Newtons4th PPA45, PPA15, PPA55 Startup Manual

PPA45xx series

START UP GUIDE

Firmware v2_169

06th November 2017

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 1

CONTENTS

Contents

......................................................................

Page.1

1.

Getting Started................................................

Page.2

1.1

Unpacking and Contents....................................

Page.3

1.2

Handle Fitment.................................................

Pages.4-5

2.

Safety.............................................................

Page.6

2.1

Safety Instructions...........................................

Page.6

2.2

Cautions.........................................................

Page.7

2.3

Warranty.........................................................

Page.8

3.

Front Panel Layout Diagram...............................

Page.9

3.1

Front Panel Display Key Functions......................

Pages.10-28

4.

Rear Panel Layout Diagram................................

Page.29

5.

Basic Key Operation..........................................

Page.30

5.1

Set up to start.................................................

Page.30

5.2

Setting the Time..............................................

Page.30

5.3

Setting the Date..............................................

Page.31

5.4

Adjusting the Screen Brightness........................

Page.31

5.5

Adjusting Keyboard Beep..................................

Page.31

5.6

Setting User Data............................................

Page.32

6.

Quick User Guide.............................................

Page.33

6.1

Wiring............................................................

Pages.33-36

6.2

Start Up.........................................................

Page.37

6.3

6.3.1

6.4

6.4.1

Zoom Functions...............................................

Analogue Output..............................................

Speed & Smoothing..........................................

Efficiency........................................................

Pages.38-39
Page.40-43
Pages.44-46
Page.47

6.5

Application Modes............................................

Page.48

6.5.1

PWM Motor Drive Mode.....................................

Pages.49-55

6.5.2

6.5.3

6.5.4

6.5.5

6.5.6

6.5.7

6.5.8

6.5.9

Lighting Ballast Mode........................................

Inrush Current Mode........................................

Transformer Mode............................................

Standby Power Mode........................................

Calibration Mode..............................................

Oscilloscope Mode............................................

Interharmonic Sweeps......................................

HF Current Shunts / Rogowski Coil.....................

Page.56
Pages.57-63
Pages.64-69
Pages.70-72
Page.73
Pages.74-77
Pages.78-83
Pages.84-89

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 2

7.

7.1

7.1.1

7.2

Remote Settings..............................................

Transferring Internal Datalogs to USB Memory Stick

Data Logging to USB Memory Stick....................

Program Store / Recall / Delete.........................

Pages.90-92
Pages.93-94
Pages.95-96
Pages.97-100

8.

8.1

9.

10.

Repair / Recalibration.......................................

Basic Functionality Check..................................

Specifications..................................................

PPA Comparison Table......................................

Page.101
Page.102-118

Page.119-122

Page.123

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 3

1 Getting Started

1.1 Unpacking

When you receive your product, check that the following items are included for
the appropriate PPA. Refer to the contents list below for each model. If any item
is missing or damaged during transportation, immediately contact your local
sales distributor or N4L office

CONTENTS

MODEL

Mains

Lead

4mm

Yellow

Lead

4mm

Black

Lead

4mm

Red

Lead

Yellow

Croc

Clip

Black

Croc

Clip

Red

Croc

Clip

N4L

2GB

Memory

Stick

Start

Up

Guide

Manual

Comms

Manual

PPA4510

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

1

PPA4520

1 2 4 2 2 4 2 1 1

1

PPA4530

1 3 6 3 3 6 3 1 1

1 Communication Cables

USB

Filtered USB 2.0 A male to B male 2m lead

RS232

9 pin to 9 pin null modem cable

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 4

1.2 Fitment of the PPA series Carry/Tilt handle

PPA5/15/45/55 series power analyzers are supplied with a Carry/Tilt Handle that

is located within the accessory pack..............................................................

The handle allows a user to position the instrument upwards at one of two angles
for easier viewing when the instrument is positioned below the line of sight. The
design also allows storage under the unit without obstruction of the rubber feet
so that instruments can be stacked and is easily removed to allow the connection
of rack mounting brackets without the need to remove instrument covers.

Correct installation of the handle is important to ensure the correct operation
and long life the handle.

The following pictures illustrate correct and incorrect handle fitment:

Correct 1/2 – Correct fitting is from the top of the unit as shown here

Correct 1 Correct 2

A coloured dot for identification and alignment purposes can be found on the
handle and mounting bush on the instrument

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 5

Correct 3 Correct 4

A correctly fitted handle will have the ‘N4L Newtons4th’ wording in the correct

reading plane when the handle is to the front of the instrument (Pic. 3)

Also, a correctly fitted handle will allow storage under the unit (Pic. 4)

Using the coloured dots for alignment will ensure a correctly fitting handle

Incorrect 1 Incorrect 2

Fitting the handle from the bottom of the unit as shown here is wrong...
(Incorrect 1)

Incorrect fitting can be seen because the handle does not fit correctly under the
unit and handle sides do not fit flush with the registration washer (Incorrect 2)

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 6

2 Safety

2.1 IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

This equipment is designed to comply with BSEN 61010-1 (2001) (Safety
requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory
use) – observe the following precautions:

 Ensure that the supply voltage agrees with the rating of the instrument

printed on the back panel before connecting the mains cord to the supply

 This appliance must be earthed. Ensure that the instrument is powered from

a properly grounded supply

 The inputs are rated at 1kV rms or dc cat II; 600V rms or dc cat III. Do not

exceed the rated input

 Keep the ventilation holes on the underneath and rear free from obstruction

 There are no user serviceable parts inside the instrument – do not attempt to

open the instrument, refer service to the manufacturer or his appointed agent

Note: Newtons4th Ltd shall not be liable for any consequential damages,
losses, costs or expenses arising from the use or misuse of this product
however caused

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 7

2.2 CAUTIONS

 Do not use a damaged power cord or cables

Doing so may cause an electric shock or a fire

 Do not place any object on this instrument
 Do not use this instrument if faulty

If you suspect the instrument to be faulty, contact your local N4L office or
representative for repair (see section 8)

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 8

2.3 Warranty

This product is guaranteed to be free from defects in materials and workmanship
for a period of 36 months from the date of purchase

In the unlikely event of a problem within this guarantee period, first contact
Newtons4th Ltd or your local representative to give a description of the problem.
Please have as much relative information to hand as possible – particularly the
serial number and release number these can be found by pressing the SYSTEM
button then the “Left Arrow”

If the problem cannot be resolved directly then you will be given an RMA number
and asked to return the unit. The instrument will be repaired or replaced at the
sole discretion of Newtons4th Ltd

This guarantee is limited to the cost of the PPA45xx itself and does not extend to
any consequential damage or losses whatsoever including, but not limited to,
any loss of earnings arising from a failure of the product or software

In the event of any problem with the instrument outside of the guarantee period,
Newtons4th Ltd offers a full repair and re-calibration service. Contact your local
representative. It is recommended that the PPA45xx be re-calibrated annually

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 9

3 Front Panel Layout

1. Display Screen

2. Screen Display Function Buttons

3. Power Analyzer Mode Buttons

4. Handle

5. Measurement Control Function Keys

6. Rubber Feet

7. Menu Selection and Cursor Controls

8. Measurement Settings Buttons

9. Front USB Port

10. Power On / Off Button

1 2 3

4

5

10 9 8 7 6

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 10

3.1 PPA45xx Display Key Functions

Key & Sub Categories

Description

ACQU
Wiring:

Acquisition Control: Used for configuring inputs
appropriate to source and nature of signals being
analyzed

Single Phase 1

In single phase 1 configuration, (phase 2 & phase 3)
inputs are disabled and the selected phase acts as a
completely independent single phase power analyzer

2 Phase 2 Wattmeter

In the 2 phase 2 wattmeter configuration, the
voltages are measured relative to each individual
phase input, with a single frequency reference
selected within the frequency reference parameter
(see page 8)

3 Phase 2 Wattmeter

In the 3 phase 2 wattmeter configurations, the
voltages are measured relative to phase 3. Typically
the phase 1 voltage input is connected across phase 1
and phase 3, and phase 2 voltage input is connected
across phase 2 and phase 3, thus measuring phase to
phase voltage directly. Phase 1 and 2 current inputs
are connected normally. There is no need to measure
the current in phase 3 as phase 3 has no voltage
relative to itself so the power contribution is zero. In
this mode, the neutral channel displays the
synthesized phase 3 current. The advantage of this
connection method is that 3 phase power can be
measured with only 2 wattmeters

3 Phase 3 Wattmeter

With the 3 phase 3 wattmeter configuration, each
measurement phase is connected to a phase of the
load with the voltage low inputs measuring to neutral.
In this mode, phase to neutral voltages are measured
directly and phase to phase voltages are also
computed

Single Phase 2

In single phase 2 mode, (phase 1 & phase 3) inputs
are disabled and the selected phase acts as a
completely independent single phase power analyzer

Single Phase 3

In single phase 3 mode, (phase 1 & phase 2) inputs
are disabled and the selected phase acts as a
completely independent single phase power analyzer

