Nikon S-kt User Manual

MICROSCOPEmodeI

S-Kt

INSTRUCTIO

NS

NIPPON

KOGAKU K.K.

I

CONTENTS

NOMENCLATURE

1.
ATTACHINGTHELENSES

2.
(1)

Mounting

(2)

Mounting the Eyepieces

(3)

Mounting

ILLUMINATION

3.

(1)

Condenser lris Diaphragm

(z

LightSource...

(3

Condenser

(4

Brightness

(5

Preparation

(6

Observation
Photom

17
(8)

F ilters

(9)

lllumination for Very Low Magnifications

(10)

Replacing the

4.

FOCUSTNG

(1)

Focusins

(21

EyepieceAdjustment

(3)

CoarseFocusing .......1a

(41

PresetDevice

(5)

FineFocusing

(6)

Oil lmmersion

(Vl

ExchangingStages

MOVTNG

5.
(1)

Rectangular Mechanical
Circular

l2l

PHOTOMICROGRAPHY

6.

7.

COMBINATIONS.

(1)

lnterchangeableEyepieceTubes

(21

lnterchangeableStages

OBJECTIVES, EYEPIECES, CONDENSERS ......21

8.
(1)

Objectives ......2i

(21

Eyepieces

(3)

Combinations of

(4)

Condensers .. .....25

(5)

llluminationSystem .....25

CAUTIONS IN HANDLING AND MAINTENANCE -27

9.

the

Objectives . .

. . .

the

Condenser . .

..

Focusing

Adjustment

and Adjustment for

icrography

Bulb

Knob

.

Observation

;

. . ...

nOiusireni........... ....13

........14

.....i........15

THE SPECTMEN

Gliding Stage

Objectives and

THE

ON

Stage

"C"

STAGE

"R"

Eyepieces

........20

.......6

....

. .

....13

...14

. ..1b

. . . . .

. . .

. . . .

....18

...19

......20

. ....29

. .

6
l
7

8
g

g
g
q

f 6

p
n

13

tf

16
16
17

23

E

yep

iece

I. NOMENCTATURE(]YIODEL

SBR.I{I)

Revolving

Objective

Stage lock

Filter

holder for

Condenser
(range

2Bmm)

Field

diaphragm

F

ield

lens

Voltmeter
Field

diaphragm

Lamp

housing

Voltage

change-over

nosepiece

screw

33mm

focusing

centering

window

ring

socket

diameter filter

knob

screw

key

Diopter

adjusting

rrng

I nterpupillary

Condenser

Knob for longitudinal travel of stage

Coarse

Coarse

distance adjusting

Frrcnicec tilhc clamn

Condenser

Lock

d iaph

lever for oblique

Condenser iris diaphragm

Knob

focus

for the

screw

ragm eccentering

ragm eccenteri

diaph

for lateral travel

tension adjusting

(range

knob

focus

knob

(54-74mm)

Screw

holder

Slide

clamP

condenser

lever

illumination

of stage

38mm)

ng

ring

ring

fi=

rotation 0.2mm,

one

Brightness

Coarse

F

ine

adjusting

focus

Cord connector

knob

focus

range 38mm)

dial

Main switch

lever

Preset

5

2.

ATTAC]IINO

THT LENSTS

Before attaching
eyepiece
outer
mark may
contrast.

(1)

Take
objectives.
to the nosepiece revolver,
microscope
each
hand,
with
Microscope
sr rr face of the noseniece
spots
is advisable to mount
below the indication
low to high

to

lens

Mounting

special care when

Before attaching

objective with the fingers

screw

those of the other hand

indicated

the objective

microscope,

the

surfaces.

often

stage sufficiently.

it into

model

powers

Even

interfere with

the

Objectives

each nosepiece

has

S-Kt

@), O

as

below:

and

spot

@,

a

handling

the objectives

on the upper

revolver

O

the

in

and the

clean

the

light finger

image

the

lower the

Securing

of

one

hole

(Fig.

3)

f

our

(Fig.

4) lt

objectives

from

order

example

@
@

o

@..

When
outer
first finger.
barrels because alignment of the objec-

maV

tives

.... 4xobjective

....10Xobjective

....40Xobjective

. ...looxobjective

rotating

milled rim

Do

be disturbed

the

with

not

revolver,

your

push

hold the

thumb

the objective

and

Fis.

Fig'

3

4

(2)

Mounting

For mounting, simply
into the eyepiece tube.

ed that the eyepiece be

not in use

when
entrance
Or

removed
tube,
can be
screw,
anv desired

microscope stand.

the clamp screw

tube can

another

of dust into

the eyepiece cap

insert

eyepiece. The inclined

trinocular, binocular

rotated

for convenience

direction

be

type.

Eyepieces

the

in order to

loosening the

after

without moving

By

(Fig.

removed

put

lt is
left in

the eyepiece tube.

in viewing

further releasing

5) the eyepiece

and

eyepiece

the

recommend-

place

even

prevent

place

in
gr

replaced

of the

eyepiece

monocular,

clamp

from

with

the

the

Fis. 5

(3)

Mounting the

To mount the

insert

screw.

beneath
will
this

lever
tion so as
with

distance

tween

the

the condenser

by turning

and

the condenser

go.

Then, tighten

locate the diaphragm

case

and its screw

facilitate their manipulation

to

one hand

for retaining immersion

the lower surface

too of condenser

the condenser

Gondenser

condenser,

(Fig.

raised to the upper

is

loosen the

the condenser

holder as

lock

the

eccentering

convenient

at a

6). The
the

of

is obtained

focus

lock

from

far as it

screw.

posi-

correct

oil

slide

when

limit

knob.

In

Fis.6

be-

and

I TTlJ]t|I]{ATION

3.

Resolution

affected

(1)

Stop
and
center
phragm
trast and resolution.
are

distinguished
metrical
7,a,bl.

