16, controlled by the WCT1011A/WCT1013A controller
through the control interface based on the low power bipolar transistors.
4.9 Analog sensing
Some ports of the ADC A-channel of WCT1011A/WCT1013A are used for sensing analog signals, such
as temperature, full-bridge input current, input voltage, and rail voltage.
5. Application Monitoring and Control Through FreeMASTER
FreeMASTER is a user-friendly real-time debug monitor and data visualization tool for application
development and information management. Supporting nonintrusive variable monitoring on a running
system, FreeMASTER allows the data from multiple variables to be viewed in an evolving
oscilloscope-like display or in a common text for mat. The application can also be monitored and operated
from the web-page-like control panel.
5.1 Software setup
To set up the software, perform the following steps:
1. Install FreeMASTER V2.0.2 or later version from the NXP website: nxp.com/freemaster
2. Plug the USB-UART converting board to SCI connector J2, and connect the FreeMASTER
MicroUSB port to your computer.
3. Open the Device Manager, and check the number of the COM port.
4. Unpack the embedded source code to your local disk.