3 Phase 2 Wattmeter +
PH3

As above(3 phase, 2 wattmeter) but with the option
to use PH3 as an independent meter i.e., use PH3 to
measure a DC bus plus Phase’s 2 & 3 to measure a 3
phase inverter output. PH3 can be set as an
additional connection for Torque & Speed to
supplement the existing "EXT" BNC connections on
the rear panel. This mode essentially facilitates
independent frequency synchronisation of PH3

Independent

In independent wiring mode each phase can be
selected as an individual analyzer enabling the ability
to select its own frequency, coupling ranging etc

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

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Speed

In normal acquisition mode the window over which
the measurements are computed is adjusted to give
an integral number of cycles of the input waveform.
The results from each window are passed through a
smoothing filter. There are 5 pre set speed options
that adjust the nominal size of the window, and
therefore the update rate and time constant of the
filter. Greater stability is achieved at a slower speed at
the expense of a slower update rate

Very Slow

Update rate = 10s. Results window size will update
every 10 seconds

Slow

Update rate = 2.5s. Results window size will update
every 2.5 seconds

Medium

Update rate = 1/3s. Results window size will update 3
times per second

Fast

Update rate = 1/20s. Results window size will update
20 times per second

Very Fast

Update rate = 1/80s. Results window size will update
80 times per second

Window

The window application will allow the user to input
their own speed settings different to any of the 5 pre
set settings above

Smoothing

Smoothing filter will gather the data and average out
over a sliding window time scale. This is very useful
when gathering data which could be affected by
noise. Each speed above has its own time constant
for filtering and data updates

Normal

With Normal smoothing applied the following update
windows will apply to the relevant speed selected.
V.Fast =0.05s, Fast = 0.2s, Medium = 1.5s,
Slow = 12s, V.Slow = 48s

Slow

With Slow smoothing selected all results are X4
greater than in normal smoothing mode

None

With no smoothing to computed results the data
update will be dictated by the speed only

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

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Smoothing Response

Auto Reset

The smoothing response is by default set to “auto
reset” where the filtering described in “smoothing” is
reset in response to a significant change in data such
as frequency, voltage and current levels. This speeds
up the response of the instrument to changing
conditions

Fixed Time

Auto reset can be disabled so that the filtering has a
fixed time constant, which would have an exponential
response to a step change, this is useful for PWM
inverter drive evaluation where variable frequency
tracking is required

Frequency Reference

The frequency may be measured from any of the
following inputs:

Voltage

Select Voltage to detect frequency from the input
voltage

Current

Select Current to detect frequency from the input
current

Speed Input

Select speed input to frequency detection to set
frequency via “speed input” BNC

AC line

Select ac line to read frequency from the ac line
input, measured from power inlet to PPA

Frequency Reference

On a multi-phase instrument, any channel may be
selected for the frequency measurement

Phase 1

Select this option to detect frequency from phase 1

Phase 2

Select this option to detect frequency from phase 2

Phase 3

Select this option to detect frequency from phase 3

Phase Angle Reference

Phase angle measurements must be made with
reference to a specific input

Voltage

Phase 1 voltage is by default set as the input
reference channel

Current

The phase angle reference can be set to current
which is useful if operating the instrument with only
current inputs, or with low level voltage inputs

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 13

Frequency Filter

A parallel digital frequency filter of low-pass may be
selected to filter out the HF carrier component of a
PWM waveform ensuring measurements are carried
out on the fundamental frequency, further filter
settings for PWM waveforms can be found within the
APP/PWM section

Off

No frequency filter selected

On

Switches On frequency filter (4kHz)

Low Frequency

Normal frequency measurement is from 5Hz upwards
so that there is not a very long delay if measuring dc.
There is a low frequency option that extends the
frequency measurement down to 20mHz. This low
frequency option also applies a digital filter, which
can be useful when measuring in a low frequency,
noisy environment

Off

Select to switch this mode Off

On

Select to switch this mode On

ADVANCED OPTIONS

DFT Selectivity

Analysis of the fundamental component uses a DFT
(Discrete Fourier Transform) algorithm. The
selectivity of the DFT analysis is a compromise
between noise rejection of frequencies close to the
frequency of the fundamental component and the
required stability of the frequency component

Normal

Default settings for the fundamental calculations

Narrow

Selecting “narrow” increases the selectivity of the

DFT analysis (reducing the effective bandwidth at
each component) which has the effect of improving
the noise rejection. It does however require that the
frequency of the fundamental component is more
stable

Ignore Overload

In a noisy application any spikes present on the signal
may push the instrument onto a higher range than is
necessary for the signal being measured. If the
nature of the spurious spikes are such that they do
not contribute to the measurement and can safely be
ignored then the range can be manually set to the
appropriate range for the signal to be measured and
the instrument can be told to ignore any overload. If
using this mode it is wise to check the signal on the
oscilloscope to be sure that the signal being measured
is not genuinely over range

Off

Select to switch this mode Off

On

Select to switch this mode On

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 14

Frequency Lock

In a very noisy application, where the frequency of
the signal is known but the instrument is unable to
measure the frequency even with PWM filters or low
frequency mode filters applied, it is possible to
manually enter the frequency to be used for analysis

Normal

Utilises N4L unique signal processing techniques for
fundamental frequency synchronisation including
hysteresis to increase frequency noise immunity

Constant

Constant selection will allow the user to overwrite the
present measured frequency with the known
frequency. This entered frequency is then used for all
the analysis and the frequency of the input signal is
not measured

Dynamic

As per “Normal” without hysteresis. This option
should not be used when DC only coupling is selected
in the Coupling menu.

High Speed

High speed mode can be selected for data log speeds
less than 100ms

Disabled

Disable high speed function

Enabled

Activate high speed data log function

COUPLING

Coupling

There are three coupling options - AC only, AC+DC,
or DC only. AC+DC coupling is the default option and
should be used where possible. AC coupling should be
used for measuring signals that are biased on a dc
level (such as an amplifier operating on a single
supply or the output of a dc PSU). DC coupling should
be selected when making DC measurements as it
prevents noise from resetting the frequency
measurement algorithm. The coupling option does not
affect the bandwidth of the instrument only the
frequency detection

ac + dc

Will allow both ac and dc signals to be calculated in all
measurements

ac

AC Coupling only allows ac signals to be measured
and will filter out all dc components

dc

DC coupling should be selected when making DC
measurements as it prevents noise from resetting the
frequency measurement algorithm, the bandwidth of
the instrument is not affected. When DC coupling is

selected “Dynamic” Frequency lock has no meaning

and so should not be used.

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 15

Bandwidth

The bandwidth setting dictates the frequency range of
the instrument. This selection sets an inline analogue
filter as per the selection

Wide (dc - 2MHz)
HC Version (dc – 1MHz)

Wide bandwidth will offer the full range of frequency
components available for analysis

Low (dc - 200KHz)

Low bandwidth may be useful in noisy applications for
example where there are switching spikes
superimposed on the waveform of interest. The
switching spikes may push the input channels onto a
higher range than is necessary for the measurement.
Selecting low bandwidth puts a hardware filter in the
analogue input path to eliminate unwanted high
frequency components

dc (dc – 5Hz)

The DC only bandwidth option applies a dc-accurate
low pass filter of around 10Hz to reduce the ac signal.
This is particularly useful when accurately measuring
the dc content of an ac waveform such as the output
of a UPS (uninterruptible Power Supply). A 50Hz or
60Hz ac signal would not be removed entirely so that
the measurement may still be synchronised to the
waveform, but the amplitude would be greatly
reduced so that the instrument would be on a more
appropriate range for the dc component

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 16

Noise Filter

In signal processing, a “FILTER” is a device or process

that removes from a signal some unwanted
component or feature. The noise filter is a digitally
selectable in line filter which will alter the bandwidth
of the processed signal

Off

Select to switch this mode off

On

Select to switch this mode on

The following screenshots are taken from the “Scope” display with the PPA set in
PWM application mode

Noise filter set to OFF the scope display shows a PWM switching Voltage
waveform with noise distortion

Noise filter activated and bandwidth set to 1KHz the Voltage waveform is now
displayed and is smoother and more sinusoidal

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 17

RANGE

Input channel options

Voltage Input

Internal

The internal voltage attenuator selects the 4mm
connections on the rear of the instrument and has a
max input of 3000Vpk

External Attenuator
(for connection to a HF

shunt).....etc

An External Sensor / Shunt can be connected to the
instrument which will give the operator more
versatility in selecting the Input range required. Note:
if this option is selected then the resulting data is
scaled by the appropriate value within the attenuator
and scale factor sub section. Max input of 3Vpk

Autoranging

Full Autorange

Default setting. Full autoranging will be selected and
implemented within the instrument

Range up only

Selecting this option will allow the test being carried
out to find the highest range via peak detection and
hold on this range. Once this value has been found
another test can be carried out by pressing the
"Trigger" button which will restart from the minimum
value set parameter use for "Low” Frequency
measurements

Manual

Selecting this option will allow the user to set up the
range from the configured measurements available,
this is useful for inrush testing when a mid-analysis
range change is not desirable

Minimum Range

Pre set Input Voltage minimum range

1V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 1v

3V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 3v

10V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 10v

30V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 30v

100V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 100v

300V

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 300v

1Kv

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 1Kv

3Kv

Minimum Input Voltage range will not be below 3Kv

Scale Factor

Manually set the scale factor required, normally used
in conjunction with current transformers