When
as to let
at an angle of inc.idence
aperture angle of

lution reaches
much as the resolution
natron.
lf the diaphragm is further

such an extent
bundle entering
dark

(Fig.

and

image

by the

illumination

Condenser

down

slide it in

to edge.

is off-center,

shadows

the iris diaphragm

the light bundle enter

field

7,

c). lf the iris

lris

Diaphragm

the

condenser

a radial

The

the

Details

by increased

at the

the objective,

the maximum

to

as

the objective,

illumination

diaphragm

contrast

iris

direction

more

higher

boundaries

is

by central

decentered to

prevent

will

greatly

are

method.

diaphragm

from

the iris

of the object

and

positioned

equal

and twice

be

dia-

the

con-

unsym-

(Fig.

so

the object

to the

reso-

the

as

illumi-

light

the

oblique

obtained

is opened

wide, images
angles
unfavorable for
cl

uded.

In
tion is
iris

aperture angle of the objective.
case
field

minimized. lf the

er,

resolution

diaphragm is large enough
60-700/0 of the objective
decrease
nounceo.

lf

the diaphragm is
minimum
light
reflection, refraction,
aggerated
the
misinterpretation of

obtained.

are

central illumination

obtained when the

diaphragm

excessive outer rays

illumination

contrast is enhanced,

of

for

bundles, the

so

image

edges which may likely

illumination

by

An illumination

the object may

maximum resolu-

just

are cut off

opening

is lowered.

resolution

admitting only very

effects

that fringes

opening of the

corresponds

as used

ismade

although the

But

aperture, the

will not

stopped down to the

of diffraction,

etc., may

may be

the image, but it

at

for

and

if

the iris

to cover

be

various

angle

be in-

to the
In this

dark

flare

is

small-

pro-

small

be ex-

seen at

induce

Fig.7

(a)

Central

illumination

(b)

Oblique

illumination

(c)

Dark field illumination

may be effective

(e.9.

definition of the

unstained

(2)

As already
plays

for microscopy.
phragm
numerical aperture
equal
in order

ln

light
by
down
will bring
cases.

phragm

pupil)

by
after

the

user,

procedure,

adjusting

satisfactory

obta

lf high
high
nation
suited

Fig. I

specimens) .

Light Source

discussed,

important

an

should

to that of

to obtain

practice,

whlch

closing

the aperture

to 60-700/o

about

The coincidence

aperture

the objective

of

looking down

removing the

diaphragm

however,

and obtain

the

i ned

.

resolution and, at

contrast are

may be

for lightly stained specimens,

for

general

the

role

principle,

In

be so adjusted

of the

the objective being

maximum

however,

would

diaphragm

distinctness

effective. This

keeping

reduce image contrast

of that

good results in most

the aperture

with

can be ascertained

the

eyepiece and

slowly.

may

dispense

the same

desirable,

special

of the

of condenser

occasions

structure of

iris diaphragm

illumination

in

the dia-

the

that

condenser

used,

resolution.

out stray

condenser

of the objective

dia-

(exit

microscope tube

closing

experienced

An

this

with

result by

opening

the image

of

the same

oblique

until

time,

illumi-

is especially

trans-

parent phase
with this
contrast

may

be
of illumination,
phragm.

condenser

The

in

ed

any

time

same

manipulation

This

is

is

one

using

for decentering

finger

for opening

finger

phragm.

(3)

Condenser

Condenser
turning

manipulation

This

Koehler

observation.
placed

at

lowered.

(4)

Brightness

The conventional

brightness

by a

been

whereby

cnangeo.
Either method,
tageous

the

and
presents

microscope
Modern, advanced
nology has

the

ing

so-called

has been

brightness

of the

Model

scope

light adjuster

of

specimens,

illumination,

resolution

and

necessary to

direction

radially sliding

hand,

(See

Fig.8)

a sharp

change

turning

by

aperture

rotating

by

can be

the thumb

or closing

Focusing

focusing

the condenser

type

The

the upper

is accomplished

focusing

is necessary

illumination

condenser

limit and

Adjustment

method

of the

the

in

that

latter,

difficulty

base.

flow time

thyristor

developed

microscope

rheostat or

voltage

however,

former

the

due

mounting

in

semi-conductor

provided a facility

of electric

of extremely

to

the

of

has

S-Kt

built

However,

etc.

variation

may appear;

the direction

iris dia-

the

may be decenter-

at the

and

the diaphragm.

and

the

only

first

middle

the

dia-

done by

and

Knob

by

knob.

for

mainly

or dark

of adiusting

transformer,

or amPerage

is disadvan-

produces

to its

enable

lamp, The
adopted
in the

field

is usually

not

need

the

lamp has

heat

large size,

in the

it

tech-

for chang-

means. A

size

small

regulation

Micro-

type

this

microscope

in

it

be

is

Dase.
Turn the
side
voltmeter
age,
the direction of the

(5)

brightness ad

of the

base, and the

window will indicate

increasing

as the wheel

arrow below it.

Preparation

and Adjustment for

Observation

Attaching the Lamp

O

As shown in Fig.
connector, facing

fasten

and
the outside
Attaching

@

The lamp

it

by a clockwise

lock ring.

the Lamp

socket
lows:
Insert

groove

the

socket,

according to

10). Turn it clockwise

the

Since
positioned

for further
Do not insert
leave
attain the
Centering

O

socket will

f riction,

by

justment.

ad

the

a clearance

brightest illumination.

the

Radiant Field
Diaphragm
Using the

specimen
the radiant field
condenser
sharply
phragm

40X objective,

into

sharp

diaphragm. Move

lens

focused

is

obtained

surface. Then, move

image to the

the two centering
When

switching to other

the

diaphragm image
deviate
producing,
results for

center

from

the

however,

routine

screws

justing

wheel

green

area

the volt-

is turned in

Cord

insert

9,

the

notch

the cord

upward,

turn of

Socket

is

attached

fitting

the

the markinS

push

and

automatically

there is

socket

of

about 2mm to

no

fullv,

bring the

focus.

