Norton Factors affecting Grinding Wheel Selection Instruction Guides

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Factors

Affecting

Grinding

Selection

NORTON

Worcester,

A61,ufc, Plant., • Bawclle Planl •

G,tndtnt

Wh«I

Plan!,

New

York

Chicago

Detroit

Philadelphio. Pittaburgh

.

{

• •

Worcester.

Hamilton.

La

Wcaecling,

l

Branch Officu

I I

Wheel

COMPANY

Mass.

Ni11go.ra

F11II

■•

Chipp11wa.

Courncuvc.

. . . 53

North

. 5805

4732--46

.

Ont.,

Bo.w:ite.

Mau

Ont.Ario,

Germany

Jelferaon

Lincoln

Stenton

338

Third

New

C..n11da

ArkanSlla

.•

U.S.A.

Fn.oce

Park

Avenue Avenue Avenue

York

Can.

Pl11ce

Street

Factors

The

selection guess-neith grinding made which it

ing factors extremely foreman, factors

factors

factors subject.

is

in

uncovering

apparently

to-day

.

Grinding

processes,

involved

have

One

wellgovern

!.

Chara manufacture

2.

Nature

3.

Factors

This

is

will he

or

very

Affecting

of a grinding

er

is

it

still

plays

helpful

workman.

to

informed

cte

of

calculable

largely

and

underlie

such

whether

grinding

ristics

having

well lp

an crude

in

selecting a grinding

to

the

be

considered

writ

of

the

material

to

put,

some

Grinding

wheel

by

an

art,

understanding

important

The

er

wheel

the

do but

to a more

although

correct

or

refined,

shop

superintendent,

purpose

and

on

grinding

selection-

grinding

to

be

with

methods

perhaps

Wheel

for a given

mathematics.

part

the

ground

complete

certain

grinding

in

our

that

wheel

here

relative

states

wheel

and

the

further

much

an

Selection

piece

of

work

In

other

progress

scientific

practice

modern understanding

is

importance

as

conditions

understanding

as

manufactur-

for a certain

methods

to

show

that

three

determined

subdivision

is

not

words,

is

being

principles

we

know

of

the

job

engineer,

just

what

of

each.

general

by

its

of

these

of

the

a

is

Given

listing

Conditions

I.

Material

2.

Amount

3.

Arc

4.

Influential

2.

3.

4. The

process rubber). The mately

of

Type

r.

Wheel Work Condition Skill

of

characteristics

the

abrasive

used

the

abrasive,grit,

to

be

of

material

contact

of

grinding

Variable

speed

of

the

workman

in

its

four

"given

ground

to

machine

Factors

(or

pressure

machine

of a grinding

of

which

manufacture

conditions"

grade,

be

removed

if

offhand

it

is

(vitrified, silicate, shellac,

and

[3)

and

grinding)

wheel

are

composed,

listed

process

above

that a wheel

finish

completely

its

grit,

determine

desired

described

grade,

should

and

bakelite

approxi-

have;

by

the

or

but

to

come closer

me

nt

or variable factors sh own. An the

alter

following paragraphs .

to

our

the

mark,

decisions

we

must

by

consideri

attemp

immediately temper

ng

the

be

e!Tect

made

t will

to s

our of how

the

judg-

this

four

in

Given

1.

Material

The be ground largely governs be used. penetrated , crystalline a mo

st

suitable.

For and

for those which carbide wheels mod

erate pared with

abrasive for

It so happens t h better practical purposes, stood, when choosing

For

and

toughest

of

bronze, Alundum grinding wheels

Different degrees

are

now successfully tempe rs, desi dum," these abrasives be ing designed certain specific by these metals.

Mate

cast

and

effi

ciently gro

to

be

Ground

composite ejf

For

materials

resist

suited

it

is most convenient

materials of high tensile

rials of low tensile strength,

chilled iron,

mat

are

ance

hard

ened steel

them

are

the abrasi

of alloy

gnated

phy

und with

ecl

of several physical

eria

ls that

that

arc

arc hard

more

to

.

at

most materials

compa

until

ste

of

hardness,

handl

as

"Alundum,"

sica l

aluminum, copp

Crystolon

Conditions

the

selection

arc n

eit

luminum

very

suitab

pene

tration

to

make

rati

vely high in

the science of grinding is

to

ve

for

els down

ed

properties

her

oxide

easi ly penetrat

but

very

le.

and

silicon carbide

divide materi them.

strength,

to

and

should

toughness, and

with

Alundum abrasives

·" 38 to such

grinding

prope

rti

of

the

very

brittle, such

Cast

arc suffi

for

including

by

meet

as

er, and

type

brittle

whee

ls

ed,

and

chilled

cie

which aluminum

tensile strength.

als

by

beg

inning

be

used.

ductility

Alundum"

elc

ctrochemists

the conditions

soft

brasses

wheels.

es

of a material

of

abrasive

nor very

have

been

such as

as

stone

irons

ntly brittle

the

more

better

tensile

with

the

tougher

of

and

"19

and

marble,

easily found

lea

ther,

, silicon

offer

com-

effective

oxide

So under

strength

hardest

grades

in

metals

diffe

rent

Alun-

to

have

imposed bronzes,

are

more

to to

is

for

-

2.

Amount

The

and the

They

influence

where

of Material

amount

comparatively

fini

sh desired

of

the

material selection

arc

large

to

be

Removed

to

be

factors

of

the grit

amounts

C

4)

removed

that

should

size

of

material

by

to

the

not

be

employed

have

grinding

be

overlooked.

because,

to

be

removed

whe

el

by

grinding, facilitate offhand consid

except dressing the wheel5,

3.

h always

along

being illustrated work just a lit

The

tr the is required in

on

the mark the to lo

employed

[us the drical

inder cutting area rema

In a wheel

vided

gri

era

Fini

sh is

on mac

sacrifice

Arc

of

The

arc

eari

ng

on

clearly

By

the

the ground.

piece,

differ

emes

is

grinding

the

seco

In

the

rim,

effect

ed

than

grinding

the

grinding

the

variations

The

"arc

ed

with the

width

grinding, wheels. \,\/idth

action

other

1"

the

tion,

facilities afford a

tle

case

.

words,

coarser

rapid

nding

operations

but

rapid

dependent

hine

of

production

Contact

of

contact,

the

grain

understood.

"arc

or

periphery

ence

actually

of

ins

pressure

contact"

The

by a large

on

one hand,

smaller

in

thc

wheel

whereas

nd

case

.

o[

cup

the

arc

a ch

ange

with a straight

o[

steel balls

of

in

of con

tact"

"width

the

whe

or

of

a wheel,

constant

there

wide

and

removal

to a considerable

grinding

or

and

o[

the

two

wheel

than

length

rather

is

great.

only

or

of

contact

from a small

broad, flat

the

o[

el in

the

width of

and

should

4"

per

unit

grain combinations

of

stock.

like

cutting

cylinder

wide,

snag

qualities

operations

means

usually

the

area

grade

is

meant

wheel)

extremes

cylindrically

and

internally grindin

the

hole

of

the

small,

In

the

softest

develops

wheel.

where

surfaces.

area

of

and

"area

contact."

contact

of

the

contact

provided,

there be

no

or a cup

area

[

This

ging

castings,

are

of

obtaining

accompanying

or

contact,

selection,

the

length

that

is

o[

the

in

diamete

arc

but

remains

o[ contact

the

effect

first

case a medium

grades

wheels

practically

contact,

s]

where

into

area

to a lar

The

To

of

contact"

By

with

width

the

rim

in

has

practically

of

is

sufficient

difference in

with

the

should

extent

where

and

in length

grinding a small

will

extremes

"point

grades F to Z have

work

the

course,

be

applies

essential.

has a very

o[

contact

g a

r,

of

the

an

ge

select a wheel

case

power

the

1"

same,

employed

particularly

where

on

grit

proper

fine finish

the

use

the

terms

the

arc

with

of

this

hole

with a wheel

on

the

other

in

these

this

difference

grind

satisfactorily

grinding

area

of

contact

area

is here contact"

should

of

contact

in

the

case

of

cup

no

effect

pressure

in

cutting

rim

or

2"

finish

size used,

truing

of

important

(measured

arc

hard

even

range

not

the

without fine

the diameter

is

of and

per

action

rim,

to to

is

no

and

grit

are

not

work

can

be

hand.

two

ex-

on

wheel

is

done

and

more

from

exists,

suitable

to

be

con-

meant

cylin-

cyl-

on

the

unit

drive.

of

pro-

..

4.

