Network Instruments GigaStor 114ff User Manual

GIGASTOR

™

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GigaStor User Guide

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Contents

Chapter 1: About the GigaStor

GigaStor versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 2: Installing Your GigaStor

Unpacking and inspecting the parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Installing the GigaStor and connecting the cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Setting the GigaStor’s IP address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Redirecting the GigaStor probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Probe administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

GigaStor Capture Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Configuring Observer for your Gigabit device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Jumbo Frame Support (Gigabit Ethernet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Configuring Terms of Service and Quality of Service settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Configuring Observer for your WAN device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Digital DS3/E3/HSSI Probe Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Digital T1/E1 Probe Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Serial T1/E1 Probe Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

10/100/1000, 10GbE Optical, and Fibre Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Gigabit copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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Tapping a WAN connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

T1/E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

DS3/E3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Installing the drives in your GigaStor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Connecting the GigaStor Expandable to the expansion units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Chapter 3: Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

Capturing Packets with the GigaStor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Packet capture buffer and statistics buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Chapter 4: GigaStor Control Panel

Display Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Right-click menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Analyze button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

GigaStor Options tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

GigaStor Chart tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

GigaStor Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Capture Graph tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

GigaStor Schedule tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Statistics Lists tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Subnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

GigaStor reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Chapter 5: Using Observer with a WAN Probe

Discover Network Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Setting the Committed Information Rate (CIR) for a DLCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

WAN Bandwidth Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

WAN Vital Signs by DLCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

WAN Load by DLCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

WAN Top Talkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

WAN Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Triggers and Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 6: Forensic Analysis using Snort

Starting Forensic Analysis using Snort rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Creating a forensic analysis profile from the GigaStor control panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

About Forensic Analysis tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

About the Forensic Analysis Log tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Forensic Analysis Profile field descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Forensic Analysis Profile Settings tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Rules tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

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Chapter 7: Observer on the GigaStor

Using the Observer console locally on the GigaStor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 8: Probe Instances

What is a probe instance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Chapter 9: Gen2 Capture Card

Swapping the Gen2 card’s SFP or XFP interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Configuring virtual adapters on the Gen2 card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Viewing the Gen2 card’s properties and finding the board’s ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Appendix A: TCP/IP ports, NAT, and VPN

TCP/IP ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Appendix B: GigaStor, GigaStor Expandable, and Expansion Unit Cases

GigaStor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

GigaStor Expandable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Controller unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Expansion unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Appendix C: GigaStor Portable

Running Observer passively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Using the portable GigaStor as a probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

rev. 1

11

12

rev. 1

C h a p t e r 1

About the GigaStor

rev. 1

13

Chapter 1 About the GigaStor

GigaStor versions

GigaStor GigaStor Expandable GigaStor SAN GigaStor Portable

The GigaStor is an enterprise-strength network probe appliance. The
GigaStor combines a multi-terabyte, high-performance Redundant
Array of Independent Disks (RAID) with a dedicated, high-speed
network capture card in a modular, easy-to-deploy appliance.

There are these versions of the GigaStor:

Q GigaStor

Q GigaStor Expandable: a controller PC along with one, two, or

three disk expansion units that can store up to a total of 288
terabytes of data.

Q GigaStor SAN: a controller PC that connects to your SAN to

write its data. It uses a fibre channel host bus adapter that can
operate at 1, 2, or 4 Gigabit speed for connectivity.

Q GigaStor Portable: a portable GigaStor

Figure 1 GigaStor models

N

OTE:

Unless specifically noted, all information in this manual
applies to all versions of the GigaStor: GigaStor, GigaStor
Expandable, GigaStor SAN, and GigaStor Portable.

If your GigaStor is configured to monitor Gigabit Ethernet, 10Gb
Ethernet, and Fibre Channel connections, the capture card is a Gen2
card with SFP (or XFP) modules. This allows you to hot-swap any
SFP-compliant connectors into the your appliance. This makes it

GigaStor versions

14

Chapter 1 About the GigaStor

rev. 1

possible to use the same probe to monitor different types of links as
needed. For example, you can easily convert the capture card from
optical to copper, allowing you to connect the GigaStor to different
test access points (TAPs) or switch port analyzer (SPAN) or mirror
interfaces.

If your GigaStor is configured to monitor WAN (such as E1, T1, E3,
DS3, or HSSI) connections, your GigaStor has a specialized WAN
capture card. It does not have SFP or XFP connectors.

The GigaStor can be used with the Expert Observer console or
Observer Suite to troubleshoot your network. Alternatively, you can
run the probe in “local console” mode, allowing you to analyze
GigaStor-collected data locally.The local console on the GigaStor is
Observer Expert. However, we recommend that you use Observer on
a remote system to analyze the data.

rev. 1

GigaStor versions

Chapter 1 About the GigaStor

15

GigaStor versions

16

Chapter 1 About the GigaStor

rev. 1

C h a p t e r 2

Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

17

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

The general steps to install your GigaStor are:

F “Unpacking and inspecting the parts” on page 18

F “Installing the GigaStor and connecting the cables” on page 19

F “Connecting Observer to the GigaStor” on page 22

Additional steps to complete the installation are:

F “Configuring Observer for your Gigabit device” on page 31

F “Configuring Observer for your WAN device” on page 33

F “Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection” on

page 37

F “Tapping a WAN connection” on page 42

F “Installing the drives in your GigaStor” on page 50

Unpacking and inspecting the parts

Your GigaStor includes a number of components. Take a moment
after unpacking the kit to locate all of the parts.

F One rack-mountable GigaStor system with an installed 10/

100/1000 Ethernet network interface (management) card.

Unpacking and inspecting the parts

18

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

F Appropriate capture interface (Gen2 or WAN).

F The rack unit may also include a rail kit depending on

which model was purchased.

F Windows XP 64-bit operating system and a restore DVD

specific for your GigaStor.

F TAP kits for your topology (Ethernet, Fibre Channel, or

WAN), except for the GigaStor 2TE.

F Cables

F Ethernet cable for each 10/100/1000 interface in your

GigaStor.

F Connection cables to connect your GigaStor to a TAP or

switch.

rev. 1

Installing the GigaStor and connecting the cables

1 Install the GigaStor and any expansion units into your rack using

the supplied rails. Instructions for installing the rail kits are
provided in the rail kit box.

2 Install the drives into the GigaStor and any expansion units. See

“Installing the drives in your GigaStor” on page 50.

3 Connect the GigaStor, TAP, and cables. See:

Q “Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection” on

page 37 for details about optical and copper Gigabit Ethernet,
10 Gigabit Ethernet, and Fibre Channel connections.

Q “Tapping a WAN connection” on page 42 for details about

T1/E1 and DS3 connections.

Q “Connecting the GigaStor Expandable to the expansion units”

on page 52.

Q See the fibre channel host bus adapter (QLogic or other third

party) documentation included in the GigaStor packaging if
you are using a GigaStor SAN.

Setting the GigaStor’s IP address

rev. 1

At this point you have physically installed the hardware and
connected all the cables. Now, you must turn on the GigaStor and
configure the software.

1 Connect a monitor, keyboard, and mouse to the GigaStor and

ensure the GigaStor is plugged into a power outlet. These are only
needed temporarily to set the IP address. You can disconnect them
when you are finished. Alternatively, you can use Windows
Remote Desktop to connect to the GigaStor to make these
changes. The default IP address is 192.168.1.10.

2 If you are using a GigaStor Expandable, remember to start the

disk expansion units.

3 Turn on the system. On the back of the GigaStor ensure the

power switch is turned on. Then on the front of the GigaStor,
press the power button until the system starts to turn on.

Installing the GigaStor and connecting the cables

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

19

4 Ensure that each drive’s power/activity light is lit. If a drive’s light

is not lit, it is likely that the drive is not seated properly. Turn off
the GigaStor and reseat the drives. For more information, see
“Installing the drives in your GigaStor” on page 50.