Fully

vertically,

image

on the

of the

specimen

the

diaphragm

until

by manipulating

(Fig.

1 1).

objectives,

may

slightly

centered

no

position.

objectionable

observation.

at the
in

the

fol-

as

key

(FiS.

it

need

but

close

the

dia-

in
be

Fis.

9

Fig. 10

a

11

Fig.

10

(6)

Observation

The microscope
uniformly bright illumination ranging
from

the 4X objective up

immersion

of changing the illumination

interference or

tion, turn

(Fig.

Note that
for
tion with the
cause of insufficient

It can be used
up to a total
when the illumination ls
maximum

(7)

Compared with
scope, the
graphs

In monochromatic
contrast
green

In

Fig. 13, the dial of
adjuster at the
base
PHOTO
green
Use Nikon Filter

to

12)

interference

Photomicrography

of

can

(monochrombtic)

photomicrography.

color

is

to be set

position

area

permits

objective,

100X

phase-contrast

the

brightness adjdsting

get

brighter image

a

microscope

this

phase-contrast

oil-immersion,

100X

brightness.

with

the 40X objective for

magn

if ication of 400X,

brightness.

Nikon

the

Model

somewhat

be

fills

the

will

S-Kt

lower

photography,

obtained

f i lter.

the built-in light

of the microscope

side

with

(near

window.

CB i65 or Wratten 58.

observation with

to the oil-

with no need

system.

cannot be used

adiusted

S-Ke

provide photo-

contrast.

by the use of a

as shown in

the voltmeter in

7.5V), where

For

observa-

dial

observa-

be-

for

Micro-

good

the

Rri,rhtnocc :rlirrciino rl i:l

Fis. 12

Fis. 13

(8)

Filters

Filters 33mm in

filter

holder

and 45mm diameter f

illumination field

diameter

beneath the condenser

lens.

are used in the

ilters

above the

lens,

(9)

lllumination for Very Low

Magnifications

As shown
condenser
a sharply
il I

um

In
bright illumination
cations,
back and

(10)

First,
remove the socket, and
lamp bulb
opposite
socket.
shown
brim
on the
lamp
to instal

in Fig.

lens. Lower

focused

inated viewf ield.

photomicrography,

it is necessary to move the bulb

forth.

Replacing the

reverse

of

socket

the attaching

is cool, turn it in the direction

to the arrow

Insert the

in Fig. 15,

the bulb

foot of the arrow, and

in the direction

|.

use a low

14,

the stage

image in a uniformly

wlth very low magnifi-

Bulb

new

bulb

fitting

to the white circle

power

to

secure

for

unlformly

procedure

then, when the

mark on the

(6V

15W), as

notch on the

the

found

rotate the

of the arrow

to

Fig.

Fis.

14

15

J\

/

Low

power

condenser ens

12

(1

Focusing

)

The model
coarse
which

wise

by the
stage and vice versa

(2)

When using

eyepiece tube
ment of the user's eye-sight

discrepancy
eyes
the

piece

After

raising or lowering
turn the adjusting

obtain
well. Then,
distance
the eyepieces left or right
the

both
tageous to memorize
and
future use.
The red dot engraved

lary distance
where the mechanical
comes exactly
eyepoint type) eyepieces

on top,

proper
who wear eyeglasses,

be

tenses.

and

are

rotation

Eyepiece

necessary.

is

adjusting

tube.

focusing

a sharp

knob

eyepieces merge. lt

interpupillary

slipped

Adjustment

provided

is

S-Kt

fine focus

loCated

of either

operator

knobs,

near the

of the focus knobs

lowers the microscope

(Fig.

16, a,

Adjustment

a binocular

for

observation,

between

ring

image

regulate

of

the binocular tube by

(Fig.

17), until the viewfields of

scale indicates the

extension

the

eye-to-lens

on

the right

This is done

on the lefthand eye-

with the right

microscope

the

ring

left or

with

the interpupillary

the attained diopter

distance

on the interpupil-

tube length

160mm. The HK

of

distance.

the eyecup

protect

to

with coaxial,

base.

b).

or

the adjust-

by

your

by

will be advan-

readings for

have

an eyecup

which will

For those

the spectacle

4.

both of

Clock-

trinocular

(diopter)

and left

rotating

eye by

stage,

right

to

left eye

sliding

means

position

be-

(high

give

should

as

of

t0cljstilG

Fig. 16, a

b

Fig. 16,

Fig. 17

(3)

Coarse

coarse adjustment

The
tightened
tension

lf the

loose, turn the adjusting

too
clockwise.
adjusted

rotation
be avoided.

Never twist
adjustment
whose

located separately

may

be

microscope

the

between

becomes

the objective

and

eyepiece, lower the stage
specimen
visible.
4X, 10X,40X

parfocal,
when revolved into
another.

knob
Ing.

Focusing

may be

means of the

by

adjusting

rotation of the coarse

by

in the opposite direction

focus

performed

the specimen
less than the

p.221

only is

ring.

'tension

much

Too

turning

as

to be used

,
to be

and are

The use of the

clockwise.

the focus

in traditional

knobs, coarse and

stage

then

and 100X-objectives

required

knobs

(not

coaxial).

follows: First,

as

until the distance

and the

working distance

(See

looking through

examined

approximately

position

for critical

coarse

focus

ring counter-

eased or

focus

knob is

may be

Excessive

should

for

this

microscopes

fine, are

Focusing

raise

objective

of

tableon

p.21

the
the

until
is clearlY

are

focus

in

after

one

focus

fine

focus-

glass

and

(5)

Manipulation of the

18)

a.

b.
c. To
d. To correct
e. To measure
The microscope

revolution of the
lowers the

permits

knob

0.002mm
f

ine

coarse

slide.