Type

of

Grindin~

In

the maj for a given this

becomes an im

t

ype

that h

orit

job,

or design of the mac

ave

to

be

carefull y consider

ing wheels for various m

factors

into

saying that h

than light v

ibrati

th

e combina

makes· the u

accou

eavy

er, more flex ible

ons than others t hus calling for

tio

n of speeds

se

surface grinding m

Machine

y of

cas

the

es when a grin

grinding machin

porta

nt

facto

hin

akes and

nt properly.

, rigidly cons

types; th

and

of different kin

achi

nes

making

r in gri

e is r

esponsib

ed and

ty pes

This

tru

cted machin

fee

ds

of

use of t

din

g wheel

e is already

nding

only long experie

enab

statement

at

some machines set fin

er a

ds

on some precision

wheels n

he wheel require much softer wheels than plane th

e periphery of a

str

aig

ht

or

disc wheel.

has

availa

whe

el sel

le for certa

les o

ne

ma y

es take soft

nd hard

ecessa

rim

of

a cu p of cy

surf

ace machines

to

be selected

ble

and

hence

ect

ion .

in

conditions

nce

in select-

to take the

be

cla rified

er whee

up gre

er

wheels; that

machines

ry ; that pla

linder

The

at er

usin

se

by

ls

ne

g

Influential Variable

1. Wheel

The too useful work in tin

g and if carried t proposit ion the experience th g

rits and tions arc me nded spee be, then the

*T

Sp

eed

speed

at

slow a speed means

which a g

return

it

is

bett

speed recommended

at

grades usually re

base

d on the assump

ds will

grade

Cy

lindrical gri

Int

ernal g

rindin

-Snagging, offha Snaggin g, rubber and B Surf

ace

et

too

grinding .

rinding

l grind

Knife ~ Hemrrnng cylinders \V

rindin

g wheel revolv

wasta

ge

wh ere

oo

far migh t

er

to

operat

of abras

as

an excessive

becom

e a g

rinding wheel at somewhere

by the ma ker, as

certain · speeds• work bett

com

men

ded for certa

tio

be empl

at least must

Recommended

In

Surface

oyed.

Feet

n t hat a

If for some

be changed

Wheel

Per

nding

g . . . . . 2 ,

nd

gri

ndin

g . .

ake

lit

e w

hee

.

ing

Cutlery wheels . . . . . . . . .

Rubber, shellac

he higher spee

and

bakelite

cut

d is recommended

[6]

ting-off

only

Factors

es

is

ive wi

thout getting much

spee

e dange

Minute

ls

d may reta

rous.

he

has

er

than

in grinding opera-

pproximately

reason

to

suit

Speeds

whe

els

for

the larger wheels.

important because

rd

a ge

cut-

neral

As

near

found

by years

others.

of

The

the recom-

they cannot

this

condition

5,500-

5,0007,0004,000-

.3,

2,1005,0004,0009,000-12,000

000-

SOO-

6,500 6,000 6 ,

000

9,000

5,000 4,000 2,400

6 ,

000

5,000

.

•

2.

Work

Speed

In

machine

on

the

grindin

wheel sele

ction. In

be cylindric

out

fas

ter than

back

to

properly

good g controlled.

Wheel wear

s. f. p. m. less

work

h

ence

the

dec-r

eas

do

ed

more

to

In gen erol, operat ions, hove the

whe

In

offhand grinding, the wheel or grade

selec

should

3.

set

be

Condition

Good in a ma c A

grinding

wo rk

to good advanta

up.

the

resul ts ca nn

hine

Frequently the

such cases

the

wheel

at

Spindles ha

rder

wheels than

or

shaky

foundations hard grades wheel

to

wear

grindi

ng,

g wheel

speed and

general fast

al,

surface, or

slower

work

rinding

is

to

the

wheel is re

wheel

by

increasing the

work

the lon

the

faster

el

cut

practice

dependent

work

speed naturally in a

given ger

should

properly.

the

the method

tion.

The

whe

of

in

poor condition but

el if

the

ot

of

harder

abrasive

Grinding

be

wheel is a refined

ge

on a machine

se

allowances

must

least.

loose in

their

would

cause

have

to

be

rapidly,

employed

and

of

work

arc

be

work

but

to

the

exerts

has

to

speed,

grinding,

This

it

the

ratio

p.

m.

do

at

a slower

spe

ed

and

will

of

contoct

spe

be

must

in a

the

ed

hence

internal

speed.

on

in s. f.

quired

wears

work

time

the

·

rate

at

applying

which

the

grinding wheel is forced,

work

economy

Machine

expected

from a grinding

they

tool

(as

is a milling

in

bad

conditions

be

made

in

the

bearings be

used

no

thus

necessitate

under

end

of

to

overcome

cutting

normal con

trouble

a very

pronounced

allowed

whether

tends

is

to

not

necessarily a draw-

be

understood

of

the

The

higher

given

amount

rate.

wheel will

wear

faster.

in precision

of

the

work,

the

work

exerts

is

to

be

expected.

frequently

cutte

poor

repair

are

not

selection

the

use ditions.

in gr

the

qualiti

es

for

in

grinding

the

operation

wear

the

wheel to

effect

wheel

speed

the

ratio

of

the

be

time,

r..atio is

requir

If

grinding

in

order

is forced

an

against

influence·

the

harder

wheel mounted

are

expected.

r) a

nd

of

not

the

very

cannot

properl

and

grade

much

or

remedied

of

Insecure

inding,

tendency

are

sacrificed.

because

of

be

in

the

ed

to

on

y in of

the

4.

Personal

The

workma

is

an

important

in

the use

in

this

case, as

workman

It

has

offhand

of

and

been

gri

Factor

n's

factor

other

there

distributed

found

nding

it

or

Skill

of

knowledge

in

the

of

use

refined to.ols. I

is

abundant

gratis

by

;i.ctual

is

possible

observation

for

the

Workman

the

tool

he of gnorance

material

by

grinding

[ 7 J

is

grinding

is

on grinding

Norton Company.

costs

using

wheels

costly

many

times

to

and

its

just

and

unnecessary,

written

over'that

'{ary

100%

limitations

as much

for the

on

the

as

on·

same

work

is

due

to

the wheel,

the

little

grinding,

by

his

times

same

kind

the

same

the

important

have

of

and

to

tricks

methods

the same

wor

workmen are

Nine

said elsewhere in

by

rhaps

each

intern

This work all machine costs

Many the equally good re equipment, w

ith

skill of

Whether very a given job. wheel.

\Ve be described It

would pe

by

roughly cha selection general because surface, separately.

with

the

a ce

of

sults.

wheels.

kman.

point

same kind

difference in

the g-reater

that

go

the operat

of

handling

rtain

manufacturer

grindin

g wheel His work wheel spe

The

paid

to

consider

tim

es

out

of

to

answ

Summary

e cl

this

its

to

ements.

nt

kinds

mentioning

be

helpful

rting the various

of thes

the

differe

al grinding,

of a machine

the

skill

of

make

or

can

the

that

is

the

eds;

er

on a pi e

when

ten

the

article

abr

asive,

summ

factors

of grin

also

offhand

man's

methods

some,

and

skilled

vary

the

machi

ne.

wonders

his

same;

but

This cha

neig

he

cannot

is

"the personal

ce-work

selecting

piece

worker

that

a g

grit, grade,

arize

the

that

ding,

grinding,

in

the same

of

applying-the

their

mechanics.

results

has

or

foregoing pa ra g have rt will

knowledge and

why

he

hbor

day-work

a grinding

rinding wheel

such as cylindrical

cannot

does

the

same grindin

grind

as

factor

basis

and

have

are

whee

to

not

requires a harder

a bearing

factory.

of

Even

in

grinding

use

and get cheap

ly

"-the

is

l for

cou

ld

pro

cess.

rap

hs

on

the

be very

treated

g

a

,

1. Factors Affecting

Use Grinding mater

A. Physical

ertie

s of

material

ground

prop-

to

...

the

be

. . . .

tensile

Use Gri n

ding Wheels for materials tensile

the

Alundum

Wheels

ials

of

strengt

Crystolon

strength

(

8]

Selection

for

high

h

of low

of

the

Ca

rbon Alloy High

Annealed

Vhought

Tough Tungsten,

Gr Chill Brass Aluminum Marble

Granite

Pearl

Rubber Leather,

stee

steels

speed

malleable

bronzes

ay

iron

ed

iron

and

Abrasive

ls steels

iro

n

iron

etc.

bronze

and

copper

etc

.

2.

Factors

A.

Amount

moved. D.

C. to

A

tenal

B.

C. Wheel

D.

E.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re

Finish

Physical

be

ground.

3.

Factors

..

Physical

to

Arc

of

Condition

Skill

Affecting

of material

desired .......

propc.rties

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

of

Affecting

(Degree

· · f properties O t 1e

be

grou

nd

........

contact

spee

of

· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ha

cl

and

Work

of Grinding

operator

.. ........

the

to

be

re-{ Use

. .