5 Log in using the Administrator account. The default

Administrator password is admin.

6 Click Start → Control Panel → Network and Internet Connections

→ Network Connections. Choose Local Area Connection and

right-click and choose Properties.

7 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) from the list and click

Properties (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Default TCP/IP settings

Setting the GigaStor’s IP address

20

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

8 Set the IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS server for your

environment and click OK. Click OK again to close the Local
Area Connection Properties dialog. Close the Network
Connections window.

9 Right-click the Probe Service Configuration Applet in the system

tray and choose Open Probe Configuration.

rev. 1

Figure 3 Probe Service Configuration Applet

10 The Probe Administration window opens. Click the Probe

Options tab (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Probe Options

rev. 1

11 Change the name of the probe to something meaningful to you.

The name might be the physical location of the probe. Click
Apply to save your changes and close the window.

By default the GigaStor runs the Expert Probe as a Windows
service and starts automatically at system startup. This prevents
you from using the Observer console on the GigaStor. You must
connect to the GigaStor using Observer on a different system. If
you want to use the Observer console locally, see “Using the
Observer console locally on the GigaStor” on page 108.

Setting the GigaStor’s IP address

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

21

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

This section assumes you have already installed Observer on your
desktop or laptop. If not, install the software. You can download from
the Network Instruments website.

There are three main tasks to connect Observer to your GigaStor

Q “Redirecting the GigaStor probe” on page 22

Q “Probe administration” on page 24

Q “GigaStor Capture Analysis” on page 29

Redirecting the GigaStor probe

1 Choose Start → All Programs → Observer → Observer. Observer

opens.

2 Select Actions → Redirect Probe (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Remote Probe Administration and Redirection

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

22

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

3 Click New to add the GigaStor to the Probe Administration and

Redirection list. Figure 6 appears.

rev. 1

Figure 6 Edit Remote Probe Entry

4 Type the IP address that you assigned to the GigaStor in step 7 in

“Setting the GigaStor’s IP address” on page 19 and click OK. You
may leave the other fields blank. If you type a name, the name
will change after Observer connects to the remote probe. The
GigaStor appears in the list of probes available for redirection
(Figure 7).

Figure 7 Probe added to Remote Probe Administration and Redirection

rev. 1

5 Select the GigaStor probe and then click Redirect Selected Probe

(Figure 8).

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

23

Figure 8 Probe Instance Redirection

6 Select the probe instance and click Redirect Selected Instance.

Figure 9 appears.

Figure 9 Redirecting Probe or Probe Instance

7 Choose the “Redirect to this Observer” option, then click the

8 Close the Probe Instance Redirection window.

Probe administration

Now that your GigaStor is connected to your Observer console, you
can administer it.

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

24

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Redirect button. Within 30 seconds the GigaStor will connect to
the local Observer. If you use NAT, see “NAT” on page 124.

rev. 1

1 Click Probe Administration (see Figure 7). The Probe

Administration Login window opens.

Figure 10 Remote Probe Administration

2 Ensure “Login using a user account configured for this Probe” is

selected and click OK.

The Probe Administration window opens to the Memory
Management tab (Figure 11).

Figure 11 Memory Management tab

rev. 1

3 Select the Network 1 probe instance and click Rename. Choose a

name that is meaningful to you for the probe instance name and
click OK. By default, Network 1 is your active probe instance for
your GigaStor. For details about active and passive probe instance,
see “Probe Instances” on page 111.

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

25

By default all of the installed memory on the GigaStor is
dedicated for one probe instance. You must first release the
memory so that you can assign the freed memory to other probe
instances.

4 With the newly renamed probe instance still selected, click

Configure Memory (Figure 12) at the top of the window.

Figure 12 Edit Probe Instance: Capture Buffer Memory

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

26

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

5 Use the arrows to release some memory. Free enough memory to

create your probe instances and click OK. At a minimum each
probe instance requires12 MB memory. It uses 4 MB for statistics
and 8 MB for packet capture. Don’t worry about freeing too
much memory. If you determine you released too much, you can
reallocate it later to the capture buffer or operating system.

Because Observer operates in real-time, its buffers must always
remain in RAM; if the buffers resided in standard Windows user
memory, nothing would prevent the buffer file from being
swapped out to disk and subsequent packet loss. For this reason,
the probe reserves its memory from Windows upon startup so
that no other applications can use it and cause the buffer to be
swapped out to disk.

For more information about buffers, see “Packet capture buffer
and statistics buffer” on page 54.

6 Click the GigaStor Instances tab (Figure 13).

rev. 1

Figure 13 GigaStor Instances

7 Click New Instance. Figure 14 appears.

Figure 14 Edit Probe Instance: Name

rev. 1

8 You are configuring a GigaStor probe to capture data and write it

to the hard drive. Therefore ensure “Probe instance” is selected in
the Instance type. Type a name and description and click Next.

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

27

Figure 15 Edit Probe Instance: Configure Memory

9 From the RAM that you released earlier, assign some of it to this

probe instance and click Next.

10 Ensure the correct network adapter is selected and click Finish to

redirect the GigaStor to your local Observer console.

Figure 16 Edit Probe Instance: Connect to Console

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

28

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

11 Repeat step 7 through step 10 until you have created all of your

probe instances. Any unused memory should be reallocated to the
packet capture buffer of the active probe instance or to the
operating system.

12 Click OK to close the Probe administration windows. After a

moment the GigaStor probe and any probe instances appear in
the Observer Probe list found along the left side of the main
Observer window.

GigaStor Capture Analysis

1 Click Capture → GigaStor Capture Analysis to begin viewing

network traffic that passes through the GigaStor probe. The
GigaStor Control Panel opens (Figure 17).

Figure 17 GigaStor Control Panel

rev. 1

At this point the data is not being written to disk unless you
manually click the Start button. With most GigaStor installations,
you want the GigaStor probe to always be writing its data to disk.

2 Click Settings in the middle of the top menu bar. The GigaStor

Settings window opens. Click the Schedule tab.

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

29

Figure 18 GigaStor Settings Schedule tab

3 In the Schedule GigaStor Capture section, select Always. For

more information about a packet capture vs. GigaStor capture, see
“Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture” on page 53.

4 In the Reserve scheduling for section, select GigaStor and click

OK. You may receive a notice about scheduling reservation. If you
do, click Yes to change the scheduling.

Connecting Observer to the GigaStor

30

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

You have installed your GigaStor! Now you must configure some
settings in Observer before getting the maximum results from your
new network analysis tool.

Q If you are monitoring a Gigabit connection, you must

configure the WAN device. See “Configuring Observer for
your Gigabit device” on page 31 for details.

Q If you are monitoring a WAN connection, you must configure

the WAN device. See “Configuring Observer for your WAN
device” on page 33 for details.

Q If you are monitoring any other connection, begin using

Observer to analyze the data. To get started, take use the
GigaStor Control Panel. It is described in “GigaStor Control
Panel” on page 57.

rev. 1

Configuring Observer for your Gigabit device

Depending on your probe and your network, you may need to make
some changes from the factory defaults.

Q “Jumbo Frame Support (Gigabit Ethernet)” on page 31

Q “Configuring Terms of Service and Quality of Service settings”

on page 32

Jumbo Frame Support (Gigabit Ethernet)

When a Gigabit Ethernet GigaStor is the selected probe, Observer
displays an additional Gigabit tab on the Probe or Device Setup
dialog. This allows you to adjust the maximum frame size. The default
is 1514 bytes (excluding the frame checksum), which is appropriate
for standard Ethernet. If the network link you are analyzing is
configured to support jumbo frames (i.e., frames larger than 1514
bytes) you may want to change this setting to match the frame size of
the Gigabit network, up to a maximum size of 9014 bytes. Observer
will then discard frames that exceed this maximum frame size,
generating a “Frame too large” error.

