Novell AppArmor (2.1) Quick Start
This document helps you understand the main concepts behind Novell® AppArmor—the content of AppArmor
proles. Learn how to create or modify AppArmor proles. You can create and manage AppArmor proles in
three different ways. The most convenient interface to AppArmor is provided by means of the AppArmor YaST
modules which can be used either in graphical or ncurses mode. The same functionality is provided by the
AppArmor command line tools or if you just edit the proles in a text editor.
AppArmor Modes
complain/learning
In complain or learning mode, violations of AppArmor
prole rules, such as the proled program accessing les
not permitted by the prole, are detected. The violations
are permitted, but also logged. This mode is convenient
for developing proles and is used by the AppArmor
tools for generating proles.
enforce
Loading a prole in enforcement mode enforces the
policy dened in the prole as well as reports policy violation attempts to syslogd.
Starting and Stopping AppArmor
Use the rcapparmor command with one of the following
parameters:
start
Load the kernel module, mount securityfs, parse and
load proles. Proles and connement are applied to
any application started after this command was executed.
Processes already running at the time AppArmor is
started continue to run unconned.
stop
Unmount securityfs, and invalidate proles.
reload
Reload proles.
NOVELL® QUICK START CARD
status
If AppArmor is enabled, output how many proles are
loaded in complain or enforce mode.
Use the rcaaeventd command to control event logging
with aa-eventd. Use the start and stop options to toggle
the status of the aa-eventd and check its status using the
status.
AppArmor Command Line Tools
autodep
Guess basic AppArmor prole requirements. autodep
creates a stub prole for the program or application
examined. The resulting prole is called “approximate”
because it does not necessarily contain all of the prole
entries that the program needs to be conned properly.
complain
Set an AppArmor prole to complain mode.
Manually activating complain mode (using the command
line) adds a ag to the top of the prole so that
/bin/foo becomes /bin/foo flags=(complain).
enforce
Set an AppArmor prole to enforce mode from complain
mode.
1
Manually activiating enforce mode (using the command
line) removes mode ags from the top of the prole
/bin/foo flags=(complain) becomes /bin/foo.
genprof
Generate or update a prole. When running, you must
specify a program to prole. If the specied program is
not an absolute path, genprof searches the $PATH variable. If a prole does not exist, genprof creates one using
autodep.
logprof
Manage AppArmor proles. logprof is an interactive tool
used to review the learning or complain mode output
found in the AppArmor syslog entries and to generate
new entries in AppArmor proles.
unconned
Output a list of processes with open tcp or udp ports
that do not have AppArmor proles loaded.
Methods of Proling
Stand-Alone Proling
Using genprof. Suitable for proling small applications.
Systemic Proling
Suitable for proling large numbers of programs all at
once and for proling applications that may run “forever.”
To apply systemic proling, proceed as follows:
1. Create proles for the individual programs that make
up your application (autodep).
2. Put relevant proles into learning or complain mode.
3. Exercise your application.
4. Analyze the log (logprof).
5. Repeat Steps 3-4.
6. Edit the proles.
7. Return to enforce mode.
8. Reload all proles (rcapparmor restart).
Learning Mode
When using genprof, logprof, or YaST in learning mode,
you get several options for how to proceed:
Allow
Grant access.
Deny
Prevent access.
Glob
Modify the directory path to include all les in the suggested directory.
Glob w/Ext
Modify the original directory path while retaining the
lename extension. This allows the program to access
all les in the suggested directories that end with the
specied extension.
Edit
Enable editing of the highlighted line. The new (edited)
line appears at the bottom of the list. This option is called
New in the logprof and genprof command line tools.
Abort
Abort logprof or YaST, losing all rule changes entered
so far and leaving all proles unmodied.
Finish
Close logprof or YaST, saving all rule changes entered
so far and modifying all proles.
