NSC LM3914VX, LM3914MWC, LM3914DWF, LM3914V, LM3914N-1 Datasheet

LM3914 Dot/Bar Display Driver
General Description
The LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog display. Asingle pin changes the display from a mov­ing dot toa bar graph. Current drive tothe LEDs is regulated and programmable, eliminating the need for resistors. This feature isone that allows operationof the wholesystem from less than 3V.
, yet needs no protection against inputs of 35V above or below ground.The buffer drives 10 individual comparators referenced to the precision divider. Indication non-linearity can thus be held typically to
1
2
%
, even over a wide temperature range.
Versatility was designed into the LM3914 so that controller, visual alarm, andexpanded scale functions are easily added on to thedisplay system. The circuit candrive LEDs of many colors, or low-current incandescent lamps. Many LM3914s can be “chained” to form displays of 20 to over 100 seg­ments. Both ends of the voltage divider are externally avail­able so that 2 drivers can be made into a zero-center meter.
The LM3914is very easy to apply as ananalog meter circuit. A 1.2V full-scale meter requires only 1 resistor and a single 3V to 15V supply in addition to the 10 display LEDs. If the 1 resistor is a pot, it becomes the LED brightness control. The simplified block diagram illustrates this extremely simple ex­ternal circuitry.
When in the dot mode, there is a small amount of overlap or “fade” (about 1 mV) between segments.This assures that at no time will all LEDs be “OFF”, and thus any ambiguous dis­play is avoided. Various novel displays are possible.
Much of the display flexibility derives from the fact that all outputs areindividual, DC regulatedcurrents. Variouseffects can be achieved by modulating these currents. The indi­vidual outputs can drive a transistor as well as a LED at the same time, so controller functions including “staging” control can be performed. The LM3914 can also act as a program­mer, or sequencer.
The LM3914 is rated for operation from 0˚C to +70˚C. The LM3914N-1 is available in an 18-lead molded (N) package.
The following typical application illustrates adjusting of the reference to a desiredvalue, and proper grounding for accu­rate operation, and avoiding oscillations.
Features
n Drives LEDs, LCDs or vacuum fluorescents n Bar or dot display mode externally selectable by user n Expandable to displays of 100 steps n Internal voltage reference from 1.2V to 12V n Operates with single supply of less than 3V n Inputs operate down to ground n Output current programmable from 2 mA to 30 mA n No multiplex switching or interaction between outputs n Input withstands
±
35V without damage or false outputs
n LED driver outputs are current regulated,
open-collectors
n Outputs can interface with TTL or CMOS logic n The internal 10-step divider is floating and can be
referenced to a wide range of voltages
January 2000
LM3914 Dot/Bar Display Driver
© 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation DS007970 www.national.com
Typical Applications
0V to 5V Bar Graph Meter
DS007970-1
Note: Grounding method is typical of
all
uses. The 2.2 µF tantalum or 10 µF aluminum electrolytic capacitor is needed if leads to the LED supply are 6" or
longer.
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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications.
Power Dissipation (Note 6)
Molded DIP (N) 1365 mW Supply Voltage 25V Voltage on Output Drivers 25V Input Signal Overvoltage (Note 4)
±
35V
Divider Voltage −100 mV to V
+
Reference Load Current 10 mA Storage Temperature Range −55˚C to +150˚C Soldering Information
Dual-In-Line Package
Soldering (10 seconds) 260˚C
Plastic Chip Carrier Package
Vapor Phase (60 seconds) 215˚C Infrared (15 seconds) 220˚C
See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
Electrical Characteristics (Notes 2, 4)
Parameter Conditions (Note 2) Min Typ Max Units
COMPARATOR
Offset Voltage, Buffer and First Comparator
0V V
RLO
=
V
RHI
12V,
I
LED
=
1mA
310mV
Offset Voltage, Buffer and Any Other Comparator
0V V
RLO
=
V
RHI
12V,
I
LED
=
1mA
315mV
Gain (I
LED
/VIN)I
L(REF)
=
2 mA, I
LED
=
10 mA 3 8 mA/mV
Input Bias Current (at Pin 5) 0V V
IN
V+− 1.5V 25 100 nA
Input Signal Overvoltage No Change in Display −35 35 V
VOLTAGE-DIVIDER
Divider Resistance Total, Pin 6 to 4 8 12 17 k Accuracy (Note 3) 0.5 2
%
VOLTAGE REFERENCE
Output Voltage 0.1 mA I
L(REF)
4 mA,
V
+
=
V
LED
=
5V
1.2 1.28 1.34 V
Line Regulation 3V V
+
18V 0.01 0.03
%
/V
Load Regulation 0.1 mA I
L(REF)
4 mA,
V
+
=
V
LED
=
5V
0.4 2
%
Output Voltage Change with Temperature
0˚C T
A
+70˚C, I
L(REF)
=
1 mA,
V
+
=
5V
1
%
Adjust Pin Current 75 120 µA
OUTPUT DRIVERS
LED Current V
+
=
V
LED
=
5V, I
L(REF)
=
1 mA 7 10 13 mA
LED Current Difference (Between Largest and Smallest LED Currents)
V
LED
=
5V I
LED
=
2 mA 0.12 0.4
mA
I
LED
=
20 mA 1.2 3
LED Current Regulation 2V V
LED
17V I
LED
=
2 mA 0.1 0.25
mA
I
LED
=
20 mA 1 3
Dropout Voltage I
LED(ON)
=
20 mA, V
LED
=
5V,
I
LED
=
2mA
1.5 V
Saturation Voltage I
LED
=
2.0 mA, I
L(REF)
=
0.4 mA 0.15 0.4 V Output Leakage, Each Collector (Bar Mode) (Note 5) 0.1 10 µA Output Leakage (Dot Mode)
(Note 5)
Pins 10–18 0.1 10 µA Pin 1 60 150 450 µA
SUPPLY CURRENT
Standby Supply Current (All Outputs Off)
V
+
=
5V,
I
L(REF)
=
0.2 mA
2.4 4.2 mA
V
+
=
20V,
I
L(REF)
=
1.0 mA
6.1 9.2 mA
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond whichdamage to thedevice may occur.OperatingRatings indicate conditionsfor which thedevice is func­tional, but do notguarantee specific performancelimits. Electrical CharacteristicsstateDC and AC electricalspecifications under particular testconditions which guar­antee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance.
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Electrical Characteristics (Notes 2, 4) (Continued)
Note 2: Unless otherwise stated, all specifications apply with the following conditions:
3V
DC
V+≤ 20 V
DCVREF,VRHI,VRLO
(V+− 1.5V)
3V
DC
V
LED
V+0V VIN≤ V+− 1.5V
−0.015V V
RLO
12 V
DCTA
=
+25˚C, I
L(REF)
=
0.2 mA, V
LED
=
3.0V, pin 9 connected to pin 3 (Bar Mode).
−0.015V V
RHI
12 V
DC
For higher power dissipations, pulse testing is used. Note 3: Accuracy is measured referred to +10.000 V
DC
at pin 6, with 0.000 VDCat pin 4. At lower full-scale voltages, buffer and comparator offset voltage may add
significant error. Note 4: Pin 5 input current must be limited to
±
3 mA. The addition of a 39k resistor in series with pin 5 allows±100V signals without damage.
Note 5: Bar mode results when pin 9 is within 20 mV of V
+
. Dot mode results when pin 9 is pulled at least 200 mV below V+or left open circuit. LED No. 10 (pin
10 output current) is disabled if pin 9 is pulled 0.9V or more below V
LED
.
Note 6: The maximum junction temperature of the LM3914 is 100˚C. Devices must be derated for operation at elevated temperatures. Junction to ambient thermal resistance is 55˚C/W for the molded DIP (N package).
Definition of Terms
Accuracy: The difference between the observed threshold
voltage and the ideal threshold voltage for each comparator. Specified and tested with 10V across the internal voltage di­vider so that resistor ratio matching error predominates over comparator offset voltage.
Adjust Pin Current: Current flowing outof the reference ad­just pin when the reference amplifier is in the linear region.
Comparator Gain: The ratio of the change in output current (I
LED
) to the change in input voltage (VIN) required to pro-
duce it for a comparator in the linear region. Dropout Voltage: The voltage measured at the current
source outputs required to make the output current fall by 10%.
Input Bias Current: Current flowing out of the signal input when the input buffer is in the linear region.
LED Current Regulation: The change in output current over the specified range of LED supply voltage (V
LED
)as measured at the current source outputs.As the forward volt­age of an LED does not change significantly with a small change in forward current, this is equivalent to changing the voltage at the LED anodes by the same amount.
Line Regulation: The average change in reference output voltage over the specified range of supply voltage (V
+
).
REF
) over the specified range of load current (I
L(REF)
).
Offset Voltage: The differential input voltage which must be applied toeach comparator tobias the outputin the linearre­gion. Most significant error when the voltage across the in­ternal voltage divider is small. Specified and tested with pin 6 voltage (V
RHI
) equal to pin 4 voltage (V
RLO
).
Typical Performance Characteristics
Supply Current vs Temperature
DS007970-2
Operating Input Bias Current vs Temperature
DS007970-20
Reference Voltage vs Temperature
DS007970-21
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
Reference Adjust Pin Current vs Temperature
DS007970-22
LED Current-Regulation Dropout
DS007970-23
LED Driver Saturation Voltage
DS007970-24
Input Current Beyond Signal Range (Pin 5)
DS007970-25
LED Current vs Reference Loading
DS007970-26
LED Driver Current Regulation
DS007970-27
Total Divider Resistance vs Temperature
DS007970-28
Common-Mode Limits
DS007970-29
Output Characteristics
DS007970-30
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Block Diagram (Showing Simplest Application)
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Functional Description
The simplifed LM3914 block diagram is to give the general idea of the circuit’s operation. A high input impedance buffer operates with signals from ground to 12V, and is protected against reverse and overvoltage signals. The signal is then applied to a series of 10 comparators; each of which is bi­ased to a different comparison level by the resistor string.
+
and no less than V−. If an expanded scale meter display is desired, the total divider voltage can be as little as 200 mV. Expanded-scale meter displays are more accurate andthe segments light uniformlyonly if barmode is used. At 50 mV or more per step, dot mode is usable.
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE
The reference is designed to be adjustable and develops a nominal 1.25V between the REF OUT (pin 7) and REF ADJ (pin 8) terminals. The reference voltage is impressed across program resistor R1 and, since the voltage is constant, a constant current I
1
then flows through the output set resistor
R2 giving an output voltage of:
Since the 120 µAcurrent (max) from the adjust terminal rep­resents an error term, the reference was designed to mini­mize changes of this current with V
+
and load changes.
CURRENT PROGRAMMING
A feature not completely illustrated by the block diagram is the LED brightness control.The current drawn out of the ref­erence voltage pin (pin 7) determines LED current. Approxi­mately 10 times this current will be drawn through each lighted LED, and this current will be relatively constant de­spite supply voltage and temperature changes. Current drawn bythe internal 10-resistor divider,as well asby the ex­ternal current and voltage-setting divider should be included in calculating LED drive current. The ability to modulate LED brightness with time, or in proportion to input voltage and other signals can lead to a number of novel displaysor ways of indicating input overvoltages, alarms, etc.
MODE PIN USE
Pin 9, the Mode Select input controls chaining of multiple LM3914s, and controls bar or dot mode operation. The fol­lowing tabulation shows the basic ways of using this input. Other more complex uses will be illustrated in the applica­tions.
Bar Graph Display: Wire Mode Select (pin 9)
directly
to pin
3(V
+
pin).
Dot Display, Single LM3914Driver: Leave theMode Select pin open circuit.
Dot Display, 20 or More LEDs: Connect pin 9 of the
first
driver in theseries (i.e., the one with the lowest input voltage comparison points)to pin 1 ofthe next higherLM3914 driver. Continue connecting pin 9 of lower input drivers to pin 1 of higher input drivers for 30, 40, or more LED displays. The last LM3914driver in the chain willhave pin 9wired to pin11. All previousdrivers should havea 20k resistor in parallel with LED No. 9 (pin 11 to V
LED
).
Mode Pin Functional Description
This pin actually performs two functions. Refer to the simpli­fied block diagram below.
DOT OR BAR MODE SELECTION
The voltage at pin 9 is sensed by comparator C1, nominally referenced to (V
+
− 100 mV). The chip is in bar mode when pin 9is above this level;otherwise it’s in dotmode. The com­parator is designed so that pin 9 can be left open circuit for dot mode.
Taking into account comparator gain and variation in the 100 mVreference level, pin 9should be no more than 20 mV below V
+
for bar mode and more than 200 mV below V+(or open circuit) for dot mode. In most applications, pin 9 is ei­ther open (dot mode) or tied to V
+
(bar mode). In bar mode, pin 9 should be connected directly to pin 3. Large currents drawn from the power supply (LED current, for example) should notshare this path so thatlarge IR dropsare avoided.
DOT MODE CARRY
In order for the display to make sense when multiple LM3914s are cascaded in dot mode, special circuitry has been included toshut off LED No. 10 of the first device when
DS007970-4
Block Diagram of Mode Pin Description
DS007970-5
*
High for bar
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Mode Pin Functional Description
(Continued)
LED No. 1 of the second device comes on. The connection for cascadingin dot modehas already beendescribed and is depicted below.
As long as the input signal voltage is below the threshold of the second LM3914, LED No. 11 is off. Pin 9 of LM3914 No. 1 thus sees effectively an open circuit so the chip is in dot mode. As soon as the input voltage reaches the thresh­old of LED No. 11, pin 9 of LM3914 No. 1 is pulled an LED drop (1.5V or more) below V
LED
. This condition is sensed by
comparator C2, referenced 600 mV below V
LED
. This forces the outputof C2 low, whichshuts off output transistor Q2, ex­tinguishing LED No. 10.
V
LED
is sensed via the 20k resistor connected to pin 11. The very small current (less than 100 µA) that is diverted from LED No. 9 does not noticeably affect its intensity.
An auxiliary current source at pin 1 keeps at least 100 µA flowing through LED No. 11 even if the input voltage rises high enoughto extinguish the LED. Thisensures that pin9 of LM3914 No. 1 is held low enough to force LED No. 10 off when
any
higher LED is illuminated. While 100 µA does not normally produce significant LED illumination, it may be no­ticeable when using high-efficiency LEDs in a dark environ­ment. If this is bothersome, the simple cure is to shunt LED No. 11 with a 10k resistor. The 1V IR drop is more than the 900 mV worst case required to hold off LED No. 10 yet small enough that LED No. 11 does not conduct significantly.
OTHER DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS
The LM3914 is relatively low-powered itself, and since any number of LEDs can be powered from about 3V, it is a very efficient display driver. Typical standby supply current (all
LEDs OFF) is1.6 mA (2.5mA max). However, any reference loading adds 4 times that current drain to the V
+
(pin 3) sup­ply input.For example, an LM3914 witha1mAreference pin load (1.3k), would supply almost 10 mA to every LED while drawing only 10 mA from its V
+
pin supply. At full-scale, the IC is typically drawing less than 10%of the current supplied to the display.
The display driver does not have built-in hysteresis so that the displaydoes not jump instantly from one LEDto the next. Under rapidly changing signal conditions, this cuts down high frequency noise and often anannoying flicker.An “over­lap” is built in so that at no time between segments are all LEDs completely OFF in the dot mode. Generally 1 LED fades in while the other fades out over a mV or more of range (Note 3). The change may be much more rapid be­tween LED No. 10 of one device and LED No. 1 of a
second
device “chained” to the first. The LM3914 features individually current regulated LED
driver transistors. Further internal circuitry detects when any driver transistor goes into saturation, and prevents other cir­cuitry from drawing excess current. This results in the ability of the LM3914 to drive and regulate LEDs powered from a pulsating DC power source, i.e., largely unfiltered. (Due to possible oscillations at low voltages a nominal bypass ca­pacitor consisting of a 2.2 µF solid tantalum connected from the pulsating LED supply to pin 2 of the LM3914 is recom­mended.) This ability to operate with low or fluctuating volt­ages also allows the display driver to interface with logic cir­cuitry, opto-coupled solid-state relays, and low-current incandescent lamps.
Cascading LM3914s in Dot Mode
DS007970-6
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Typical Applications
Zero-Center Meter, 20-Segment
DS007970-7
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Typical Applications (Continued)
Application Example: Grading 5V Regulators
Highest No.
LED on
Color V
OUT(MIN)
10 Red 5.54
9 Red 5.42 8 Yellow 5.30 7 Green 5.18 6 Green 5.06
5V 5 Green 4.94 4 Green 4.82 3 Yellow 4.7 2 Red 4.58 1 Red 4.46
Expanded Scale Meter, Dot or Bar
DS007970-8
*
This application illustrates that the LED supply needs practically no filtering
Calibration: With a precision meter between pins 4 and 6 adjust R1 for voltage V
D
of 1.20V. Apply 4.94V to pin 5, and adjust R4 until LED No. 5 just lights.
The adjustments are non-interacting.
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Typical Applications (Continued)
“Exclamation Point” Display
DS007970-9
LEDs light up as illustrated with the upper lit LED indicating the actual input voltage. The display appears to increase resolution and provides an analog indication of overrange.
Indicator and Alarm, Full-Scale Changes Display from Dot to Bar
DS007970-10
*
The input to the Dot-Bar Switch may be taken from cathodes of other LEDs. Display will change to bar as soon as the LED so selected begins to light.
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Typical Applications (Continued)
Bar Display with Alarm Flasher
DS007970-11
Full-scale causes the full bar display to flash. If the junction of R1 and C1 is connected to a different LED cathode, the display will flash when that LED lights, and at any higher input signal.
Adding Hysteresis (Single Supply, Bar Mode Only)
DS007970-12
Hysteresis is 0.5 mV to 1 mV
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Typical Applications (Continued)
Operating with a High Voltage Supply (Dot Mode Only)
DS007970-13
The LED currents are approximately 10 mA, and the LM3914 outputs operate in saturation for minimum dissipation.
*
This point is partially regulated and decreases in voltage with temperature. Voltage requirements of the LM3914 also decrease with temperature.
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Typical Applications (Continued)
Application Hints
Three of the most commonly needed precautions for using the LM3914 areshown in the first typical applicationdrawing showing a 0V–5V bar graph meter. The most difficult prob­lem occurs when large LED currents are being drawn, espe­cially in bar graph mode. These currents flowing out of the ground pin cause voltage drops in external wiring, and thus errors and oscillations. Bringing the return wires from signal sources, reference ground and bottom of the resistor string (as illustrated) to a single pointvery near pin 2is the best so­lution.
Long wires from V
LED
to LED anode common can cause os­cillations. Depending on the severity of the problem 0.05 µF to 2.2 µF decouplingcapacitors from LED anode common to pin 2 will damp the circuit. If LED anode line wiring is inac­cessible, often similar decoupling from pin 1 to pin 2 will be sufficient.
If LED turn ON seems slow (bar mode) or several LEDs light (dot mode),oscillation or excessivenoise is usuallythe prob­lem. In cases where proper wiring and bypassing fail to stop oscillations, V
+
voltage at pin 3 is usually below suggested limits. Expanded scale meter applications may have one or both ends of the internal voltage divider terminated at rela-
tively high value resistors. These high-impedance ends should be bypassed to pin 2 with at least a 0.001 µF capaci­tor, or up to 0.1 µF in noisy environments.
Power dissipation, especially in bar mode should be given consideration. For example, with a 5V supply and all LEDs programmed to 20 mAthe driver will dissipate over 600 mW. In this case a 7.5resistor in series with the LED supply will cut device heating in half. The negative end of the resistor should be bypassedwith a 2.2 µF solid tantalum capacitor to pin 2 of the LM3914.
Turning OFF of most of the internal current sources is ac­complished by pulling positive on the reference with a cur­rent source or resistance supplying 100 µA or so.Alternately, the input signal can be gated OFF with a transistor switch.
Other special features and applications characteristics will be illustrated in the following applications schematics. Notes have been added in many cases, attempting to cover any special procedures or unusual characteristics of these appli­cations. A special section called “Application Tips for the LM3914 Adjustable Reference” has been included with these schematics.
20-Segment Meter with Mode Switch
DS007970-14
*
The exact wiring arrangement of this schematic shows the need for Mode Select (pin 9) to sense the V+voltage exactly as it appears on pin 3.
Programs LEDs to 10 mA
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Application Hints (Continued)
APPLICATION TIPS FOR THE LM3914 ADJUSTABLE REFERENCE
GREATLY EXPANDED SCALE (BAR MODE ONLY)
Placing the LM3914 internal resistor divider in parallel with a section (
230) of a stable, low resistance divider greatly reduces voltage changes due to IC resistor value changes with temperature. Voltage V
1
should be trimmed to 1.1V first
by useof R2.Then the voltageV
2
across theIC divider string
can be adjusted to 200 mV, using R5 without affecting V
1
.
LED current will be approximately 10 mA.
NON-INTERACTING ADJUSTMENTS FOR EXPANDED SCALE METER (4.5V to 5V, Bar
or
Dot Mode)
This arrangement allows independent adjustment of LED brightness regardless of meter span and zero adjustments.
First, V
1
is adjusted to 5V,using R2. Then the span (voltage across R4) can be adjusted to exactly 0.5V using R6 without affecting the previous adjustment.
R9 programsLED currents within a rangeof 2.2 mAto 20 mA after the above settings are made.
ADJUSTING LINEARITY OF SEVERAL STACKED DIVIDERS
Three internal voltage dividers are shown connected in se­ries toprovide a 30-stepdisplay.If the resultinganalog meter is to be accurate and linear the voltage on each divider must be adjusted, preferably without affecting any other adjust­ments. To do this, adjust R2 first, so that the voltage across R5 is exactly 1V. Then the voltages across R3 and R4 can be independently adjusted by shunting each with selected resistors of 6 kor higher resistance. This is possible be­cause the reference of LM3914 No. 3 is acting as a constant current source.
The references associated with LM3914s No. 1 and No. 2 should have their Ref Adj pins (pin 8) wired to ground, and their Ref Outputs loaded by a 620resistor to ground. This makes available similar 20 mA current outputs to all the LEDs in the system.
If an independent LED brightness control is desired (as in the previous application), a unity gain buffer, such as the LM310, should be placed between pin 7 and R1, similar to the previous application.
Greatly Expanded Scale (Bar Mode Only)
DS007970-15
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Application Hints (Continued)
Other Applications
“Slow”— fade bar or dot display (doubles resolution)
20-step meter with single pot brightness control
10-step (or multiples) programmer
Multi-step or “staging” controller
Combined controller and process deviation meter
Direction and rate indicator (to add to DVMs)
Exclamation point display for power saving
Graduations can beadded to dot displays. Dimly light ev­ery other LED using a resistor to ground
Electronic “meter-relay”— display could be circle or semi-circle
Moving “hole” display—indicator LED is dark, rest of bar lit
Drives vacuum-fluorescent and LCDs using added pas­sive parts
Non-Interacting Adjustments for Expanded Scale Meter (4.5V to 5V, Bar
or
Dot Mode)
DS007970-16
Adjusting Linearity of Several Stacked Dividers
DS007970-17
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Connection Diagrams
Plastic Chip Carrier Package
DS007970-18
Top View
Order Number LM3914V
See NS Package Number V20A
Dual-in-Line Package
DS007970-19
Top View
Order Number LM3914N-1
See NS Package Number NA18A
Order Number LM3914N
*
See NS Package Number N18A
*
Discontinued, Life Time Buy date 12/20/99
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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
Note: Unless otherwise specified.
1. Standard Lead Finish: 200 microinches /5.08 micrometer minimum lead/tin 37/63 or 15/85 on alloy 42 or equivalent or copper
2. Reference JEDEC registration MS-001, Variation AC, dated May 1993.
Dual-In-Line Package (N)
Order Number LM3914N-1
NS Package Number NA18A
Plastic Chip Carrier Package (V)
Order Number LM3914V
NS Package Number V20A
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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)
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Dual-In-Line Package (N)
Order Number LM3914N
*
NS Package Number N18A
*
Discontinued, Life Time Buy date 12/20/99
LM3914 Dot/Bar Display Driver
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
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