1 Select the gigabit probe and right-click. A menu appears. Choose

Probe or Device Settings.

rev. 1

2 Click the Gigabit tab (Figure 19).

3 Change the frame size to suit your needs and click OK.

Configuring Observer for your Gigabit device

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

31

Figure 19 Gigabit tab

Configuring Terms of Service and Quality of Service settings

The ToS/QoS settings are configured for each probe.

1 Select the gigabit probe and right-click. A menu appears. Choose

Probe or Device Settings.

2 Click the ToS/QoS tab (Figure 20).

3 Specify the IP precedence bits for the terms of service/quality of

service for your network.

Configuring Observer for your Gigabit device

32

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

Figure 20 ToS/QoS tab

Configuring Observer for your WAN device

rev. 1

There are a number of setup options and statistical displays unique to
WAN Observer, which are described in the following subsections.

Before you can analyze the WAN link, you must set some device
options. You must also have the appropriate administrative privileges
to change WAN device settings.

Q “Digital DS3/E3/HSSI Probe Settings” on page 34

Q “Digital T1/E1 Probe Settings” on page 35

Q “Serial T1/E1 Probe Settings” on page 36

After configuring your connection, you should begin using Observer
to monitor your connections. To get started, use the information in
“Using Observer with a WAN Probe” on page 79.

Configuring Observer for your WAN device

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

33

Digital DS3/E3/HSSI Probe Settings

To access the probe settings, select the probe, right-click and choose
Probe or Device Settings. Then click the DS3/E3/HSSI tab
(Figure 21).

Figure 21 DS3/E3/HSSI Probe Settings

Table 1 describes fields in Figure 21.

Table 1 DS3/E3/HSSI probe settings

Setting Explanation

WAN Type Choose DS3 (T3), E3 or HSSI to match the type of link you are analyzing, then

Encapsulation You must set this to match the settings on the frame relay CSU/DSU.

Subprotocol If ATM or LAPB is the selected encapsulation method, you must choose the sub-

Fractionalized Check if your link is configured for fractionalized operation. Fractionalized DS3

Bandwidth (HSSI) Set to match the bandwidth and channel settings of the fractionalized HSSI link

Configuring Observer for your WAN device

34

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

choose the frame check sequence (FCS) standard: CRC-16 (the default) or CRC-

32.

protocols on the link.

and E3 are not supported.

under analysis.

rev. 1

Digital T1/E1 Probe Settings

To access the probe settings, select the probe, right-click and choose
Probe or Device Settings. Then click the T1/E1 tab (Figure 22).

Figure 22 T1/E1 WAN Probe Settings

Table 2 describes fields in Figure 22.

Table 2 T1/E1 WAN Probe Settings

Setting Explanation

WAN/Frame Relay Type Choose T1 or E1 to match the type of link you are analyzing.

Encapsulation You must set this to match the settings on the frame relay CSU/DSU.

Subprotocol If ATM or LAPB is the selected encapsulation method, you must choose the sub-

Link 1 and Link 2 Channel Settings (Note that for the link and settings to be activated, you must check the
On check box for that link).

Fractionalized Check if this link is configured for fractionalized operation.

Channel selector check
boxes

Include in Util.
Thermometer.

rev. 1

projects on the link.

Choose the channels you want to be included in the analysis.

Check if you want to include statistics from this link in the Bandwidth Utilization
Thermometer.

Configuring Observer for your WAN device

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

35

Serial T1/E1 Probe Settings

Table 3 describes fields for a serial T1/E1 connection.

Table 3 Serial T1/E1 probe settings

Setting Explanation

WAN/Frame Relay Type Choose T1 or E1 to match the type of link you are analyzing.

Encapsulation You must set this to match the settings on the frame relay router.

Fractionalized Check if your link is configured for fractionalized operation.

Bandwidth Set to match the bandwidth setting of the link you are analyzing.

Configuring Observer for your WAN device

36

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection

This section describes how to connect the cables for these
environments:

Q “10/100/1000, 10GbE Optical, and Fibre Channel” on

page 37

Q “Gigabit copper” on page 40

10/100/1000, 10GbE Optical, and Fibre Channel

The optical Ethernet kit includes:

Q Optical TAP

Q One, two, or four full duplex optical cables depending on

which Gen2 card you purchased.

Q One, two, or four optical Y-analyzer cables

To connect the TAP to the GigaStor:

1 Insert the supplied SFP connectors (XPF connectors for 10GbE)

into the open slots on the back of the Gen2 card(s).

rev. 1

2 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting the expansion units. After connecting them, continue
with step 3.

3 Connect the TX Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) or

SAN port to the Link A port on the nTAP .

4 Connect the TX port on the Gigabit switch (DCE) or Fibre

Channel Fabric to the Link B port on the nTA P.

5 Use the Y-analyzer cable to connect the nTAP t o th e G en 2

capture card in the GigaStor. If you have more than one nTAP ,
repeat for each additional nTA P.

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

37

N

DTE

DCE

DCE

1

2

DTE

4-port

DTE

DCE

DCE

1

2

DTE

DTE

DCE

DCE

3

4

DTE

8-port: mainboard

and daughter board

DCE

1

1

2

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2

DTE

2-port

DCE

DTE

1

2-port
10 Gb

1

2

2

OTE: STRAIGHT-

THROUGH CABLE

Figure 23 Gen2 card port assignments

6 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

If you are using a switch’s SPAN/mirror port, no nTAP is
required. Simply plug any straight-through or Fibre cable
between the SPAN/mirror port and one of the ports on the
Gen2 capture card.

Fibre Channel has auto-negotiation disabled by default. You
must enabled it first, then connect it to the SPAN or mirror
port on your switch.

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

Figure 24 shows the GigaStor cabled to analyze a server. The TAP can

38

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection
Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

replace the connection between any DCE (Data Circuit-terminating
Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) device or
connection.

rev. 1

Figure 24 GigaStor with an optical nTAP

TX

RX

Gigabit Switch (DCE)Server (DTE)

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

Gen2

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

Optical TAP

Observer Console

RX

TX

RX

rev. 1

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

39

Gigabit copper

DTE

DCE

DCE

1

2

DTE

4-port

DTE

DCE

DCE

1

2

DTE

DTE

DCE

DCE

3

4

DTE

8-port: mainboard

and daughter board

DCE

1

1

2

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2

DTE

2-port

The Gigabit copper kit includes:

Q Copper nTA P

Q 1, 2, or 4 standard Ethernet cables

Q 2, 4, or 8 analyzer cables

To connect the TAP to the GigaStor:

1 Insert the supplied SFP connectors into the open slots on the back

of the Gen2 card(s).

2 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting them. After connecting them, continue with step 3.

3 Connect the TX Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) or

SAN port to the Link A port on the nTAP .

4 Connect the TX port Gigabit switch (DCE) to the Link B port on

the nTAP .

5 Use the two analyzer cables to connect the analyzer port on the

nTAP to the Gen2 capture card in the GigaStor. If you have more
than one nTAP, repeat for each additional nTA P.

Figure 25 8-port Gen2 card port assignments

40

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection
Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

N

Gigabit Switch (DCE)Server (DTE)

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

Gen2

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

Gigabit

Copper TAP

Observer Console

OTE: PASS-THROUGH

CABLE

6 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

If you are using a switch’s SPAN/mirror port, no nTAP is
required. Simply plug any straight-through Ethernet cable
into the SPAN/mirror port on the switch and one of the ports
on the Gen2 capture card.

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

Figure 26 shows the GigaStor as it would be cabled to analyze a
server. The TAP can replace the gigabit connection between any DCE
(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment) device or connection.

