Novell BUSINESS CONTINUITY CLUSTERING 1.0 User Manual

Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
Novell Business Continuity Clustering
novdocx (ENU) 10 August 2006
1.0
May 22, 2006
www.novell.com
ADMINISTRATION GUIDE
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U.S. Patent No. 5,157,663; 5,349,642; 5,455,932; 5,553,139; 5,553,143; 5,572,528; 5,594,863; 5,608,903; 5,633,931; 5,652,854; 5,671,414; 5,677,851; 5,692,129; 5,701,459; 5,717,912; 5,758,069; 5,758,344; 5,781,724; 5,781,733; 5,784,560; 5,787,439; 5,818,936; 5,828,882; 5,832,274; 5,832,275; 5,832,483; 5,832,487; 5,859,978; 5,870,561; 5,870,739; 5,873,079; 5,878,415; 5,884,304; 5,893,118; 5,903,650; 5,903,720; 5,905,860; 5,910,803; 5,913,025; 5,913,209; 5,915,253; 5,925,108; 5,933,503; 5,933,826; 5,946,002; 5,946,467; 5,956,718; 5,956,745; 5,964,872; 5,974,474; 5,983,223; 5,983,234; 5,987,471; 5,991,810; 6,002,398; 6,014,667; 6,016,499; 6,023,586; 6,029,247; 6,052,724; 6,061,726; 6,061,740; 6,061,743; 6,065,017; 6,081,774; 6,081,814; 6,094,672; 6,098,090; 6,105,062; 6,105,069; 6,105,132; 6,115,039; 6,119,122; 6,144,959; 6,151,688; 6,157,925; 6,167,393; 6,173,289; 6,216,123; 6,219,652; 6,233,859; 6,247,149; 6,269,391; 6,286,010; 6,308,181; 6,314,520; 6,324,670; 6,338,112; 6,345,266; 6,353,898; 6,424,976; 6,466,944; 6,477,583; 6,477,648; 6,484,186; 6,496,865; 6,510,450; 6,516,325; 6,519,610; 6,532,451; 6,532,491; 6,539,381; 6,560,615; 6,567,873; 6,578,035; 6,591,397; 6,609,158; 6,615,350; 6,629,105; 6,629,132; 6,647,408; 6,651,242 & RE37,178. Patents Pending.
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Contents
About This Guide 7
1Overview 9
1.1 Disaster Recovery Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Disaster Recovery Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1 Stretch Clusters vs. Cluster of Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Novell Business Continuity Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.3 Usage Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Installation and Setup 17
2.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Installing the DirXML 1.1a Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Installing the DirXML 1.1a Management Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Installing the DirXML Management Utilities on a NetWare Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2 Installing the DirXML Management Utilities on a Windows Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Installing DirXML 2.01 (Identity Manager 2.01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 Copying User Objects Using DirXML. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6 Installing Novell Business Continuity Cluster Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.1 Business Continuity Cluster Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.2 Running the Business Continuity Cluster Installation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6.3 Business Continuity Cluster Component Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.7 Installing Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 Configuring File System Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8.1 Configuring NSS Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.8.2 LUN Masking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.9 Setting Up Novell Business Continuity Cluster Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9.1 Ensuring that Clusters and Trees are Resolvable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9.2 Configuring Business Continuity-Specific DirXML Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9.3 Configuring Clusters for Business Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.9.4 Configuring Cluster Resources for Business Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.10 Managing Novell Business Continuity Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.10.1 Migrating a Cluster Resource to Another Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.10.2 Changing Cluster Peer Credentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.10.3 Viewing the Current Status of a Business Continuity Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.10.4 Generating a Cluster Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.10.5 Disabling Business Continuity Cluster Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.10.6 Business Continuity Cluster Console Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11 Business Continuity Cluster Failure Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.11.1 San-based Mirroring Failure Types and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.11.2 Host-based Mirroring Failure Types and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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3 Virtual IP Addresses 47
3.1 Virtual IP Address Definitions and Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.2 Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Virtual IP Address Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.1 High Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Contents 5
3.2.2 Unlimited Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3 Other Added Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.1 Support for Host Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.2 Source Address Selection for Outbound Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4 Reducing the Consumption of Additional IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5 Configuring Virtual IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.5.1 Displaying Bound Virtual IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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6 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
About This Guide
This guide describes how to install, configure, and manage Novell® Business Continuity Clustering. The guide is intended for cluster administrators and is divided into the following sections:
Chapter 1, “Overview,” on page 9
Chapter 2, “Installation and Setup,” on page 17
Chapter 3, “Virtual IP Addresses,” on page 47
Documentation Conventions
In this documentation, a greater-than symbol (>) is used to separate actions within a step and items in a cross-reference path.