Focusing

Fine

necessary:

is
To obtain
To transfer the

edge of the

an
thick specimen.
occur when shifting
under examination.

motion

the

sharpest

viewfield.

focus upon different

a slight

the thickness

is

f ine

microscope stage

reading

direct

looking

scale,

(2ttm\.

is

38mm;

motion.

image.

layers

which

slide.

of an

0.2mm.

on the

the

knob

object

that one

raises or

left-hand

front, to

range

that of

as

fine focus

focus from center

blurring

the

designed

so

focus knob

from

complete

The

the same

(Fig.

to

of

a

may

This

of

I

{

(4)

Preset Device

right-hand

The

lever on its

the

When

clockwise

it

until
cannot
closer to

utilized
stage
for

immersion

locked,

stops,

be turned to move

for

has been

changing

prevents

focus knob has a

(Fig.

drum

lever is

(as

the objective.

quick

oil.

18).

fastened by turning

indicated by

coarse

the

refocusing

lowered

a

specimen

preset

The

damaging the

preset

the arrow)

focus knobs

the stage

preset

This

after

defocused

and

applying

or

device,

objective

is

the

when

I

l

Fis. 18

14

(6)

When
cation

space
tive and
attain

For critical

placed
condenser

tween the
Oil
as

objective
men and center
preset

the
nosepiece
After
onto

preset
through

carefully

knob. The
is designed

about

focus

about

from the
the
spoil
when
without

lmmersion

Oil

using the 100X

of immersion

(0.1-0.16mm)

cover

the

the

specified

work immersion

between

immersion

follows:

(dry

lever by

microscope

revolver to

applying

the cover

limit.

the eyepiece

by

1/3

knob, that is, by bringing

0.08mm
parfocal position.

immersion

microscope

the

looking

the

the top

the slide

and

objective

observation

First, using

system),

it in the

turning clockwise.

stage

drop

a

glass,

Then

manipulating

oil immersion

to attain

forward

closer

oil,

into the

eyepiece,

objective,

oil in the minute

between

glass

numerical

and

viewfield. Set

and

the

raise the stage

focus

and

its

rotation

which may sometimes

image

can be

the appli-

the objec-

is necessary

oil

lens of the

well as be-

as

the cover

performed

is

a 10X

focus the speci-

revolve

'100X

of immersion

by

raising the stage

fine

the

100X

critical

of the

to the

bubbles

Air
and are

microscope

removed

to

aperture.

be

should

glass.

or 40X

the

Lower

the

objective.

oil

to the

looking

focus

objective

focus by

fine

the stage

objective

visible

tube

by

in

repeating
piece

or by adding
immersion
Unremoved
impair the image.

finishing the work,

after
remaining oil

cloth

cotton

alcohol

use
objective
Be careful
has
The refractive
should

(7)

Lower the stage
focus
screw.

aged and

been

be 1.515.

Exchanging Stages

knob

The stage

movements

slight

oil or bv

hardened

from the lens

moistened

or immerse the

in xylol.

not to

index of the

by

and

can

of the nose-

a certain

means of a

Therefore,

use immersion

thickened.

means of the

unlock

then be

quantity

needle.

oil may often

immediately

remove
using a soft

with xylol. Never

front

immersion

the

stage

removed.

of

the

of the

oil that

oil

coarse

lock

l

15

5. |||Ot|ING

(1)

Rectangular

ttRrt

This

stage enables

the

slide in a range
allowing reading
O.imm by the
vided.
For

securing

open

stage,
Each
rotation

above the
protruding

from
longitudinal
travel of

In fluorescence

oil immersion
ance
also
may cause
In this case, removing

plate

ing
fastening
be helpful for
(Fig.

spiral

loosening

By
edge of
horizontally for
tion
scope
is rotated
may often
graphy,
ed from
versa. lt is
adapter on
sufficient
in

such

the

direction

of

two coaxial knobs

below on the

front,

the

the slide on

between the

should be

irregular

at the center

the

20). Also,
grooves

the

stage, the stage

from

the opposite

(Fig.21),

180'. This rotation

when

vertical

the

longitudinal

reversed

Mechanical

f ine

of

of the movement

use of

the

slide

slide holder.

travel

other

on the

the upper

and

the lower

the

microscopy

objectives,

condenser

oil-immersed.

travel of

holder

slide

positive

a

the use of
recommended.

is

the

stage lock

convenience

where

be

of use in

picture

the

to horizontal

recommended

(Fig.21)

stage

travel

position.

THE

SPECIMEN

Stage

crosswise

50mm

the vernier

in

is

left

where

the circular

of the

travel of

side of the micro-

the eyepiece

format

travel of

x 75mm.

position

performed

knob

stage

lock

the

can be

that the

on the

located

vertical rod

side viewed

being

for

one
or when

lateral

(Fig.

the clear-

and the
thickened
the

slide.

open-

stage or

screw will

the

stage

screw on the

rotated

in observa-

of the

photom

is chang-

or vice

be used

of the

to

pro-

by

one

for

19).

using

slide

oil

slide
with

tube

stage

icro-

slide

for

slide

Fig.

19

Fig.2O

Fis.21

T||E

ON

Slide

STAGE

holder

lock

screr"ry

16

(2)

Circular

circular

The

rotates

and

desired direction
diameter simply
the

stage

To lock the

it downward and turn

counterclockwise.

ing stage
attachable
which is available on

is the centerable
type

G,

rotating

the
graduated

Gliding Stage

gliding

smoothly

within

by

with ones f ingers.

gliding

stage
Fastening

is necessary

mechanical stage

circular

permits

which

angle

circular

scale

"C"

(Fig.

stage

and

pushing

the rim of the

order.

of specimen

(Fig.

22)

precisely

a circle iSmm

the

position. press

in

of the

when using an

(Fig.

available

Also

rotating

measurement of

24).

glides

in any

in

rim

of

stage

glid-

23),

stage

with its

Fis.22

Fig. 23

Fig.24

6. P1|OTOillICROGRAP]|Y

The Microscope
ing

Koehler type

light

source built
enables
micrography
camera connected
eyepiece
adapter.
Therefore,

the microscopic

is recommended
Model EFM
meter),
meter

setting)
ting)
camera or
useo.
The importance
ing in
primary

Model
accept a heavy
on top of

possibility
weight
operation.