......... Us

material

the of

1

ma-

• • • • • • •

speed

..

Machine

·

...

Selection

coarse whe

mov

al

e fine

Use

coarse materials hard,

dense,

terials

I

Selection

Hardness)

{

Use

harder

on

hard

versa The

shorter the

{

rder

the

T he hig with relation the

harder

and

vice

I

lVIac

hin

require

{

machines Skillful

softer

man-softer more

.

Piece-work calls day

es

whee

economical

for

work

of

the

stock

gra in

and

finer _grain

or

of

the

whe

els on

materia

wheel

the

to

the

grade

in

poor

in

good

ls

than

wheels

grinding

els

for

fine finish

for

brittle

Grade

soft

ls

and vice

contact,

shou

work speed

wheel

should

cond

wheels

condition

unskilled

production.

wheels

of

grain

her

versa

harder

operator can

harder

Grit

for

ductile

than

ld

be

speed

ition than

mean

usually

than

fast

for

ma-

the

be

use

4.

Factors

A.

Dimensions

Affecting

of

wheel . .

the

.. .. ..

Selection

Whee strains

the

process

Extremely

. .

must

bakelite \Vheels usually process

(9)

ls

subjected should

shellac,

be

made or

over

made

of

the

bakelite

thin

rubber

36"

by

Process

to

be

made or

abrasive

by

the

process

diameter

the

bending

by

rubber

saws

shellac,

are

silicate

B.

C.

Rate

Finish

of

cuttin6 ..

desired

Use

vitrified whee

. . • .

....

. .

...

.......

..... .

rapid cutting

...

6,500

lite

!

Use for highest finis production

Use sili sandstones

s.f.p.m.;

wheels

shellac

cate

at

ls

at

speeds rubber higher

or

rubber

h,

where

is

not a factor

wheels

on

to

cutlery, et

for

under

or

Bake-

speed

wheels

rapid

replace

most

c.

Table

A

grain

only

after ommend the itself tion handled

tions. The tried Under sary mendations in are arc

our or obtained shall

wheel.

at all

grinding action

but

also on

of machine a

by

In

this

first.

ordinary

to

use a wheel

agreement

of

a size

in good oper

Should

suggestion

with

the

be

glad

Crys.

Alun. Vit..

Sil. .

Rub

.

Shel.

Ilak.

of

Grinding

and grade list

its

purpose

the

table

column

In

we h

commonly used

the

main

and

to

is familia r

tim

es

the

depends

the

wheel spe

nd,

to a very

opt:rator.

we have

"First

the

next column

operating conditions

outs

ave

taken

with

those

ating

wheels r

condition.

that you

office.

the

details

co-operate

ecommended

Wheel

such

as

this reaches its

to

best

listed

ide of t

in

get

Make a complete

of the

with you in

the

wheel for a given

not

only upon

ed,

size of wheel, size of

large

exten

many

selection"

it

in

of

the usual range

his

range.

for gra n

the

table

for

the work,

give

touch with

operation

[

10]

Recommendations

user.

the

it

ted

on

the

CRYSTOLON

maximum

It

is

impossib

operation

the

t,

on

the

common

lis

ts

whe

els th

will

unsatisfactory results,

ALUNDUM

of

seldom

In

making these

that

the

page

6,

and that

one

of our

report

and

equipment

selection

VITRIFIED

SILICATE

RUBBER

SHELLAC

BAKELITE

usefulness

le

wheel

structu

work,

way

the

grin

ding

at

5hou

wheels

is given.

be

found neces

wheel

speeds

that

the

machines

representatives

of

the

of a

satisfactory

abrasi abrasive

bond

bond bond

to

rec-

because

condi-

wheel

opera-

ld

be

recom-

arc

wheels

it

results

and

we

ve

re

is

-

is

The

numerals"

indicate that

The

indicate

The number letter

cates a particular

Grinding

and

a re

tion

wheel has a different d

esirable

Such

wheels

\\There

in

tended

"ccnterless"

grinding

the

numerals"

that

the

letter

"V"

designates a particular type

"T"

before

whee

desi~nated

with a mixture

for

certain

arc

the

term ''cy

to

cylindrically grinding work

is

machine

19"

placed

wheel

38"

placed

wheel is

placed

the

word

type

ls

are

as,

cutting

operations,

designated

meant the

.

before

is

made

before

made

before

"bakeEte"

of

bakelite

sometimes

for

examp of

fine,

action

from a straight-grained

by

lindrical"

24C

production

the

of of

grain number

"19

ALUNDUM" abrasive.

the

grain

"38

the

word

of

bonded

made

le, 24

coarse,

particularly cyl

as

24C-K.

is

used

number

ALUNDUM"

"shellac"

shella c

bonded

or

the

whee of a combination combination

and

in

the on centers. of

work

grade l.

. A

medium

indrical

table,

on a cen

as"

1950-J\1 "

as"

3850-Iv["

abrasive.

or

the

wheel.

number

of

grains

combina-

grain

wheel and

gri

ndin

reference

By the

terl

grade

The

indi

sizes

g.

word

ess

-

is

Grain

Very

Coarse

8 12

IO

No.

220

The abrasi

fully

made screens

cl

assi fi

caLion .

The

numbers linear inch passed. For example, ing

24

mesh

inch,

and

inch.

Number

reta

ined on a

is a

in

es

is r

Sizes

Co

a rse

'4

16 20 24

standard

ve

gra

used

the

various scree

or

ape

etained

30 grain

36

mesh

in us

and

of

Norton

Medium

30 36 46 60

"Crystolon"

ed

in wheel ma

the

finer''

to

designate

ns

No.

24

grain

rtur

es

per

linear

on a screen hav

is

that

which

or

finer screen.

[

Grinding

Fine

70 80

90

IOO

120

grain

nufacture

Aours"

gra

in size

over

which

is that

inch

ing

passes a 30

11]

are

which

or

30

Very

150 180 200

240

size.

is sized t

prepared

refer

the

cru

passes a sc

576

apertures per

meshes

Wheels

Fine

Flour

hrough

by

hydraulic

to

the

meshes

shed abrasive

or

more

per

mesh

screen

280 320 40 500 600

reen

square

Sizes

0

care-

per

hav-

line

and

is

ar

is

Very

Sof

Medium

Hard

Ve

ry

Soft

t

Hard

\l

it.

---

G

H H

---

I

--

J

---

K K

L L

- - -

l\l

---

N N

---

0

p p

---

Q

---

R

---

s s

T T

--

u

-

--

\V

---

z

Grades

Sil. I Shel.

- -

r,

-

--

G I

-

--

-

--

I

- - - -

J

---

--

---

l\l

--

---

0

- - -

---

Q

---

R

--

---

-

--

-

--

- - -

--

- -

-

of

Norton

--

---

-

--

t ½

- - -

2

---

2½

---

--

3

-

--

4

-

--

---

--

5

---

- - -

---

-

--

---

--

Wheels

\/-Shel. S-Bak. T-Ba

-

- - -

-

---

----

-

---

--

---

--

-

---

--

V4

Vs

V6 • 6 R6

V7

--

I½

---

2

--

Si

½

---

3

---

s.

-

,

---

-

--

---

Ss

---

--

-

--

-

S7 R 7

---

S8

---

S9

--

-

s ,o

k.

------

---

--

---

-

--

---

--

-

---

- -

T r

).1

T 2

Tz

½ lb .½

--

-

TJ T ,1

-

Ts

-

T6

--

T7

T S

T 9

--

---

-

---

-

---

-

---

--

Rub

--

R2

--

R.J

--

R-1

Rs

RS R9

-

.

-

[ 12 ]

\Vork Op

era

A~atc

Ofihand

roughing

Ofihand

finis

A111n1

inum

Cylindrica Surface Interna

Snagging

Ar

ma

Crlindrical Art"lficial Axes

(So Siding Ed

1:in1:

Axles

Cylindrica

Axlc,s

Cylindrical

Dalis

Rour.hini:

llnll• (So

Roughing

llnlls

(Jfard

1st

Finishin g

Ilalls

1st

Finish

Dalis

Final Finishing

ll:1

lls

Finni Fini

lla

ll

Stee

Rough

Cups)

lln

ll

Rnccs-Radlnl (Hard-

en

Finis h

Cyle

C}

•!in

Rough

Race)

Finish

Race)

Rough

(I lion)

Rough

Race)

Fini

Race)

Rough and

ing (Outer Rac

In

terna

hing

l

(Cups & Cyl

l ·

turns

(Lamination

Stone

ft

Steel)

(A

ulo

)

l

(Railway)

(Sof

t-L

a r

ft-Small)

or

(I-lard

or

in~

(Hard-Lar1: (Hard

- Sinai!)

shin& Cr

Rnces-R:ullnl

l)

Surfaci

ed S

teel) Surfacing .)

drica

l

Groovi

Grooving

anrl

Finish

nner Race,

G r

ooving

sh

Groovin1:

Finish Groo

l

and tion

s.)

s)

(See Stone)

ge)

Soft-Laree Soft-Smail)

c)

(Soft

11

1:

(Cyls.