Figure 26 GigaStor with a copper TAP

rev. 1

Tapping an Ethernet or Fibre Channel connection

41

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Tapping a WAN connection

This section describes how to connect the cables for these
environments:

Q “T1/E1” on page 42

Q “DS3/E3” on page 46

T1/E1

See “Digital” on page 42 or “Serial” on page 44 depending on your
needs.

Digital

The digital T1/E1 kit includes:

Q One T1/E1 dual link TAP

Q One T1/E1 WAN analyzer cable

Q Two T1/E1 Ethernet cables

1 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting them. After connecting them, continue with step 2.

Tapping a WAN connection

42

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

2 Connect the TAP to the GigaStor using the T1/E1 WAN analyzer

cable.

3 From your T1/E1 cable that connects the DCE to your CSU/

DSU, unplug the CSU/DSU end and plug it into the Link 1 IN
port on the TAP.

4 Using one of the supplied T1/E1 Ethernet cables, connect the

Link 1 OUT port of the TAP to the CSU/DSU.

5 If you have a second T1 you want to monitor, repeat step 3 and

step 4 using Link 2.

6 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

rev. 1

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

Figure 27 shows the GigaStor as it would be cabled to analyze T1/E1
link with a Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit (CSU/DSU)

Figure 27 Digital T1/E1 Tap

Gen2

T1 TAP

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

1

.

Router or

CSU/DSU (DTE)

1. The 4-Port version of this system has an additional PC interface card and an additional TAP and cable kit. Connect

the second TAP kit as shown in the diagram.

rev. 1

T1 Line (DCE)

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Observer Console

Tapping a WAN connection

43

Serial

The serial T1/E1 kit includes:

Q One serial T1/E1 WAN TAP

Q One serial Y cable

Q One serial T1 WAN cable

1 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting them. After connecting them, continue with step 2.

2 Connect the TAP to the GigaStor using the serial T1/E1 WAN

cable.

3 Using the serial Y cable, connect it to the TAP and then to your

CSU/DSU and your router.

4 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

Tapping a WAN connection

44

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

rev. 1

Figure 28 WAN Serial T1/E1 TAP

Router (DCE)CSU/DSU (DTE)

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

Serial T1/E1 TAP

Observer Console

POWER

DTE

DCE

ACTIVE OUTPUT

MODE

AB

rev. 1

Tapping a WAN connection

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

45

DS3/E3

See “Digital” on page 46 or “Serial/HSSI” on page 48 depending on
your needs.

Digital

The digital DS3/E3 kit includes:

Q One digital DS3/E3 TAP

Q One digital DS3/E3 WAN cable

Q Two full-duplex DS3/E3 coax cables

1 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting them. After connecting them, continue with step 2.

2 Connect the TAP to the GigaStor using the supplied digital DS3/

E3 WAN cable.

3 From your coax cables that connects the router to your CSU/

DSU, unplug the ends of both cables connected to the CSU/DSU
and plug them into the IN ports on the TAP.

Tapping a WAN connection

46

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

4 Using the supplied coax cables, connect them from the OUT

ports on the TAP to the CSU/DSU.

5 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

rev. 1

DS3 TAP

IN (RX)

OUT (TX)

TX

TX

Figure 29 DS3/E3 TAP

DCE

LOS

E3

DTE

OUT

LOS

LOF

POWER

IN

OUT

LOF

IN

RX

RX

OUT (TX)

IN (RX)

DS3 Line (DCE)CSU/DSU (DTE)

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

Observer Console

rev. 1

Tapping a WAN connection

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

47

Serial/HSSI

The serial DS3 kit includes:

Q One serial DS3/E3 TAP

Q One HSSI Y-cable

Q One HSSI cable

Q One Ethernet cable

1 If you have a GigaStor Expandable, see “Connecting the GigaStor

Expandable to the expansion units” on page 52 for details about
connecting them. After connecting them, continue with step 2.

2 Connect the TAP to the GigaStor using the supplied HSSI Y-

cable.

3 From your serial HSSI cable that connects the router to your

CSU/DSU, unplug the CSU/DSU end and plug it into the IN port
on the TAP.

4 Using the supplied HSSI cable, connect it to OUT port on the

TAP.

5 Use the supplied Ethernet cable to connect the network interface

card in the GigaStor to the network.

Tapping a WAN connection

48

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Now that you have physically connected the cables for the GigaStor,
you must now configure its software. See “Setting the GigaStor’s IP
address” on page 19.

rev. 1

Figure 30 WAN HSSI

Router (DCE)CSU/DSU (DTE)

10/100/1000

NIC for TCP/IP

GigaStor or

GigaStor Expandable

HSSI TAP

Observer Console

HSSI IN

HSSI OUT

rev. 1

Tapping a WAN connection

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

49

Installing the drives in your GigaStor

CAUTION HANDLING

DRIVES

THE

Be especially careful when handling and installing the hard
drives. Proper handling is paramount to the longevity of the
unit. The internal mechanism of the hard drive can be
seriously damaged if the hard drive is subjected to forces
outside its environmental specifications.

When transporting the hard drive, always use the original
packaging in which the hard drive was delivered to you, and
avoid exposing the hard drive to extreme changes in
temperature to minimize the risk of condensation.

Q Never drop the unit. Handle it with care.

Q Never place the hard drive in the vicinity of equipment giving

off strong magnetic fields, such as CRT monitors, televisions,
or loudspeakers.

Q Always use an anti-static mat and wrist strap when handling

the hard drive. Hold the hard drive by the base and never
touch the components on the circuit board assembly.

Q If the temperature difference between the storage location

and installation location exceeds 50°F/10°C, for temperature
acclimation purposes, leave the hard drive in the new location
for at least two hours before turning it on.

Installing the drives in your GigaStor

50

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Each drive for the GigaStor is packed in shock-resistant boxes. The
tray that holds each drive has two optical pipes that run along the
right side. These pipes are connected to the indicator lights on the
front of the tray and are prone to cracking or breaking if you squeeze
the sides of the tray too tightly.

Stickers on each drive identify which slot (and expansion unit) it
should be installed in. The drive labeled A1 must be installed in the
lower left slot. The disk expansion units for the GigaStor Expandable
are labeled A, B, or C on the back of the expansion unit’s case.

1 Open the locking latch by pushing the release tab until the tray

panel pops out.

2 Gently, but firmly, push the A1 drive into the appropriate slot

until you feel the pins engage and the latch closes slightly.

rev. 1

Figure 31 shows how the drive numbers correspond to slot

A7
A5
A3
A1

A8
A6
A4
A2

A1

C13

C9
C5
C1

C16
C12

C8
C4

C14
C10

C6
C2

C15
C11

C7

C3

B13

B9
B5

B1

B16
B12

B8
B4

B14
B10

B6

B2

B15
B11

B7
B3

A13

A9
A5
A1

A16
A12

A8
A4

A14
A10

A6
A2

A15
A11

A7

A3

A13

A9
A5
A1

A16
A12

A8
A4

A14
A10

A6
A2

A15
A11

A7

A3

locations.

Figure 31 GigaStor drive locations

12

A13

A9
A5
A1

Drive ID sticker

13

14

15

16

9

10

11

12

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

A14
A10

A6
A2

A15
A11

A7
A3

!

12

!

A16
A12

A8
A4

GigaStor (8 drive)

GigaStor (16 drive)

GigaStor Expandable
expansion units

C

AUTION GIGASTOR

EXPANDABLE DRIVE

LOCATION

It is important that you install the drives in the correct drive
slot, and in correct expansion unit if you have a GigaStor
Expandable. Failure to install the drives in the proper order
will result in poor read/write performance or possibly RAID
array failure.

3 Push the latch in all the way until it clicks.

4 Repeat until all drives are in the chassis. For the GigaStor

Expandable continue with B1-B16 and C1-C16 as appropriate.

rev. 1

5 If you are installing a GigaStor Expandable, you must also connect

the cables. See “Connecting the GigaStor Expandable to the
expansion units” on page 52. Otherwise, continue with “Installing
the GigaStor and connecting the cables” on page 19.