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 18

Current Input

Internal

The internal current shunt selects the 4mm
connections on the rear of the instrument. Max Apk is
dependent upon model type; LC (10A rms),
Standard (30A rms) or HC (50Arms)

External Shunt

An External Shunt can be connected to the instrument
which will give the operator more versatility in
selecting the Input range required. Note: if this option
is selected then the resulting data is scaled by the
appropriate value within the scale factor and shunt
value sub section

Autoranging

Full Autorange

Default setting. Full autoranging will be selected and
implemented within the instrument

Range up only

Selecting this option will allow the test being carried
out to find the highest range via peak detection and
hold on this range. Once this value has been found
another test can be carried out by pressing the
"Trigger" button which will restart from the minimum
value set parameter

Manual

Selecting this option will allow the user to set up the
minimum range from the configured measurements
available

Minimum Range

Pre set current input minimum range

10mA LC Version Only

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 10mA

30mA LC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 30mA

100mA LC, SC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below
100mA

300mA LC, SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below
300mA

1A LC, SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 1A

3A LC, SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 3A

10A LC, SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 10A

30A LC, SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 30A

100A SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 100A

300A SC, HC

Minimum Input Current range will not be below 300A

1000A HC Version Only

Minimum Input Current range will not be below
1000A

Scale Factor

Manually set the scale factor required

DC offset

Used to trim out DC offset commonly found on
external current transducers

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 19

DATALOG

Datalog

Interrogation and extraction of information resulting
from a test log in a specified time scale and at a set
speed

Disabled

No memory selected

RAM

Instruments internal memory selected for data
storage, this offers the fastest performance

Internal Flash

Utilises 200MB internal memory

USB memory stick

External USB memory stick selected for data storage

APP

Mode

Application function to be selected

Normal

Using the Normal Application the default settings
within the instrument will be applied to all
measurements, useful for general measurements

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”

is pressed

PWM Motor Drive

The nature of the waveforms in a PWM motor drive
application makes measurement of the fundamental
frequency difficult. The application mode for PWM
motor drives applies a selectable filter which is a
parallel digital filter and will not affect the bandwidth
of the instrument; it is only used for frequency
detection. The best filter to use for a given application
should be selected by experiment. The filter does not
change the measured data at all. PWM application
mode also allows torque and speed to be
simultaneously measured so that efficiency can be
computed

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”
is pressed

Frequency Filter

Pre selectable filter options 64Hz, 250Hz, 1KHz,
4KHz, 16KHz, 64KHz, 250KHz

Frequency Reference

Select which parameter frequency reference will be
detected from input signal

Low Frequency

Can be selected as On or Off if “On” is selected
manually enter the minimum frequency required

Torque + Speed

Power Measurement function can be set to disabled or
enable to measure the desired function from
analogue, pulsed speed, pulsed torque, or pulsed.
Once enabled a scale factor / offset will require
setting in relation to either Voltage or Frequency

Efficiency

(Not applicable to the PPA4510) Efficiency can be
measured between selected channels from the drop
down menu

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 20

Lighting Ballast

Electronic lighting ballast waveforms consist of a high
frequency carrier signal modulated by the line
frequency. The instrument measures the line
frequency independently of the input waveform
frequency and synchronises the measurement period
to the line frequency. The carrier frequency
measurement ignores any "dead band" around the
zero crossing of the ac line to compute the actual
switching frequency of the ballast. Both the frequency
measured on the input waveform and the frequency
of the line input is displayed, the output of the ballast
should always be connected to Phase 1

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”

is pressed

Frequency Tracking

Selectable tracking speed from drop down menu

Efficiency

(Not applicable to the PPA4510) Efficiency can be
measured between selected channels from the drop
down menu

Inrush Current

Inrush current (surge) requires very fast sampling to
catch the highest instantaneous value. Measurements
must be made under conditions of manual ranging
and with the voltage applied to the instrument. Then
when the load is switched on the highest peak value
can be detected. If the peak current is unknown then
a minimum of two tests should be performed, one to
set the range and a second test to capture the inrush
current

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”

is pressed

Minimum Range

Select the minimum current range applicable from the
drop down menu

Auxiliary Device

Allows PCIS inrush switch to be used for
measurement of Inrush Current. If selected phase
offset and waveform cycle for results will require
setting

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 21

Transformer Mode

Large power transformers operate at very low power
factor (<0.01) and the phase accuracy is critical to
measure the losses. Power transformer application
mode sets the configuration options to the optimum
for phase accuracy e.g. AC+DC coupling range lock
across phases. The temperature can be monitored at
the same time by connecting a suitable temperature
sensor to the “torque” BNC input

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”

is pressed

Temperature

Temperature mode can be disabled or selected to

measure  C or  F via a suitable temperature sensor

connected to the “Torque” BNC input

Standby Power

In order to minimise standby power, some devices

operate in a “dormant” mode whereby power is only

drawn from the supply when needed. These devices
draw very little current for most of the time and then
draw a larger current for a single cycle to charge a
reservoir capacitor. This pattern is repeated on an
irregular basis. Most of the power consumed by
devices in this mode is taken in the periodic higher
current cycles so to accurately measure the power
drawn by these devices; the instrument synchronises
to the power frequency for the analysis but extends
the measurement window to the irregular period of
higher energy pulses. Because the instrument
samples in true real time without any gaps, no data is
missed and every power cycle is captured. It is
important that ranging is set to manual or up only
autoranging so that the power cycles are not missed
while ranging

Default Settings

All default parameters will be selected when “ENTER”

is pressed

Low Frequency

Select “On” or “Off” if low frequency filter is required

Calibration

This mode is used when calibrating the instrument
with N4L software

Default AC Settings

Select to calibrate AC

Default DC Settings

Select to calibrate DC

Frequency Filter

Frequency synchronisation for calibration gives more
accuracy at low levels, applies to AC only

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

Page 22

Maths

Formula

Disabled

No maths formula is selected

(term1 + term2) /
(term3 + term4)

Sum of (term1 + term2) divided by sum of (term3 +
term4)

(term1 + term2) x
(term3 / term4)

Sum of (term1 + term2) multiplied by sum of (term3
÷ term4)

(term1 x term2) /
(term3 + term4)

Sum of (term1 x term2) divided by sum of (term3 +
term4)

(term1 + term2 +
term3) / term4

Sum of (term1 + term2 + term3) divided by term4

Note: Selection of “TERMS” is via the zoom order

selections (see section 6.3)

Alarm

Alarm 1 Data

Alarm on selected parameter and thresholds

Zoom 1

Zoom 1 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 2

Zoom 2 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 3

Zoom 3 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 4

Zoom 4 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Alarm Type (Alarm 1)

Disabled

No alarm

Linear

Frequency of beep increases linearly as value reaches
its limit

Alarm if high

Alarm will sound if values exceed a threshold

Alarm if low

Alarm will sound if values fall below a threshold

Outside window

Alarm will sound if values are outside a permitted
window setting

Inside window

Alarm will sound if values are within a permitted
window setting

Alarm 2 Data

Alarm on selected parameter and thresholds

Zoom 1

Zoom 1 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 2

Zoom 2 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 3

Zoom 3 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Zoom 4

Zoom 4 parameter selected for alarm threshold

Alarm Type (Alarm 2)

Disabled

No alarm

Alarm if high

Alarm will sound if values exceed a threshold

Alarm if low

Alarm will sound if values fall below a threshold

Outside window

Alarm will sound if values are outside a permitted
window setting

Inside window

Alarm will sound if values are within a permitted
window setting

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Analogue Output

Disabled

No analogue output

Zoom 1

Set an analogue output voltage representative of
zoom 1

Zoom 2

Set an analogue output voltage representative of
zoom 2

Zoom 3

Set an analogue output voltage representative of
zoom 3

Zoom 4

Set an analogue output voltage representative of
zoom 4

Manual

Set a constant analogue output voltage

REMOTE

Resolution

Press to set the data resolution and change the
format to which the instrument responds to future
commands, via Comms interface

Normal

Data Resolution set to 5 decimal points

High

Data Resolution set to 6 decimal points

Binary

Data transmitted in Binary Format

Interface

Communications type between instrument and pc

RS232

RS232 Comms interface

USB

USB Comms interface

LAN

LAN Comms interface

GPIB

GPIB Comms interface – optional on the PPA45xx

Recall with Program

When enabled recalls communication port settings
from any stored memory location

Off

Turn OFF this option

On

Turn ON this option

Screen Print

Disabled

No Screen print option selected

RS232

Print screen via RS232 Cable i.e. to printer

USB Memory Stick

Print screen directly onto USB memory stick

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AUX

Master / Slave

Select if 2 x PPA45xx units are to be used as a PPA45
40/50/60

Disabled

Master / Slave configuration disabled

Master

Select to set PPA45xx as master unit within
4 -6 phase configuration

Slave

Select to set PPA45xx as slave unit within
4 - 6 phase configuration

Simple Slave

In simple slave mode the results window is not
synchronised between the 2 units, the master unit will
only ask the slave unit for the results from the Watts
measurement