(Cups

and

ng

(Inner (Inner

Grooving

One

Opera-

(Outer (Outer

e)

&

Crys. Crys.

Crys. \Tit.

Alun. Shel. Alun. Cr ys. Crys. Alun. C

rys

Crys. Vil. Alun. \fit.

Alun.

Alun. Vit.

Alun. V

Alun. Vit Alun.

Alun. VI L

)

Al u n. Vil. Ai

Aiu

&

Alun. Aiun.

A!un.

Alun. Vi Ai Aiun, Vil.

Alun. Vit. Aiu n.

Aiu n. Vit.

Aiu n. Alun. Vi

Alun. Shel.

v-

Al Alun, Vi

Abrasive

Process

Vil Vil.

Vil. Vit.

Shel.

Da k .

. S

hel.

\fit.

Vit.

Vil.

it.

VIL

un.

Vit.

n.

Vil .

ys.

Vit.

Sil. Sil.

Sil.

t.

un.

Vit.

Shel.

She

l.

un. Bak.

l ,

.

l.

tst

Selecllon

Grain-Grade

So K

240

J

40

J

I

382

.1

JO

1½

JO

.

Ts

I

36

R

20

u

L

46

L

46

36

z

60

z

So z

180

z

XF

z

XF

z

3820

J

G

3830

K

19

46

K

1970

120

4

So

4

K

1970

120

4

90

Ts

196

0 K

Coarsest

Hardest

So-K

30.K J0·J

3S20-J

16-l

24 J0-6 24- R

30-

30-R

20-U

4

6-L

2.1C-L

46-L

24C-L 36 60-Z

38161936-l

3824-H 3S4

6-G 1036-L 19

2.1

1946-M

so-s

1950-N

46-5

1936

8

0-5

70-Ts 150-T3

1946-M

-T6

J

-Z

J

C-L

-L

Fine

Softest

120

3824-H

12

3824-H

1946-K

3836-G

3846-G

1950.K

1924C-K 1980-L

150-2½

1970-K

1970

180-2½

1970

st

-I

40-J 36-3

16-

I

46-T-1 46-4 36-0

36-

I

36-Q 30-S

46-K 24C-K

46-K

24C- K

60-W

0-Z

90-

2½

-J

-K

[ 13 ]

,I

Work

and

Operati

on

Ball

Races-Thrust

cned)

Surfa

dng

(C}•I. &

Groovini:

Both

Tubs

Snagging

BIii

ets

(High

Speed

Carbon

Clcanini;

Cleaning

Billets

(Alloy

Cleani

ng ~Swi

Cleaning Fle

Bit

s (

Auger Grindini; Fluting

Bolts

(Ca

seCylindric::,! Centerless

Brake Shoes (Chilled

Snagging

Brass

Cylindrical I

nterna

l Surfacing Snagging Cutting-of!

Brkl.:

(Vitrified) Snagging Surfacing

Brooches

Sharpening

Bronze

Buhr

Bushlnl\s

Bushln

Buttons Corns

Cams (Har

(Soltl

wheels

(Hard) Cylindrica Int

erna

l Snagging Cutting

-of!

Stones Grooving Groovi11g

Cylindrical

I

nt~

rna l

Cente

.rieS!

Cenlerless

l\• Cylindrica Intern

al

(See

(Rouch

Roughi

ng

Fini,hlng

Wheels)

Fini,hlni;:

and

Steel)

twinr.

frame,)

Flexib

le

Ccnterlcss)

Steel)

ng

Framee

xit,lc

Throats

hard

ened

(Cups

and

(Cups

and

Use

o.s

or

8r.1ss

l

(Nn

rrow)

(Wide)

(Hardened

(Ro

ughing)

(Finishing)

(Cast Iron)

l

Pea

rl)

Forging)

den

ed

Steel)

(Vitrified

(Shrllac

Abrasive

&

Proccs9

(Hard-

Cup,) Alun. Vit.

Shall)

Shaft

Wheels)

Alun. Alun. Rub

Cry&.

Hich

Alun.

A

lun.

Alun.

)

Alun.

)

Alun. Alun. Rub.

Stecl)

Alun. 1\lun.

Iro

n)

Crys.

Crye. Vit.

C)·ls

.) C rys.

Crys.

Crys. Crys. Vil.

Cyls) Crys. Vil

Alun. Al

same

Steel)

un.

Alun.

Alun. Vil. Alun. \lit. Alun.

Cr>•

s.

Cr)'S.

Alun. Alun.

Alun.

A

lun.

Cry

s.

Crys.

Alun.

Al

un. Alun. Alun.

Vit.

VIL

\'it.

Vit. \lit.

Vil.

Rub

Vit. \lit.

Vit. VIL. Vit.

Vit.

V-Shcl.

Vil. Vit.

Vil.

V-Shel.

Rub. Vit.

\lit. \li \lit.

Rub

Vil. Vil.

Vil.

Vil. Vit. Shel

[

.

t.

.

14

1st

Grain-Grade

JS.JO

1946

19.16

2,1C K

3

660

38

1

3824C

]

Selection

J

36

R9

s

24

20

R

Q

24 46

0

s

14

Q

2.1 RS

36

RS

70 60

L

l\[

So

s

24

36

J

36

J

J-1

24

Q

;a

V6

p

16 20

M I

K

J

Q

;a

V6

R8

46

M

>4

K

46

K

46 60

L

20

R4

36

i

p

JO

K

46

J

Coarsest

l·

brdest

JS2-1-K

1936-K

30-R9 20-U

12-R 20-R

46-P

12

20-R

Jo-R8 J6-R8

60-N 60-O

16-U

36-K 36-K

24-J 2a-Q

J .

•a-

1936-L 1

JSJ6-L

2ac-M

383

16-R

30-V7

36-RS

J0

3846-l\1

46-N

30 36

24-R

3824C-K 3846-K

36

-S

\f7

Q

-N

-K

-L

-K

-4

Finest

Softes

384

1950-I

950-K

3850-K

04C-J

3860-J

3880-J

3824C-J 3846-J

6-J

46-R8

JO·S

20-P Jo-P 60-J\I

20-P Jo-P

60-L 80-M

24-S 46-

J

46-

l JO-H 30-P so-V6

16-N

24

-M

30

-P

46-Vs 6o-R8

46-J 80-K

36-J 46-I

36-P

s0

-2

t

\Vork

and

Operation

Abrasive 1 sl

&

Proces

Grain-Grade

s

Selection Coarsest

Hardest

Finest

Softes

t

Rollers

Caw

Steel) Cylindrical lntcrn

Cnm

Shaft

Cylindrical ·

C:ir

Whee

Cy

lindrical

Cnr Whee

Cy

lindrical

Cnr Wheels

Steel) Cy

lindrical

Cnrbon (So

Cutting-o[T

Carbon

Sm Cuttini;-o

Carbon (Hard-Round-

Lar

Cuttin

C1

1rbon

Stripping

Carbon (Metallic)

C

uttin

Carbon

Surfacin~

Cud Clothinit

Po

intini:

C

ylindrical

Cnst Iron

C

utt

lnr,-o

C>'llndrical

Intern.ti

Surfacing (Cups Surfacinc (Straight Snai:r:ini:

Chain

Links (Ma

Iron and

Snagi:in&

Chain

Links

Mallea

Sn

agg

Cha

sers Surfacing Grind

Chilled

Snag

ging Surfacing Surfacini:

Wh

Cylindrical

Chise

ls

S

urfacing (Cups Edging (C Sharpening

Cl

ay

(Blocks) Surfacing (Cups Surfacing (Segme

(Hardened

al

Uearlnits

ls (

Chilled

ls

(Ste

el)

(Manganese

ft)

(1-1::ud-Round-

all)

IT

ee)

i:-

oIT

(l-1:ird-P

late)

g-o

ff

Tit>9

IT

lleable

Steel) (Unanneal

ble

Iron)

ing

(Thread)

ing

Throa

\Cups

Straight

(Sec Roll

ups

and

t•

Iron

eels)

and Cyls.l

and

Iron)

Whee

ls

cd

Cyls.

s)

Cyls.) Alun.

Cyls.)

nts)

Alun. Vi Alu

Alu

Cq

,s. Vi

Alun. Vit.