Installing the drives in your GigaStor

Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

51

Connecting the GigaStor Expandable to the expansion units

A

1 2 3 4

C

1 2 3 4

B

1 2 3 4

After you have installed the drives Use the supplied cables to connect
the expansion units to the GigaStor Expandable. Figure 32 shows how
to cable the GigaStor Expandable to the expansion units.

Figure 32 Cable diagram for the GigaStor Expandable

A

1 2 3 4

B

1 234

C

1 234

B

1 2 3 4

C

1 2 3 4

N

OTE: GIGASTOR

52

EXPANDABLE

Installing the drives in your GigaStor
Chapter 2 Installing Your GigaStor

Otherwise, continue with “Installing the GigaStor and connecting the
cables” on page 19.

When turning the GigaStor Expandable components on and
off, follow this order to ensure proper drive recognition and
operation:

 Start the disk expansion units before turning on the

capture/controller PC unit.

 Shut down the capture/controller PC unit before turning

off the disk expansion units.

rev. 1

C h a p t e r 3

Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

rev. 1

53

Chapter 3 Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

Capturing Packets with the GigaStor

A GigaStor can accumulate terabytes of stored network traffic. To
manage the sheer volume of data, the GigaStor includes an
alternative, specialized capture and analysis control panel. The
GigaStor Control Panel manages the capture, indexing, and storage of
large numbers of packets over long periods of time. While the
GigaStor control panel is active, standard packets captures are
unavailable. You cannot run the two types of captures simultaneously.

While actively capturing packets, the GigaStor control tracks network
statistics and indexes them by time as it saves the packets to disk. This
allows you to quickly scan the traffic for interesting activity and create
filters to focus on specific traffic using the slider controls and
constraint options.

The GigaStor control panel also automates storage management by
deleting the oldest data before storage runs out. This maintains a
multi-terabyte “sliding windows” of time within which you can review
and decode traffic. It also allows for passive (in other words, virtual)
probe instances, which allow users to have their own instances (and
security credentials) without duplicating data collection or storage.

You can view the sliding window as a time line chart. Depending on
what constraint are in effect and your display options determine what
appears on the chart. By using time selection sliders and other options,
you can quickly acquire and analyze the packets by clicking the
Analyze button. This opens the standard packet decode and analysis
window. From there you can view packets, save them, and perform
further filtering if desired.

Packet capture buffer and statistics buffer

There are two kinds of buffers that a probe uses to store data in real­time: capture buffers and statistical buffers. The capture buffer stores
the raw data captured from the network while the statistical buffer
stores data entries that are snapshots of a given statistical data point.

Selecting an appropriate capture buffer size given system resources is
all most users need to worry about; the default settings for the
statistical buffers work perfectly fine in the vast majority of
circumstances.

Capturing Packets with the GigaStor

54

Chapter 3 Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

rev. 1

However, if you are pushing the limits of the system on which the

Network Speed × Average Throughput (MB/second) = Seconds of data storeable in RAM

probe is installed by creating many probe instances, you may be able
to avoid some performance problems by fine-tuning the memory
allocation for each probe instance.

For example, suppose you want to give a number of remote
administrators access to Top Talkers data from a given probe. You will
be able to add more probe instances within a given system’s memory
constraints if you set up the statistics buffers to only allocate memory
for tracking Top Talkers and to not allocate memory for statistics that
no one will be looking at.

Observer has no limitations on the amount of RAM that can be used
for a buffer.

You can allocate up to 4 gigabytes, limited only by the physical
memory installed on your Windows system. Note that when run on a
64-bit Windows, there is no 4 GB limitation for the capture buffer;
you are limited only by the amount of physical memory installed on
the probe.

In all cases, the actual buffer size (Max Buffer Size) is also reduced by
7% for memory management purposes. Should you try and exceed the
Max Buffer Size an error dialog will be displayed indicating the
minimum and maximum buffer size for your Observer (or probe)
buffer.

For passive probe instances, which are most often used for
troubleshooting, the default settings should be sufficient. If you are
creating an active probe instance (one that writes to disk and not just
reads from it), then you may want to use the following formula as a
rough guideline to determine how much RAM to reserve for the
probe instance when doing a packet capture. (This formula does not
apply when doing a GigaStor capture to disk. It is only for passive
probe instances doing packet captures.)

T

IP! CAPTURE

BUFFER

rev. 1

You want a buffer that will handle your largest, worst case
burst.

Packet capture buffer and statistics buffer

Chapter 3 Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

55

Packet capture buffer and statistics buffer

56

Chapter 3 Packet Capture or GigaStor Capture

rev. 1

C h a p t e r 4

GigaStor Control Panel

rev. 1

57

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

Once the GigaStor is up and running on the network, you can run
Expert Observer or Observer Suite to connect to the GigaStor
running as a probe to begin analyzing the network, or you can run the
GigaStor in Console mode via Windows Terminal Server (or a
monitor and keyboard that are physically attached). Observer works
with the GigaStor just as it does any other Network Instruments
probe, with some GigaStor-specific enhancements (described below).

The GigaStor Control Panel is available from the probe itself (when
running in Console Mode), and also from any Observer Expert or
Observer Suite console when it is connected to a GigaStor. In either
case, choose GigaStor Capture Analysis from Observer’s Capture
menu, and a screen like the following is displayed:

Figure 33 GigaStor Control Panel

58

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

The GigaStor Control Panel shows traffic on a time line graph,
allowing you to select packets for decoding, analysis, and display by
defining the time period you want to view, and the types of packets
you want to include.

Use the sliders at the top of the time line chart to select the time
period you are interested in analyzing. If desired, you can further
constrain the display of packets by MAC Stations, IP Stations, IP Pairs,

rev. 1

etc., by clicking on the appropriate tab and selecting the items you
want to see on the time line chart.

Display Controls

Charts and statistical tables are refreshed only when you click the
Update Chart or Update Statistics button. The buttons will flash with
a red border when a refresh is necessary. You can also have the display
auto-update. For details, “GigaStor Options tab” on page 64.

You can change the Screen resolution (in other words, the time scale)
and which Data type (i.e., packets or bytes, either per second or
totals) to chart by using the drop-down controls and per second check
box. The Statistics interval control lets you display network statistics
based on the entire visible chart, or only show data derived from the
time interval you have selected to analyze.

The FIFO gauge on the right side of the control pane tracks how well
GigaStor’s disk hardware is keeping up with the current traffic load; if
the FIFO gauge shows 90% or greater, you should consider reducing
the load using one or more of the following methods:

Q Allocate more memory to the GigaStor instance. See the

instructions in “Probe administration” on page 24 for details
about allocating memory for the probe instance.

rev. 1

Q Activate dynamic sampling, or increase the fixed sampling

ratio. See details about packet capture in “Packet capture
buffer and statistics buffer” on page 54.

Q Activate partial packet capture or reduce the size of portion

captured. See details about partial packet capture in “Capture
partial packets” on page 65.

The Rate: field shows how much traffic the GigaStor will be able to
archive given the active instance’s current disk usage rate. It is updated
dynamically as the usage rates change. To increase the archivable time
window, activate partial packet capture and sampling as described
above, or apply pre-filtering.

Display Controls

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

59

Right-click menus

As with other Observer displays, the charts and tables of the GigaStor
control panel offer many right-click shortcuts.

Q Right-clicking on the chart portion of the Control Panel

displays the following options for navigating and displaying
traffic data:

Figure 34 Chart right-click menu

Q Settings brings up GigaStor Control panel settings; the Zoom

to Cursor Click Position options let you select from different
chart resolutions, centering the display at the current cursor
position.