Auxiliary Device

None

No Auxiliary device connected

PCIS Inrush Switch

Phase Controlled Inrush Switch – is an active device
which is controlled over the extension port within the
instrument. It accurately synchronises to the line
input, measures the frequency and switches on the
output at a precise phase angle selected from the
instruments front panel. Useful for testing inrush
current of ballasts

SYS

Set Clock

Manual Setting Required. Use Numerical Keys

Set Date

Manual Setting of Date and Year, Month settings are
preset

Display

Colour

Display data will be in colour

White on Black

Display data will be displayed as white font on black
background

Black on White

Display data will be displayed as black font on white
background

Brightness

Low

Screen brightness set to Low

High

Screen brightness set to High

Phase Convention

Measurements of Phase can be expressed in one of
three formats:

-180 to +180

Commonly used in circuit analysis

0 to -360

Commonly used in power applications

0 to +360

Select as required

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Keyboard Beep

Audible sound when keys are pressed

Disabled

Audible sound disabled

Enabled

Audible sound activated

Autozero

Autozero

Periodically re-zero’s input to prevent drift, useful for
long periods of DC analysis

Manual

Unit will only zero inputs if “Zero” is pressed by user

Program 1-6 Direct
Load

Program 1-6 may be recalled with a direct press of
the function keys (POWER, INTEG etc)

Disabled

Function will be disabled

Enabled

Function will be enabled

Zoom 2 High
Resolution

The data displayed in zoom 2 may be displayed to
one digit greater resolution than normal, this is
particularly useful when measuring phase at power
line frequencies

Disabled

Function will be disabled

Enabled

Function will be enabled

Independent Ranging

This allows the user to set different scale factors and
select independently internal / external shunts
separately on each phase

Disabled

Function will be disabled

Enabled

Function will be enabled

Low Value Blanking

Low value blanking will zero to display values under
the following conditions
Input Signal Peak
< 45% of RNG 1
< 25% of RNG 2
< 15% of all other ranges

Disabled

Function will be disabled

Enabled

Function will be enabled

← System
Information

The information given in this section cannot be
changed by the user

Serial Number

Instruments unique serial number

Manufacturing Code

Code attributed to build date of instrument

Main Release

Current firmware release installed in instrument

DSP Release

Digital Signal Processing release version

FPGA Release

Field Programmable Gate Array release version

Boot Release

Release version of Instruments boot up firmware

Last Calibration

Instruments last calibration date

PPA45xx Quick User Guide

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→ User Data

Supervisor Access

Enable or Disable

User Data

Manually enter company name

User Data

Manually enter individual or company

User Data

Manually enter unique ID for instrument

Save

Save all above settings

MODE

True RMS Voltmeter

The RMS voltmeter displays the additional secondary
parameters of ac, crest factor, surge, mean and form
factor

Phase meter

The phase meter mode is a secondary function which
does not have a separate button. The phase meter
uses the terminology of channel 1 for voltage and
channel 2 for current as it is normal to use a phase
meter to compare voltages directly. The phase meter
measures the phase and gain of channel 2 relative to
channel 1 using a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
algorithm at the fundamental frequency

Power Analyzer

In the POWER mode, the analyzer measures power
values for each phase

Impedance Meter

The IMP mode on the PPA uses the real and imaginary
components at the fundamental frequency using DFT
analysis to compute the impedance of the load and
associated parameters

Power Integrator

In the INTEG mode, the PPA will compute additional
power values within a Datalog and display them
relative to time (total power)

Harmonic Analyzer

The HARM mode of the PPA computes multiple DFTs
on the input waveforms in real time. There are two
modes of operation: difference THD, and series
harmonics. Series harmonic mode includes options for
THD, TIF, THF, TRD, TDD and phase. There is also an
option of a series harmonic bargraph display which
shows both the voltage and current harmonics
simultaneously. In difference THD mode, the THD
(Total Harmonic Distortion) is computed from the rms
and fundamental: In series THD mode, the THD is
computed from a series of up to 100 harmonics

Oscilloscope

The PPA provides a storage oscilloscope function in
order to view the waveforms being measured

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PROG

Memory

Program Store / Recall Options

Internal Flash

Instruments internal memory utilised to store or recall
data to/from

USB Memory Stick

External USB memory stick utilised to store or recall
data to/from

Data

Program

Upload or download a program

Results

Upload or download results

Datalog

Upload or download Datalog

Action

Recall

Recall any Data selections from above

Store

Store any Data selections from above

Delete

Delete any Data selections from above

Location

999 selectable locations for data to be; stored,
recalled or deleted from

Name

Allows user to name data within location

Execute

Press to execute any change made to any parameter
within “PROG” mode

Memory Status

Status of memory in either Internal or USB
configuration

ZOOM +

Increase font size on selected parameters on display
screen

ZOOM -

Decrease font size on selected parameters on display
screen

REAL TIME

Press Real Time to return to the display screen and
see all data in real time. Pressing the real time button
will also put the display screen into hold mode

TABLE

Press Table to view results either during or at the
completion of a Datalog in tabular format, this is also
the default screen whilst Datalog is running

GRAPH

Press Graph during Datalog to view plotted data
points whilst log is in process, or view graph plots

once Datalog is complete. Press “GRAPH” to move

through screen display options

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POWER

Direct button to Power Analyzer mode functions

INTEG

Direct button to Power Integrator mode functions

HARM

Direct button to Harmonic Analyzer mode functions

RMS

Direct button to True RMS Voltmeter mode functions

IMP

Direct button to Impedance Analyzer mode functions

SCOPE

Direct button to Scope mode where waveforms can be
viewed from measurements being taken. The left and
right directional arrows will allow the time base to be
changed and the up and down arrows will allow the
trigger level to be set

START

Start button will start any Datalog. Is also the button
used to initialise a screen dump of any data displayed
onto a USB memory stick

STOP

Stop button will stop any Datalog

ZERO

Zero button will reset the inputs to zero

TRIGGER

Trigger returns display screen back to real time from
a hold command. Also triggers a single shot in SCOPE
mode, all trigger settings can be found by pressing

the “scope” button whilst in SCOPE mode

ENTER / NEXT
(Dual use button)

Enter / Next will enable the user to confirm any
configurations they have set within the menu's and
will scroll through the display screen to view all
individual phase screens or all phases together

DELETE / BACK
(Dual use button)

Delete / Back will enable the user to delete any
inputted data or scroll back through any results
screens

HOME / ESC
(Dual use button)

Home / Esc will enable the user to return to the home
page once data within parameters have been adjusted
and entered, or will escape from any screen view and
return to the selected mode's home screen

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Rear Panel Layout

1. Voltage & Current External Analogue Inputs

2. Voltage & Current Internal Inputs

3. Mains Supply Inlet

4. Communication Ports

5. Auxiliary Ports

6. Master / Slave Connection Port

1 2

6 5 4 3

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5 Basic Key Operations

This chapter is designed to help the user familiarise themselves with the
instrument by setting up some basic functions

5.1 SET UP FOR POWER ON

Install Equipment Installation of Equipment

Plug in and turn on power Power Supply Connection

5.2 SETTING THE TIME

Power Analyzer Default Screen Appears

Press “SYS” Key System Option Screen Opens

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor will surround Hrs

Use Numerical Keys Set Hours within cursor

Press Enter Key Hours in clock now set

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Minutes

Use Numerical Keys Set Minutes within cursor

Press Enter Key Minutes in clock now set

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Seconds

Use Numerical Keys Set Seconds within cursor

Press Enter Key Clock settings will now be complete

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5.3 SET THE DATE

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Date

Use Numerical keys Set Date within Flashing Box

Press Enter Key Numerical Day of Month is set

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Month

Press Key Month Calendar Opens

Press Key Select Month to be entered

Press Enter Key Month will be set

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Year

Use Numerical Keys Set Year within Cursor

Press Enter Key Date will now be Set

5.4 ADJUSTING THE BRIGHTNESS

Press Key Flashing Red Cursor moves to Brightness

Press Key Changes between High or Low option

Press Enter Key Screen Brightness will now be set

5.5 ADJUST KEYBOARD BEEP

Press Key Twice Red cursor moves to Keyboard beep

Press Key Changes between Enable / Disable option

Press Enter Key Keyboard beep now set

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Now that you have familiarised yourself with the instruments keypad we can
complete this section by filling in the User Data Information

5.6 USER DATA

Press “SYS” Key System option screen opens

Press Key User settings screen appears

Press Key Red cursor moves to supervisor access

Press Key Changes between Enable / Disable option

Press Enter Key Supervisor access selected

Press Key Red cursor moves to User Data

Use Numerical Keys On this line we can enter a Company Name

Press Enter Key Company Name now set

Press Key Red Cursor moves to User Data

Use Numerical Keys Enter an Individual Name or Department

Press Enter Key Name / Department now set

Press Key Red cursor moves to User Data

Use Numerical Keys Enter a Unique ID for the instrument

Press Enter Key User Data now set

Press Key Red cursor moves to Save

Press Enter Key All User Data details will be saved

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6 PPA45xx Quick User Guide

N4L Power Analyzers cover 1 to 3 phase applications in one instrument
depending upon the model and up to 12 phases via N4L’s PPALoG software
application in both low and high current models. Each phase input has wide
ranging voltage and current channels which are fully isolated from each other
and from ground.