Example Prole
# a variable definition
@{HOME} = /home/*/ /root/
# a comment about foo.
/usr/bin/foo {
network inet tcp,
/bin/mount ux,
/dev/{,u}random r,
/etc/ld.so.cache r,
/etc/foo.conf r,
/etc/foo/* r,
/lib/ld-*.so* mr,
/lib/lib*.so* mr,
/proc/[0-9]** r,
/usr/lib/** mr,
/tmp/ r,
/tmp/foo.pid wr,
/tmp/foo.* lrw,
/@{HOME}/.foo_file rw,
/@{HOME}/.foo_lock kw,
# a comment about foo's subprofile, bar.
^bar {
/lib/ld-*.so* mr,
/usr/bin/bar px,
/var/spool/* rwl,
}
}
Structure of a Prole
Proles are simple text les in the /etc/apparmor.d directory. They consist of several parts: #include, capability
entries, rules, and “hats.”
#include
This is the section of an AppArmor prole that refers to an
include le, which mediates access permissions for programs. By using an include, you can give the program access
to directory paths or les that are also required by other
programs. Using includes can reduce the size of a prole.
It is good practice to select includes when suggested.
2
To assist you in proling your applications, AppArmor provides three classes of #includes: abstractions, program
chunks, and variables.
Abstractions are #includes that are grouped by common
application tasks. These tasks include access to authentication mechanisms, access to name service routines, common
graphics requirements, and system accounting, for example,
base, consoles, kerberosclient, perl, user-mail, user-tmp,
authentication, bash, nameservice.
Program chunks are access controls for specic programs
that a system administrator might want to control based
on local site policy. Each chunk is used by a single program.
Using variables, you can design your proles to be portable
to different environments. Changes in the variable's content
are just made in the variable denition while the prole
containing the variable can remain untouched.
Capability Entries (POSIX.1e)
Capabilities statements are simply the word “capability”
followed by the name of the POSIX.1e capability as dened
in the capabilities(7) man page.
Rules: General Options for Files and Directories
FileOption
rread
wwrite
llink
kle locking
ale append (mutually exclusive to w)
DescriptionFileOption
UxUncon-
strained
mAllow Executable Mapping
Executes the program without a
prole. Avoid running programs in
unconstrained or unconned mode
for security reasons. This mode
makes use of environment scrubbing.
allow PROT_EXEC with mmap(2)
calls
WARNING: Running in ux Mode
Avoid running programs in ux mode as much as
possible. A program running in ux mode is not only
totally unprotected by AppArmor, but child processes inherit certain environment variables from the
parent that might inuence the child's execution
behavior and create possible security risks.
For more information about the different le execute
modes, refer to the apparmor.d(5) man page. For more
information about setgid and setuid environment scrubbing,
refer to the ld.so(8) man page.
Network Access Control
AppArmor provides network access mediation based on
network domain and type:
/bin/ping {
network inet dgram,
network inet raw,
...
}
Rules: Dening Execute Permissions
For executables that may be called from the conned programs, the prole creating tools ask you for an appropriate
mode, which is also reected directly in the prole itself:
DescriptionFileOption
Stay in the same (parent's) prole.ixInherit
pxProle
PxProle
uxUncon-
strained
Requires that a separate prole exists for the executed program. No
environment scrubbing.
Requires that a separate prole exists for the executed program. Uses
environment scrubbing.
Executes the program without a
prole. Avoid running programs in
unconstrained or unconned mode
for security reasons. No environment scrubbing.
The example would allow IPv4 network access of the datagram and raw type for the ping command. For details on
the network rule syntax, refer to the Novell AppArmor Ad-
ministration Guide.
Rules: Paths and Globbing
AppArmor supports explicit handling of directories. Use a
trailing / for any directory path that needs to be explicitly
distinguished:
/some/random/example/* r
Allow read access to les in the /some/random/
example directory.
/some/random/example/ r
Allow read access to the directory only.
/some/**/ r
Give read access to any directories below /some.
/some/random/example/** r
Give read access to les and directories under /some/
random/example.
3
/some/random/example/**[^/] r
Give read access to les under /some/random/
example. Explicitly exclude directories ([^/]).