Alun. Crye. Rub

Crys. T-Bak

Crye

Cr

ys. Crys. T-Bak Crye. Vit.

Q

..

Alun. Rub. Al

un.

Crys. Crye. Vit Crys. Vit. Crye. Crys.

Crye.

Alun.

C

rys.

Al

un.

Al

un.

Crye. Crye. Vit.

)

Crys. Vit.

Alun. Alun.

Crys. Crys. Vit.

n.

Vil.

n.

Vit

Vit.

. R u

T-Bak.

•!:- -

Vit.

V-Shel.

Vit Vit.

Vit.

Vil.

Vit. Vit.

Shel.

Vit.

Shel.

Vil Vit .

Vil.

l.

. 24C

t.

.

b.

.

386 3860

16

20

16 16

46

14

30

JO JO

90

12

36

36 36

14

JO

20

24

3846

60

24 20 I

36

46 60 46

!i

0 M

T4

RS

Ts Ts J

RS

L

V7

J J H

J

s

J

3

s

L

J\,{

Q

p

Q

RS

R

I

s

M M

0 L

3846-N 3850-:M

3846-K

3880-

3

860

-K

60

2

4C-M 16-R 16-Q

14-R 14-R8

14-RS

36-Ts 36-Ts 30-J

8o-R8 1

2-K

30

-L 36-K 14-J

30

-K 16-U

24-R

16-T

16-U

14-J 30-J

46-\!6 46

-M 46

-N

14

-O 16-J\I 16-L

-K 24-P 24

-N

16-Q 30-RS

16-RS

3

0-T4

3

0-T4

46-I

100-RS

12-M

36-J

46-l 24-H 46-I 24-R

24-Q

24-R

38.16-J

24-S

24-H

36-I

so-s

So-L

50-M

16-N

K

[

15]

\Vork

and

Operation

Co

mmutato

Ro Finishing

Both Roughing ( Bricks Finishing

Con

crete

Surfacing Surfacing

Surfacing

Co n

nectl

Intern

Surfacing

C

oppe

Cylindrical (al Cutting-off S

urfacing (Cups

Cou

Snagging

C

rankshafts

Roughi Finishini; Snai;gins;:

C

ut

C

utl

Cu

tte

Sharpenini; (Machines)

Cu

tte

Sha:-r,cnini:

Cylln

I

nternal

Regrinding Honing Rchonfog

Rchoninc

Dl

es

Cleaning

D

ies

Chamfering

Di

es

Cl

Surfacing

Drlll

Cu Cylindrica

Ccnlcrless Precision

Po

ui;h

lng

(Wheels)

Operations

(Bricks)

Machine)

n~ R

al

r

plers

and

ings)

n&

G l

ass

(See

er y r ec

rs

Formed) Gear)

(Hob)

p

nscrtcd

Milling)

rs

(Molding)

era

SGas Engine)

Wheels

(New

ing) inc)

(Forging)

(Threading)

(Drawing)

eaning

s

tting

-of!

int

Thinning

rs

(Whee

~Bricks

Bricks

(Cup

ods

(Cups

so

Draw Bars

(Pins

(for

Knives)

(Offhand)

New

(Wheels)

(Sticks,

(Slicks,

(Cone

(Cups

(Straii;ht Wheels

l

(Roughing)

(Finishing)

Sharpening

ls)

~Vhccls)

by

Hand)

by

Wheels)

andCyls

Sec

Rolls)

and

Cyls

and

Bear-

Balancing) Glass)

Tooth)

Cyls.,

Cyis

..

Slicks)

Rough-

Finish-

Wheel)

and

Cyls.

Crys. Alun.

Crye. Alun. Cr>• Alun. Alun.

Crys.

Crys. Vit.

Crys. Vit. !\lun. Vil.

.)

,\Jun. Vit.

Crye.

.)

Crys.

!\Jun.

Al

Alun. Vil

Alun. Vil. Alun.

!\lun. Vil.

Crye. Crys.

Crys. Vil.

Crys.

Crys. Alu Alun. Alun.

l

Alun. Sil Alu

Alun. Alun. Alun. Alun.

Alun. Rub. Al Alun.

Abrasive

&

Process

She

Shel. Shel Shel.

s. Shel.

Shel. Shel.

Vit.

She

Rub. Vit.

Vil.

un. Vil. un.

Vit.

Vil.

Vit. Vit.

Vil. Vil.

n.

Vit. Vil. Vil.

n.

Vit.

She Vil. Vil.

un.

Vit. She.I.

Bak

l.

.

l.

1st

Selection

Grain-Grade

2½

46

2

Bo

60

J

So

2½

120

1½

R

24

2,1

Q

p

24

K

3860

I

3830

70

1½ RB

24

1-1

14 10

T

DR

36

DO

50 20

R

38.

16 K

M

46

II

36

H

36

180

M

60

L

1

80

M

p

60

p

Bo

60

L I

3824

I

3846

46

5

N

so

So L

120

R4 L

46

2

so

Coarsest

Hardest

46-~

80-2½

20-S 20-S

20

-Q

3860-L

382.

1-J

60

-2½

16-R 14-l

36,

16-DP

16-R

3836-K 1936-K

46

-P

30C-J 30C

-J

150-O

60

-M

150-0

46-Q 80-Q 46-M

.1

80-1-J

3836-K

36-6 46-5 46-N 46-M 8o-R6 36-L 46-

Softe!l

3860-K 3830-H

S

DS

3860-J

1960-J

3S30-H 3846-l

3 5

Finest

46-2 80-2½

JO-P 30-

P

30

-N

So-x½ 30-RS 1

6-H

36-DO 50-Dl\l

24-P

60-M

40-G 40-G

240-K

60-K

240-K

60-0 So-P 60-K

46

-3

60

-4 60-M so

-K

150-RJ

46

-K

0·

2

-

[ 1

6]

\York Operation

D

rills (Small)

Fluting Offhand Sh:i.rpe

Drills

(Laree)

Fluti

ng

Offhand

Flies

Surfacing

For~lni!.s

Snagging

Fork

Oflho.nd

Fr

Offhand

Semi-Precision

Snagging

Surfacing

Ga)!es (Plu

Cylindrica

G:1J!.co

Pitel'.\

G:11!.cs

Pitch

Ga1\cs

Pitch)

Gears

Clean

Genrs (Hard

Form Generati

Internal Su Surfacing (Straight

Glass

Puntying

Puntying Puntying Puntring

Puntying Puntylng Puntylng

Edging

Edcini: Engraving

Shar

Tines

ol\s

and

i:anese ab

le

Machines)

(Planer

(U.S. Thr

Grinding

U.S.

Grinding

(U.

Grindini::

(Cast Tron)

ing

(Ofi

hand) Precision

ve P recis

in,::

rfacing (Cups

Whe

els)

(Cut)

t

oms

of

biers)

Cut

Glass)

Ware)

C

ut

Glass)

Wa

re)

(Rich Cut (Light

Lea

vcs,

Switches (l\!an-

Ste

Grooving (Port-

Type

g)

l Al

Thread, Medium

S.

between

ened

(Concaving

Glasses

(13cad iu

(Beading,

(Grapc3

(Grapes

(Peta

(Petals

(Puntics,

etc.)

and

nin

pening

el)

Grooving

l\l:J.chincs)

ead,

Threads Threads

Thread,

Threads

Steel) Grinding

ion

and Cyls.)

and

ls o n

W:irc)

g,

on

g

Alu Alun.

Alun. Alun.

Alun. Sil.

Alun. Alun. Vil

A Alun. Rub.

Al Alun.

Alun.

A

Coarse

A

Alun

Crys

Fine

Alun. Vit Cry

teeth

Cr

.

,\lun. Vil.

Grind

Alun. A Alun. Vit

Alun

bot-

Tum-

Alun. \/it.

deep)

Norton

shallow)Norton

on

Rich

Light

Rich

Ligh

F l

at

Norton Norton

Norton

t

Norton Norton

on

Glass)

Abrasive

& Pr

ocess

n. Rub.

Vit. Vit.

Vit.

.

lun

. V

it.

un. Vit.

Vit.

un.

Vil.

lnn. Vil. lun. Vil.

. Vi t. . V

il.

.

s.

Vit.

ys.

Rub

.

Vil.

lun. Vit.

.

. Vi

l.