The voltage and current inputs are simultaneously sampled and the data is
analyzed in real time by a high speed DSP (digital signal processor). A separate
CPU (central processing unit) takes the DSP results for display and
communications. At the heart of the system is an FPGA (field programmable gate
array) that interfaces the various elements.

This powerful, versatile structure allows the measurement of a wide range of

power related parameters.

6.1 WIRING

Care must be taken when connecting up the instrument.

Remember to configure the Voltage and Current inputs as per the diagrams
shown

Current in Series – (Hi in, Low out)

Voltage in Parallel

Single Phase Configuration

L
O
A
D

ACH1

VCH1

HI

LO

HI

LO

L

N

L
O
A
D

ACH1

VCH1

HI

LO

HI

LO

L

N

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Two Phase Two Wattmeter Configuration

Three Phase Two Wattmeter Configuration

Three Phase Three Wattmeter - simulated neutral configuration

L
O
A
D

ACH1

VCH1

HI

LO

HI

LO

L
O
A
D

ACH2

VCH2

HI

LO

HI

LO

L

L

L
O
A
D

Three

Phase

Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

HI

LO

LO

HI

HI

HI

LO

LO

Ph1

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

Ph2

Ph1

Three

Phase

Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

LO

LO

LO

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

LO

LO

LO

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Three Phase Three Wattmeter – Star Connections

To configure PPA45xx to calculate the correct phase power when the Load
topology is in a Star Configuration;

Access “Power Analyzer” mode either through the “Mode” or the “POWER” button
as per the screenshot below

Press 7 times until red box surrounds “conversion”

Press to open up dropdown menu selections

Press until red box surrounds “star-delta”

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

Three

Phase
Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

LO

LO

LO

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

Ph2 N N

LO

LO

LO

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Three Phase Three Wattmeter– Delta Connections

To configure PPA45xx to calculate the correct phase power when the Load
topology is in a Delta Configuration;

Access “Power Analyzer” mode either through the “Mode” or the “POWER” button

as per the screenshot below

Press 7 times until red box surrounds “conversion”

Press to open up dropdown menu selections

Press until red box surrounds “delta – star”

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

Three
Phase
Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

LO

LO

LO

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

Ph2

LO

LO

LO

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6.2 START UP

Within the Power screen you will notice

2 sets of measurements “Total” and
“Fundamental”

Total Measurements Fundamental Measurements

Total Measurements = Fundamental + Harmonics + Noise

Fundamental = Fundamental Power Measurements (All Distortion Removed)

Each measurement mode is pre-configured to display relevant parameters. Up to
4 functions can be selected and zoomed in. These can be viewed within 3 zoom
screens, the Zoom function is described in the next section of this manual

Once connected, power on
the instrument and the
analyzers factory default
settings from memory
location 0 will be displayed as
shown, Note these can be
altered to your own desired
settings (see the User Data
section under System
Options, section 6 of
the main user guide,
downloadable from the N4L
website)

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6.3 ZOOM FUNCTION

Within the Power screen you are able to select up to 4 measurements that can
be made more prominent from the rest, these can be selected and changed by
the user as required

To select or change any zoom measurement

Action Result

Press “ZOOM-” All measurement parameters revert to same size

Press “ZOOM+” Red boxes will flash around currently selected

zoom parameters

Press “DELETE” Red Boxes will disappear replaced by 1 white
flashing box

Press Keys Move Box to desired measurement parameter
to be zoomed

Press “ENTER” Measurement will be selected

Press Keys Move Box to next desired measurement
parameter to be zoomed

Press “ENTER” Measurement will be selected

Continue until all measurements you require are selected, up to a maximum of 4

By pressing the ZOOM+ or ZOOM- button you can now alter the on screen
display to show a different configuration of the selected measurements

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Zoom +

Press Zoom+ to display the 4
selected zoomed measurements as
shown

Note: These will be displayed in the
order they were selected

Pressing Zoom+ again will display only
the first 3 selected zoomed
measurements as shown

Press ZOOM- button to revert real time display back to all measurement
parameters

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6.3.1 ANALOGUE (ANALOG) OUTPUT

The Analogue Output BNC connector is located on the rear of the instrument.
The output voltage (max ±10V) can be controlled using the ALARM functions to
generate a voltage representative of Zoom 1-4 measurements or a manual level.

The Voltage present at the Analogue Output can be calculated using this
formula:

Analogue Output = 10V x (measured – zero) / (full scale – zero)

“Measured” is the value measured on the instrument.

“Zero” and “Full Scale” are user defined values.

In the following example a 2V Peak 50Hz signal will be monitored by the Power
Analyzer. The frequency will be adjustable by +/-2Hz. Therefore in the above
formula Zero will be 50 and Full Scale will be 52.

With a Full scale value of +/-2Hz, the Analogue Output will vary between -10V at
48Hz up to +10V at 52Hz. The Analogue Output Voltage will be 0V when the
frequency is 50Hz.

Zoom 1 in the Alarm menus will be used to control the voltage levels on the
Analogue Output.

Connections

Connect the input signal to Phase 1 on the PPA and connect the Analogue output
to Phase 2. In this example a 2.00V Peak 50Hz input signal was used.

PPA Settings

Using the ZOOM buttons select frequency for Zoom 1. Other parameters can also
be selected but for this example Zoom 1 must be set to frequency.

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Press the SYS button and enable Independent Ranging.

Press the COUPLING button and set Phase 2 coupling to DC.

Press the ALARM button and set the “Analog output” option to ZOOM 1.

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This will display the Analogue Output settings.

Enter a value of 50 for Analogue Zero.

Enter a value of 52 for Analogue Full Scale.

Press the HOME/ESC button to return to the Power Analyzer display.

Press the ENTER / NEXT button 4 times to display all phases at the same time.

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Results

Phase 1 on the PPA display indicates the Frequency and RMS voltage levels of
the signal being monitored.

Phase 2 indicates the voltage present on the Analogue Output connector on the
rear of the PPA.

Phase 3 is not used.

Example 1.

The Input signal frequency was set to 50.5Hz.

The frequency displayed on the PPA was 50.512Hz.

Analogue Output = 10V x (measured – zero) / (full scale – zero)

Analogue Output = 10V x (50.512 – 50) / (52-50) = 2.56V

Example 2.

The Input signal frequency was set to 51.5Hz.

The frequency displayed on the PPA was 51.508Hz.

Analogue Output = 10V x (measured – zero) / (full scale – zero)

Analogue Output = 10V x (51.508 – 50) / (52-50) = 7.54V

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6.4 SPEED AND SMOOTHING

Within this section we will look at how the speed and smoothing parameters set
within the Acquisition menu affect the measurement results

NOTE: All measurement windows must have an integral number of cycles within
it to calculate correct RMS and Harmonics

Input = 50Hz Sine Wave

Amplitude = 1Vpk & 2Vpk range

The first sets of results are from a
Datalog conducted with NO
smoothing selected thus the data
update will be dictated by the speed
parameter only

Speed set to medium = 3 updates
per second

50Hz input signal = 50 cycles worth of data points per second recorded,
analyzed, adjusted and displayed within 3 update windows

Displayed left is the graph showing
the Datalog results with no
smoothing present and the input
amplitude switching between 1Vpk
and 2Vpk from this graph it is clear
that as soon as the amplitude is
increased or decreased then the next
available update will show this
change

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The table of results displayed are in
relation to the previous graph; and we
can see that the voltage step is
immediately recorded after 0:01:17

The next sets of screenshots are for the same set up but with smoothing
activated

Selecting smoothing will take the
data and apply the equivalent of a
single pole low pass filter with an RC
time constant relative to the selection
mode dependent upon the speed
selected

We have selected “SLOW” smoothing
with a medium speed giving us a
sliding window of 48 seconds

Smoothing response can be set to “Auto Reset” where the instrument will reset

the filtering in response to any significant change in data

“Fixed Time” can be selected to correspond with the speed and smoothing

parameters and will override auto-reset so that the smoothing is not reset when
the frequency changes etc

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The resulting graph and results table with smoothing applied are displayed
below;

The displays above show how with smoothing applied, the data is smoothed out
over the resultant timescale and displaying an intermediate value for every
update window during the step between the two peak voltage values

Note: each speed parameter has its own time constant for smoothing and data
updates as shown in the table below

Speed

Update

Rate:

(speed only)

Normal

Smoothing:

applicable to

relevant

speed

Slow

Smoothing:

applicable to

relevant

speed

Very Slow

10s

48s

196s

Slow

2.5s

12s

48s

Medium

0.333s

1.5s

6s

Fast

0.05s

0.2s

0.8s

Very Fast

0.0125s

0.05s

0.2s

Window

Manually

Input speed

setting

different to 5

pre selected

one’s above

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6.4.1 EFFICIENCY

The “Efficiency” mode will compute and compare the data results from any of the

configurations shown within the screenshot below

To select the “Efficiency” parameter
from any application mode.