For
trinocular eyepiece
graphic
sary,

graphic
the
the camera independently
less shutter vibration

preferable.

It is convenient,

specimen

use the
is
prisms

tube and the

convenient

AFM

permitting

or PFM

and

modern m

consideration,

S-Kt

or

photomicrography,

vertical eyepiece

for

attachment. However,

photographic

through

trinocular tube, in

separated by the half-reflecting

and is transmitted

Model

S-Kt, incorporat-

illumination

in the

microscope

and excellent

by additionally

to

the microscope

with

when

the N ikon
Nikon

is rigidly

the microscope

of

by vibration

directly mounting

camera.

photom

a

taking

image on

that the Nikon Microflex

(with

(with

of

photographic

being

when observing

photographs

35mm film,

built-in exposure

built-in exposure

automatic exposure

(manual

Dark Box M-35S

stand which

the

exposure

F or

photographic

icroscopy

the

constructed

tube

affected

due to

the use of the

tube

or the
tube

and transfers

t,t the microscope

binocular tube,

which the light

to

the eyepiece

with

the

base,

photo-

mounting

icrograph

N ikkormat

being

Microscope

attachment

is neces-

the

the use

supports

a moving

a

ic

of

it

set-

be

record-

a

to

with no

by the

shutter

photo-

photo-

of

is

to

internal

lmportant

points

photomicro-

in

graphy:

1. Avoid extraneous light
the outside.

up the microscope

Set
from

vibration.

plate

under

sible.

2. Carefully
and aperture

illumination.

type

Photo-sensitive

3.

modation facility

eye.

Therefore, in

it is necessary
modation
see the cross-hairs in the finder
at all times.
precisely

specimen and of the

simultaneously sharp, except when
using the
magnifications with oil-immersion,

etc.,

above, is
For
methods, refer
Using the Nikon Microflex
PFM

and other

photographic

the

specially

details

Use a vibration-proof

the microscope,

adjust the

diaphragms

film,

to adjust

finder

of the

In other words,

that

so

ground

glass

on

to the Instructions for

manuals.

coming

place

in a

if

illumination

for

Koehler

has no accom-

as the human

such

photomicrography,

the accom-

eve

to the

sharply

image

the

cross-hairs are

screen.

stand, as

recommended.

photomicrographic

EFM,

of the

For high

AFM or

from

free
pos-

field

to

focus

cited

18

1.

CO]||BINATIO}IS

The Nikon Microscope
available

different objectives,
densers,
example, Model

in various

eyepiece

tubes,

combinations

eyepieces,

SBR-Kt consists

s

Trinocular

s

rinocular

rf

(45")

(30o)

Model

and

stages. For

S-Kt

with

con-

is

of

Model
type
eyepiece
mechanical

microscope

S

built-in base

tube

stage

stand with

illuminator.

"8"

and Bectangular

"R"

m

3

R

Mechan

ectangu

ical

lar

o

lar

Circu
G lid ing

Koehler

Binocular

t

$

Vertical

Photo

with

@(3oo)

Fig.25

19

/-

-.

I

aduated,

R otatable

0

I

.,-._

rti'Fr

(1

Interchangeable Eyepiece

)

"U"

a

.

.

.

.

(2)

o

.

.

.

Trinocular

Magnification factor
distance adjustment from
phototube
transmission
vertical tube while viewing
observation binoculars
photo

"F"

Trinocular
Magnification factor
observation binoculars or
graphy.

compensation. Interpupillary distance
"8"

Binocular
Magnif
compensation. Interpupillary distance

"Y"
Magnification factor

provision
to 74mm.

"A"
Magnification factor

photo

lnclined

Magnification

upright,360o rotatable. With

can be

for

tube

Inclined

ication factor

Binocular

for

diopter compensation. Interpupillary distance adjustment

Inclined Monocular with Vertical

tube upright,

Monocular

lnterchangeable

"R"

Rectangular
Stage surface 130mm x
controls which
50mm x 75mm.

"C"

Circular
Stage surface 140mm in diameter.
mechanical

diameter of
desired

"G"

Graduated,

Stage surface

increments

screw. Supplied with stage clips.

"P"

Sguare

Stage surface i30mm x 130mm.

mechanical

Gliding

stage available on order. Moves

18mm in

position.

and

Plain

stage available on order.

1X. Has

switched

photomicrography,

factor

by switching

1.25X. 2-way

from horizontal

30o

1X.

i.25X. Inclined

1X. Observation monocular inclined 30"

360"

1X.

Stages

Medranical

provide

graduated

Scales

straight and/or

Circular

140mm

reads

in diameter. 360o

to

Tubes

provision

54mm to 74mm.

three ways to

through binocular tube; i00% of light directed

total light

Inclined

rotatable,

Inclined

140mm.

exceptionally fine,

Rotatable

6'with

for

diopter compensation and

Observation

built-in

path

light

micro-projection

sliding

directed

and

adjustment

45o and

adjustment

30o

Photo

with built-in, 2 way sliding

45o and

Has low-positioned

to 0.1mm on vernier.

Provided

vernier. Centerable

Provided

prism;

to vertical

rotatable

rotatable

from horizontal and

Tube

rotatable

smooth

with

smoothly

rotating motion.

rotatable.

with

sliding

permit photomicrography

or

from

from

light

total

or closed-circuit

lOOo/o of light directed to

photo

Has

360o.

54mm

Has

360o.

54mm

360o

coaxial X and

cross travel within range of

clips. Accepts attachable

stage

in

any direction

Goniometer

stage

clips. Accepts attachable

stage

20

interpupillary

binoculars inclined 45o,

prism

system,

directed

T.V.

tube for

provision

to 74rnm.

provision

to 74mm.

rotatable

from

prism.

Can be clamped

provided

photomicro-

from

horizontal, and

within circle

divided into 1o

with clamping

light

through

to

to vertical

pickup.

for diopter

for diopter

Has

360o.