To spare users from specifying similar paths all over again,
AppArmor supports basic globbing:
DescriptionGlob
*
**
?
[ abc ]
[ a-c ]
{ ab,cd }
Substitutes for any number of characters,
except /.
Substitutes for any number of characters,
including /.
Substitutes for any single character, except /.
Substitutes for the single character a, b,
or c.
Substitutes for the single character a, b,
or c.
Expand to one rule to match ab and another to match cd.
Substitutes for any character except a.[ ^a ]
WARNING: Updating Proles to
AppArmor 2.1
If you have been using prior versions of AppArmor,
many of the old proles may trigger unexpected
behavior of the proled applications. In this case,
update your proles as outlined in the Troubleshoot-
ing section of the Novell AppArmor Administration
Guide.
Hats
An AppArmor prole represents a security policy for an
individual program instance or process. It applies to an executable program, but if a portion of the program needs
different access permissions than other portions, the program can “change hats” to use a different security context,
distinctive from the access of the main program. This is
known as a hat or subprole.
A prole can have an arbitrary number of subproles, but
there are only two levels: a subprole cannot have further
sub-subproles.
The AppArmor ChangeHat feature can be used by applications to access hats or subproles during execution. Currently the packages apache2-mod_apparmor and tom-
cat_apparmor utilize ChangeHat to provide sub-process
connement for the Apache Web server and the Tomcat
servlet container.
Helpful Additions
Autodocumentation
The tool “sitar” gathers all system conguration information
available from your system and creates comprehensive
system documentation. It can be used to document all new
and changed proles.
Logging and Auditing
All AppArmor events are logged using the system's audit
interface (the auditd logging to /var/log/audit/audit
.log). On top of this infrastructure, event notication can
be congured. Congure this feature using YaST. It is based
on severity levels according to /etc/apparmor/
severity.db. Notication frequency and type of notication (such as e-mail) can be congured.
If auditd is not running, AppArmor logs to the system log
located under /var/log/messages using the LOG_KERN
facility.
Use YaST for generating reports in CSV or HTML format.
The Linux audit framework contains a dispatcher that can
send AppArmor events to any consumer application via
dbus. The GNOME AppArmor Desktop Monitor applet is
one example of an application that gathers AppArmor
events via dbus. To congure audit to use the dbus dispatcher, just set the dispatcher in your audit conguration in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf to apparmor-dbus and
restart auditd:
dispatcher=/usr/bin/apparmor-dbus
Once the dbus dispatcher is congured correctly, add the
AppArmor Desktop Monitor to the GNOME panel. As soon
as a REJECT event is logged, the applet's panel icon
changes appearance and you can click the applet to see the
number of reject events per conned application. To view
the exact log messages, refer to the audit log under /var/
log/audit/audit.log. Use the YaST Update Prole
Wizard to adjust the respective prole.
Directories and Files
/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles
Virtualized le representing the currently loaded set of
proles.
/etc/apparmor/
Location of AppArmor conguration les.
/etc/apparmor.d/
Location of proles, named with the convention of replacing the / in pathnames with . (not for the root /)
so proles are easier to manage. For example, the prole
for the program /usr/sbin/ntpd is named usr.sbin
.ntpd.
4
/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/
Location of abstractions.
/etc/apparmor.d/program-chunks/
Location of program chunks.
/proc/*/attr/current
Review the connement status of a process and the
prole that is used to conne the process. The ps auxZ
command retrieves this information automatically.
For More Information
Legal Notice
Copyright© 2006-2007 Novell, Inc. All rights reserved.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
To learn more about the AppArmor project, check out the
project's home page under http://en.opensuse.org/
AppArmor. Find more information on the concept and the
conguration of AppArmor in the Novell AppArmor Admin-
istration Guide.
SUSE®, openSUSE®, the openSUSE® logo, Novell®, the
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detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document species that a
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and
put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
only as published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line
with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge
those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples
in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
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