Deep

Fine Mitre Deep Light Deep Light

Medium Light

Deep Mitre Stone

1st Sele

ctio

RS

46 60

M

p

46

p

24

N

20

R

36

20

R

16

Q

R

14

R

14

K

0 K 38

K

M

RS

36

K

J

K 3846-L

H

I

K

Light

Stone

Mitre

Stone

n

38200-L

38200-O

W:ue

Grain-Grade

1936

3880

3812 38200

38200

3850 3860

3846 3830

3850

3890

:Mitre or

or

Medium

Ware

or

Medium Mitre Stone

\Vare Stone

Mitre Stone

\.Vare

Coarsest

Hardest

46-RS so-O

46-R 24

-P

1930-O

16-R

36-S

16-R 16-RS

14-S 12-S

12-S

3860-K

1960-K

120-L

12

0-P

I JO-P

30-RS 3846-l\l 3846-K 3S24-l 38

,16-J

1946-J

3890-i\t

Stone

Finest

Softest

60-RS 80-M

60-P

46-O

1936-

M

24-R

36-R

24-O

16-RS 16-Q

16-Q

38100-J 19100-J

38120-K 382

00-K

150-L

38200-M

150-L

60-RS 3860-J 3860-J

3860-J

3S36-G

386

0-H

1960-H

3890

-K

[

17

]

\Vorl.:

and

Op

er:i

lion

Gines

(Cut)-Conl

E ngr:iv

ing (Edge Cuts)

En

gr:ivinR (

Fluti

ng (Rich Cut Glass) Norton Fluting Scallop

ing (Ri

Smoothi

(Rich Cut Glass

Glass

(Lamp

Grindini: EdRc

Glnss (L

en

Edcln

g

Surf

acing (Tories)

Gla

s~ (T

ub

C1•lindrical

Int

erna l

Nicking

Gl:iss (

Tumbl

Edging

Gla

ss

(Circular

R

ough

mat

ic machine on fa

wheel)

Ro

ugh a nd Fi na l Devc.llin~ (Au t omatic machine face of wheel)

Glass (

Windshield)

Roundinr. Corne

(Face

Semi-Polishing

(S

ide of Wheel, Offha

Ro

nndlng Corner

(Fac

e of Whee

ma

tic)

Gr.inlte

Coping Surfaclnc

Gulde liars

SurfaclnR (Segme

Cylinders)

Surfacing

llomm

crs (

Grinding be t

Neck

Gnndi

All

othe

Hou

slnsts (Au

Cy

lin

drica Sna~g ing Surfacin g (Seg

I{

nl

vcs

(Dure.her) l\lacl,ine S urfacing Offha

nd

Knlve

9 (C

ker)

Sharpening

Kniv

es (Hoc)

Sh

arpenJng

Kniv

es (Leather Flesh

Sharp

ening (Bric.ks)

'd

Fin

e Wo

{Light

Wa re) N

ch C

Fbt Work

Shades)

s

ut

) N

ng and

ses)

ini;)

ers)

Mirrors)

Devellin g (Auto-

rs

of Wheel. OfTh:i.nd)

Edge

s

l,

(Str:i.ight W

Cla

w)

ween claws

ng

r Opc.r:itio

ns

to

Axle)

l

ments)

Surfaci

ng

hipp

er

and

rk)

Glass) N

ce

on

s

nd)

Aut

nts

hee

Bar

ing)

Abr:isive

&

Process

Nor

ton

Norton F i

orton orton Deep Mitre

orton Crys. Vil A

lun

. Vil.

Crys.

Vit.

;\Jun. Vil. Crys. Vit.

Crys. Vi Cry

s.

Vit.

A

lun

. Vil.

C

rys

. Vi

of

Crys

. Vi

A

lun

. Vil.

A

lun.

Vil

Alun.

Vil.

o-

i\lun. Vil. Cr

ys. V ..Shel.

Crys

Vit.

or

Alun.

A

lun. Vit.

A

lun.

i\

lun Alun. Rub. Alun. Vil.

Alun. Vil, A

lun. Vil A

lun,

Alun. Alun.

Alun.

Vil

Rub.

. V

Vil. Shel.

Sil.

ls)

Alun. Sil. Alun.

VIL

1

st Sc.l

Grain-Grade Hardent

1

Med i

um

Mitre

ne

M l

tre Stone

Deep

Mitre Stone

Lig

ht \

'Va

re

Stone

Deep

M i

tre

Slone

.

t.

.

il.

90

200

IOO

36 60

180 S

ISO

90

200

ISO ISO

ISO

14 40

16 24

46

JO

24

JO

,

so

1980

1936

.

24

eclion I Coanicsl

Slone

80-L

K

180-N

M

240-O

N

60-O 30-K

J

H

46-I

120120-O

200-K

O

M

K

N N

N

V7

14-V7

L

40-M

M

14-M

2

J

R S p

RS p

4

K

J

0-K

46-RB

24-Q 24

-R9

24

-P

24C-N

14-R

12-P

46-5

1970-L

1930-K 1930-K

R

Finest

Softest

100 200-?>.

240 150-M

60 8

0-H

180-I,

1so-L

2

00-K

16-V7

36-K

20-K

30-J 6o-R8

30-P

30-R8

36-O

24C-L

16-Q 16

60-4

1990

1946-l 1946-l

46-O

-J

-O

-J

-N

-K

·f

[

18]

Work

and

Operation

Kni

ves (Lea

ther

Shav

Sh:upeni

Knives

Sh:irpe

K n

OIThand

Kniv

Sharpening

Kni

S

Knives (Poc

f.l:\chlne Surfaci OfTh:ind Surf

Kniv

13 Su

Knives (S

Roo

Knh•es

R rRough nnd

Bols

Kniv

Sharpen

Links

Ma

Lin

Sn

Links (Chain-Unannea!cd

Snagging

Machine Shop

General

lllnllcnb

Sn:ii;i;ini;

Mnllen

Snagging

Jlln

Baluste rs Balusters Copi Su

Surfacing

Moul

Mctall

Roughing Finlshlni;

Moncl

Cu

ng

(Leather

ninc

ives

(t.lo

ulding)

Sharpening

es

(Mac

hin

ves

(Pape

harp

es (Section)

evellini;

rfaci

oughlni:

inis hini;

(O

es

ks (Ch:iin-M:illeablc Iron

a

lgg Mall

n

rblc

rf:lclnr. (Sci;mc 1st G r 2nd Gritti Honing

Roughing

Finishing

Roug

Finishing

ttin

r)

ening

ket)

nc Bac

ur.:ir

tini:

(T able)

Finish

ne

Operatio

ter Grinding

(Veneer)

ing

(Locomotive)

chine

Grlndlni;

nd Stee

l)

ing

ea b le Iron)

OITl,and

lc

Iron

blc

cnlc

cl

(Ro

(r-inish

ng

illing

(Whee

ding

hing

oitrnpb

lllctn

l

g-o

f)

ing)

Splittin

e)

ng

aci

ng

ks

Bee

t)

n)

Grinding

Anneal

Iron

Unnn-

ugh Turnl

Turning) Crys. Vit. nts)

ni; Alun,

l)

lc

Specimens

g)

ed

ni;)

Abrasive

&

Process

A

lun.

Vit.

A

lun. Shel Alun. Vit. Al

un.

Sil.

,\ Jun.

Sil.

Alu n. S

hel

Alun

. Sil.

A

lun. Sil. Alu n. S il.

Al

un.

Shel.

Al

un.

S hel.

Al

un.

Shel.

Alun.

Shel

Alun.

Rub

Al

un.

Sil.

Alun. Vil.

Alun.

Vit.

Crys

. V

il.

/\Inn

. Vi

l.

i\lun

. Vit.

Al

un.

Rub

Crys. Vit. C r

ys.

Vil.

Crys. V-Shd. Crys. V

it.

Vit

lun. Shel.

n. Vit.

ys. Vit.

Vit.

. Vit .

Vit.

lun. Rub

B:ik.

. 180 I A Alu

Crys. Vit. Cr

Crys. Crys

Alun. Alun. Vil.

A

Alun.

1st

Selection

Grain-Grade

so

.

JO

36

1936

.

60

120

36

19

36 46 46

100

.

60

.

36

1

936

46

24

24 20

. 12-

20

8 36 14

1

20

XF

8

36

8 L

36 80

200

16

.