Access the Power Analyzer home
screen and press “POWER” this will
take you into a sub menu.

Scroll down to the efficiency
parameter and press this will open
up all available configurations as
shown

Use the buttons to move through the configurations and press “ENTER” to

select and confirm

Press “HOME” to return to the Power Analyzer display screen

The results will then be displayed at the end of the Power Analyzer home screen
as shown

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6.5 APPLICATION MODES

Within this section we will look at all the different application modes selectable
from within the PPA45xx APP MENU, with the aid of screenshots and instructions.
To select your measurement application you will need to activate the “APP”
button. Use the down arrow to select mode / function then press the right arrow
to open up the drop down menu

In the following sub sections we will look into and describe how each application
mode is set up and configured to enable the user to get the maximum benefit
from the PPA45xx

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6.5.1 PWM MOTOR DRIVE MODE

The nature of the waveforms produced in a PWM motor drive application makes
measurement of the fundamental frequency difficult. In this section we will look
at the switching and fundamental frequencies and how frequency lock and filters
will allow the correct measurements to be displayed on such a complex
waveform

Test device: 1 x Inverter/Motor test unit (set at 65Hz)

Leaving the PPA45xx in “normal” app mode take note of the frequency
measurement

In “normal” app mode the PPA45xx is
locking onto a switching frequency /
high frequency noise of 4 KHz with no
filtering applied. This can be used as
a guide when selecting a frequency
filter from within the PWM motor
drive application

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To access PWM motor drive mode:

Press “APP” button

Press Key

Red Box will surround “Mode”

Press Key. This will open

the drop down menu selections

Press Key until red box

surrounds PWM motor drive

Press “ENTER” this will now set the mode

Press Key

Red Box will now surround “Default Settings”

Press “ENTER”

When default settings have been activated it will allow 5 further parameters to
be configured as shown

Frequency filter:

Selectable filter from drop down menu. Select a frequency whose range is
between the Fundamental Frequency and the Switching Frequency but closer to
the fundamental. In this test we have set the inverter to a fundamental
frequency of 65Hz so we will select a frequency filter of 250Hz

Note: Do not select a filter too close to the fundamental frequency this may
result in the frequency measurement reading 0Hz

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Setting the frequency filter:

Press 2 times

Frequency filter parameter will be
selected

Press Drop down box will open
with all available frequency ranges

Press arrows to select
frequency filter parameter required

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

By applying a 250Hz filter within PWM mode we can now see that the instrument
is locking onto the fundamental frequency this is required for correct signal
processing of the waveform

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By viewing the waveforms in the
Oscilloscope mode we can see the
switching frequency of the Voltage
and a smoother sine wave Current
waveform

The Current waveform shows the
time for 1 cycle approximately

15.40ms

Therefore 1s ÷ (15.40x



) =

64.9Hz Fundamental Frequency

Frequency reference:

Select from the drop down menu which waveform the fundamental frequency is
to be synchronised with Voltage or Current

Low Frequency:

Set this parameter to ON, switching on will open up the minimum frequency
parameter

Minimum Frequency:

Manually input a value to allow the results window to extend automatically if the
fundamental frequency time period is longer than the time period of the data
window. This is recommended

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Using the PPA4530 to measure 3 phase power with PWM drives

If there is access to the neutral point (star point) of a star wired load, then
accurate measurements can easily be made by connecting the measurement
channels in star configuration:

In this configuration, the data including rms voltage will be correct for each
phase, and the phase to phase voltage rms can be derived (set conversion to
“phase to phase rms”).

If, however, the neutral point is not available, then the measurement of the
voltage rms is more difficult. The options are to use a synthesised neutral or to
connect in delta configuration and derive the phase measurements.

Consider the synthesised neutral configuration:

Three

Phase

Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

LO

LO

LO

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

LO

LO

LO

Three

Phase

Source

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

Three

Phase

Load

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

LO

LO

LO

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

Ph2 N N

LO

LO

LO

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When using synthesised neutral, the elementary measurement of the voltage
rms will usually be higher than that measured with a true neutral. For this case,

there is a conversion option “star to delta” which accurately computes the phase

to phase voltages, then derives a phase to neutral value from the computed
phase to phase values. This gives a phase to neutral value which is much closer

to that measured with a real neutral. The phase to phase (or “delta”) value,
Vd(t) is derived from the instantaneous “star” voltage values, Vs(t) (eg. Vd1(t)

= Vs1(t) – Vs3(t)) so the voltage present on the synthesised neutral has no
effect.

Consider the delta wired configuration:

In this case the phase to phase voltages are measured directly and the phase to

neutral values are derived (set conversion to “delta to star”). The power

measurements are also adjusted to show the individual “star” phase powers. The
delta/star conversion assumes that the impedance of the load is equal on all
three phases.

Wiring

conversion

Phase rms voltage

Phase power

Star with neutral

Phase to phase
rms

Measured

Measured

Star without
neutral

Phase to phase
rms

Slightly high

Measured
Star to delta

Derived

Measured

Delta

Delta to star

Derived

Derived

or

ACH1

ACH2

ACH3

or

VCH1

VCH2

VCH3

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

LO

LO

LO

Ph1

Ph1

Ph2

Ph3

Ph3

Ph2

LO

LO

LO

Three

Phase Source

Three

Phase Load

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Torque & Speed:

Set the Torque and Speed parameters to measure the Mechanical Power (Nm)
and Speed (RPM) via the Torque and Speed BNC connectors on the rear of the
instrument

Open up the torque and speed drop
down box to select which type of test
is to be configured

Once a configuration has been selected
you will be required to input a scale
factor relating to both the Mechanical
Power (Nm) and Speed (RPM), both
parameters will then be calculated
against the selected source

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6.5.2 LIGHTING BALLAST MODE

Select Lighting Ballast mode from the
Application Menu as in previous
applications

Press to default settings. Press
“ENTER” to load

Once selected you now have the
option to select the frequency
tracking speed and the efficiency
calculation

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6.5.3 Inrush Current Mode

Measurement of inrush current (surge) requires very fast sampling to catch the
highest instantaneous value. Measurements must be made under conditions of
manual ranging and with the voltage applied to the instrument. Then when the
load is switched on the highest peak value can be detected. In inrush mode the
PPA45xx samples and analyses every sample at the full sample rate in excess of
2Msamples/s to catch even very fast peaks.

Set Up

Instrument Used: PPA4530-Std (30Arms)

Test Device: 230v, 50Hz Ventilation Fan (Imax 0.8A)

Accessories: 1 x Break Out Box

To access Inrush Current:

Press “APP” button

Press button

Press button. This will open
the drop down menu selections

Press 3 times until red box
surrounds inrush current

Press “ENTER” this will now set the

mode

Press button.

Press “ENTER” this will now set the
default settings mode for inrush
current and allow further
parameters to be configured

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Press 2 times until the red box

surrounds “auxiliary device”

parameter

Press select the auxiliary
device to be “none” and press
“ENTER”

Setting the range parameter

This is best configured if the user has prior knowledge of the peak current
measurement expected from the DUT. If this is not available then the user
should set the current settings as follows.

Set the autoranging parameter to

“range up only” and the minimum

range to the 30mA range this will
allow the test being carried out to
find the highest range via peak
detection and hold on this range

Setting the Speed and Smoothing

For this application a mains input
signal of 50Hz was used, therefore
we are able to set the speed to
window and 20.00ms this will enable
us to capture cycle by cycle data over
the whole waveform, to get the
instantaneous cycle by cycle power
the smoothing parameter is best set
to none as shown

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Upon completion of the speed and
smoothing settings press the arrow
to take you to the advanced settings
screen. If undertaking cycle by cycle
measurements on the input signal
then set the frequency lock to
“Dynamic”

Setting Peak Measurement Parameters

If required you can display the Peak+ and Peak- measurements within the RMS
Voltmeter mode screen

These parameters can be configured within the True RMS Voltmeter mode button

Press the “RMS” mode button until the measurement settings screen is displayed

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For this demonstration we selected

“separate unfiltered” this then gave

us the unfiltered Peak + and Peak –
measurement parameters as
displayed earlier for both Voltage and
Current

Data logging to Internal Memory

Set the Datalog to be performed to the
internal RAM memory this will offer the
user the fastest performance

Set the interval time to 0.00s to enable
the Datalog to capture every cycle of
the fundamental frequency

Reconfigure zoom parameters within real time display as described within section

6.3

Zoomed parameters can now be used to capture the Inrush Current (Surge) data
within a Datalog

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DataLog Results

From the Real Time display the surge
measurement at the moment the DUT
was switched on is recorded as

2.742A

Pressing the “TABLE” button will now

display all the data points taken from
the associated DataLog and you will
notice that the Inrush Current
(Surge) is displayed as being 2.742A

Pressing the “GRAPH” button will

display in a graphical format all the
data points from the associated
DataLog displayed within the previous
screenshot it is clear that the surge
displayed within the tabular display
corresponds with the graphical
display

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Upon completion you are now able to save / recall or delete your test results
taken from your DataLog within the “ PROG” mode button

Transferring the Datalog from the RAM memory onto a USB memory stick will
allow the user to export the .txt file into an .xls file if desired; more details can
be found relating to the transfer of data within section 7.1

Inrush Current Mode using the N4L PCIS Switch

For the worst case inrush current the input to the device under test must be

switched on at the worst point in the cycle (90˚ or 270˚ for a capacitive load, 0˚
or 180˚ for an inductive load). The Phase Controlled Inrush Switch, or PCIS,

available as an accessory for the PPA45xx, controls the switch on of the power to
the DUT from 0˚to 315˚ in steps of 45˚ from the Instruments front panel.

