Norton Grits and Grinds, Vol 51, No. 3. Newsletter

Volume
Numbe

51

r 3

GRITS

and

GRINDS

BEHR-MANNING

~

GRITS

VOLUME

1

Message

2

"I Remember ...

7

Grinding

12

60 Y

17

Products

R

20

Plants

1

29

34

39

44

48

orton

Re

sea

Th

e Behr-

Norton Around
P

eople-

• T I

TCJ::

PRINTED

5 1,

from

the

Wheel

ea

rs

of

Building Preci

of

the

efrac

tories

and Electro-C

and Machin ery .

Produ

cls in the Space

rch

and

Dev

fanning

the

Our

~lost

nr-:c. u. s.

IN U .

S.A

and

NUMBER

President

" Ge

Manufacluring

Electric

elopment-

and 1orton

\Vorld

Valu

PAT.
. @ J

3

ion

Furnace

..

Operations

...

able

Asset

OFF. Pt RI.ISII

960

G R I N D S *

.

Milton

Today

Grindin

Ev

- :'-iorton

hemica

Age

\

\li

{lim11

Key

to

\Va/1,ace L. U

Pike

El

llY

NORTOK

org

ls

A.

P. Higg

e N. Jeppso

John Jeppson

g ~fochines

ere

tt

M .

Abm

Howard

and

J.

\Yorkers

C. Fallon, Jr.

Progress

Stor

y

mer C.

Schacht

Donald

F:O SI

NCE

C:O.:-IPA

Hi

ivcs,

Daly

owe

Kel

1

909

ins

cks

so

' Y

Front Cover:

ore

fuse d in

Back Cover: Norton Ele

nace Plan!, Chippawa, Ont.

n

EDITORIAL

Enf ricd

F. K

Tool
Port

A

soc

Flin
Jr

.,
Porter,
\Varrcn,
this

T.

enwood Jone

Divi

er,

Bchr-~lanni

iate

Edi

k, Phot

og

C.

\V

i\1.

Editorial Assistants

Anniversary

photograph
Stockholm.

NORTON

BEHR-MANNING

NORTON

NORTON

COMPANY,

Moss

.,

ond

o division

PIKE, Littleton, N. H.,

o division

INTERNATIONAL

Worcester

"Pig"

of

ALUNDUM

elect

ric

furn

•

ctr

ic

STAFF

Larson

ion,

tors •

rapher • J. Clark,

. H e n o n,

i\

!.

oy

,

Edit

·, i\lachine
Carlto n
ng Co .. Div.,

1':om1

Tym

e ·on, C. B.

Issue • Color

K. W .

Santo Clora,

CO.

of Norton

of

Norton Company

Cull

Worcester

, Troy, N.

Company

INC.,

6,

Moss

.1n

E.

., U.S.A.

ace

Fur

or •

C.

D.

fo

ers,

Calif.
Y.,

-

C.

r

6,

he

·

tory
plant
tion

sit

as

products

above
who
ha

all, a

mak

ve macl

It

begin
but

varie

to

w e

ty

Norton

is ·

es

and

world

is

both

tribute

e ·

up

e this record

woulcl be

tell the
hope our read
and scope

story

more than

achi

eve

ments.

's larg

est

a t rust ancl a res

lo

the

our worlcl-wicle organiz

impo

Nor

ton
ers

of the
and their contribut-ion
to

0111

· s

tandard

v

Ve

also

of

living.

tak

e this
our gra.t-itucle and debt
tribut-ed

progres
tributor

s

uppli

and

to

Norton

s-our employ

s,

our

ers

of mat

serv

ices .

cus

erials,

Company

ees

tom

ers

over its

just a compilation

manufacturer

seventy-five-year

We feel that

pon

spl

endicl

111.en

of

sibility

ancl

ation

of

our

abrasive

wom

ancl w

of achievenient possible.

ssible,
story

will

produ

to

our

opportunity

to all those

and

and

of

in

gain

cts

course,

the

se

some ·icl

we

to even

few pages,

ea

manufacture

industrial progress

to acknowledge

's s

who

eve

nty-five years

have

dis-

our

equipment

his-

elates,

posi-

and

en
ho

of

the

and

con-

of

,

I

.......

~J?~~

Pr

msIDENT

I• •

I

~

~ :

~·

.

';

-:._

I

"I

renieniber .

by

George

Nathaniel

"

Jeppson

F.

8.

Water

Norton

St.-birthpla

Norton

Pottery

Company

cc

Th

e year I was born , 1873,
years following
pr

essions

the year

I've
in

it

were even

often re

wh ich the

mind

produced.

That

fir

st grinding
I remember
wh ere the
really
which

had
fir

Frank

whee

very little

st

came

ments of an emplo

whe

Norto

l was

int

to his attention

yee
Another employee, Swen Pulson,
cou ld make even a better

on

of

ed

fir

t 1 orton

el was n

n,

made,

ere

with

Chairman,

was
hard
mys

a h

er.

elf

Don

rd

of

ard

yea

In

lat

er

that

1873 was also

r,

grinding wheel was

ot

taken

very

the

owner of

the

as a kindl y person .

t in

the

grinding

becau

an orga

see

wheel

e of

the exper

nic bonded

ing i

t,

was

by

bonding

Directors.

and

the

bad

de-

seriously.

pottery

He

wheel,

i-

wheel.

sure

he

emery

7,age 2

with

slip clay, res

bonded whee

(1876),

departm
Turkish
a

potter
able speed
the
observed

saucer-shap
burst when set

to make the two sides of a wheel parall

he

me
ness imply by digging a screw driver

Fini heel whee

it w

a

whee
hand
ciples are now incorpornted inlo mechanical
but
proved

My

t

ome

first cu torners

I I

II

\Vashburn a
\.Vashburn
n

amed

I r
at noon to a
book
to s

took

i\liy

fath er,

ent. vVith a

eme

ry

's kick

devi

kiln

with

that a wheel

ed

tart

ed to "true" the whee

Th

ere were thr

dium

, a

nd oft.

as

an

nrt. He could also tell you

1

l

b:,

le

of

th e

even the experts

when

father

rs by walki

nd

Shops of

Milt on

emem

ber the

kee

per.

ee what he look

ulting

l for which Mr. Norton, a few

out a patent.

John

in a was

whe

el (

ce

th e jugs

during

in

motion.

ee

l.

This was

th e

way

same screw driver. ( All these same prin-

combined

oft

en deliv ered the

ng wilh
were
Moen

Prin

ce

day

nnounce

After

in

the

first vitrified

Jepp

son I,

paddle, he

htub

which

ever design e

and

would often shrink, beco

the firing, th en later

grades

1

i\

fy Father tested for hard-

it sound

agree

with

the whee

the \1Vinslow Skate

Manufacturing

Vlorces ter Tech,

Higgins

in 18

that

school that afternoon I hurri

ed

like. He was only twenty-

becam

. He

he

crocks

It

was

ls

of wheels-

e the

mixed

shav

ed

labell

ed

d"),

then

of

the

in

an

el

af

ter firing. r /:

(,_

int

more

82

Mr.

than

a skill;

many

ed when

that these methods

human sensitivit

whee

ls to the loca l cus-

ls

und

Compan

was in

when

Norton had

my

charg

fath

or
years

whole whee

the

slip clay

the

th e

fired them in

pott

ery.

effort

that

bard,

0._

th e ·--~~

things a

tapp

ed

y.)

er

his arm.

Compan

y, a

wh

ere a

e.

er

came home

hired a new

ceramic

whe

"best

Father

{."'\-

~--.

s:::-

-1

with

method

are

y, th e

nd

ed

els

I

clown

lat

er

l

and

on

vad-

ming

=r--l--_,_.· ·'

r\/~/•'

,u.

;!

t

~;

®/Y

bout

the

s,

im-

Hi

s

the

man

thr

ee

-· -

-:_---..:..::--__

_

':

, !

:..__,,...~

pag

e 3

years

old-Charles
younger than all
"Jepp," and fath
and

ever afterwards, he was Mr. Allen.

Meanwhile, the

so

that

one of the stone
ought to get rid of the nuisance
were, he said, cluttering

1'1r.

Norton agreed with him, even though
his bu iness in 1884 h
opportunity came to e

$10,000

in 1885. My father, John Je

was one of them, Charl es Allen

!\lesser ( the shop salesman ) still
Higgin
whee
the new enterprise and was named presid e

pany. Another man from \i\force ter Tech, Geor
Alden, the mathematics
owners, while
Daniels and Horace Young, official
Moen, the wire company.

a few months the newly
Wh
shop. I remember th e
went out to Barbers, an almost

city, to see the site that h
pany.
acr
ing of the Boston
and Gardner railroad line

, he was more than

Th

ere

were seven men

s,

of the

ls

and

recogniz

In

accordance with

eel Company k

It

was a pi

es

in

size, which

Lucius

the

er

called him "Charli e."

whe

\i\tashburn

the

rest of the

ept

ece

formed

and

Allen-and

other men.

el busin ess was

war

e ales

up

th e shop

ad bee

ed

the

an

agre

it quarters

day

ad bee

of

Maine

n in whee

ll

th e wheel manufac

agr

eeable-

who

ppson I (superintendent

Shops,

iJ'

pot

pro

fe sor, join

eme

incorporat

in 1886

n cho en for the new com-

land, about

a tri

and

s.

\Ve

he see

He call

men

of

gri11ding

bough

ano

anoth

who had

ential , also inv

capi

tal

nt

with

right

when

uninhabit

ang

le be

the \i\forces

found a two-acre

med

ed

But

to m e then

growing

told !\fr.

wheels. Th

and

the business.
four

l .