16

Coarsest

Hardest

0

so-P

30

t½

M

36-N

1

930

J

1930-K

J V6

46-\'6

0

90-P

M

36-N

I

1936-J

s

4

s

7

J

6o-s

s

RS

36-RS

1930-K

J p

36-P

24-Il

R

16

s

Q

24-Q

R 20-S 24-Q

s 16-S

M

K

36-K

V6

14-V7

K

1S0-J

XF

s

280-J

L

p

M

24-L

J

RS

s

Finest

Softest

RS

36-1½

1946-I 1946-I

60-

12

46-

19.16-I

1

1946-I

30-O

:oo XF 280-J

46-J

-1½

-K

6-s 0·3

-T 24-R

8-0

-s

8-1\'1

8-M

so

-O

46-L

4

0-N

L

70

·3

00-3 70

·4

60-RS

6o-M

2-1-Q

16

-RS

20

-R

S-L

36-J 20-V6

-1

-4

8-K

46-J

[ 19]

Wo

rk

nod

Opera lion

Snagi;inc

Needles

Pointinc

Pearl

Buttons

(B:ickinc)

Butt

ons

)SurfaDng)

B

utt

ons Rough

Dian

ks) Iluttons )Slitting) Butto

ns

Groo,·ing)

Buttons

Pointin

Pipe (Soft Steel)

Cutting-off In ternal

P

ipe

Cylindrical 1\1:icbine

Cent

Piston

Cy

Pistons

Cylindrical

Pi

st o n C}·lindrical 1'1ac

Ccntcrless

Piston

Crllndrica S11rfaci ng Ho11ghing (~

Su,fa Int

Pis

to n R o d s

Cylindrica

P lows

Surla Fittinc Edi:ini:

P lo

Surfa Edging Fittini:

Porcelain

C11 C}·lindric Re

l'ull

Cylindrical Rough

Finish with

(Grindini;

Er

es)

s

g

Dalis

().fanganescStee

Roughins Regrlndinr.

crless lll:ichin Roui:hins Reg11nding

s (A lu

minum)

lin

drica

l

(Cast Iron)

s

llbchine

f'lnishins

Rlnlls

Semi-Ste

el)

l

ders)

cin~

(Straight Whe

ernal

(Ofihand)

(Locomotive)

l

(Stee

l)

cini;

and

ws

(Chilled Iron)

cin

i;

:ind

tti

n1:-off

a l

mov

ing Impe rfection

cys

(Cas

t I

wit h

(Cylinder Whe (Cy

ll ndcr

Puile}

(Cast Iron

Jointing

ron)

Pu

lie}'

Whee

lnc

hine

el)

• G

e

Grin

l)

Roug

Fi

ylln

rind

h

sh

l)

or

-

els)

s

de r

er

Abr:isi,

&

Process

Al

un.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Crys. Vit.

Cry~. Vit. Cr}'

S,

Vil.

Cr

rs.

\I-Shel.

Crys. Vit. Crys. Vit. ,

\lun.

Vil

Alun. She Al

un.

\lit.

/\Jun.

Vil.

Alun. \lit. /\Jun.

Vit.

Alun. Vit. Cr

,s. Vil

,

\Jun. Shel.

Cr

ys. Vit.

/\lu

n.

Vil.

Alun.

Vit.

,

\Jun. \lit.

/\Jun.

Shel.

Crys. Vil. Cr

ys.

\li

/\

lun

. \

C ry

s.

\lit. J\lun. \lit. /\

Jun. Vit.

Alun.

\lit.

Al

un.

Vit.

Crys.

Vil. Crn .

Vit. Cr

ys.

Vil. Cr

ys.

V-Shel. C r

ys.

Vit. Crys. Vil.

Crys. Vil. Crys. Vit. Crn. She

it.

·e

.

l.

.

t.

l.

1

st

Selection

Grnin-Grndc

2•

Q

p

70

0

so

36

0

36

Q

\17

So

s

1

50

T

1

50

120

R

46

5

p

20

N

36

M

46

0

36

0

36 36

J

K

36

L 1960-M

1

960

:,.1

60

120

R4

K

36 20

J

N

19

50 20

Q

L

24C

16

R

20

R 2

16

R

16

T Q

16 20

s

JO

\16

36

J

150

s

JO

J

I

24

2

70

Coarses

Hardest

24-Q 50-Q

46 - P

36-P 30

-R

120-U

90-Z

46-V6

16

-Q

24-Q

46-N

30

-P

36-L 36

-2

36-L

3860-M

46-M

120-R5

30-M

16-lll

1936-N

16-R

2

4C-l\l

16-R

0-S

16

-S 1

16-T 20-U 24-\17

12

0-T

30

-L

16-L

s0-4

t

Fines

So

ftest

2.

1-R 70-P 60-M

46-N 36-N

150-T 200-R

50·

2.1

-S

36-N 46-M

46

-L

40

-J

36-2 46-

1

960-K

3360 -K

So-K Roucliing

t

50-RJ

36

-K

2.1

-J

1950-

20-Q

2.1C-K

20

-Q

2i-Q

-Q

2.

1-R

20

-S

36

-\15

1

80-0 30

-J

24-I

10-1½

t

4

J

L

[ 20]

\Vorlc

and

Operation

Rails

(Welds)

Surfacing

Wheels Brick,

Razors

Burring

Side

ol

Tang

Concaving Shoulder• Shoulders (Shaping

Edging

Po

Razors

Sharpening

Re:1mcrs

Dack.ing-ofT

Cylindrical

Fluting

IUflo

Cy

Rims

Remov

G

Roller

Cylindric:."ll

Intcrnnl

11ollcrs

Cy

Rolls

Cylindrical

Cy

Rolls (Gra

Roughing

Finishing

!lolls

Cylindrical iRoughing)

Cylindrical Finishing)

Rolls

Fa

Norton

Cylindrica

Cy

Cr,llndrical

Roi s (Hard

Cylindrical

Rolls

Cylindrical

Rolls

Farrell

Norton

Hardening)

iRoughlng)

Finishing)

int

Shaping

(Sa

fety)

Dnrrcls

lindrical

(Automobi

ing

roovi

ng

Dcnrln!i

for

lindrical

(Drass

lindrical

nite)

(Cast Iro

(Chilled

rrell

Type Roughing Finishing

Type Mac Cylindrical R olls)

lin

d ric:il

Rolling

Finishing)

(Soft

Finishing)

(Steel,

Type Roughing Finishing

Type

(Cutting

le)

Welds

Cups

Bcnl"ln!ls

or

Copper)

iRoughin~

Finishing

n)

Iron)

Machine

(Hot

l (

Dryer

Rolls

Steel

(Polishing)

Rubber)

(Roughing

Rubber)

(Roughing

Hardened)

Machine

In)

hine

Rolls)

for

after

Plate

Cold

and

Abrasive

&

Process

Alun.

Vit

Alun.

Vil-

Alun-

Vit.

Alun.

\lit.

Alun.

Vit

Alun.

Vit.

Alun. Vit. Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Shel.

Alun.

Vil.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

1

\lun.

Vit.

Alun.

Ruh

Alun. Bak. Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

A

lun.

Rub.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vil-

Alun.

Vit.

Crys.

Shel.

Crye.

Vit.

Crye.

Vlt

Crys.

Vit.

Crys.

Vit.

Crye. Vit.

Crye. Vit. Alun.

Shel.

Crys.

Vit.

Crye.

Vlt.

Crys.

Vit.

Crys.

Shel.

Crye.

Vlt.

Crye.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun. Shel.

.

1st

Selection

Grain-Grade

20

0 N

24

0

i~

N

60

0

p

So

120

M

3880

J

200

1½ 0

46

L897

J

K

1946

K

1946

So

RS

24 30

1960 3860

IOO

46

100

16

36 30

So

36

70

:i

So

XF

36

46

70

L Q

RS J

K

0

2

I

K

J

K

J

L 1½

K

J J

I

K

L 1½

1924C

Coarsest

Hardest

16-Q 20-P

46-P 46-O 60-O

120

-N

200-2

46-P L897-K 1946-L

1946

-L

3846-L

60-Ra

46-9

1924C-M

20-S

24-RS 1950-K

3846-L

90-0

36-3

30-L

60-K

24-M

6o-2

24-L

60-K

36-K

Finest

Sortest

24-O

24-N

46-O

80-N

70-M

120-M

XF-~

60L897-J 1950-J

1960

-J

3860-J

So-RS

60-7

1924C-K

24-Q

30-RS 1960-J

3880-J

100-N

46-2

36-K

80

-J

36-K

80-1½

30-K

80-J

46-J

[ 21 ]

\\"ork

nnd

Or

crn

tion & Proc

Cylindrical Cylindrical (Polishin

Roll

Scourlu~

(All

typ

R ubber (

C

ylindrical

Ru

bber (Hnr

Cu

tting-off

Cy

lindrical

S:td Irons

S

urfa

Surfacing Sn

as!:i ni:

S:1.fos

S

n:,.

t.l;in~

Surf acing

S:ind

Cores

Cuttin

Sa-.-·s

(Ba

Gumming

S:iws

(Ci

G

ummin

S:iws (Meta l

Gumming

S:,.

ws (.Met..a

Gu

mming

Bacl.inc-ofi

Scissors

Iron

Surfa

Scissors

Su

rfacing

(Cy Gnndini: Pointing Gri

nding Neck

Stril:c Culling

R

C5harpe

Shove

ls

Edging

Sla t e ·

Copln;:

Spli

ne C;·lindrical St:rfacinz

S

r,r

J n

iis

G

rinding

C

bam

Sprlni.a

5-i u

aring

Steel C:iatln1tjLowCarbon)

Sna

gging Sna gv.ing Sn:i

v,vn1

Stand

Sna v.ginr. (Por

t:hine)

St

etl

C:191Jnsia

(Sc

-,

Switches"

(Bricks)

es

of roll

Sof

t)

d)

cing

(Cups and C;•ls.)