Q Right-clicking on any table (such as Summary, TCP, UDP,

etc.) presents a context-sensitive menu. The TCP right-click
menu is typical:

Right-click menus

60

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

Figure 35 TCP right-click menu

Q The options themselves are self-explanatory. Filtering options

displayed depend on which table you right-clicked on.

rev. 1

Analyze button

Figure 36 GigaStor Control Panel Analyze button

When you click the Analyze button to view the results, you are
prompted to select how to filter the packet capture for display
(Figure 37).

After you click OK, any filters you have chosen are applied, and a
standard decode window is displayed, unless you have checked the
“Display selected filter before starting analysis” option, in which case
the filter editor is displayed.

rev. 1

Analyze button

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

61

Figure 37 GigaStor Analysis Options window

Table 4 describes what the fields in the various sections control.

Table 4 GigaStor Analysis Options

Field section Description

GigaStor Analysis Filter Choose whether to Analyze all traffic in the analysis period, Select

Analysis Time Range Set the start and end time for analysis. The fields are pre-filled

Analysis Type Choose between Expert analysis and decode, Decode without

Forensic Analysis Select a Forensic Analysis profile. See “Starting Forensic Analysis

Analyze button

62

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

an Observer filter to apply before decoding, or Create an analysis
filter using checked GigaStor entries (in other words, based on the
constraints you have selected using the GigaStor control panel).
Subsequent check boxes let you choose which criteria from the
Control Panel selection to include in the analysis. The Include
expert information in analysis filter option should be checked if
you plan on using Observer’s Expert Analysis on the packet buffer;
otherwise leave it unchecked.

based on the time slider selections made from the GigaStor
Control Panel.

expert analysis, or Forensic analysis only. Load time is significantly
reduced (especially with large files) by bypassing analysis
processing for features you are not interested in.

using Snort rules” on page 92 for details on using this Snort­compatible feature.

rev. 1

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

Just as with the standard Observer packet capture interface, you can
set the colors of the capture graph and schedule captures to be
automatically launched (or to run all the time). In addition, there are
a number of GigaStor-specific settings that allow you to fine-tune
performance based on your particular needs.

1 Open the GigaStor Control Panel (Capture →GigaStor Capture

Analysis).

2 Click the Settings button.

3 Click the tab for the settings you want to change.

Figure 38 GigaStor Control Panel Analyze button

These options and settings are described in

rev. 1

Q “GigaStor Options tab” on page 64

Q “GigaStor Chart tab” on page 67

Q “GigaStor Outline” on page 67

Q “Capture Graph tab” on page 69

Q “GigaStor Schedule tab” on page 70

Q “Statistics Lists tab” on page 71

Q “Subnet” on page 72

Q “GigaStor reports” on page 75

Q “Export” on page 77

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

63

GigaStor Options tab

This tab lets you configure many options for the GigaStor. Follow the
instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel”
on page 63 to open the GigaStor Options tab (Figure 39).

Figure 39 GigaStor Options tab

See Table 5 for a description of each field of the GigaStor Options tab.

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

64

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

rev. 1

Table 5 GigaStor Options tab

Field Description

Capture Buffer size Allows you to set the amount of Windows memory that Observer

Do not include traffic from Observer/
Probe local MAC address

Capture partial packets By default, Observer will capture the entire packet. This option

Network Load When checked, Observer will not strip out the informational

will dedicate to the capture buffer cache for this instance. Values
are in megabytes. This configuration value has been pre-set for
optimum performance given a single GigaStor collection instance.

The factory settings also allow enough memory to set up a number
of passive or virtual instances, which will allow multiple users to
view the analysis results while avoiding redundant processing,
memory, and disk storage consumption.

If you wish to run multiple collection instances to monitor multiple
links or networks, you can decrease the capture buffer size
dedicated to GigaStor collection which will release some memory
for creating other probe collection instances, but be careful.
Inadequate memory allocation to GigaStor collection can affect
performance and result in dropped packets during high load
periods.

A GigaStor Instance can be as large as the physical memory
installed on your system after subtracting the memory dedicated
to Windows and other probe Instances.

To change the allocation for this probe instance, click the Configure
button, which will display the probe Instance, Memory and Security
Administration dialog.

In all cases, the actual buffer size (Max Buffer Size) is also reduced
by 7% for memory management purposes. Should you try to
exceed the Max Buffer Size an error dialog will be displayed
indicating the minimum and maximum buffer size for your
Observer (or probe) buffer.

Excludes packets sent and received from the station running
Observer or probe (the MAC address of the station from which you
are capturing packets).

allows you to define a specific amount of each packet to capture to
the buffer. For example, a setting of 64 bytes will result in Observer
only capturing the first 64 bytes of every packet.

Most of the pertinent information about the packet (as opposed to
the information contained in the packet) is at the beginning of the
packet, so this option allows you to collect more packets for a
specific buffer size by only collecting the first part of the packet. In
some forensic situations, a warrant may only allow an officer/agent
to collect, for example, e-mail headers.

Also, if the system is having trouble keeping up with bandwidth
spikes, collecting partial packets can resolve the issue. To change
the number of bytes captured in each packet, click the Change
Size...

Note that this setting affects all consoles that connect to this probe.
You cannot change this setting unless you have administrative
privileges to do so.

markers used by Expert Time Interval and What If analysis modes.
Leave this box unchecked unless you intend to use these modes.

rev. 1

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

65

Table 5 GigaStor Options tab

Field Description

Start/Stop Packet Capture marker
frames

Wireless Channel Change When checked, saved packet capture buffers will include markers

Packet Sampling Packet sampling applies to the control panel statistical displays, not

Capture Indexing Information
Maximums

Display Indexing Information
Maximums

Collect and Show GigaStor indexing
information by

Track statistics information per
physical port

Use physical port selections to filter
statistics (requires per port tracking
information)

Stop capture when disk is full When activated, the GigaStor stops capturing packets when the

Auto-update GigaStor chart on
statistics tab or selection change

Keep focus on GigaStor when
running Forensic Analysis and
creating a decode

Update display during statistics
processing in 30 second intervals

When checked, saved packet capture buffers will include markers
that timestamp when packet captures were started and stopped.

that show what channel was currently being listened to. This is
useful if you are using Wireless Site Survey to scan channels.

saved packets. On probes connected to highly-saturated networks
(especially multi-port probes), sometimes it is desirable to adjust
the rate of statistical indexing to conserve probe processing and
storage resources. The default (and recommended) setting is for
Observer to automatically scale back the packets it uses to update
the console display based on system load. Alternatively, you can
specify a Fixed Sampling Ratio to consider when updating the
GigaStor Control Panel Charts and statistical displays.

Depending on what kinds of information you are interested in
tracking, you can conserve probe processing and espeically storage
resources by only indexing the information that is useful to you.

Of special note is the “Track statistics information per physical port”
option. When selected, causes the GigaStor to index the data it
collects by Gen2 capture card physical ports. You can then display
GigaStor Control Panel statistics by physical port (see the next
bullet item).

Depending on what kinds of information you are interested in
tracking, you can conserve probe processing and resources by only
indexing the information that is useful to you.

Depending on what kinds of information you are interested in
tracking, you can conserve probe processing and storage resources
by only indexing the information that is useful to you.

When selected, causes the GigaStor to index the data it collects by
Gen2 capture card physical ports. You can then display GigaStor
Control Panel statistics by physical port (see the next bullet item).

If the previous check box is selected, you can choose this option to
display, within the GigaStor Control Panel, statistics sorted by Gen2
Capture Card physical port. This is useful, for example, when you
want to troubleshoot the individual links without having to load
the capture buffer by clicking Analyze.

disk array is full. The default behavior is to use circular (i.e. FIFO)
disk writes, causing the oldest buffer files to be overwritten as
newer traffic is captured.

When selected, causes the listed actions to have the same effect as
clicking the Update Chart/Statistics buttons.

Keeps the focus in the GigaStor Control Panel instead of switching
to the decode pane.

When selected all charts will received updates in 30 second
intervals when processing statistics.

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

66

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

rev. 1

GigaStor Chart tab

This tab lets you choose the appearance, colors, and scale of the
GigaStor Control Panel’s time line chart. Follow the instructions in
“Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel” on page 63 to
open the GigaStor Chart tab (Figure 40).

Figure 40 GigaStor Chart tab

GigaStor Outline

rev. 1

Click Settings and the GigaStor Outline tab to modify the display of
the GigaStor outline graph. See Figure 33 on page 58 for an example
of the GigaStor outline graph. Follow the instructions in “Configuring
the GigaStor through the Control Panel” on page 63 to open the
GigaStor Outline tab (Figure 41).

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

67

Figure 41 GigaStor Outline

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

68

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

rev. 1

Capture Graph tab

Click Settings and the tab for the type of graph or chart for which you
want to set the display properties. Follow the instructions in
“Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel” on page 63 to
open the Capture Graph tab (Figure 42).

Figure 42 Capture Graph tab

Table 6 Capture Graph fields

Field Description

Item allows you to select which item will be configured.

Item color allows you to select the color of the display item.

Item plot allows you to select the item to be displayed as Lines or Bars. This

Item line thickness allows you to select the thickness of the displayed item (in pixels).

Graph Time option buttons allows you to set how the “X” axis will be displayed. Clock time will

rev. 1

dropdown will only be active if “Lines” is selected in the “Item plot”
dropdown.

show times using a 24-hour clock (i.e., the current time). Relative
time will display times from the start of the activation of the mode.

Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

Chapter 4 GigaStor Control Panel

69

GigaStor Schedule tab

This tab lets you schedule GigaStor packet captures to occur at preset
times and days of the week. Although the dialog looks identical to the
standard Packet Capture schedule tab, the two types of schedules can
not be in effect at the same time. If you attempt to schedule GigaStor
packet captures when standard packet captures are already scheduled
(or the reverse), an error message is displayed.

Follow the instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through the
Control Panel” on page 63 to open the Schedule tab (Figure 43).

Figure 43 Schedule tab

Q Choose No Scheduling to turn off any automatically

scheduled packet captures for the selected probe or probe
instance.

Q Choosing Always causes the selected probe or probe instance

to capture packets whenever the probe is running.

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Statistics Lists tab

Q Choose Daily at specified times or By day-of-week at

specified times to automatically schedule packet captures
during the specified time intervals (which you can add by
clicking the Add button at the bottom of the dialog; see
below).

Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Time Intervals

To add or modify a time interval to a schedule option, choose that
option (in other words, Daily or the day-of-week for which you want
to schedule a capture) and click the appropriate button. A time
interval specification dialog is displayed that allows you to set the time
period for the capture to be performed. To delete a time interval from
a schedule option, simply highlight the interval you wish to delete and
click the Delete button.

Time intervals include the last minute of the interval. All time periods
are specified in 24-hour (also known as military) time.

Observer tracks and makes many statistics available to you. You can
control how those statistics are displayed for your GigaStor. This tab
lets you customize how MAC address, IP address, IP Pair, and port
information are displayed in the various constraint tab statistical
listings. Follow the instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through
the Control Panel” on page 63 to open the Statistics Lists tab
(Figure 44).

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Figure 44 Statistics Lists tab

Subnet

You can specify subnet properties for the GigaStor. Follow the
instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel”
on page 63 to open the Subnet tab (Figure 45).

Use the Add, Delete, Modify, and Delete All buttons to configure the
subnet settings for the GigaStor. When you define subnets in the
GigaStor, Observer adds that subnet information to the index files.
All future data analyzed will have subnet filtering readily available as
well as statistical data. On the IP stations tab you see your subnets and
you can perform statistical analysis based on subnets.

When you analyze data from captures with index files without any
subnets defined, there will be no subnet available in the IP stations tab
even if the analyzed data includes some index files with the new
subnet information.

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Figure 45 GigaStor Subnet tab

rev. 1

Figure 46 shows how the subnet settings show up in the GigaStor
Control Panel. They appear on the IP Stations tab.

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Figure 46 Subnet and IP Stations

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GigaStor reports

There are several default reports available for you.

1 Follow the instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through the

Control Panel” on page 63 to open the GigaStor Reports tab
(Figure 47).

Figure 47 GigaStor Reports tab

rev. 1

2 Select a report name and click Edit to change the report’s

characteristics (Figure 48).

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Figure 48 Report Setup

3 Use the arrow buttons to position graphs and tables on your

report.

4 Double-click a section of the report to modify its caption, detail,

and number format (Figure 48).

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Figure 49 Table Setup

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Export

You can export your GigaStor-collected data on a scheduled basis. Use
the Export tab to configure when and to where your data is saved or
to manually export your data.

Follow the instructions in “Configuring the GigaStor through the
Control Panel” on page 63 to open the Export tab (Figure 50).

Figure 50 Exports tab

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Configuring the GigaStor through the Control Panel

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C h a p t e r 5

Using Observer with a WAN Probe

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Chapter 5 Using Observer with a WAN Probe

In general, the WAN analysis works much like Ethernet analysis. One
difference is that, when appropriate, Observer identifies WAN links
by their Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) rather than by MAC
address as is done with standard protocol analysis. In addition, many
WAN statistical modes break out the data by DCE, DTE, and
summary to reflect the full-duplex nature of WAN links. Modes
unrelated to WAN analysis are greyed out and unavailable.

The following sections describe how the available Observer modes
operate to analyze a WAN link.

Q “Discover Network Names” on page 80

Q “WAN Bandwidth Utilization” on page 82

Q “WAN Vital Signs by DLCI” on page 83

Q “WAN Load by DLCI” on page 84

Q “WAN Top Talkers” on page 86

Q “WAN Filtering” on page 87

Q “Triggers and Alarms” on page 88

Discover Network Names

To access this mode, choose Tools → Discover Network Names

Discover Network Names mode will show DLCIs instead of MAC
addresses. You can also define the Committed Information Rate for
each DLCI you are monitoring with WAN Observer.

Setting the Committed Information Rate (CIR) for a DLCI

The Committed Information Rate defines the guaranteed bandwidth
for a WAN connection. If you want Observer’s WAN Vital Signs and
WAN Load by DLCI to monitor CIR compliance, you must specify
the CIR. A number of WAN triggers and alarms also use this
information, allowing you to be notified if the link is not performing
to the CIR.

For encapsulations that do not use DLCI (such as X.25), just use the
address scheme for your encapsulation.

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To set the CIR for a DLCI or group of DLCIs

1 Choose Tools → Discover Network Names. The Discover

Network Names pane opens.

2 In the pane, click the edit DLCI CIR button on the Discover

Network Names mode window (Figure 51).

Figure 51 Edit DCLI

rev. 1

3 Click Add to add a new DLCI.

4 Type the CIR in Kbits/sec for the DLCI.

Figure 52 DLCI Configuration dialog

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5 Click OK when you are done. For encapsulations that do not use

DLCI (such as X.25), the correct address value is shown even
though it is still labeled DLCI.

WAN Bandwidth Utilization

To see the percentages of bandwidth saturation on DCE, DTE and
DCE+DTE (Summary) for each configured link, choose Statistics →
Bandwidth Utilization. The mode starts automatically:

Figure 53 WAN bandwidth utilization

WAN links have two ports (DCE and DTE), so for a dual link T1, you
could display up to 5 charts (including the summary). The mode is
available in chart, pie, graph, and dial views. The display setup dialog
(click Settings to access), lets you choose what ports to display as well
as color and scale options.

N

OTE: BANDWIDTH

UTILIZATION AND

FILTERS

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The Bandwidth Utilization display is not subject to any filters
as it compares the actual activity on the network to the
network’s theoretical capacity.