A trademark symbol (®, ™, etc.) denotes a Novell trademark. An asterisk (*) denotes a third-party trademark.
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When a single pathname can be written with a backslash for some platforms or a forward slash for other platforms, the pathname is presented with a backslash. Users of platforms that require a forward slash, such as UNIX*, should use forward slashes as required by your software.
About This Guide
7
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8 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
1
Overview
As corporations grow more international, fueled in part by the reach of the World Wide Web, the requirement for service availability has increased. Novell® Cluster Services™ offers corporations the ability to maintain 24x7x365 data and application services to their users while still being able to perform maintenance and upgrades on their systems.
In the past few years, natural disasters (ice storms, earthquakes, tornadoes, and fires) have caused unplanned outages of entire data centers. In addition, US federal agencies have realized the disastrous effects that terrorist attacks could have on the US economy when corporations lose their data and the ability to perform critical business practices. This has resulted in initial recommendations for corporations to build mirrored or replicated data centers that are geographically separated by 300 km or more (minimum acceptable being 200 km).
Many companies have built and deployed geographically mirrored data centers. The problem is that setting up and maintaining the two or more centers is a very manual process that takes a great deal of planning and synchronizing. Even configuration changes have to be carefully planned and replicated. One mistake and the redundant site is no longer able to effectively take over in the event of a disaster.
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1
1.1 Disaster Recovery Implications
The implications of disaster recovery are directly tied to your data. Is your data mission critical? In many instances, critical systems and data drive the business. If these services stop, the business stops. When calculating the cost of downtime, some things to consider are
File transfers and file storage
Calendaring and collaboration
Web hosting
Critical databases
Productivity
Reputation
Continuous availability of critical business systems is no longer a luxury, it is a competitive business requirement.The Gartner Group estimates that 40% of enterprises that experience a disaster will go out of business in five years and only 15% of enterprises have a full-fledged business continuity plan that goes beyond core technology and infrastructure.
1.2 Disaster Recovery Implementations
There are two main Novell Cluster Services implementations that you can use to achieve your desired level of disaster recovery. These include a stretch cluster and a cluster of clusters. The Novell Business Continuity Cluster product automates some of the configuration and processes used in a cluster of clusters.
Overview
9
1.2.1 Stretch Clusters vs. Cluster of Clusters
Stretch Clusters
A stretch cluster consists of one cluster in which the nodes in the cluster are located in geographically separate areas. All nodes in the cluster must be in the same eDirectory™ tree. In this architecture, the data is mirrored between two data centers that are geographically separated. All the machines in both data centers are part of one cluster, so that if a disaster occurs in one data center, the other automatically takes over.
Figure 1-1 Stretch Cluster
8-node cluster stretched
between two sites
Building A Building B
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Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch
Server 2
Fibre Channel
Switch
Server 3Server 1 Server 4
Fibre Channel
Disk Array
Site 1
WAN
Cluster
Heartbeat
SAN
Disk blocks
Server 6 Server 7Server 5 Server 8
Fibre Channel Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Array
Site 2
Cluster of Clusters
A cluster of clusters consists of two or more clusters in which each cluster is located in a geographically separate area. A cluster of clusters provides the ability to fail over selected or all cluster resources from one cluster to another cluster. Typically, replication of data blocks between
10 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
SANs is performed by SAN hardware, but it can be done by host-based mirroring for synchronous replication over short distances.
Figure 1-2 Cluster of Clusters
Two independent clusters at
geographically separate sites
Building A Building B
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Server
1A
Fibre Channel
Server
Switch
Ethernet Switch
2A
Fibre Channel
Cluster Site 1
Server
3A
Disk Arrays
Server
4A
WAN
eDirectory
DirXML
SAN
Disk blocks
Server
1B
Ethernet Switch
Server2BServer
3B
Fibre Channel Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Cluster Site 2
Server
4B
Overview 11
Implementation Comparison
Table 1-1 Disaster Recovery Implementation Comparison
Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters
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Advantages It automatically fails over.