(Offhan

g-off

nd)

rcular)

g

Cutting)

l Slitting)

nn d

Sb e:i

)

ci ni: Si

des

:ind

Shears (Steel)

sides

l.)

Fla

sh

from

2nd

Shaping

or Edge

nin11:

Sb:ilta

Splines

(

L<.::il)

Eyes

fcrinri

(Coll)

Enda

~S

ng

Floor

(Small

tab

(Ma

alao "Fro;is

)

s)

d)

ra

of

Rladcs

of bl

Corne

Frame)

Stand)

le

nganese)

(Casl

ades

Bowe Al

s

Bench

Ma-

Alun.

g)

Crys. Shel. Crys. Vlt Crys. Crys. Rub

Crys. Vit.

Crys. Vit. Alu

Crys. Vi Crys

Alun. Alun. Vit.

Crys.

Alu Alun. Shel

; Alun. Alun. V-Shel.

Al Alun. Vit

Crys. V!t.

Alun. V-S hel.

Alun

r

Alun. Alun. Vit. Alun. Vit.

Alun. Vit.

Crys.

Alun. Vit. Alun.

Alun. Alun.

Al Alun. Vit.

Alun.

Al Alu

and

Abrash·c

n. Sil.

. Vi

n.

\Jun.

un.

. Vi

un.

un. Vlt

n. V!

1st

Selection

Grain-Grad

ess

Vit

.

3846

XF

. 0

Vit.

.

l. t.

Vit.

Rub.

Vit.

Vit

Vit.

19

.

1946

.

19

. 38,16-l

100

Vlt.

Shel

l.

1

.

1,0 120

38100

Shel.

Vit

Vit.

Vil

Vit

V!t

1946

.

1946

. .

t.

J

I

60

K

36

RS

30

K

36

,o

H

N I -N

16 16

Q

16 20 0

RS

04

M

46

M 1936-N

p

60

V6

So

I

46

s

50

Vs

p

46

0

so

4

M

L

u

30

16

V6

K

Q

24

Q

24

Q

24

12

s r

R 1

14

Q

24

R 1

24

e

Coarsest

Hardest Softest

3846-K

46-P

36

I 4-J

3812-

1

6-Q

14 oo-P

20-RS

19

36-M

30C-s

so-Q 60-V7

1946-J

46-P so-O

24-

16-

1946-N 1936-L

16-R

24-R 16

o-W 2-S

24

6-S

Finest

388 0 -J

-K

3814-l

I

-R

1950-L

30C-4

194

1060 3860-I

U V6

1950-K 1950-J

-R 2

-Q

150-M

4620-H 20-L

2

4-P

16-O 04-N

30-RS

6-N 80 So

60-O

30

20•5

04-O

30-Q

4-P

16-R 16-Q

36-Q

24-Q

J

-P

-V6

-I

-S

[

22

]

Work

and

Operation

Snagging Snagging Fl

Steel (Hardened)

Cylindrical S

Surfaclng Cutting--0fl

Internal

S

teel

Cy Surfacing

Surfacing C

Internal

Stee

S Surfacing Cuttlng-o

Int

S Cl'lli

Su Surfacing Strali;ht Wheel Snagg C Oflhand

Sto

S Grooving

Stovo

Snagging Filling Notchin Grinding Surfacing

Tops

Squaring Grinding F Threading

Shanks Threads-Sec Thrcnd Tllo

Cutting-oil Tools

Ligh t

Heavy

Using

Automatic

Automatic(Stralght Tubes

Cuttlng--0fl Tungsten

CutUng--0ff

)Swing

oor

urfa

cing (Cup

(Sof

lindrical

utting

l (

High

urfa

cing

erna

to

rfacing ~Cups

ing

utting-off

n o (Artificial)

urfacing

Ports (

Machine Roughi Finis

luting

Gages-See "Gages"

(Lathe

(Oflhand)

(Steel)

s a

(Str

::iicht Wheels)

t)

(Cups

(Straight Whee

-off Grinding

Speed)

(Cups

&Straight

l

Tool

Grinding

Cast

and

Mounting

g

Out

Cover

Tops

ng

hing

ends relief

(Cylindrical)

"~ges"

and

(Offhand)

Large

\1/hecls

(Cup

Rods

Frame)

Stand)

nd

and Cyl

and Cyls

and Cyls.)

Iron)

Automa

Pl::incr)

Wheel)

Cyls.)

Wheel

Boll's

Wheel)

Alun. Alun. Vit

Alun. Alun. A Alun. Alun. Alun. She Alun. Alun. Vit.

Alun. Alun. Vit. ,\Jun. Vit.

s.l

A

ls

J\ Alun A

Alun. Sil.

.l

Alun.

s

A

Alun. Bak.

Alun. Vit. Alu

Al

s)

i\lun Alun. Alun.

Crye. Vlt. Crye.

Crys. Vlt. Crye. A Crye. Vit.

tic

Crye. Crye.

A Al Alu Alun. Vi Al

Crye. Alun.

Alun. ,\lun. Alun. Alun. SIi.

Alun. Alun.

Abrasive

&

Process

Vit

Vit. Vil

lun.

Sil.

Vit. Bak

Vit.

lun. Vit. lu n.

Rub.

. B::ik.

lun. Vit.

Vit.

lun. Shel.

n. Sil.

un. Vit.

. Vi l .

Shel.

Vit.

Rub

Vil.

lun. Rub.

Vlt. Vit.

lun. Vil.

un.

Vit.

n.

Rub.

un.

Vil.

Shel. Vit

Vlt. Sil.

Vil.

Rub Rub

. .

.

l.

.

t.

.

. .

1st

Selection

Grain-Grade

R

14

Q

16

K

3824C

G

3830

H

3836

46

T.i

3860

J

60

DL 24C M 3816

J

K

3836

RS

36

L

3846

G

3846

G

3846

60

4 384

6

J

G

3846

G

38

46

0

JO 46

5

M

46

L

40

RS

36 24

s

30

RS

24

u

30

p

36

p

So 60

N N

60

RS

L

38150

L

3880

36

5

N

46

0

JO

p

24

L

24

M

46

RS

36

R9

90

Coarsest

Hardest

14-U 14-T

3824C

1946-K 3624-l 3830

46-T4 46-5

38.16-K 46-DN

24C-N

46-N

3816-K 3824-L

30-R8 36-T7

3836-N 383

0-H

3830-l

46-5 46-TJ

3846-K 3836-G

3830

46-s 36-O

40-L 36-RS

24-

24-U

30 60-R

46-P 46-P 60-RS

38120

36

.16-N

30-V6 46-P

:14-P 24

36-RS

-L

-J

-l

U

-Q

-M

-N

Finest

Softes

16-Q 20

-P

3824C

1946-J 3860-G

38i6-H

o-TJ

60-4

3860

-H

60-DJ

24C-L

46-

38

24-

3836-J

36-RS 46-T5

3846-K 3860-G

3846-G

60-d 60-TJ

3860-H 386o-G

3846-G

60-5 60-L

36-K 36-R7

30-S

36-P 80-P

6o-M

60-M 70-RS

JSXF-K

3860-K

46-

60-L 30-

30-L

60-RS

-J

t

L I

5

Q

[ 23]

Work Operation

Vnlvca (Au

Vnlrn

Welds Worms Wrenches

Wroui h t I

to

Tn

mobile)

Grinding

ppeta

ron

Grinding Seah

Cylindrical C)'lindrical

Cleaning Grinding Threads Sn~ging

Su adng

and

Stems Alun. Vit.

Abrasive

&

Process

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vil.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun.

Vit.

Alun. Vil, Alun.

Vil.

NOTES

1st

Selection Coarsest

Grain-Grade

60 N

M

46

L

46

24

Q

K

3836

24 Q

24

20 R

3824-!\o!

Q

Hardest

60

-O

46-M

1946-M

20-S

16-R

~o

-Q 4 0

16-Q

Finest

Softest

Bo

-M

60-L

19.16-L 36-Q

3836-K

2tQ

24-Q Snaggini;

FOR._1

3!!12•4•21-5000

. PRIUTEO

IN U.S.

- - -

k

[

24]

----

--

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Norton Factors affecting Grinding Wheel Selection Instruction Guides

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual