GSDU 468845A (paper)
WREM 070700A (on CD 468846A)
August, 2000
Nokia RoofTop™Wireless Routing
Installation Guide
COPYRIGHT
© 2000 Nokia Corporation. All rights reserved.
Rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in
Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013.
IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS
This device h as been certified by the FCC as a C lass B device and as such must be installed and/or moved b y a professional.
TRADEMARKS
Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation. Nokia RoofTop™ is a r egister ed trademark of Nokia Networks.
Other products mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
COMPLIANCE STATEMENTS
This hardware complies with the standards listed in this section.
Emission Standards
UNINTENTIONALEMISSIONS: FCC Part 15 CLASS B
INTENTIONAL EMISSIONS: FCC Part 15, Section 15.247
This equipment has been tested and f ound to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC
rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential i nstallation. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to r adio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur
in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try and correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
—Reorient or locate the receiving antenna.
—Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
—Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connect ed.
—Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Any modifications made to the unit, unless expressly approved by Nokia could void the user’s authority to operate the equip-
ment.
DISCLAIMER:
TO THE INSTALLER: THE INSTRUCTIONS PROVIDED IN THIS GUIDE ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. NOKIA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE OR INFRINGEMENT, INCLUDING ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS,COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER
RIGHTS. THERE IS NO WARRANTY BY NOK IA THAT THE INSTRUCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE GUIDE W ILL MEET YOUR
REQUIREMENTS. THERE IS NO WARRANTY BY NOKIA THAT THE INSTRUCTIONS AND STATEMENTS CONTAINED IN
THE GUIDE OR ITS CONTENT A RE TRUE, ACCURATEOR COMPLETE.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLELAW,IN NO EVENT SHALL NOKIA,
ITS EMPLOYEES OR AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST PROFITS, REVENUE, SALES, DATA, OR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, PR OPERTY DAMAGE, PERSONAL INJURY, INTERRUPTION OF
BUSINESS, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION OR FOR A NY SPECIAL, DIRE CT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, ECONOMIC,
COVER, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES HOWEVER CAUSED, AND WHETHER ARISING UNDER
CONTRACT, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, OR OTHER THE ORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO
USE THE GUIDE, EVEN IF NOKIA OR AFFILIATES ARE ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Contents
CHAPTER 1 System Overview ...............................1
1.1Introduction.............................1
CHAPTER 2
Antenna Installation ...........................5
2.1Introduction.............................5
2.2SiteAnalysis............................6
2.2.1 RF Link Feasibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3LineofSightAnalysis.....................8
2.3.1VisualLineofSight.......................8
2.3.2RadioLineofSight .......................9
2.3.3FresnelZone.............................9
2.3.4AntennaHeight...........................9
2.4AntennaSelection.......................10
2.4.1OmnidirectionalAntennas.................10
2.4.2DirectionalAntennas.....................10
2.5Cables ................................12
2.6OutdoorInstallationProcedures ............13
2.6.1SafetyGuidelines........................13
2.6.2 Required Installation Components. . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6.3Polarization.............................14
2.6.4TestInstallation .........................14
2.6.5Grounding..............................15
2.6.6Weatherproofing.........................16
2.6.7 WeatherproofingFlexible RF Jumper Cables . . 19
2.6.8AmplifierWeatherproofing ................20
2.7IndoorInstallationProcedures..............21
2.7.1Weatherproofing.........................21
2.7.2Antennas...............................21
2.7.3Grounding..............................21
CHAPTER 3 Wireless Router Installation ..................23
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide v
3.1Introduction............................23
3.1.1 Preinstallation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Contents
3.1.2PhysicalLocation........................24
3.1.3PhysicalMounting.......................24
3.1.4ConnectionOptions......................25
3.1.5Amplifiers..............................26
3.2FrontPanel............................28
3.2.1LEDIndicators..........................28
3.2.2Configuration...........................29
3.3RearPanel.............................30
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
Antennas
Cables .........................................31
Network Planning Guidelines ................33
Technical Specifications .....................35
Required Minimum Working Distances for
.................................................39
vi Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
CHAPTER 1 System Overview
1.1 Introduction
This chapter provides:
• A basic understanding of how a wireless router system functions
• How wireless systems self-configure
Wireless router networks bypass the wired local loop with fast “alwayson” wireless Internet access.
The Nokia AIR™ Operating System (OS) provides intelligence, security
and ease of use to make wireless networks practical, simple to deploy,and
cost effective. Wireless Internet or intranet access across a network is
completely transparent to the end user.
The Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routers, Models R242/242A, are both
wireless Internet access devices and IP routers. The wireless router units
operate in a mesh network where line of sight access is required to only
one other wireless router.
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 1
1.1.1 Configuration
When the units are configured and deployed, they adapt to the network
automatically to learn the network topology. The operating system then
builds and maintains the network topology and routing tables, and
continually updates them as the network changes.
Line of sight problems, common in point-to-multipoint networks, are
eliminated by routing traffic through other units. If a node cannot connect
directly to the AirHead, m ultihop routing protocols forward traffic
through another wireless router.