54mm

Y motion

in

any

8.

OBJTCTIt|ES,

(1)

Objectives

o

For biological

(For

general

and medical

observation)

Type

Dry
Dw 2OX

Achromat , Dry

,

Dry
Oil-immsrsion
oil.immersion 100x 1 .25

Dry

Dry
Dry Plan
Dry

Plan

Achromat

Dry Ptan

[Orv

-'

!otv_=_

rtrv

Dry
Oif-immersion

Fluorite

Apochromat

(For

special

Achromat

The obiectives are designed
with a microscope
Basides
into the objective is
power,
All the above obiectives

For AOx objectives,

NC

an

Oif-immersion

D:t

Oil-immersion F/ Plan

t ^.:-

ult-rmmersron Apo

observation)

Type

the magniJying

depth of

40x objective.

whose tube length is

focus

power,

also an important

and the

are

a cover

EYEPIECES,

use

I ndividual

Magnif ication

Plan

Plan

Plan

prun

llql 1!l_

ptrn

NC4n)( n Aq ? R

Plan

NC40X

Plan

Fl 7OX

Plul

l{

Apo

Individual

Magnification

LWD4OX

give

to

the numerical

brightness of the microscope image.

parfocal

(O.1

glass

4X

Numerical

Aperture

0.10

Length Distance

28.3

14.8 7.10

S40X

1 .g

l.2X

rox

2OX O.4O

O.O3 35.8 2g.l

2X

0.05

3X

0.08 37.7

4X

0.1 O 2g.5

-l.is

0.65

42.3

15.6 7.o

7.5

4.o

0.65 3.8 1.3

100X 1.30 1.6

aor

_

'100X

40X 0.80

'100X

^,..-^-,^^,

'ifiijjii'

'

WlOX
W2OX

l

W40X

the

above

'l6Omm.

consideration,

within

the

7mm

thick)

1.25

!.75

1.30

1.40 1.7

0.60
o.22

0.33

0.65

magnifying

aperture or angular

fine focusing range.

2.5

9j_0r45_

'l

4.3

'

Focal

t-,""et1'

tmm, tmm,

4.O

16.0

7.7

4.4

it largely

as

must

be used. In case the cover

CONDENSERS

i

9.50

glass

No

cover

Spring-loaded
Spring-loaded

With iris diaphragm for

0.16

dark-field

35.6

28.6
'18.2

1.6 Spring-loaded

0.24_

_

't

O.12

0.16 Sorinq,loaded

.6 O.12 Spring-loaded

0.19 Spring-loaded

0.10 Spring

lworfing

Distanc-e Remarks

2.O

0

2.O Spring-loaded
0

2.O Spring-loaded
^ 1A

powers

determines the

qrr1o-loaded

No cover

?

Sor.s:i"#"j
Spring-loaded

Sprins-loaded

_

I

For

tissue

ng-l

spri

-

Water-immersion objective

-

Water-immersion

Water-immersion objective,

ri nq-l oaded

Sp

with the best

aperture

of the light cone

type

glass

type,

loaded

culture observation,

oaded

objective,

inition,

def

resolution

glass

when

or def ining

is unusable, use

admitted

Table 1

Table

used

2

21

(

phase-contrast

For

Typo

Ach.omat

bw

observat

ory DLLl

Drv

Dry DLLF1oX

Dry DLL2oX
Dry BM20X o.40 4.2
Dry

Dry

Dru

Dry
Oil-immsrsion

OilnnmKis

o

Dry

ion

)

lndividual

Ma0nification

Numsrical

Aperturc

OX 0.30 15.9

Lsngth

eMiox o.30 15.9 6.4

0.30

0.40 8.2

DLL4OX

DM40X

q,,r+ox

L$ff+0"

DLL100X

onr rbox
sv

roox 1 .25

DMF100X

D L L4OX

DIV40X
BM40X

0.65 I 43 i 0.54 Sprins-loaded

0.65 4.3 0.54 Spring-loaded

-0.

0.60

1.25

1 .25

1.25-0.8

0.65

0.65

0.65

Focal
(mm)

15.9

1.8

1.8

1.8 O.16 Sprlng-loaded

1.8

4.0

4.O

4.O

6.4

For f luorescence microscoov

6.4

4.5

For

, ^^

0.16 Spring-loaded

0.16 Spring-loaded

U Ib

o.24 Spri

tissue culture observation
ng-loaded

Spri

For

f luorescence microscopy

sqmclqqgq

ng'loaded

o.24

i

O.24

Sprjng-loaded

Rsmarks

Table

3

Oil-immersion

Apochromat

o

For

Achromat
(For

Achromat

(

For

o

For metallurgical

Achromat

Plan

Oil-immersion
Oil-immersion
Oil-immersion

polarizing microscope

Typ6

illumination)

dia$opic

illuminationl

epi$opic

Type

Achromat

DMlOoX 1:30
BM100X 1.30 1.6
DLL4oX

DM40X 0.80 4.3 0.19

;

0.80 4.3 0.19

BMlooi T -.4L t.z o.to

P

lox 0.25 ^ 14.8

P 20X

P

40x

Oil-immsrsion
D,y

Dry_

Dry
Dry

t,-,-,-

Oil.immsrsion

P10OX 1.25 1.8 0.16 Spring-loaded

PM

5X 0.1 O

PM

IlI _

PM

2OX

PM

""

4OX

r

-:

PM 100X

use

M

5X 0.'1

M

10X

M

20X

M

40X 0.65

M

Oil-immersion

Dry
Oil.immersion

100x 1 .25

Pt".'

v

tox OZs

Plan M

4OX 0.65

Plan M100X

1€ -

0.40

0,65

O.25

,OAO

0.65

l.?9

O.25

0.40

1.30

O.12

9!r'ng-loud"d_

.