Set up is the same as before but you will need to enter the PCIS switch as the
auxiliary device and then set the switch phase offset and switch on cycles
parameters as described below

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Switch Phase Offset:

Press Key

Switch Phase Offset parameter will be
selected (controls the switch on of

the power to the DUT from 0  to
315 in steps of 45 )

Press Drop down box will open
with all available angular ranges

Press arrows to select angular
parameter required

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

Switch on Cycles:

Press Key

Switch on Cycles parameter will be
selected

Press Drop down box will open
with all available waveform cycle
ranges

Press arrows to select
waveform cycle parameter required

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

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6.5.4 Transformer Mode (Single Phase)

The Transformer mode in the PPA is ideal for both single phase and three phase
transformer analysis, we will first describe general operation with a single phase
device and then move on to describe three phase measurements. For both single
and three phase the Corrected power (Pcorr) and K-factor values are displayed
in the results window.

Test device: 1 x Single Phase Transformer, ratio (1:1)

Accessories: 1 x Break out Box

Transformer Mode will allow the user
to assess and view characteristics
applicable to the transformer field
under test conditions

To access transformer mode from the
drop down menu, press the down
arrow 4 times and press “ENTER” as
displayed, transformer mode will now
be selected

Press the down arrow 1 more time to highlight default settings mode and press
“ENTER” this will set the instrument into its default settings for transformer
mode

Pressing the “HOME” button twice will take you back to power analyzer home
screen

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You are now required to set the wiring configuration for the transformer.

Press “ACQU” button which will bring up the “ACQUISITION CONTROL” screen.

Press the down arrow once so the red box flashes around the wiring selection;
press the right arrow to open up the drop down menu as seen within the
screenshot below

Use the up and down arrows to
select which wiring configuration
you require. For this manual, single
phase 1 was selected to reflect the
transformer being used. Press

“ENTER” to confirm selection then
“HOME” twice to return to the power

analyzer home screen

The “Power Analyzer” home screen will now display the data measurements
collected from your transformer under test

With the transformer plugged into a Break out Box and no load attached, the
following measurements are displayed

The Voltage and Current measurements displayed within the Blue Box above
reflect the auto ranging configured by selecting the default settings within the
instruments application home set up screen

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Viewing the data (Green Box) the phase angle of the fundamental is shown as

78.90 . A perfect transformer would display a phase angle of 90 . From this

data we can confirm that there must be parasitic elements within the makeup of
the transformer causing these results, such as a series resistance.

The Pcorr (Corrected Power) and K factor values displayed within the
Orange Box (see previous page) are computed in transformer mode. In
transformer mode there is usually very little distortion. The equations used to
calculate these values are:

The K factor equation is the lower one in the left hand column.

The Corrected power (P0) equation is the top one in the right hand column.

Where

P or P0 = corrected power

Pm = measured power

P1 = ratio of hysteresis loss to total iron losses

P2 = ratio of eddy current losses to total iron losses.

U’ = Normalised mean value of voltage

U = rms value of voltage

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Within the measurement screen the display shows that with “NO” load connected

the transformer is consuming 5.15W of power at a Frequency of 50Hz. If you
now press the “IMP” button you will enter the Impedance Meter screen, within
this application mode you will be able to view all the individual data values
collected that make up the total Impedance measurement attributed to the DUT.
(Both real and imaginary)

In the next set of screen shots we will be able to view this data

Press “IMP” button to enter the Impedance Meter screen

Press “IMP” button again to enter Measurement Settings screen

Press button 2 times, red box surrounds parameter settings

Press button to open up the drop down menu

From the drop down menu you will
now be able to view all parameters as
shown or alternatively by selecting
“auto” the display will show the
appropriate parameters values
attributed to the DUT

Press “ENTER” to confirm selection

Press “ENTER” to return to home

screen and view measurements

From the “auto” screen you can now
see that we have a Resistive
component affecting the purity of the
transformer

From the Inductance and Resistance
readings the instrument will calculate
the total impedance of the
transformer winding at the selected
frequency

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To view the total Impedance
calculated you will need to change

the display screen back from “Auto”
to “Impedance” as shown

Transformer Mode (Three Phase)

When performing analysis of a 3 Phase load, transformer mode is extremely
useful. The PPA will display phase balance information in an intuitive manner
without the requirement for a vector display, this has the advantage of
maintaining 5 digit resolution which is not possible whilst attempting to visually
interpret phase balance on a conventional vector display.

As illustrated, the PPA is able to
display 3 phase power
simultaneously, along with this the
Voltage % and Current % deviation
from the phase 1 readings displayed.
The phase reference is taken from
phase 1 Voltage and we can see that
phase 2 and 3 are (120-0.28) deg
and (240-0.09) deg respectively.

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Pcorr (Corrected Power) and K factor values are also displayed in Three
Phase Transformer mode.

The calculated values for Pcorr and K factor are displayed for each phase; this
can be seen in the Orange box below:

On the SUM screen the displayed Pcorr value is the sum of the Pcorr values for
each of the three phases.

The K factor displayed on the Sum screen is the average of the K factor values
for each of the three phases.

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6.5.5 STANDBY POWER MODE

Power Standby mode will show all power measurements from a device
which is in standby mode

To access standby mode:

Press “APP” button

Press button

Press button. This will open
the drop down menu selections

Press 5 times until red box
surrounds standby power

Press “ENTER” this will now set the

mode

Press to move to default settings and press “ENTER”. The instrument

will now set the voltage and current measurement parameters

Press to move the cursor to low frequency mode

Pressing “ENTER” to load the

applications default settings will
automatically set the low frequency
parameter to “OFF”

You can now return to the Power Analyzer screen

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Test device: 1 x Stand alone Heater

Accessories: 1 x Break Out Box

The real time display shows a
screenshot from the Power
Analyzer home screen with
the test device in standby
mode

Reverting to the “RMS” screen you
can see all the subsequent voltage
measurements from each phase
associated with the test unit in
Standby Mode

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Left is a display taken from the power
integrator screen “INTEG”, displaying
a 1 minute integration of the power
being consumed

Press “SCOPE” button to view the

Voltage and Current waveforms
being produced by the device
under test.

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6.5.6 CALIBRATION MODE

Calibration Mode is to be used in combination with N4LCal (N4L Calibration
software) which facilitates performing manual calibration with an external
source. This software is supplied with a detailed manual describing the
calibration process, for more information contact N4L on the following email;

[email protected]

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6.5.7 OSCILLOSCOPE MODE

The PPA45xx provides a digital storage oscilloscope function in order to view the
waveforms being measured.

The settings for the oscilloscope are configured by pressing the “SCOPE” button

twice

Upon entering the “SCOPE” menu, the following screenshot will be displayed

Timebase: The display for the oscilloscope is divided into 10 divisions along the

time axis with the selected timebase displayed in the bottom left hand corner of

the display. The timebase may be set to any real value between 15μs/div to

5s/div. Pressing the arrows on the main panel will adjust the timebase by
a factor of 2

Trigger Reference: The data source for the trigger can be selected to be

either Voltage or Current. On a multiphase instrument, any of the phases may
be selected for the trigger source.

Trigger Level: The trigger level is set directly in Volts or Amps in relation to

the trigger reference settings and does not change if the range is changed. The
trigger level is displayed by a small > on the extreme left hand edge of the
display. If the trigger is set to a value above or below the range of the input
channel then a small carat ^ is shown at the top or inverted at the bottom of the
display as appropriate

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Trigger Mode: The trigger mode may be set to be;

Auto (trigger if possible but do not wait)

Normal (wait indefinitely for trigger)

Single shot (wait for trigger then hold)

The single shot option is reset using the “TRIGGER” key

Trigger Polarity: The trigger polarity may be set to rising edge or falling edge

Trigger HF Reject: Select to be either “ON” or “OFF”. When set to “ON” a low

pass filter is applied to the trigger data to stabilise the trace with noisy signals.
The filter only influences the trigger detection and does not change the data
displayed.

Pretrigger: The pretrigger may be set to none, 25%, 50% or 75% using the

drop down menu

Cursors: Two cursors can be enabled on the display as per the screenshot

below

When enabled use the keys to enable and switch between Cursor 1 and
Cursor 2.

Use the keys to move the selected cursor along the timescale

NOTE:

When the cursors are enabled then the “LEFT” and “RIGHT” arrows no longer

adjust the timebase

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Screenshot from Scope display with “Dual” cursors configured

From the screenshot above the display shows all fundamental measurements
from the position of cursor 1. Also displayed is the time difference between the 2
cursors, “delta t” = 26.00ms with the timebase set to 10ms/div

Trace: Set which waveform the user wishes to be displayed at any one time

from the 4 options within the drop down menu

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Trace set to Voltage: Trace set to Current:

Trace set to Dual: Trace set to Together:

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6.5.8 Interharmonic Sweeps

Interharmonic voltages and currents can be measured and displayed in an
Excel report using PPA Datalogger software.