Operating system protocols optimize wireless links providing hop-by-hop
data integrity and efficient, intelligent multicasting. Protocols control
channel scheduling, neighbor authentication, and link maintenance, as
well as optimize routing in the wireless environment. By scheduling
traffic streams to non-conflicting transmission times and Radio
Frequency (RF) channels, quality-sensitive and/or bandwidth intensive
applications co-exist with standard applications.
1.1.2 Installation Components
Each installation consists of a Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Router, RF
cabling, lightning protection, and an amplifier (optional). The antennas
mount on the roof, or in a location in line of sight to other antennas in the
network. RF cabling is run from the antenna to the wireless router, which
is mounted indoors.
A successful installation requires:
• Site analysis and proper planning (section 2.3)
• Placement of the antenna with line of sight to at least one antenna
in the network (section 2.3)
• Using appropriate antenna and cabling (Sections 2.4 and 2.5)
• Proper installation technique, including grounding and
weatherproofing (Section 2.6)
2 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
Introduction
• Proper placement and mounting of the wireless router (Section
3.1)
• Proper use of cabling between the wireless router and the
subscribers’ PC/network (Section 3.1.7)
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 3
4 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
CHAPTER 2 Antenna Installation
2.1 Introduction
Chapter topics include:
• Site Analysis
• Line of Sight Analysis
• Antenna Selection
• Cables
• Outdoor Installation Procedures
• Safety Guidelines
• Required Installation Components
• Polarization
• Test Installation
• Grounding
• Weatherproofing
• Indoor Installation Procedures
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 5
2.2SiteAnalysis
The goals of site analysis are:
2.2.1 RF Link Feasibility
Wireless routers operate in a “mesh” network—line of sight is required to
only one other radio in the network. The IP routing capability allows all
units to act as repeaters for other units.
Survey all obstructions to potential sites. For most installations use an
omnidirectional antenna. This assures maximum connectivity and allows
the unit to forward packets for existing and future needs.
NOTE: To maintain broadband data rates, it is recommended that
networks be kept within three hops.
• To determine the feasibility of RF links at each site
• To determine the antenna and cable requirements necessary to
provide service
2.2.1.1 Site Survey Steps
1. Determine if there are Line of Sight (LOS) paths for each proposed
link. Line of sight exists if there are no obstructions (for example,
trees, buildings, etc.) between the antennas. For best results, there
should be no obstructions between the two antennas. For long
distance paths there should be no obstacles close to the RF path.
2. Determine t he antenna location and maximum possible antenna
height. The height of the antenna is often dependent on the physical
limitations of the site. For example, an antenna mast can be placed on
a rooftop, an antenna can be installed on an existing structure or
tower, or the mast and antenna can be installed on the ground.
6 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
Site Analysis
3. Determine the RF paths between the antenna at the site and the
antennas at adjacent sites. For a directional link with a single antenna,
there is only one RF path. For an omnidirectional antenna, determine
all RF paths. The RF path can be determined by knowing the relative
bearing f rom the current s ite to adjacent sites.
4. The feasibility of an RF link can be estimated based on:
• Distances between the potential sites
• The line of sight for the RF paths
• Antenna RF gains
• Cable losses
5. After one or more sites have been installed and are operational, test
each new site before completing the installation.
6. After determining the feasibility of the RF link, consider the
following:
• Hardware and tools necessary to complete the installation
• Wireless router installation location
• The RF cable routing between the wireless router and the antenna
• Power for the wireless router
• Ethernet cable routing
• Antenna grounding and lightning arrestor requirements
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 7
2.3 Line of Sight Analysis
A quality antenna installation includes:
• Clear visual line of sight between antennas
• Clear radio line of sight between antennas
• Antenna and cable selection and mounting based on the site
requirements and limitations
2.3.1 Visual Line of Sight
Visual line of sight exists when an imaginary straight line can be drawn
between two antennas without passing through any physical obstructions.
Verifying visual line of sight is the first step in planning. Observation
points must be high enough to allow the viewer to see over obstructions.
8 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
Line of Sight Analysis
2.3.2 Radio Line of Sight
Fresnel Zone
Provide a clear radio path by raising the antenna as high as possible and
away from objects near the radio path. A radio wave is not like a laser
with a narrow, pointed beam. RF waves fan out from a single source and
are diffracted or absorbed by objects that are near the visual line of sight.
This area is called the Fresnel Zone. Clear radio line of sight exists when
there are no physical obstructions in the Fresnel Zone.
2.3.3 Fresnel Zone
Elevate antennas as high as practical above physical obstacles to avoid
obstructing the Fresnel Zone, the elliptical area adjacent to the path, that
could reflect unwanted signals into the primary path and reduce signal
levels. The Fresnel Zone must be considered when installing antennas.
2.3.4 Antenna Height
All antennas have a limited vertical radiation pattern. If nearby antennas
are placed at different heights, verify that the vertical line of sight angle
falls within the antenna specifications for a good link.
Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 9
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