Wh

he was delighted

t th e business

th er, a

ed

came

of \Vashbu

ed

one

nd

er. Milton P.

nt

of

th e

from Fre

Mr.

Nor

Norton

at the potte

Moth

ed

part

and a quarter

tween the cross-

my

, so

Norton

u ed

group

ter

so much

father

much

he
ey

-.nfths

tur

ested

the com-

er a

of

en

the

e for

vValter

the

in

ge

l

ra

of

rn

and

ton, for

Emery

ry

nd

of

the

, Barre

plot

.

)

el

I

near-by,

a

nd

There

be

rs w

of

for us to m
city.

within

ju t across the

were

twelve men

ith

the

Nor

1887. P

eop
ove

In

fact,

walking

ton Emery ·wheel Company

le in gen

three

the
months before they
for the

tran
w
eve
year-o

50

adve

draft kilns

ho rsepow
ing,

lamps.

property.

sported

ago

n.

from VVater

Th

ere

n room left

ld boy.

The

Company

' x 120' in ize.

rti

sed

for rent. Th

with spac

er engine

what

\i\lat

little

er

The

wa

on

the wagon for me, an excited,

moved

It had

with

there

wa

pipe from vVeasel Bro

The motto

tary's

han

th e

point:

of

dwriti

,

ve

the

ng

will

of

we do today.

It

was a good motto,

distanc

e, for

our

family

street, Charles Allen rent

who

made

eral thought

miles away from the

directors th emselves

agreed to

pay

manufacturing equip

n't

Street

much

to Barbers in a

to

mov

into a wooden

tlu·ee sto1ies,

ere w

ere

e for a tJ1isd.

a single, s

was,

was

brought into

ok

which

Company,

the early

mak

e better wheels tomorrow than

ran

as recorded
yea

and a good

the

it

quit

debated

the necessa

e.

In

fact, there

builcling

one

two twelve-

There

mall

boiler.

provid

the

ed

shop

through

rs,

was

proph

ecy

move

e 1idiculous

cen

ment was

of

was a

by

by a tw

the

in tJ,e

simple

home,

ed a

hous

to

in

January

ter

of

for

ry

one-horse

thirte

abo

which

foot dow

£fteen

The

light-

keros

o-inch

prop

secr

and

.

e.

Bar-

the

six

$450

all

was

en-

ut

was

n-

ene

erty.

e­to

George
keen interes

scene

cessful vitrified

of

N.

t in re

making

Norton

J e

ppson

the

wheel for

film

-cre

takes

ati

first

on

suc

new

a

of

-

Now

when I look

at

the

mil

es

of

buildin

gs

her

e, a

nd

page 5

think of the Norton plants a
that day. As yea rs go-se
long ago.

But

so much has

As we consider the Norton business a

- both men and women-who h
it,

it

seems like a dream to u a
Our founders, whom I kn
all

fin

e me

n.

Th

ey understoo d people, a

t

he foresig

Wh

at is remarkable to me is to

ht

and

courage

ll

over the wo

venty-

five of them-

happened

nd
ave shar
ll who h

ew from the b

to ex

pand

- al] over the

see

in

rld

, I re

it

in

those years.

th e many
ed in deve
ave

live d

egi

nnin

nd

they

the

third genera-

member

was

with

g,

tion of our people that same desire to keep Norton
gressive and
Norton folks loyal and
today as we
li

eve it is rath er uniqu e to h
seventy
have been an associate of those who h

Norto n Company wh at

Norton

Comp

fir

st in o

ll

as what

-fi

ve years of o

any,

Worcest

ur field, a

prou

d of

ha bee

ur

history, a

it is.

er, Massachus

nd

also to keep a

ll

what they are doing

n done in the past. I be-

ave lived thrn

nd

I am g

etts

( I

959)

ave

ugh the

rat

eful to

mad e o

not

people

loping

it.

were

had

world

pro-

of

our

se

ur

.

.

- -

',

..

••

. . ~

--.

. . -

. .

--

~

1J

\ -·

#>

~

~~

-~-

I.

Plant 8

GRINDING

WHEEL

MANUFACTURING

by

l t is very fitting that we observe our S
Anniversary
Plant

8, our newest

ture of

g

rindin

as

th e focal po

ing

as

it

tury' experi

Th

e fir

for the
equivale
vid

ed

fo r a 50 per

the

fast

e timated incr
sixty million in the next fifteen
mu

st be consider

But

even more

prov

isions th
ucts with a built­possibl e; also a r
the

use

t

oge

ther

te

chn

iques.

with

th e compl etion a

fac

ility, whi

all orga

g wheel

nic bonded ( res inoid ,

s.

In

fact, this pl

int

of

our

cele

does the culmination

ence

in the manufacture of gri

st

thi

ng that

Br

t time i its enormous si

nt

to five foot ball field

growing

ease

will

cen

t expansion in pro

u e

of

organic

in o

ur

ed

wi e planning.

important than

at

of

the very lat

with

have bee

in

educ

impr

n m

quality a

tion in the manufacturing cycle by

est

oved manu facturing processes a

nd

ch

houses the man

ant

can we

brati

on thi s

of

three-qu

imp

ress anyo ne

ze-i

s.

Sp

bonded

country's po

yea

rs, thi s extra capacit

pla

ade

to insure finish

nd

uniformity

type

mac

hines a

rubb

ace

nt capacit

John

Jeppson

eve

nty-fifth

full op

month

era

er a

nd

ll

be r

, represe nt-

tion of

shellac )
egarded

arters of a cen-

nding whee

seeing

t covers

Pla

an area

has been pro-

ducti

on. \ Vith

whee

ls, a

nd the

pul

ation by

y are the

ed prod-

never befo

nd equipment

ufac

ls.

nt

8

some

y

re

nd

TODAY

*

-

· Vi

ce

Preside

nt and

Genera

l ~l

anage

r, Ab rasive

Divb

ion.

Fig. I.
must
and

"Gree

pass inspection for

static

balance

n"

wheel

before burning

blanks

weight

Some of the more
automatic elec b·onic e
processing center, for precise
sives and bonds;
and

equipm ent, som e of

equipm e

nt

and cming

ods for finishjng wheels

apparent improvements

quipment

, ti ed to our

automatic weighing

new

mixi

ng

and

it

fully

automatic

procedur

to close

e ;

new

dimensiona

mo

prec

proved inspection method .

To provide quick deliv

how dis

tant

they m
ing large stocks of
items in our new Plants 7
ous branch

war

ehou ses l

ery

ay

be from \

fini

shed wheels a

and 8 and

ocated

to

our

customers r

i\lo

rces ter,

nd

in major

also in o

throughout the counb')'•

Pl

ant

7, completed a few years

the manufacture
rable to Pl

ant

of

8 in si

vitrified

ze
uct quality is th e key
plant

s,

taken together, include whee

and

not

bond

facilities.

e.

ago and

ed

wheels, is compa-

Here

The products

ls

ranging
from the smallest "i 'vlinigrind" vib·ified mo
only .036"
snagging wheels

in

diam eter to

up

to 36" di

the rugge

ame

ter.

d "BZZ" resinoi

include

IBM

of abra-

lding

methods

; new oven

ision meth-

l limits, im-

egardless

we

are carry-

other

abras

ur

market areas

devo ted to

, too, prod-

from

in size

unt

ed whee

data

ive

vari-

both

ls

cl

pa

ge 8

Fig. l shows
tion .
or
weight
side
r

conveyed

bond
insure

After

ganic

the

ejected

After

type, equipp

bond

and

close limits

in

molding

to

th e

bond.

It can be said
(

bonding str

ti

cs are sealed.

wheel

ba

the

hole.
and sharp

tomer
the

cutting
ci ion

are

ic

surfaces

face

or periph

It

is very

receives

molding

points and

truing

, i.e., in

an

imp

ortant

detail .in

each wheel is mol<lcd,

ed, it is

for balance.

carefully

Any

wheel

that have been

th e

"green"

tunnel

exact

eng

th

The

nevertheless very

that

state.

and

kilns

ed

"green"

with

inspection,

or

ovens,

sensitive el

predetenninecl

that

once the wheel

or hardness)

finishing

operations

important.

hav

e to be finished

ery, the two

parallel

important that

condition

the

wheel.

operation

must

edges.

with another

for

The

be "dressed"

This

g1inding wheel, a coni cal steel

the

wheth

checked

blanks

set

depending

ectronic

firing

molding

er vit::rified

for size,

that

up

are

the whee

or

cwing

is

fir

ed, its

opera-

"green"

fall

promptl

ls

upon

controls to

of

gra

and cutting characteris-

perform

or

sides a

the grinding face

g1inding

ed

Th

ere are four

trued,

nd

nam

the a

be

when

the cus-

on

rbor

smooth face left after

to expose sh

is

generally

clone by

or

out-

are

the

the

de

the

ely,

tru

arp

pre-

y

e

Fig.

2.

An on-line ins

pection

station

for

cut

-off

wheels

cutter
forced cut-off,

to

or a diamo

put

the

Grinding

nd

other b·uing

face

in r

eady-to-cut conditi

wheels are,

tool.

in

For certain

as "stones" or "rocks," terms
origin
on fa1ms for
They
made

that
provided
size.
sleeve
action
ing
certain types

vanced ma
porat
ab
and

in

the

do

not

grinding

in

spected

tooth

cut

with

ter.

is sh·ucturally

care

Oth

en1/ise

or

spind le which in

and

equipment now

\

iVe have

ed

into our

ling

us

to set new high

produ

ct

quaJTied g

puttin

, h

oweve

whee

the

Tak

e, fo r exa

rindstone

g a keen e

r,

befit

l whi ch, aft

same

care

mple

urufonn

is t

ake

n in

finishjng the hole to the

it

will not be in

finish.

Fig

. 3 shows the strictl y precis

standard

of

wheels.

The

discussed just a

nufactusing methods and

new wheel plant

standa

duplication.

vVe

meth

wheels,

ods have

been

like rein-

devised

on.

some

will also be in

areas, sti

which

dge

the

er

probably

sti

ll

on
modern
firing,

ll referred

very

an

axe

, cie

is

much

finished a

as its counterpart

, the

arbor

hole. A wheel

good

have their

in use

or

scy the.

ntin

cally

.in a multi-

balan

exac

balance

on

the whee

turn can affect the grindin

ion

hon-

for

tole

few

finishi

ran

of

rd for

hould a

ng

the hol

ce

here .is only 0.003".

the very l

tech

s a

nd

ates

niques incor-

which

built-in

arc

qua

cld that the fini sh-

es

t,

to

nd

ce

in

ad-

en­lit

t
l

g

y

Fig. 3.

Precision

to

close

honing

arbor

tolerances

holes

page 10

Fig.

4.

Speed

resinoid

i

ng operations
satisfied that the wheels are struc
from any

hidd
safe. Fig. 4 sh
cu

t-off a

nd

exce

ption

s, a

tested befor e shipment, after all finishin g operations

testing

cut-off

wheels

are

consider

ed

en flaws that mig

ows

the sp

eed

other relati vely sma

ll whee

ls 6" in diameter a

complete only when we

tmally

ht

render the wheels un-

testi

ng equipment use

ll whee

sound, i.e., free

ls. vV

nd

ith

very few

larger are speed

d for

hav

been compl eted.

Fi

g. 5 show a view of a small

located at the e

Th

ere are 26

larges t stock

nd

of th e Plants 7
1/2 miles of shelf sp
of grinding wheels in the world.

approximately 20,000 sep

ara

sec

tion of th e stock ar

and 8 production

ace

. T

h.i

s r

eprese

It includes

te .items and a total

lines.

nts th e

of

some
six million wheels, in suring q uick delivery on all standar
it

ems to cust

aro

und the cou

ou r anniversa ry sl

thr

ough servi

ome

rs, distr

ntr

y; and, inciden tally, givin g s

ce

to industry."

ogan:

ibut

ors and o

"S

eve

nty-fi

ur five warehouses

upport

ve year

s of prog

ress

are

e

ea

d

to

Fig. 5.
ic

e"

station

small finis

s

hunt

e d

conveyor

At

"cust

omer se rv-

shown here,

hed

whe

be

els are

packed

nt

from overhead

to

shipme

for

60

YEARS

Norton

Cr

ankshafts

OF

BUILDING

Crankshaft Gri

for

most

nding Department

early

automobi

les were

around

ground

1910.
here

page

12

PRECISION

Whi

le

the :\•fachine
cannot
ness,
rupt

chines.
of
Charles
Norton

quite

it

can

ed

production

tl1e first

Grinding

First

proving

It rece

H.

GRINDING

Tool

match its pa re

justly take pride in its si

of preci ion

ived its s

heav

Norton, chi

Compan

to

tart

y pr

oduction
ef engineer

his

satisfaction

y.

actually cuts metal, he had the r
signing a cylindiical g1incler that
possible, not
idea. The result
heavy
18"

duty g1inc.l

swing

Vi

ce

and

Preside

as litt

le as poss

1

of

:\

Ir.

Norton's

er that w

eig

96" table lengtl1.

nt an<l

General i\l

Division

nt

division for

grind

in

1900

cylindrical grinder by

evo

would

ible

as was

inventive genius

hed

13,000 pounds, with

It used a grinc

anagc

r, .\fachine Tool Division.

MACHINES

by

Ever

ett

M.

of

Nor

ton

Company

years

xty

yea

in g

and

with the d

of

the

newly

that

a g

rin

luti

onary

do

tl1e

rs

of

uninter-

lapp

evelop

ding

idea

as

much

prevailing

Ung

in busi-

ing ma-

forme

Hicks*

ment

d

wheel

of

de-

as

was

an

wheel

a

24"

in

diameter
former
effic

ient

wheel).

than

mechanism

The

first

pany in

New

and

Its

any

other

was

so

of these

York

cutting

accurate
machines

their p1inting presses.
ice,

machine

pany

and

ogy, D

earbo

llight

of

grinding
production
on

the

steel
ton engin
in fifteen
hours

of

No. 1

was

presented

rn, Mich.,

from

the

start,

machines

of

the automobile. As

crankshaft,

eers

showed

minutes

turning

by

, filing a

cepted!

At

first,

most

of

th eir

crankshaft
1905 th
grind
an

ances
l

ower priced
od
machines
auto

ing.

order

The

to

industry

ey

were
Ford i lotor

for

35 machines!

grinding

required

reduce

have

interchangeable
every

1 o

also the

with

garage.

rton

CnANK-O-rvfATIC

long

automatic

cult contours

ground

purchasing

machine

by

mass

automobiles

costs. As a

been

to

provide

parts

These

popular

functions that grinds and

on a

utomotive camshafts

effor t.

2" thick

(four

action was sixteen times

machine

it

served

was

for

grinding

After

27

purchas

to

the

Edison

where

has

that

grinding

the

it

the

development

paralleled

the

backbone

as

much

as

nd

polishing.

automobile

by

machines

Company

made

production,

required

result

develop

which

the

ed

low

has

developments

semi-au

CAl\'1-O-MATIC

times as

in

existence,

as a

sold

to R. H.

wide

and

micromet

cyUnder rolls

years

ed

back

Institute

can

of

continuous

by 1orton Com-

of

be

seen today.

and

the

development

early

as 1903,

of

the engine

work

could

was

being

done

Grinding

manufactur

lorton Compan

to

do

optimisticaUy

possible the

and

mass

precise

the

production

, specialized

over

the

years

cost

mass

production

put

an

automobile

brought

tomatic

crankpin

g1inder, a

finishes

without

as

any

more

its

feed

er.

Hoe

Com-

used

serv-

Technol-

production

and

working

, Nor-

be

done

in

five

was

ers

had

y,

but

their

own

placed

toler-

demand

meth-

grinding

for

forth

grinder;

machine

the

diffi-

manual

on

ac-

by

for

the

of
in

the

Wc1lker

Cutler
ton

Universc1I

grinder

Emery

around

sold

Wheel

Tool

by

Company

1900

~

-

..

-k;S::

'=---'-

~

= e

. -

~

i

and

Nor-

The

practice, in

the

ear

ly

days

of

been for customers to come to \i\lorce

grinding machines before buying them,

routine was reversed

where they could

sider them in

practice of design i
quiremen

ts

enabled us to

and

men

were sent

stu

dy

customers' needs and then con-

our

machin e design. Thi s fa r-sighted

ng

machines

pioneer

around

in

many
other than automotive so that by th e e
Norton was offering as

180

modifications,

face g1inders, plun

( 36" x

288

") whi ch took two
the thirties, the Norton li
chines

and

143 types a
cutter grinder in addition to
grind ers for

About

the

th.is

same time,

tooL-oom.

entering its final
source of pow

er
of the motors off the floor
slide, next to the grinding

man

and

had

ge

grinders

nd

phase of

or

location

y as

40

typ es

augmented

and

a g

freight cars to transport. In

ne

consist

includ

ed

ed a

the surfac

we

find the cylindrical grinder

evoluti

on with respect to

of

the

motor

and

mount

whee

l, was a da

tion. This revolutionary design was

the

Cornpany,

ster to

inspect the

but gradually

out

into

custome

grin

ding

nd

of

·wo

rld \Var

of

grinde

its lin e

iant

of

mot

orized tool and

roll

21 b

with

as

e and univ ersal

s.

To

it

on the whee

ring

incorporat

ed

had

the

field

rs' re-

areas

rs with

grinde

ic ma-

take

innova-

in

this

I,

sur-

r

the

one

l

the

Norton
tized
Automat

I

I

_j

Tra

Grinding

No.

nsfer

ic

Machine

2 Uni-

type

Cran~pin

First

Norton
grinder
Institute
Watching
Henry

Ford,

Knight,

heavy-duty

was

of

Technology

uncrating

Howard

Charles

presented

were,
Dunbar, Oscar

Jinnette

cylin

to

in I

drical

Edison

I.

to

928

.

r.,

Norton
de
more

"C type" line of machines.

ign is

oft

atte

en

than

New ideas

e

mploy
th
ea
ing
of
rrc

chines.

Award

ese

rly

out

produ

tting

ed
were
thirtie

the

ct.

rid

The

as "

in

inh·ocluced

s. A

factory

This

of

progr
since been amp
and, of
modern

Starting
utiliz
as possible,
the point
believab
chines
but
specific
simplicity
ch

ines

course,

}.fachine

with

ing

the

grinding

where

le

limits of

built

today

also

spec

requirements.

in

are

available

grinding

The

ted to

and

the

obsolete

Ame1'ica11 i\ln

by

the

fact

almo

st

any

innovations also

building

of

during

houseclea

by

was

ning

machine

a revoluti

equipment and

chi

es ive

lifi

was

Tool
Charles

equ

ed

into a standa

incorporated

Division

Norton's 01iginal

ipme

method to

machines

they

are

now

precision.

includes

not

that

it

other

machine.

app

our

machines.

the

depression years

event

culminated

processes

onary

n-ist

recognized

nt

replacement." It

rd

industiial

into

plant

erected

remove

have

been

capable

The

line

only

plain

ial pm·pose g1inders tailor

design

While

and

with

reflecting

operation,

many

arrangements

soundness

has been

ly to

the

of

copi

methods

Many

of

in

instead

step

buying

as

of

it

entailed

new

it

with

practice

the

Company's

in

1953.

concept

as

much

stock

developed

of

almost

of

Norton

or

basic

types

ed

to customers'

the

trends

of

toward

these ma-

pem1itting semi-

this

ed

of

the

lay-

line

ma-

its

has

of

to

un-

ma-

page

15

I I

::

m®~

'

...

-

,

..

-,

;:_,,-.

automatic or full

tion.

In

this category i
Automatic Crankpin
units (stations)
to 360 completely

Another n
con truction
ca l grinde

make the grinding
ing and production rates a

of practically perfect radii on

Last

with our No. 2 Sh·addle-Bearing C
turing traddle-bearing s
regulating wh ee l spindles to permit
si te

surface grinders has

S-3 machines featuring table
Th e acgui
of Gould &
chine tool
hobbing and

In

of the more obvious re

to our machine tool line.
attachments will
chine Tool Exposition this fall
sixty years of building preci sion g1-inding

ma

chin

every Norton man

r.

year,

nt

sizing.

iti

this brief artic le we

es-a

automatic

Grind

capab

le of

ground

ew

concept

fa

reflect

ed

Wheel head

cycle fully automatic, spee

we ent

on of
Eberhardt

product

cutting

heritage and

ered

The effi

been stepped

the

line to

machines.

be

shown

and

operation

the

No. 2 Uniti

er,

comp

automatically

cra

nkpins per hour.

of

unitized machine

in the

cien

well-known , l

last

cent

woman

PLU

NCE

b·uing has been

nd

making

the

whe

the large cent

enterless G1ind er, fea-

upport

cy

have

Our

and

record

of

of the po

speeds

year has

include shapers

only

deve

lopm

latest

demonstrat

in

Chicago.

of

can

for mass

zed

1i

ing

-0-MATI

possibl e the

el co

erle s

both

faster

pul

up

in

as

high

ong

e tablished firm

ext

ended our

touched

ents

model

achieveme

be

justly

produc-

Transfer

type

fow· to seven

turning

rners

grindin g

and

ar 6"

the

and

machines

ed

out

design and

C

cy

lindri-

perfected

ding

up

tru-

truing

.

grinder

as 125 fpm.

upon some

at

They

and

nt

proud.

field

mor

e con-

and

new

Type

and

gear

additions

the i\ifa-

reflect

lapping

of

which

and

ma-

and

up

to

8"

page 16

PRODUCTS

OF

THE

ELECTRIC

FURNACE

Abrasives,
formed
done, man
sy

nth

esi

typ

es

of elec

Norton
is also markin g the
ele

ctric

sive, re

born.

Actually its first

at Ni

aga

ab

ility of

future power
Canada
Chippawa,
The two plants continu

the

Niagara Fall

e

ntire opera

Thi

s pl

lar

gest produc

and

in r

The chi

h

ave been and

ALUNDUM

crushed and shipp
abrasives

The

co

ntroll

Vice Preside
Electr

in gen

at

elevated temperatures. 'vVhat

ha

s.

Thi

tric

Comp

furnace
fractory and

ra

Falls, Ne

lar

ge

and a furnac

thr

tion was

ant has

efrac

tories.

ef

products

fused a

for

hig

h standa

ed,

to a great

nt and

o-Chem

era

been able to

s h

as been
furnac
any, in cele

50th year

plant

furna

w York, a

quantities

possibilities appeared

e pla

ee

miles so

s,

New

gro

wn

er

of raw

still

are
luminum oxid
ed to

furth

er

proc

rd

Gen

ical Division.

Norton
and

by

Howard

l,

are

compounds

equal

accomplished

es.

brating its

of

wher

e its va rious

elec

h·o-chcmical

ce

plant

was established in 1901

ttra

cte

of low

nt

was

uth

of

Niagara

ed in

mov

steadi

of

of

degree, rig

ernl

operation

York, facility was closed .

ed to the

ly

and

materials

the

Chipp

CnYSTOLON

es.

Worcester
essing

quality

and

of 1or

ht

;\fanag

cr, · -

Abrasiv

Electr

or

operation

d th

co t

built

Chippawa

is

for use

awa

silic

in

at

o-Chemicals

J. Daly*

which

improve upon

by

use

75th

man-made

compounds

ere

pow

very

at the vill

Falls,

until 1930 when

today

furnace pla

on

Th

ese

bulk

fab1ication .

ton

the

furnace plant

es,

have been

nature has

of

various

anniversary,

of

its

huge

abra-

by the avai

er.

In

1910,

atb·

active

age

Ont

ario.

The

location.

the world's

as

abras

ives

carbide

are

as "crud

products

and

rough

Refractories

by

are

l-

in
of

,

....

• ~ , I

I . ·

nts

e"

1iri

is '

',!?

_.

.J \ -

.;$1J ~

~•r

·~~ 1

~--~

- -

Tuill!!l'ul!l!!J'

,.r,;r.,ffl~~

,;;?;,

:,,

T 1

11

11

-<·1'J

='

where
developme
raw
prime ingredie
from South America and clom
pe
Stat
silicon
and
mad
po it for many fused zir
from the rich Californi a re erve
for numerous bori<les.
terials
scientists
developme
for better
taining

niqu es has re
tvlost of the
are at
niques, unique to this
developed. Some
32, 44 a
abra
electrical
MACNOnt
stabilized and unstabilized. R

h·o-chemical

oxide

finding use in areas other
and refractory field .
metallurgical
furnace
their processes.

the

fused

nt

staffs

mat

erials from all

b·ol

eum

and

es

and

Canadian

carbide

Asia from whi

e; zircon from

are being

and

nt

raw

and

impro

Th

e devel

ive, green

:Many of the

opment

proc

temperatur

nd

57 ALUN

CnY

STOLON

TE

refractory

compounds-t

families-was

produ

product

are

nt

of

metallurgical cok

· magnes ite

con lantly s
technician in the Chi
laborat

material is

ving the

ultecl

e se carri ed

es we

of

CnYSTOLON abra ivc

more rece

indu

stries re

cts as

To

is

created.
constant
corners

ALuNou:-r

ou

rce

from

ch 1 IACNOnt

dom

estic, Af1ican

conia

Th

e e

ories.

of

in

the results

ou:-r

materi

added

raw

service

This neve

an

qua

new

or

man

y new

ll

over

industr

abra

al;

gra

in

he

borid

to th e l

ntl y d
than

Th

e electr

quire many Norton electric

materials

and

ly

of

for

and many

tudi

important

impr

out

y,

and

ece

Here,

checking

the

world:

fused

stic sour

es

from

producing

North

TE fused magnesi

produ

are

ed

ppawa resea

lity

of

oved furnacing tec

and useful product

at the

2000 °

hav

e n

of

this re

ive ;

white 38

and ''Special

Nonn

,oE

fu e

ntly a long

e,

carbide,

orton

eveloped

the establish

onic,

or

expand

research

the

bauxite,

aluminum

ce

; silica

many

CnYSTOLON

America, Europe

and Aus

ct ;

the

by

r e

J o

C.

el

intenn

tralian

boric

raw

other

a team

ndi

ng

fac

tor

rton

furnace plants

Special te

ecessa

earc

boron

zirconias,

list

nitride and

product

products

ed

chemical

ediates

this

market,

and

quality

mat

raw

in

products.

rily
h are

ALUNou:-r

of

the

oxide,

sand,

United

it is

de-

oxide

erials

ma-

of

125

rch

and

sea

rch

main-

h-

ch-

been

the

Black"

carbide,

both

of

elec-

lin e.

are

abrasive

and

for
the

.

71a

ge

18

Electro-Ch
is

an

only

.field

s,
plants
other opera
nical
operates
furn

ace

To kee
refractories
has

steadjly incr
compl
con carbi
in

Quebec province.
1955, a n
ville,
Atomic Ener
NonnrnE r
of

both these last

s

upply of elec

futur

emical Division was

operating

for deve

but

producin

division

lopm e

also for the

g elecb·ic

ting divisions.

guidance

or has

to

an

plants around

p p

ace

with the growin g de

and elec

ease

etely

cover

de

its 32-acre site.

plant

ew electric

Alabama

gy

efracto

, to

Commi

ry

two sites was based

trical

e lar

ge

ex pansions possible.
pared, both physicall
lenge of the e

xpa

nding

of

nt

of

operation

Norton

int

erest in

created

the

compan

new

products

of

all the

furnace products

In

addition, it

Int

ernational

an

increas ing

in

1956.

y, res

ponsible

for the

Norton

for all

supplies tech-

Inc.

which

numb

the world.

mand

for

abras

tro-chemicals, fusnaci.ng capacity

d.

Chippawa

wa

opened

Thi

s was enl

furnace plant

produce sp

ssion, as we

gra

in, a

nd fuse

power and land

y a

nd tec

space

's

plants now

In

1951, a n

at Cap

ecial

arge

was

ll

as 1

-de-la-Ivla
d in 1959.

built near

product

1

fA

CNO

d zirconia. Selectio n

upon

an

hnicall

age

which

No

y, to

markets.

would

rton is well pre-

meet

s for

HIT

adequate

the

This

not

above

furnace

the

now

er of

ives,

almost

ew

si]j-

cle

leine

In

Hunt

s-

the

E

and

make

cha

l-

CRYSTOLON sili

these

resistance-type elect

con

carbide

is

ric

produced

furn

ace

ALUNDUM

s

Higg

aluminum

ins

arc

-ty

oxide

pe

electric

is

produced

furnac

es

in

these

Plants and Machinery

..

Operations

The

basic ingredients

and

high

tempe

horn

in

the electric furnace.

pl10tog

our readers to

Plant
in

coolin

ultra-modem whee

phasis is
th
ment control s

pages.

pa

rapl1

in

Chippawa

g "pigs"

Throug

e firing op eration in electric

ge

of fused alwnininn

g; then

hout

7,lacecl

20

rature refractori

s, all in true color,

the vast Norton Elec

to

the

on

hown

of

, Ontario, where the s

Wo

rcester

l plants, 7

wheel

qttal'ity c

in ·

the pic

and

today

's

es

In

the

tha

t follo

oxid

whe

and

8.

manufacturing cycl

ontrol

kilns

ture

Workers

grinding

are the,nselves

eight

e are seen s

re

as typ-ifiecl

pages

w,

we

tric Furna

till

we visit

ttncler

on the

whee

tak

ce

glow-

lowly

the

e e

m-

by

instru-

center

ls

of

e

Carbon electrod

in this H

iggi

ns

ore

es

type

fuse

elec

the

tric

mineral

furnace

bauxite

at

Norton

into ALUNDUM

Electric Furnace

(aluminum

Plant,

Chi

oxide)

ppowo,

abrasive

Ontario

"Pigs" of

ALUNDUM

abrasive c

Furnace Plant

ooling

on

the

floo

r at

Chippe

wa Ele

ctr

ic

ROKIDE

(aluminum

ceramic coating is s

missile nose
to

ry

by technical

B

urke.

cone in

Nort

assistant,

pra

yed

on

ox

ide)

on
labora­Gordon

a

CRYSTOLON

(silicon carbide)

abrasive

elec

tric fur n

aces

is

produced

in these

resistance type

Section

of

stock

area

where

wheels

the

of

every

production

type

lines

ond

size

ore stor

ed

as they

come

off

Furnace

Electr

unloader

ic Furnace Pion!,

, Eugeniusz

Krzemien

Chippewa

,

Kiln

car

fireman,

loaded

long

Ola

with

journey

Hokanson,

"green"

through

beside

wheels

tunnel

ready

kiln

typical

to

kiln

start

Press

preparing
grinding
blank

is

operator,

to

mold a vitrified

wheel.

then fired in

The

tunnel

Harold

"green"

kiln

Cooper,

bonded

wheel

on

electric

Pia

nts 7

equipment

and

in

the

8,

world

each

600

for

straight-line

feet

long

, house the most

production

of

up-to-dote

grinding

whee

ls

Engineering

Machine

draftsman,

Tool Division

Herbert

Rand,

Group

the finishing

for

leader,

grinding

touches

pulpwood

Fred

on

Anderson,
a g i

ant

for

On

this special

putt

pulpstone

newsprint

ing

machine,

l

arge grinding

exact

thickness

wheels,

and

Aotness

ofter

burning,

ore

trued

to

IN

THE

Not

long after

pany made a

' tri al expansion by

duction

silicon ca

grow

th

fo r

producing
purified
organization to
us

to recog

ca

rbide ore and

specialized refractories .

major

of

ALuNou:,_c aluminum

rbid

e

mmwfactured abrasives. This

provid

raw

ed l

and

mat

erials. The

improve

nize the value

SPACE

the

turn

of

the century Norton

contribution

attaining

arge electr

refining th

grain

continuous,

ic

ese

inherent urge

and

diversify its pr

of

aluminum

as

valuable

AGE

by

Willi

am

G.

to the American

larg

oxide

furnace plan

and

electrically fused

of the

oduc

oxide

basic materials for

• • •

Fallo

n,

Jr.*

Com-

indus-

e scale pro-

CRYSTOLON

step

in

our

ts

suitable

and

Norton

ts

caused

and

silicon

.. Vice Pres

ident

and

Cenernl i\fanager, Refractories Division.

I

In

those early days, merely the hi gh me

ALuNnmr

important
move into the Space Age, this

tempera
thermal

ucts, remains
dramatically illustrated by the decisi

me

nt
sprayed
of o

ur

The

was a small line

bl

es, boats, cements,

are

highly

of

purit

l

abo

ratory utility.

Only a few examples

high tempera

d

evelopment
together a versa tile array
properties so
unique combination
and
to

indusbi

gra

in ( 3700°F.)

as a

refractory

tur

e,

coupled

conductjvity

important

to use o

first successful satellite, Explorer

first

electrical

ur

aluminum

commerc

regarded

y,

resistance to chemica

ture field can be cited here. Co

work

that

chara

al progress.

with

of

RoKID

ox.ide coating)

ial offering

of

ALu

etc.

by precise che

with

each Norton

of mec

cteristics th at has b

was

raw

mat

same resistance

the

chemical durability

highly purifi ed

to

nation

E "A"

Nnu;,.r laboratory

protecti

on

of

They have

l attack,

of Nort

new

of

on

refrac

materials having "

hanical, the

sufficient to

al

mical ana

mat

lting

point

make

erial.

Today,

to

ALUNDUM

prog

ress.

on

of

ve

coa

the exterior surfac

l.

Norton

cruc

lon g been a

pa1-ticipation

tories h

erial represents a

rmal, chemica

eco

me

This

om

gov

ting

(Bame-

refractori
ibles,

nd

lysts be

and gen

ntinuing

as brought

built-Ln

important

of

it

as

we

high

and

prod-

is

ern-

es

thim-

still

cau

se

era

in the

e

l

"

l

----

----.:

The build

ar

e continually

ers

and use

see

king

rs of

large furnaces

more rapid heat

as stronger and, therefore thinn er, lining

characteristics are typical of today's
ALUND
u
on faster ch

Cn
qu

u
fi
ab

meta

less steel a

th
nu

vehicles, and e

UM re

fra

ctories a

se

in

indu

stry becau

ecl

ules a

Th

e d

evelopment

YSTOLON hea

ality for ope

( 1650°C

se
ed

Peo

.).

of

HoT R

grinding wheels, in itse

ility

and

ple h

ting elements h

rat

Nor

ton Company itself

oo hea

unifo

rmit

ave grown

nd

acco

se they permit

nd

to re

qui

of 1 orton "

as set a new stand a

i ng tempe

ting elements in the firing of its vitri-

lf a

seve

y of such heating elements.

familiar

with

l , starting with the conspicuous brig

nd aluminum

roug

h a long list which inc

clea r

reac

tors,

ndin

turb

g w

in o

lud

o-jet engines, missiles a

ith

th e am

unt

re

HoT

ratur

ur

es

manium and silico n transistors that gi
im

prove

d co

mmuni

me

nt.

Be

hind all
consta
con

nt req

h·o

l of alloys. Such

uireme

refractory cont
contamina ti
vari

ety

r

efrac
ALUNUU
oxide, stabili
prod

ucts as well

ca

rbi

de

For

melti ng

on

of cru

tories to meet many of th ese needs.

:M fu

sed

zed zirconia

and boride compo

lar

ger

of a numb

cat

ion, as well as c

th ese miracles of metallur

nt

of

purit

y a

nd precise

cont

rol of com position requi res
ainers or crucibles that res
of such metal a

nd all

cibles is inclu ded in the Nort

alumi

num

oxide, MACNORLT

and CRYSTOL

as

some thoria, s

pin

sitions.

melting op

er

of

metals, these

era

tions,

CRYSTOLO

for

their

furnac

less space.

Ron" non-metallic

es

up

mak

re test of the depend-

the so-called mfracle

homes a

larg

azi

ng, compa

ve

omputin

oy

products.

ON silicon c

e], a

suc

h as the

raw

and

kilns

transfer as we

s.

Th

ese two

N a

wide

spre

es to ope

rd

to 3000°F .

es wide

htn

nd

spr

ess of stain-

going on

e chemical a

nd space

ct

11

s a

ll

types of

g e

quip

gy

is th e

compositi on

ult

in min.i

mum

A wide

on line of

Th

ese include

E magnesium

arbid

nd exp

erimental

inducti

materials h

nd
ad

rat

ead

nd

ger

on

ave

ll

of

e

e

-

CRYSTOLON

-widely
ments

in

"Hot

used

heating

furnaces

and

Rods"

ele-

kilns

-

~ . , 31 I

I

nlerior

e

ngine are

coal

in g

surfaces

sprayed

lo

protect

ex

haust

of

X-15

rocket

with

them

and erosion

from

ship

ROKIDE

fiery

been formulat
large e

quipment

ed

into numerous cements used

on the

job

techniques.

Many

of our rea
success of pres u
ot

her wear-resistant

carbide

and som e of o

Among the newer Nort

per

hap

the most
tool bit deve l
nal where work wa carri
tool

materials.
be e timated as ye t,
bit represe

nt

ders

re

blasting nozz

component

spectacu

oped

in

Although its

it appear t

a significa

are

familiar wi

ur

oth er

on d

evelopment
lar i th e

cooperati on w

ed

on

ultimate im

nt

development in

metal cutting.