Connect the PPA5500 to PPA Datalogger version v3.1b or above.

Set up the software according to the following steps:

Step 1. (Optional)

Click on ACQU.

Set Speed to the required setting. If “Window” is selected enter the speed.

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Step 2.

Enter the Harmonics mode and select;
Computation: Interharmonic Sweep

Step 3.

Frequency Step: Enter the required frequency
Selected Harmonic: Enter the harmonic
Harmonic Series Up To: Enter the number of harmonics to be included in the
sweep.

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Step 4.

Click the “Set up PPA” button

Step 5.

Click the “Start” button

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Step 6.

Wait for test to complete (depends on the PPA speed setting and the number of
harmonics included in the sweep)

The software will display a message: “Waiting for Results”

Depending on the settings selected, a flashing message may be displayed on the
PPA: “Sweep Running”

For all settings entered, the test number will be seen to be incrementing in the
top left hand corner of the display.

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Step 7.

On completion of the tests the software will start to download the results from
the instrument.

The message is updated once the results have been downloaded.

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Step 8.

An Excel results document can be created by clicking on the Export button in the
software.

Note:

Rather than performing steps 1-4 above the settings can instead be entered on
the PPA. Press the ACQU button and entered the required speed setting.
Press the MODE button and select Harmonic Analyzer mode and Interharmonic

sweep. Enter the required values for “Frequency step size”, “Selected harmonic”
and “Harmonic series up to”. Finally click on the “Read PPA” button in the

software to transfer the settings from the PPA into the software. Ensure the
software is displaying the Harmonic test window and then proceed from step 5
above.

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6.5.9 HF Current Shunts

External current shunts can be used as an alternative to the instruments internal
shunt as a fixed value Impedance circuit. Note do not use both shunts together

Test equipment for demonstration:

1 x Inverter/Motor test unit (single phase)

1 x HF 003 Current Shunt (shunt resistance = 470mΩ)

Wiring Configuration:

Connect BNC safety lead between the “A EXT” BNC on the

rear of the PPA45xx and the BNC connector on the HF shunt

*Remember disconnect all leads to appropriate channels internal current shunt*

Set up PPA to read the external current shunt:

HF003 Current Shunt

A Low

A High

BNC

Earth
Stud

Connect Yellow
4mm lead from
source

Connect Black
4mm lead from
Load

Shunt Resistance = 470mΩ

Continuous Current = 3A rms
Max

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Press “RANGE” button

Press arrow until black box surrounds the current input parameter

Press arrow and select “external shunt”

Press “ENTER”, external shunt will now be selected

Press arrow until black box surrounds the shunt parameter

Manually input the shunt resistance value

Press “ENTER”, external shunt value will now be selected

If connecting the external shunt to a different channel then use the arrow to
select the correct channel configurations screen as prompted at the bottom of
the “RANGE” home screen

Now going back to the real time
display screen the range selected by
the analyzer is the (300mV) range.
This range is a peak range and the
analyzer will convert this voltage to
the equivalent current range,
dependent upon the shunt value

entered in the “RANGE” menu. In this
case the shunt value is 470mΩ;

therefore the analyzer will display

638.3mA for the 300mV range

I =




As the instrument ranges up and down the Arange value will change respectively

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HF100, HF200 and HF500 Current Shunts

Connection to these instruments is made via a stud and bolt and great care must
be taken when connecting heavy duty ring terminals to the appropriately sized
stud or alternatively, to an “L” bracket on the HF500 shunt.

It is essential that 2 correctly sized spanners are used at all times (see table
below) so that adequate torque can be applied to the bolt without transferring
excessive turning force to the stud

Any damage caused to the fixing stud will be irreparable

Current Shunt Model

Spanner Size

HF100 + HF200

17mm

HF500

24mm

Damage to the shunt will
occur when using only 1
spanner

Always use 2 spanners to
limit torque stress on the
shunt stud

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Rogowski Coil

Set the range value of the PPA45xx to
the selected channel the Rogowski Coil
is connected to,

Input the correct shunt value
corresponding to the switch value on
the Rogowski Transducer

The shunt value is set to 2mΩ to
reflect the switch position being set to
1KA (2mV per A) and a scale factor of 1:1

We set 2mΩ as a 2mΩ shunt would also produce the same 2mV/A

Connection should be made as per the following diagrams

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*WARNING: Remember to connect either the Internal or External shunt
only to the PPA45xx*

WR5000

Wideband Rogowski

Transducer

On

Fault

OFF

5KA (0.4mv/a)

1KA (2.0mv/a)

BNC

DC Input

15 Way Connector
BNC – BNC safety lead

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Connect up the Rogowski Coil as shown, wrap the clear plastic tube around the
conductor and slot into the “T”piece connector, tighten the connector nut to
secure the lead into position

A single coil wrapped around the conductor will result in voltage measurement
equal to the 2mV/A detail on the WR5000 as set on previous page

If the coil is double wrapped around the conductor then the voltage value will
double accordingly

BNC – BNC safety lead

DC Input

Conductor passing through

Rogowski Coil

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7 Remote Settings

The Remote Settings menu provides an interface for the user to set the method
of connection and the ability to configure the ports as required

Resolution

The default resolution setting for the
PPA45xx is “Normal” this will set the
Data Resolution to 5 decimal points
plus any exponent e.g.:
+1.2345+E00

Selecting “High” will set the Data

Resolution to 6 decimal points plus
any exponent e.g.: +1.23456+E00

For higher speed transfer a
proprietary binary format can be
selected which compresses the data
into 4 bytes

Interface

The PPA45xx is fitted as standard with an RS232 serial communications port and
USB, LAN and IEEE488 (Optional) Interfaces for communication purposes
between the

instrument and PC

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Selection is made via the interface parameter within the remote settings

Selecting RS232 will then open up the

“Baud Rate” option. Select an

applicable data speed rate from the 4
options given in the drop down menu
(Default Setting is 19200)

To use a USB lead to connect, set the
interface parameter to read “USB”

Configuring the interface to LAN will
then display the IP address applicable
to your instrument. This address will
be required upon connection to any
software to enable correct connection
to the instrument, this is changed
using the numerical keypad

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Configuring the instruments interface
to GPIB will automatically set the
IEEE address to 23 this can be
changed within the address
parameter in the range 0 to 30 (31
total possible addresses available)

Recall with Program

The recall with program parameter
will allow any pre set Comms
configuration to be recalled if saved
along with a nominated program

within the “PROG” settings. To recall

a Comms configuration set the recall

option to “ON” then recall the

appropriate program (Remember to
set this first before recalling your
saved program)

Screen Print

The Screen Print option will allow any
screen display on the PPA45xx to be
copied either to an RS232 printer or
USB memory stick. Select the
appropriate transfer method required
or alternatively this parameter can be
disabled

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7.1 Transferring Internal Datalogs to USB

memory stick

The following section explains the procedure for storing a datalog to internal
memory and exporting the data to a USB memory Stick

1. Setup Datalog (DATALOG MENU)

2. Press START to commence Datalog

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3. Store Datalog to Internal memory

4. Store Datalog to External USB Memory Stick

5. Locate file on memory stick, the file format will have a .txt extension

D001 represents “location 1” as specified above.

6. NOTE: Data presented within the .txt file for time will be displayed as a

fraction of an hour, to convert this data back into real time the user will
need to multiply the data by 3600 (seconds within an hour)

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7.1.1 Data logging to USB memory stick

1. Setup Datalog (DATALOG MENU)

2. Press START to commence Datalog

3. Press STOP to terminate Datalog, results will now be stored upon USB

memory stick

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4. Locate file on memory stick, the file format will have a .N4L extension and

save to a location on your PC

PPA_D001.N4L

5. Converting the .N4L to a .txt file will require the user to download free of

charge from the N4L website; software application “n4ldlog”

n4ldlog.exe

6. Upon downloading the n4ldlog software then drag and drop the .N4L file

on top of the n4ldlog.exe as shown below

7. Following this procedure a .txt file will be created as shown

PPA_D001.txt

D001 represents “location 1” as specified within the Datalog home screen

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7.2 Program Store / Recall / Delete

The following section explains the procedure for storing / recalling or deleting a
program to or from the instruments internal memory or USB memory Stick

1. Press “PROG” button to open up program store / recall mode

2. Select memory type to be used for action from the dropdown menu

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3. Select which data type you require to be actioned from the list shown

4. Select the action to be taken in association with the data selected

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5. Select the location that the associated action is to be recalled from, stored

to or deleted from, there are 999 locations available

NOTE:

Location 0 = FACTORY DEFAULT and cannot be changed

Location 1 = Upon start up should any program be stored within program 1 then
the PPA will automatically recall this program

6. Enter a name within this parameter to aid the user in relation to storing /

recalling a program to / from memory for future reference. To enter a
name, use the Alpha / Numerical keypad on the instruments front panel.