Spring-loaded

O.12

Sprlng-loaded
Spring'loaded

-sprins-roaded

7l

7.5 5.7

3.3

_

25.O 1 5.0

14.8

0 25.0

M.A

|

T|

15.6

9.s1

7.1

_

7.5 - 5:7

4.3 0.52 Sprlng-loaded

016

l.q _

15

7.1

7.5 5.1

4.3 O.52

0.16

f

?3

1.30 Sp'i"gf""d"d

3.8

1.6 O.12

4

Table

:elas:!9qgd

_9et!asj!qq"d

ng-loaded

Spri
Spri ng'loaded

Spring'loaded

22

(2)

Eyepieces

noiu-iar"r

Type

Huygenian

Wide-fisld

-Iislg9e9,

High

Diopter adiustable high eyepoint,

Filar micrometsr

The
by the
All

High

(3)

Total magnifying
objective
can
extent of object
or the

raising

Shown

"!19ry9$4qq_

€yepoint, compensating

wide-field

compensating,

eyspiece

field

power

eyepieces are

eyepoint

wide-field Bi

model 2

number indicates the

of the

obiective

parfocal

eyepieces

Combinations of Objectives and

power

power

multiplied

made

be

greatest

or

below are the

as to

so

area

thickness of object

lowering

the

T-

!r!<w10x

H KW15X

DH KW10X

effective

gives

used,

within the

enable

easier observation,

obtained

by individual

get

the highest

(real

field) which

microscope

results

compiled

eyep reces:

Obiective Eyepiece

4X

10x5X10x

20x

40x

100x

5X
10x
15X

15X

5X

10x

15X

5X 200x

10x 400x
15X

10x

15X

Total

Magnifying

Power

100x
150X

100x
200x
300x

r 6O0X

1000x
1500x

20x
40x
60x

50x

Working
Distance

(mm)

9.5 2.7

t.t

5.7 0.69- 1 .38

0.54 0.42-0.84

0.16 0.22-O.44 o.22-O.44

Focal

H5X
HlOX
H15X

WF.I

Length

50mm 21

25mm 12.O

16.7mm

OX 25mm 18.0

50mm 21.0 With

31.3mm With
25mm

16.7mm 14.Q With

25mm 18.0

12.5mm 8.0
25mm 14.0

10x

field

visual

the diameter of the

fine focusing range.

o{

especially

Eyepieces

the combination

by

eyepiece

resolution

observed without

can be

(depth
stage, depending

of

from

Resolt

Minimur

I n oblecl

(pml

-5.5

t.t-z-z

focus)

the

Field

Number

.O

8.0

18.6

r e-o

12.O

for

view

a

obiect covered

for

spectacle

power.

of the image

adjustable
adjustable

-l

With

adjustable
adiustable eyepiece collar

With

5X, 10X, 15x

plus

frames

frami no and focus

For

with the

For measurement. Vernier

scale enables direct

M

in imum 0.01mm

particular

is the

A

selection
(resolving

cross-l

measurement

graduation

eyepiece, which, divided

in mm

wearers

product

of the

power),

moving the

can

which
upon the

distinctly seen

be

purpose

of the microscope.

different combinations of

rtron or
r Resolved

I n image

(mm)

0.05-0.1

-O.22

o.1 1

0.16-0.32

0.05-0.1
o.11-O.22 1 .8

7-0.33 1

0.1

o.o7-o.14
o.14-O.24
o.21-O.42

0.08-0.1
7-0.34

0.1

0.25-0.50

0.33-0.66 Q.14

Real Field of Viil

eyepoint
Eyepiece

1 5.25

4.5

3.5

1 2.1

.4

1.06

0.9
o.7

7

o.52

6nF

0.35

0.18

(mml

Huygenian

Eyepiece

Table

Bemarks

eyepiece collar
eyepiece collar
eyepiece col

ines

(real

ar

picrure

for

of 10/100mm

type

reading.

f

ield).

of individual

combination

largest

the

or slide,

stage

without

obiectives and

Table

Depth ot

Focus

(pm)

5.25
364
252

0.8

1.06

0.6
o.4

o.52

0.30
o.20

o.12 0.44

0.08

100

to

10

8
6

4
3

1.8

1.2
i.0

0.38

I

6

7

23

The working
and the lowest edge
Table 7,
The resolution
minimum distance
microscope
The

shorter

resolved

oblique

by
p.8)
The

minimum resolved
the total
is important,
the naked eye

generally

microscope
Note that in
resolving
resolution
taken at a lower

field

Real

observation. For
Consequently, it is
under lower

Depth

when

becomes
attention must
By closing the

value

shown

When

because

when
adjust the

distance is the clearance

the working distance

of minimum resolved

illuminated

the

wave length, the higher

distance. In the

and the larger

magnification

choose the eyepiece for

0.15-0.3mm

accepted criterion for

is

about 500-1000X of the numerical

photomicrography

power

focus

of

observed

smaller than the figure

focus

a curvature of

using a

fine

of

of the emulsion

magnification

of view

(in

higher magnif ication it becomes

magnification

represents

through the microscope.

paid

be

condenser

in

the table.

is on

the center of the field,

flat field

focus knob

between the upper surface of the cover

of the objective when

becomes very

between object

by light of wave length

the

table,

values by central illumination.

distance in the image is

microscope.

of the

(when

the upper limit of the total magnification of a

it is

the emulsion

higher

is

and thereafter enlarged.

mm) represents the extent of

advisable to

focusing

to

the image

objective. In order to

center on the object

then revolve the nosepiece to a

and

the thickness or height of the object in

shown in

when taking microscope

diaphragm, the

plane

and shift the

critically focused.

for

small

(the

distance

points

the

smaller values indicate the

lf the resolving

which the image resolution

the object is

useless to

(usually
than that of the

In

depth of field can

the

is unavoidable in the

get

focus from

limit of resolving

discernible

550mpm.

resolving

value in

the

seen

aperture of the

raise

0.05mm).

about

extremely small.

photomicrography

previous

the

circumference will usually be blurred,

sharp

the center

glass

Note

that,

power

high

as separate under the

power,

from

the magnification beyond the

naked eye,

the object that comes under

point

edge images,

that is,

resolution

(see

object multiplied

the

power

a distance of 25cm); the

However,

photographs

to be
higher magnification.

table.

pictures.

made larger than the

be

microscope, except

to the

as shown

objectives.

power)

"lllumination"

of the microscope

falls

within that of

objective

examined

pm

the

depth

Therefore, careful

it

is

periphery.

is the

the smallest

obtained

on

in use.

the

since

can be

first

sharply seen

of focus

necessary to

in

by

24

(4)

Condensers

These condensers

illumination of the image field,
microscope image, image contrast

photomicrography,

oblique

an

Abbe

Aplanat 1.40

Achromat 1.25 For critical microscopy
Achromatic-aplanat 1.40

Phase Turret 1.30

L,W.D.

External

Universal

Low-Power o.32

(5)

As shown
transmitted as

illumination device and

Type Numericsl Aporturs Remarks

Turret 0.70

L.W.D, Turret

Dark-Field 1.20-1.40

lllumination System

Fig.26,

in

a
illumination uniform,
collected by
the opening of

illumination

The
lens onto the
Thus, the
for

Koehler

for

the 4X

the illumination

the condenser iris diaphragm.

specimen

illumination system

type illumination

objective as

not only

are

the use of

light emitted from the lamp

the

parallel

provides

field

diaphragm

plane.

well

capable of concentrating the

but also

and depth

an achromat

filter

a

1.30

1.30

0.40

to the mirror. A

bundle

the entire

field

lens onto the

is imaged by the

of the microscope

over a wide

to cover the aperture

as

greatly

of focus. For more critical observation and

or achromatic-aplanat

holder is

For central illumination
(without

For
(with

For

For

With turret-mounted annular diaphragms
contrast microscopV

Working
annular diaphragms

interference microscopy.

Working

diaphragms

For

With

IOX to 100X. ldeallv

objective used

orfunnel

than 1.2mm.

For

Achromats.

specially

oblique illumination

central

and

illumi nation

oblique

increased i | | umi nation

best image

dark-field

outer

low-power

quality

distance

distance

phase{ontrast

for

microscopy.

diameter 36.8mm. To be used with objectives

should

Thickness of slide

stop.

macro-objectives,e.9. 1.2X,2X and 3X

fine

viewfield

front

illumination

model

range

so

as to

angle

light-beam for

influence the

condenserprovided

recommended.

oblique illumination

10

for

30 - 60mm.With

is collected

diffusing

with

focal

slider)

slider)

(f

I uorescence

-

2Omm.

With turret-mounted

phase-contrast

microscopy-

Supplied in

for fluorescence work.

suited
have built-in adjustable

glass

by the collector

filter,

light.

even

plane

of the condenser,

field

fulfills

S-Kt

offer uniform

of the highest

better

resolution of the

with

Table

m icroscopv

for

phase-

and

turret-mounted

centerable mount.

used

)

phase.

annular

100X

iris diaphragm

be less

should

Plan

lens and

make the

serving

to

The light bundle,

covers

lens and condenser

requirements

all the

image

brightness

power

objective.

8

25

Fig.

26

9. CAt|TIOl{S

I1{ 1|Al{DtIl{G

AND

MAINTENANCE

Avoid touching
dusting,
with a
alcohol

The
be slightly
Tension
of microscope, by

Dismantling

not be attempted,

instrument.
manufacturer.

Do
coarse
dealer
Avoid any

instrument should

hold thet base

transportation,

lenses-objectives,

Protect the

use, it

is available

tighten

microscope substage

microscooe
and
Sufficient
observation

h igher.
The

contrast.

The circuit

electrical interference.

Use the microscope at
short
Also, the
encephalograph
When taking
that there

use a

well-washed soft cotton

or ether

microscope

of the coarse

not

apply

focusing adjustment

or the manufacturer.

should

the locking

eyepieces

Model

wave

the lens surfaces

camel

soft

for

wiping

stand

oiled,

means of the adjusting

internal optical

of the

because it

lt should be

grease

of an

forcible manipulation

be

with one hand and

pack

eyepieces and

microscope

be covered with

on order.

screw

cabinet bottom.

the

at

kept in a container

be

brightness

the

using

L-Ke is

or

S-Ke

microscope is designed

in the

receiver

instrument

is no need

or a noise may be

in a clinical

electro-cardiograms,

for

fingers or

with

hair

off

surfaces should

focus knobs

unspecified

or the

handled carefully

the body

from

When storing

of the

and secure

can not be
binocular

recommended

a distance of

must be

examination

taking

and then

brush

cloth. Wet

finger marks or

be dusted

should

parts

may interfere

only by an

done

gliding

of the

tube,

condenser-in a separate

and store

dust

the vinyl

it in the

eyepiece tube.

it. Fasten

lt is

with desiccant.

obtained in

Model

S-Kt

at least 1-2

heard in

kept 2 meters

however, it

precaution.

this

rough material.

any

wipe the

the cloth with

grease.

be adjusted,
ring, not by twisting

the

and

with the

type to the sliding

stage.

moving

for

e.g.

the arm

rectangular

in a dry

cover or

Place

the

recommended

at a

for use with

minimize the

to

the

room.

lens surfaces

xylol, but

in the same

in this

microscope body should

performance

expert

lf

parts.

carrying

kept in the

cabinet, do

holding screws

interference-phase-contrast

magnification

meters away

reception.

or

found by

is

or the original

necessary,

At all

the

the

with

or circular stage

contai

place.

the support

that

interference

more

For

lightly

never

way and

surfaces

contact

microscope,

When

cabinet

not

the objectives

occurence

from a electro-

practical

may

(S-Kt)

type

knobs.

the

of

the

of the

your

times, the

other. For

and

ner.

not in

which

forget to

under the

for the

600x

phase

tests

or

of

of

from an AF

Fuji

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M-6