Probably no deve lopme
aroused more
Th

e e are thin, flame-sprayed cerami

pr

otect metals a

int

erest th an

nd
corrosion and erosion
gas sb·eams, or other de
ness of not more

than
cations. Greater thicknesses,
applied, if needed. This n
ce

ramic coatings will
work and we are daily
cesses in the use

of

nt

RoKtDE protective

oth

er co nsh·ucti

of

high

structiv

0.001" m

ew field

contin

ue u

see

ing additional dra

RoKIDE

coatings

of

velocity,

up

by

ramming

th

the

le liners, anvils

made

of

extra-hard

of

ALUNDUM

ith vVate

to find till

portance ca

hat

the

the pos

t-war

c coatin

on

mat

high temperature

e e

nvironment

ay

be us

ed

to

abo

ut

of

nder

active

.

to

line

and similar

phenomenal

and

NonBLDE boron

mat

erials.

this cha

rtown

better cutt

racte

cera

mic

Arse-

ing

nnot

ALUNDUl\I

the field

yea

rs

tool

of

has

coatings

gs use

d to

erials from

s. A

thic

k-

in

some app

0.050",

thin

protect

can

li-

be

ive

development

matic

suc

r

.

-

page

32

Ii

\~=;.~

\

~

'

The

is

much

a

few

in

dicate important
commonly
per million," s
referred

First
trical properti es ui table for use in numerous electric
and

ele
tures . Second i
chemical

1

1

ti

c processes to create

In

this
the physical stru c
po

rt
special
devices furnished to

Some of the most spectacu
have requir ed the
temperalu res.
rocket nozzles
cones,
furnaces
for material to

7000°F . ( 3900°C.). Th.is is

ran

ge where a

pr

essures.

The needs

quire f

refractories.
tin

ue

its efforts to

ized non-metals

conb·ibution to

----

list

of examp

too long to

mor

e,

howev

have

to as "poisons ."

is a

group

ctr

onic circ

indush

ca

e not only the precise

are of crilical

Norton ce

ulh

·a-high tempe

and plas

ll

of

urth

er

The Norton Ile

les of

cove

er,

that

instances of service to

limits on composition specifi

ince trac

of

products

uit

s, parlicularly

our

·)' which h

ture and

importanc

ramics for nucl ear or atomic energy

numero

cont
vVork
and

known

bro

with

indu

in

conlrol vanes, missile re-entry nose

ma (arc)

withstand

the

Nuc

adenin g of

serve industry

the

strial progress.

key

r in a sho

des

es

of

line

of

as permitt

mirac

ainme

such areas as nuclear reactors,

ratur

short

solids me

lear-Missile-Space Age will re-

aim

.P~

uses of Nort

rt

erve

mention

und

esirabl e constituents

with "tailor-m

catalyst

les of i

texture of

us

e chemical reactors, sol

jets

frac

of

ncreased

conb

e. Third is a

AEC projects.

lar r

ecent

nt

of higher

have

exposures

crowding the te

lt

or

the

meaning

tories Division will con-

in the fie

maintaining a significant

Electrical
grain

range

on

article.

because

indu

at

higher

supports

ed

the use of cata-

·ol of

the

catalyst sup-

developments

frequently called

up

volatilize

of

ld

MAGNORITE

is widely

surface

refrac

tories

Th

ere

are

they

stry.

They

ed

in "parts

are

ade" ele

temp

era-

for th e

production.

purity

and

mperature

at

of special-

group

higher

to

about

n01

the

tem1

but

of

ar

mal

used

c-

in

units

Norton

p

roducts

Firebird-symbol

made

in

of new

Norton's electric

electro-chemical

furnaces

~-

~

_,,.

'"-"'~~~:::----::::-

'

..

Resea r

ch

and

Development-

KEY TO PROGRESS

by

Wallac

e

L.

How

e*

Norton Comp any's phenomenal gro
of 75 years can
search-mindedness of its
that has been placed on rese
century when the first sampl es

(

ALUNDUM

who was then the whole rese

From :Mildred Tymeson's r

Story,"

pleasa

days

we

nt

though rath er unorganized

of

Norton Company. Ge
dous impetus
company policy when

ganization. By 1912 there

be

abrasiv

read:

to

ath·ibuted in lar

found

ers,

arch

of man-made corundum

e) were analy

zed

arch

ece

nt

"Every

man

a res earch man was the

orge Jeppson

a positive

attitude toward

he started a formal research or-

were

chanical or tests, chemical, ceramic

In

contrast
pletion of the
opm e

nt

*Vice President

faciliti

to

the e

humbl

current

es

and

expansion

in

Chipp

Director of Research a

e beginnings,

of

awa

and ·worc e

wth

over a period

ge mea

and

from

to the

the

by Ge

sur

orge

e to

the

emphasis

turn

of

Jeppson

department.

book, "The Norton

situation

four

and

Rese

nd

in the early

gave tr

rese

emen-

arch

laboratories-me-

organic ....

with

the com-

arch

and Deve

ster

, approxi-

Deve

lopment.

re-

the

in

"

l-

pa

ge

34

mately 140,000

to

these

activities.

and

is

made

porting staff

as de

mand

we are staffed so

tifi

c skills

trical

and Elec

istry, Ivl

of the
trat

In

e the

eta

the

following

mor

these are in the

cial

applicati

bringing in addition

Two

new materials

electrolytic cells

num metal.
which co
ond is a

ndu

new

square

feet

Our

up

of

78 engineers

of

125.

ed

by the diversification

such

as Ceramic, Ch

as

In

to

h·o-ch ernical

llurg

y a

nd

Petrography.

para

e r

ecen

t n

ew

div

ersity

on, whil e

of

pilot

our

plant

otJ1

al business.

employed

The

first is a

cts

tJ1e elec

C1ws

TOLON
of this same cell. The
enginee
able to
present
mo
in

ing to
the
only
and it is
ar
es

rs, h

ave been shown

withstand the severely corrosive conditions

in

the cell.

re

efficie

nt

g the use

Ca

talysts

the

of these

are

hidd

well-being

function

jn

this association

e lea

din

g to th e successful

es, a

nd new chemicals.

Th

and economical

mat

erials.

the

keys which

en rni

rnc

of mankind

if

it

is

correc

of

Boor

total

this

provide

space

personnel

and

day

many

will

amounts

scientists with

of specialization,

of

Norton

technical

emical, Mechanical, Elec-

Enginee

gra

phs

produ

cts

work

stage,

ers

are well on the w

hav

e been

in

titanium

b·ic

current

refractory

products

e a

lum

ring, Physics, Che

mention

which

and

is

will serve to illus-

int

erests. Man y of

that

is, early commer-

developed

the

manufactur

boride cathode

into

the cell; the

to

be

used in the walls

, design ed

by

exhaustive tes

inum

industr

made

y, in seeking

methods, is now investigat-

unlock many doors lead-

les

of chemistry conb·ibuting to

.

In

ma

ny cases, the key will

tly

held

by

the

right

that

Norton catalys t carriers

development

of new pro

be

devoted

to 203

sup-

and

products,

and

scien-

m-

of some

ay

toward

for use in

e of alumi-

bar

sec-

by

Norton

ts

to

be

carr

ier,

c-

ALUNDUM cat
us

ed

in

chemica

cal

in

ROKIDE

instrument

Wi

thin the past five

flam

e-spraying with ceramic

oped fr

om
with a range of uses from electrical
elecb

·on

ic components to the1mal a
of satellites. At this
of our counb·y's vast defense system e
RoKID

E coatings.

manufacturing techniques ,

greatly simp lified the techniq

A radome is a

equipm e

nt

mendous forces

speed missile flight,

used

to

meet these severe r

ti

sts have invented a new me

which utilizes the lorton RoKJDE

ing AuJNDU

'vV

e are now making

diameter

than 1,1" thick. F
large as 10

Th

e technology of the Sp
ment of ultra-pure
rectifiers and h·ansistors to

ceram

ic

section

"Explorer

coating

I"

and

yea

sate

was

nose

llite

rs,

materia

a laboratory experiment

moment a numb

Improv

ements
and spr

ue

prot

ective nose

used

in

missiles.

and

temperatures

and

It

aluminum

equiremen

thod

).!

fused alumina to form the

prototype radomes

at

the

base

with

accurate

utur

e missiles

to

20' high.

ace

Age re

raw

materials.

operate

used

on

cone

of

the

RoKIDE

ls (

to a

insulation

nc.1

erosion

er

mploy

in

aying equipment

of

applying

cone

cover

must

withstand

associated

oxide is

ts.

of

radome

pro

cess

ly

may require radomes

quires

To meet the need for

at r

ed
perfectly formed single crystal platelets
carbide

furnaces operating

are

being grown

by

at

2500°C. B

Norton

eca

Company

use

process for

rods) has

commerc

devel-

ial tool

of

small

protection

of

the

missiles

or a

re

testing

rod composition,

have

the

coa

ting.

for the

orton

with

now

radar

the

being

scien-

h·e-

high

manufach.u-e

of

Bame-

spra

y-

gro

proper

3½ '

und

shape.

high

and

walls less

l'

as

the

dev

elop-

heat

( 1000°C.),

of

pure

silicon

in spec

ial

impu1ity levels

page

36

must

be

controlled

is

unsuitabl
electrical
ment

technique

en

trance of
high tempe

Hi

gh

being

ing the heat-

used
tool

material, ca

resea rch.

the

maximum the

melting

A

new refractory
will find
is a very
range
cation
as we
about

A
of the
properties
use a a
duc

ed r

A new
Norton research
slab g1indin
tion e
Thi

is

tial Re

e;

quality

and

optical measurements.

of highly

s, this silicon

1 Orton

rature

density,

used

as

tool

treat

machining

The

point

of

extensive

recent deve

will r

eac

include furn

ll

as

missile

to

enter

uper-fine

blues

and yell

that

catalyst

ecen

tly

abrasive,

g,

promises

ver

made

indicated

id tests.

to

parts

conh·ol is

refined

lled VR-97, is

objective

alumi

h as

the
zirconium

mak

in

on

to

furnacing

carbide

Company

mate1ials

high

purity

bits

to

turn

ed alloy

speeds. This

intrinsic

fibrous

application

ace

pilot

ows
e
the

an

called

specifically

grinding

by

In

types, at

in

num

lopment.

high

as

in

ulation

re-entry

plant

oxjde

of

it

also

peh·oleum

experimental

75

to be

extensive

these

per

billion,
dependent

and

into

for the electronics industry.

ALU1\-ou:-.r

cast

very

another

this

instance

sb·ength,

oxide.

material

as
The

4OOO°F.,

problems.

stage

useful for

ceramic

look exb·ernely promising for

ALUNDUM,

for

stainless steel

the

greatest

wheels

laboratory

tes ts ,

chemical

upon

\i\

'ith the

electrical measuring

product

the

iron

high

which,

an

working

and

.

glazed

industry,

basis.

the

will

field

of

high

shapes

and

steel, includ-

er

than

promising

product

is to utilize to

hardness

it

insulating

temperatur

and

potential

jet

engine

This

the
tile

has

developed

single

used

for this work.

testing

new

75 ALU.NDU:'.\I

mark

commonly

of

and

is expected,

blankets,

project is

production

and

been

billet

contribu-

ana
unusual

develop-

purity,

are

ceramic

Norton

medium,

appli-

having

through

an<l

lysis

the

now

high

e

pro-

and

ini-

.

--:::

-

--

I

·-70

/

page

37

whee

ls

have shown themselves

as

much metal per

used.

total cost per

Fast

rat

pound

per cent. New

e of

and

wheel

cut

of

metal removed

improved
our customers to meet the
ity and economy.
for this challenge

The

and

will be on

new 75

and

capable

as the best

long

wheel

products

ir demands

ALUNDUM

the

of

removing

wheel

Uie r

by

as

are

for still

whe

mark

next few months.

Vie have recently

diamonds. ·

while

dates back many years, the

to successful synthesis was given
in our Worc ester lab
tion of this

Our

sider our

mat

resea rch philoso

produ

announced

our

active

int

current

ora

tories.

erial is anticip

phy req

ct lines compl

our

success

ere

st

in

diamond

project

added

impetus

No commercial

ated

at

the prese

uires

that

ete

as

is

we n

attest

foregoing paragraphs; we confidently look

many other major devel

opments

from o

ur

program.

twice

previously
educed
much

as 40

required

better

et

el is

within

in

making

qual-

ready

synthesis

which has

in

produc-

nt

tim e.

eve

r con-

ed

by

forwa

rd

the

by

the

led

1953

the

to

Stainless steel slab grinding, using 75 ALUNDUM

"BZZ"

resinoid wheel

Bl;~R

THE

BEHR-MANNING

NORTON

Belu·-~fa nnin g Co., ma
and pressure-se nsitive tapes a
Co

mpany

sa

ndp
and
was funt
Ma

nning

pl

oyme

Merged

since

. Pres id ent, Behr-l'vlnnning Co

, ca me

aper

manufacturers:

Compan

pouncing pap

Abrasive Co. of vVatervliet, N.

nt

at

into

as one

into being

y of Brooklyn, N.

the time of the merger

the Nort

of

its divisions, Belu·-Manning's payroll num -

nufa

in 1928 as the union of two

the 56-year-old

er for the hat trade; a

on

family in 1931

.

AND

PIKE

by

ctu rer

Y.

of

nd

a division of l orton

, whose origina l product

bar

STORY

Elme r C.

coated abrasives

ely exceed

Schacht

Heiman Behr

nd the

Y.

Total em-

ed

and ope

500.

rat

*

ed

pag

e 39

Section

of

Behr-Manning

Product

Engineering

Department

bers nearly 3,000 men
factur e

and

sale of

1950) pressure-sen itive ta

and

coated

women employed

abrasive

pes

used

products

in v

phase of the indusb-ial world.

Early in the ce
sandpaper.
was the simple

wood. Today the
involving complex technology in
it, indusb·y grinds
plastics, glass,

Constant techni ca l improveme

ntur

y,

the

product

Th

e form in which it was

cut

sheet, its major

product

is

known

their

and

polishes

and

concrete.

was

use

as

manufacture.

metals, wood,

nt

has

usefulness of coated abrasives. Backings

and

fiber; bonds of

sives which resist h

furnace abrasives such as a
carbide;

and
all have been
research programs.
ment, for example, was the electrost
abra

sives. This invention,

out

the

industry, distributes
over the
upward

pap

, thus greatly increasing

natural

eat and

glues

water;

and

luminum oxide

the methods of

and

continue to be

On

combining

e major

now

Behr-Manning

in gen

the

er or cloth backing,

tough

man-made elec

the subje

atic

abrasive

with

their

cutting

in th e

irtually

rightly

generally

th e

coated

manu-

and

( since

eve

called

known

sand

ing

abrasives,

\Vith

leather,

multiplied
of

paper,

er resin

and

these

ct

of

cloth

adhe

silicon

materials,

profound

develop-

deposition

eral use

through-

grains

even

the sharp ends

efficiency.

ry

of

the

-

tric

of

ly

page ,

JO

Over

the

yea

rs,

and
machine
neering
been
indus
represe
they

ances to

chines,
wings

7' wide.

Oth

try, sa

thickness, flatness

belt

.fini

in

the re

Less severe,
by coat
ing of

designers

deparbn

developed

h·i

al

production

nt

th e single

perform

range from

surface grinding

or

imposing

of

giant

er

wide belt

nding

machin

hes on

lar

es

automobile

paint shop

ed

abras

hats, eve

ent, a

using coated

aircraft

s are bas

ge

panels

and

and vibrating

.

but equall

ives in the polishing

n th e cleaning

hu ks from peanuts.

tured
tion

of

pl

oyed

and

oth er prope

article

depends on

its

produ

on mate1ial

rti

ction.

es

frequently

from

Behr-Manning's

whole

problems.

most

important

polishing

arse

abras

with

the

assistance of

Product

nal

of

machine

ive

products

Endless

abrasive belts

application.

die

s to precision toler-

steel slabs with 12-ton ma-

accurate

.fini

bodi

compound

with

abrasive

ic

tools

in

tremendous

sh.

sanders

es,

or reproduce

tap

ers on the

belts

of

the

plywood

volum e to exact

Abra

sive discs, portabl e

produce

those finishes

more

y exac ling work, is accomplished

of

jewelry, the finjsh-

of

eggs

and

the

removal of

Indeed, virtually every manufac-

coated

Collat

of

such varying

that Belu

abras

ives for some por-

era

lly, abrasives

size, shape, hardness

·-i\ifanning

must

Engi-

tools has

to solve

The

jobs

than

indus-

smooth

are

em-

produc

e

Princ i

pro

pal

ducts

types

used

of
for

coated

metal

abrasive

working

Behr-Manning Co., Troy, New York ( 1959)

more than 37,000 differe

nt items to sati

needs.

Beginning in 1950, Be

the processing

of

roll

of pressure-sensitive tape,

used in

hug

Basing its

e quantiti es

bid

for sales
with its time-honored policy, the
lished this
on to develop a
heat-resista
recentl
cuspense r

tap

nt

y,

a full ]jne

s.

Thu

e securely

nd

and

freezer tapes,

s Behr-i\ifanning e

products into such fields as packag

handling

Within the

product

and

merchandising

past

pictur

e still
cessful line of non-woven nyl
ing machines to
terrazzo

and

The

Norton Pike divis i

scrub, buff

wood Boors.

or

by

in

market

of cell

yea r the

mor

hr-Manning

web

goods

starting

the automobile

on

top

quality,

com

the

national

strnpp

ing

tap

printable tap

ophane

xtended

ing

.

e by

on

compa

on

and

is

ny has

introducin

pads used

polish

an enlerprise with

applied its skills
to the

with

tap

, s

deep in the early history of this country

sfy the

manufacture

masking tape

painter.

in

acco

pan

y soon es

mark

et, a

es,

spec

ialties like

es

and, more

e and

hippin

associated

its

range

g,

materials

broadened

g a hi ghly

on floo

all

types

. Possession

world

's

in

rdance

tab-

nd

went

of

its

suc

r polish-

of

tile,

its roots

of

-

pag

e

./2

stones

right
direct

1823
quarry near
the

added
Hot
ability to
it

which

vital to

ly

from

The Pike

began

Pike

~fanufacluring

to the

Springs,

produce

is a

standard

would

subsistence

the

name

producing

Haverhill,

ir

Ark.

instruments, fine

In

1897,
sales
abrasive,
those
C1wsTOLON
c

utting

stones, slip

Pike

of

India

made by

made

of

trade-mark.

sharpening

stones,

form needed in

Norton

1932,

N.

H.
world over.
Be

hr-Manning

Behr­national
Argentina,
branch
cities.

Company

con

olidating pla

Today, the Norton

Their

Manning

Inc.,

are

Brazil

warehouses

In

addition

sales personnel,

tho

usands

of

di s

sharp

en

so

scythes

long

as

and

man

wrested

soil.

derives

line

the

This

a fin e

for

putting a razor-like

edge

Manufactudng

oilstones

the Nor

silicon

stones

scythestones

modern

from

and

selling scythestones from a

N.

H.

Company

Arkansas

stone

cutting

tools

and

manufactured

ton

carbide

Th

ey

known,

indusb

purchased

nt

and

Pike

one

Isaac

Descendants

in 1889,

oilstone,

is still

the

edge.

the

like.

Company

Company, and,

abrasive

are

among

and

are

and

in

·y

and

agriculture

the

Pike

office facilities

stones

domestic sales, a responsibility

Co.,

continue

's

foreign

situated

and

Australia.

are sa·

to a

large force

the

company's

tributors

their

steady

plants, a part

in

Canada, Ireland,

In

the

ategically

situated

of

Behr-Manning

products

throughout

the

U.S.A., its factory

axes was

down-

his living

Pike

who

incorporated

and

in 1891

quarried

ultimate

In

its

edge

took

from

for its

hard

fonn,

on

sUigical

over

ALUNDUM

years later,

under

made

Norton's

the

fastest

as

bench

virtually every

.

corporation

at

Littleton,

are

known

growtl1.

of

Norton

Inter-

France,

in

16 major

are sold

world.

in

near

the

in

the

of

field

by

page

./3

'>

./

NORTON

History shows us

w

ere
produ
up

to th e time of the first World \1/

wa

s at best only a

rather

fortunate

immediate successors were all

that

well before the h1rn
ushed in
sentative distributors of
Norton was building its re
Unit

ed
field, its re
marke

As

pean

AROUND

interested in the sal e

cts in

int

ernational

than a live

that

the founders

Europ

e, a

Stat

es in the abrasives a

putati

on was also growing in

t.

early as 1909, . 1orton was pe

di stributors, Schucha

THE

that

very few Americ

of

mark

dumping place

and

active

nd

of

of the ce

later

Norton

rdt

mark

throughout

putati

WORLD ...

by

A.

Donald

an

compani

American-made fini he

ets pri or to 1900,

ar the

for

excess production

et to be deve

Norton

internationall

and

Company and

ntury th

the

grinding whee

on a

nd

nd preci sion g

the

rsuad

ed

Sehi.itte. to e

and

for

eign market

loped.

y minded,

ere were e

world, repr

ls.

sta

ndin

g in the

international

by

the

stablish

Kelso*

even

It

their

tab-

·whil

rindin

ir

Euro

es

el

is

so

e-

e

g

-

a

p11

ge 44

Pr

esid e

nt, Nort

on

lntcm:it

ionnl lnc.

manufactu1ing
thus joining
panies

owning
Deutsche
its fiftieth

honored

the

guest

Board

served as

Further

era

ted

by

results

Canada

of

and

possibilities l

in 1930,
Vlorld

In

h

ad been develop

in

War

the mea

plant

the

thin

operating

Norton-Gesellschaft

anniversary

was

l\fr.

of

Directors

the

first

managing

expan

ion

economic

World

War

another

ed

to

the

Italy

in

1935,

II a plant

ntime

the

ed
J\fanning, a division of
of all American
Durex,
cee

ded

was

to erect
France, Germany,
abrasives
Departm e
violating

At the

and
nt

the

time

coated

formed

and ope

Australia

pressure-sensitive tapes.

of Justice

anti-b·ust

of

dissolution

for

grinding

ranks

plants

of

wheels

the

early American com-

abroad.

mbH,

in

September,

George

of

in

foreign

conditions

I.

in
consb

and

was

coated

along

Norton

abrasives

in

1929

rate plants

ruled

laws

N.

Jeppson
Norton
director

Company

of

manufacturing

abroad,

In

1920 a

France. Deteriorating

·uction

of a plant

in Ausb·alia

erected

in

South

abrasives

different lines

Company.

manufacturers

and

this organization pro-

in

and

Brazil for

that

Durex

and

ordered

Norton acquired

in

Germany,

This company,

proudly

1959,

celebrated

and

, Chafrman

, who

Deutsche

Norton .

was accel-

principally

plant

was built in

export

in

England

in

1938. After

Africa in 1951.

market

An

abroad

by

Behr

association

, called

England, Canada

making

In

1951

coated

the

U.

was technically

its dissolution.

the

Dw-ex

their

of

had

the

-

,

S.

Norton's

first

overseas

plant

near

Cologne,

Germany,

was

erected

in I 909

Architect's
new

Norton

wheel

and

sives

plant

Brazil,

nearing

model

coated

in

tion

grinding

Sao

comple-

abra-

Paulo

of

,

plants

in Canada, Australia
Norton decided to join
ing operations of all Norton
as

well as the
plants,
for tllis

so

purp

it

fonned

ose, l

management

ater

nation al Inc.

To

give

proper

service in
international markets, n
built in France, Australia
More recently a small
pur

chased in Argentina,

acquired in a plant in Brazil

wheels, coated abrasive

abrasive grain.

The

increased use of elec tric
to two new plant acqu isitions,
silicon carbide
England, for

abrasive in Argentina,

the

production of

Both of these undertakings

Time a

nd

events h

foreign invesbnents. In

nomic conditions
Norton has
which
maintain
sive field.
in equ ipm

an

are

strategically

the Nort

These

ent

established

and

Norton's continued research.

and

France.

under

one

organization

and

Behr-Manning

of

all

overseas

Norton Behr-:Manning

changing

ew

coated

and

its

nam

coated

abrasives

manufacturing

and

Belfast,

abrasives

controlling

that

manufactures

products

and

furnace

one

for

and

aluminum

are

with

local

ave

proved

spit

e of

and

th e rise

group

spread

on

position

manufacturing

process,

and

the

past

wars,

of new

of

manufacturing

throughout

of

supremacy

units are

profit

In

total th

At

that

time

the

export-

products,

production

Overseas

e to

Norton

to

plants

Northern

plant

interest

Inter-

important

were

Ireland.

has

been

has

been

grin

ding

aluminum oxide

abrasives

the

production

another

has led

in

Hull,

oxide abrasive.

partners.

wisdom

of

these

changing

economic

blocs,

units

the

world

in

the

abra-

kept

modern

by

the

results

ey

emp

loy

mor

Inc.

of

eco-

to

of

e

pag

e

46

th

an 5,000 people, a

pany's

distribut

the me

In

addition

total

vo lu

es Nort

dium

of selected disb·

me

to th e

on

products

nd the

ir contribution

of sales is not

for

eign

served us fo r fifty years or
arena Nort
far

-remove

Havana and

on

Int

d citi

Lima, gi

erna tional sales engineers, b
es

as Sydney,

ve

both dis
the technical sales a sistance
ma

int

ain Norton

thro ugho

Th

ut the wo

e wo

rk

a5sisted by the u

tising, catal
mail con

a

nd advertising. S

Cn

rrs

fo

reign e
tors, or,
ti

on , by o

og

tact and all the o t

AND Gnr

diti

on by e

in

th e case

ur \,Vorces

The steady gro

trad

e is

an impo
pro pe1ity of the Com
a

nd

servi

ce
American a
sea

s ar

eas

served by

bra

as

the leaders in the a

rld

.

of t

hese repr

se

of

and

bro

esentatives

international

chure

her modern forms of

pecific mention should be made

Nos

whi

ch is p ublished

ith

er o

of the

ter o

ffi

ce.

wth

of Norto n

rtant

factor in

pan

y, and the same spirit

whi

ch characterizes o

ive Reid is evident tJ1roughout the over-

Norton Int

to

Nort

on Com-

inconsiderabl

plant

s,

throu

ibut

mor

and

in

Norton

gho

ut

ors.

Many of

e.

In

Osl

o, Geneva, Zurich,

tributor

advi

and

many langu

Int

ernati onal

the

world

th ese have

this

vast export

ase

d in such

s a

nd

customers

ce

which help

brasi

and dish·

ibut

national adver-

ages, direct

ves field

publi

in

as

many as

ur

foreign plants or distribu-

Spani

sh

and

Portuguese

's

shar

e of

internation

the general gro

wth

of

ur lead

ernationa

ers

hip

l.

e.

through

ors is

city

of

eig

ht

edi-

al

and

qualit

in the

to

y

GRITS

published

AND

in e i

editions

GRINDS

ght

foreign

is

Landelius &
No

rton

's d i

ti

nues

to expand

Bjorklund, Stockholm,

stributor

in

its

Sweden,

faciliti

es

con

-

People-

Our

Most

Valuable

Asset

As importa

who

comprise

valuabl e asset.

Th

ere are people who
ple who r
There arc people who make sure the
right; people who meet p
ping dates. There arc p
people who execute them. T h
the products we make, a
with

our

portant, a

1

or

ton folks.

Fr

om a d

1

orton working for

l -J,

000

eve

ry one, whether operating a machine, handli

terials, or doing clerical work, ca n feel he or he h

contributed,
a

nd achi

nl

as

a pla

a company

un

the machines that make the product .

safety, health a
nd

together th

oze

n employees

ce

people located a

in

some way, to

evement

s .

nt

or machine are the people

. P

eop

le are indeed o

des

ign o

ur prod

roducti

eop

nd peo
nd

ey

ha gro

ll

on schedul

le who make

ere

ple who

welfare. E. ch one is im-

compri e the

seventy-

wn

over Lhe world .

Nort

on

ucts, a

quality is always

es and ship

dec

arc peo pl e who sell

are

vas

t family of

five

yea

rs

to a total of n

Company's

ur

most

nd

peo-

ision

concerned

ago,

ear

Ea

ch a

ng

grow

-

and

the

ly

nd

ma-

as
th

..

H e re

old-fashioned

brawn

as

well

as

skill is

called

for

Making

to

make

b etter

your

products

products

..

better

.