It is easier to manage than
separate clusters.
Disadvantages
Failure of site interconnect can
result in LUNs becoming primary at both locations (split brain problem) if host-based mirroring is used.
An SBD partition must be
mirrored between sites.
It accommodates only two sites.
All IP addresses must reside in
the same subnet.
The eDirectory partition must
span the cluster.
The chance of LUNs at both
locations becoming primary is minimized.
eDirectory partitions don't need
to span the cluster.
Each cluster can be in a
separate eDirectory tree.
IP addresses for each cluster
can be on different IP subnets.
It accommodates more than two
sites and cluster resources can fail over to separate clusters (multiple-site fan-out failover support).
SBD partitions are not mirrored
between sites.
Resource configurations must be
kept in sync manually.
12 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters
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Other Considerations Host-based mirroring is required
to mirror the SBD partition between sites.
Link variations can cause false
failovers.
You could consider partitioning
the eDirectory tree to place the cluster container in a partition separate from the rest of the tree.
The cluster heartbeat must be
increased to accommodate link latency between sites.
You can set this as high as 30 seconds, monitor cluster heartbeat statistics, and then tune down as needed.
Because all IP addresses in the
cluster must be on the same subnet, you must ensure that your routers handle gratuitous ARP.
Contact your router vendor or consult your router documentation for more information.
Storage arrays must be
controllable by scripts that run on NetWare.
1.2.2 Novell Business Continuity Clusters
Novell Business Continuity Clusters is a cluster of clusters similar to what is described above, except that the cluster configuration, maintenance, and synchronization have been automated by adding specialized software.
Novell Business Continuity Clustering software is an integrated set of tools to automate the setup and maintenance of a Business Continuity infrastructure. Unlike competitive solutions that attempt to build stretch clusters, Novell Business Continuity Clustering utilizes a cluster of clusters. Each site has its own independent cluster(s), and the clusters in each of the geographically separate sites are each treated as "nodes" in a larger cluster, allowing a whole site to fan-out failover to other multiple sites. Although this can currently be done manually with a cluster of clusters, Novell Business Continuity Clustering automates the system using eDirectory and policy-based management of the resources and storage systems.
Novell Business Continuity Clustering software
Integrates with SAN hardware devices to automate the failover process.
Utilizes Novell's DirXML® technology to automatically synchronize and transfer cluster-
related eDirectory objects from one cluster to another.
Provides the capability to fail over as few as one cluster resource, or as many as all cluster
resources.
Includes a test mode that lets you do site failover testing as a standard practice.
Overview 13
Provdes scripting capability for enhanced control and customization.
Provides simplified business coninuity cluster configuration and management using the
browser-based iManager management tool.
1.2.3 Usage Scenarios
There are several Business Continuity Clustering usage scenarios that can be used to achieve the desired level of disaster recovery. Three possible scenarios include:
A simple two-site Business Continuity Cluster
A multiple-site Business Continuity Cluster
A low-cost Business Continuity Cluster
Two-Site Business Continuity Cluster Solution
The two-site solution can be used in one of two ways:
A primary site in which all services are normally active, and a secondary site which is
effectively idle, with the data mirrored at it and the applications/services ready to load if needed.
Two active sites each supporting different applications/services. Either site can take over for
the other site at any time.
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14 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
The first option is typically used when the purpose of the secondary site is primarily testing by the IT department. The second option is typically used in a company that has more than one large site of operations.
Figure 1-3 Two Site Business Continuity Cluster
Two independent clusters at
geographically separate sites
Building A Building B
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Server
1A
Fibre Channel
Server
Switch
Ethernet Switch
2A
Fibre Channel
Cluster Site 1
Server
3A
Disk Arrays
Server
4A
WAN
eDirectory
DirXML
Server
1B
SAN
Disk blocks
Ethernet Switch
Server2BServer
3B
Fibre Channel Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Cluster Site 2
Server
4B
Multiple-Site Business Continuity Cluster Solution
This is a large Business Continuity Cluster solution capable of supporting up to 32 nodes per site and more than two sites. Services and applications can do fan-out failover between sites. Replication of data blocks is typically done by SAN vendors, but can be done by host-based mirroring for
Overview 15
synchronous replication over short distances. The illustration below depicts a four-site business continuity cluster.
Figure 1-4 Multiple Site Business Continuity Cluster
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Building D
Ethernet Switch
Server2DServer
3C
4B
Fibre Channel Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Server
4C
Server
3D
Fibre Channel Switch
4D
Server
1A
Fibre Channel
Switch
Four independent clusters in geographically separate sites
Building A Building B
Ethernet Switch
Server
Server
2A
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Cluster Site 1
WAN
eDirectory
DirXML
Server
3A
4A
SAN
Disk blocks
Server
Ethernet Switch
Server
Server2BServer
1B
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Cluster Sites 2, 3, and 4
1C
Building C
Ethernet Switch
Server
1D
Server2CServer
Server
3B
Fibre Channel Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Using Novell’s Portal Services, iChain®, and ZENworks® products, all services, applications, and data can be rendered through the internet, allowing for loss of service at one site but still providing full access to the services and data by virtue of the ubiquity of the internet. Data and services continue to be available from the other mirrored sites. Moving applications and services to the Internet frees corporations from the restrictions of traditional LAN-based applications. Traditional LAN applications require a LAN infrastructure that must be replicated at each site, and might require relocation of employees to allow the business to continue. Internet-based applications allow employees to work from any place that offers an internet connection, including homes and hotels.
Low Cost Business Continuity Cluster Solution
The low cost business continuity cluster solution is similar to the previous two solutions, but replaces Fibre Channel arrays with iSCSI arrays. Data block mirroring can be accomplished using iSCSI-based block replication. In this case, snapshot technology can allow for asynchronous replication over long distances. However, the lower cost solution does not necessarily have the performance associated with higher-end Fibre Channel storage arrays.
16 Novell Business Continuity Cluster Services 1.0 Administration Guide
2
Installation and Setup
This section covers the following information to help you install, set up, and configure Novell® Business Continuity Clustering for your specific needs:
“Requirements” on page 17
“Installing the DirXML 1.1a Engine” on page 18
“Installing the DirXML 1.1a Management Utilities” on page 19
“Copying User Objects Using DirXML” on page 22
“Installing Novell Business Continuity Cluster Software” on page 22
“Installing Perl” on page 25
“Configuring File System Mirroring” on page 25
“Setting Up Novell Business Continuity Cluster Software” on page 29
“Managing Novell Business Continuity Clustering” on page 39
“Business Continuity Cluster Failure Types” on page 43
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2
2.1 Requirements
The following requirements must be met prior to installing Novell Business Continuity Cluster software.
NetWare® 6.5 Support Pack 2 or later installed and running on all servers that will be part of a
business continuity cluster.
See the NetWare 6.5 Overview and Installation Guide for information on installing and configuring NetWare 6.5.
Two to four clusters with Novell Cluster Services™ 1.7 (the version that ships with NetWare
6.5 Support Pack 1) or later installed and running on each node in the cluster.
Each cluster must have a unique name, even if the clusters reside in different Novell eDirectory™ trees, and clusters must not have the same name as any of the eDirectory trees in the business continuity cluster.
See the Novell Cluster Services 1.7 Administration Guide for information on installing and configuring Novell Cluster Services.
NOTE: The hardware requirements for Novell Business Continuity Cluster software are the same as for Novell Cluster Services. For more information, see Hardware Requirements and
Shared Disk System Requirementsin the Novell Cluster Services 1.7 Administration Guide.
NOTE: Some SAN vendors require you to purchase or license their CLI (Command Line Interface) separately. The CLI for the SAN might not initially be included with your hardware.
The following software modules upgraded on all servers that will be part of the business
continuity cluster:
DSLOADER.NLM--See TID # 2973090 (http://support.novell.com/cgi-bin/search/
searchtid.cgi?/2973090.htm) to download this NLM. It is included with the eDirectory patch.
Installation and Setup
17
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