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WAN Vital Signs by DLCI

In Observer, the Network Vital Signs display is replaced by the WAN
Vital Signs by DLCI mode. This mode provides a summary of the
errors occurring on a WAN link (E1/T1/DS3/E3).

Choose Statistics → WAN Vital Signs by DLCI.

You can choose what portion of traffic you wish to view from the list
box in the upper left corner of the window: DCE, DTE, DCE plus
DTE, and so forth.

Figure 54 WAN Vital Signs by DLCI pane

rev. 1

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment), in the context of a WAN link,
refers to the DSU/CSU. DCE (Data Circuit-terminating equipment)
refers to the WAN switch (which may reside remotely at the line
provider's site). Summary view shows a concatenation of traffic from
both ends of the link.

The following statistics are shown, broken down by DLCIs (which are
listed in the left most column). You can change the sort order by
clicking on any of the column headings:

WAN Vital Signs by DLCI

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Table 7 WAN statistics

Column Description

DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier of the statistics that follow. For encapsulations

DCE KBits/s Max The maximum bit rate sensed so far from the DCE side of this DLCI, in Kbits per

DTE KBits/s Max The maximum bit rate sensed so far from the DTE side of this DLCI, in Kbits per

DCE Kbits/s Avg The average bit rate sensed on the DCE side of this DLCI, in Kbits per second.

DTE Kbits/s Avg The average bit rate sensed on the DTE side of this DLCI, in Kbits per second.

DCE FECN under CIR The number of packets seen on the DCE side of the link that had the Forward

DTE FECN under CIR The number of packets seen on the DTE side of the link that had the Forward

DCE BECN under CIR The number of packets seen on the DCE side of the link that had the Backward

DTE BECN under CIR The number of packets seen on the DTE side of the link that had the Backward

that do not use DLCI (such as X.25), the correct address value is shown even
though it is still labeled DLCI.

second.

second.

Explicit Congestion Notification bit set, even though the bandwidth usage was
within the Committed Information Rate (CIR). Normally this number should be
zero. If bandwidth usage exceeds CIR, congestion is expected.

Explicit Congestion Notification bit set, even though the bandwidth usage was
within the Committed Information Rate (CIR). Normally this number should be
zero. If bandwidth usage exceeds CIR, congestion is expected.

Explicit Congestion Notification bit set, even though the bandwidth usage was
within the Committed Information Rate (CIR). Normally this number should be
zero. If bandwidth usage exceeds CIR, congestion is expected.

Explicit Congestion Notification bit set, even though the bandwidth usage was
within the Committed Information Rate (CIR). Normally this number should be
zero. If bandwidth usage exceeds CIR, congestion is expected.

WAN Load by DLCI

In a WAN installation, Observer’s Network Activity Display is called
WAN Load by DLCI. This mode shows critical WAN transfer rate and
congestion statistics in a number of formats. This display can show
you the health of a WAN link at a glance and can warn of impending
slowdowns due to congestion or other error conditions.

1 Choose Statistics → WA N L o a d b y D L C I .

2 Press Start to begin capturing load data.

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Figure 55 WAN Load by DLCI

The WAN Load by DLCI mode can be viewed as a dial, graph, or list
display. Except for list view, there are no setup options for WAN Load
by DLCI mode. Every view includes a dropdown box that lets you
select which DLCI you want to monitor.

Figure 56 WAN Load by DLCI Dial View

rev. 1

The WAN Load by DLCI mode in dial view shows transfer rate, CRC
error rate, FECN/BECN frame rates graphed on dial meters.

For encapsulations that do not use DLCI (such as X.25), the correct
address value is shown even though it is still labeled DLCI.

WAN Load by DLCI

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Figure 57 WAN Load by DLCI Graph View

The WAN Load display in graph view shows these same statistics
(transfer rate, CRC error rate, and FECN/BECN frame rates) as
superimposed spike meters. The Committed Information Rate (CIR)
is also shown, allowing you to view the network activity against the
baseline performance you have contracted to receive from your WAN
service provider

You can select line, point, or bar-style meter, and the colors for each
statistic by right-clicking on the chart. The dropdown menus at the
top of the display let you select what DLCIs to view, and how the
chart should be scaled (linearly, logarithmically, or auto-scale). For
linear scales, you can also set the CIR or the line rate as the maximum
value for the chart.

WAN Top Talkers

Just as in standard Observer, Top Talkers shows the IP and MAC
address of stations on your network sorted by volume of traffic
generated and received. In WAN Observer, the MAC Address tab
shows DLCIs sorted by volume of traffic. Also, the sorting and
charting statistical criteria (such as percentage of packets, packets per

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second, etc.) that apply to WAN is a subset of those available for
standard network analysis. For encapsulations that do not use DLCI
(such as X.25), the correct address value is shown even though it is
still labeled DLCI.

1 Choose Statistics → Top Talk er s S ta t is ti c s.

2 Press Start to begin capturing load data.

Figure 58 WAN Top Talkers

T

IP!

If you are looking to identify additional top talkers beyond the
DLCI, using Ethernet Top Talkers may be more beneficial for
you.

WAN Filtering

rev. 1

In addition to the standard Observer packet filtering rules (station
address, pattern matching, etc.), there are two WAN-specific filtering
rules available for use with WAN probes:

Q DLCI Address, which lets you enter the number of the DLCI

address you wish to include or exclude.

Q WAN Conditions, which let you include or exclude frames

based on flow direction, forward and backward congestion,
and discard eligibility.

To create a WAN filter rule:

1 Choose Actions → Filter Setup for Selected Probe.

2 Select an existing filter or click New Filter to create your own.

See the filtering information in the Observer manual for full
details about creating a custom filter from scratch.

WAN Filtering

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Triggers and Alarms

WAN Observer adds WAN-related criteria to the standard Triggers
and Alarms mode.

1 Click the Alarm Settings button located in the lower left corner of

Observer’s main window.

Figure 59 Active Filters

Figure 60 Alarm Settings

A dialog appears that allows you to select the probe or probes for
which you want to set alarms.

2 Check the probes you wish to set.

3 Select an probe for which you want to set alarms and then click

the Selected Instance Alarm Settings button. Figure 61 appears.

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Figure 61 Probe Alarm Settings

4 Select the alarms you want set.

5 Click the Triggers tab to set the criteria by which the alarms will

be triggered.

rev. 1

Figure 62 Triggers tab

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89

Most WAN alarms can be set on the DTE or DCE side or both.
The Committed Information Rate displayed is that which you set
in Discover Network Names mode. See “Setting the Committed
Information Rate (CIR) for a DLCI” on page 80.

6 Click the Actions tab to define actions to launch if an alarm is

triggered. You can log messages, send e-mail, or even send a pager
alarm.

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C h a p t e r 6

Forensic Analysis using Snort

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Chapter 6 Forensic Analysis using Snort

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OTE:

Forensic Analysis, exclusive to the GigaStor version of Observer, is a
powerful tool for scanning high-volume packet captures for intrusion
signatures and other traffic patterns that can be specified using the
familiar Snort rule syntax. You can obtain the rules from
www.snort.org, or, if you know the Snort rule syntax, you can write
your own rules.

Snort began as an open source network intrusion detection system
(NIDS). Snort’s rule definition language is the standard way to specify
packet filters aimed at sensing intrusion attempts.

Snort rules (or Snort-style rules) imported into Observer operate
much like Observer’s Expert conditions, telling Observer how to
examine each packet to determine whether it matches specified
criteria, triggering an alert when the criteria is met. They differ from
Expert conditions in that they only operate post-capture, and the rules
themselves are text files imported into Observer.

Only rules with alert actions are imported. Rules with log,
activate, dynamic, or any actions other than alert are simply
ignored. Except for RULE_PATH, variable declarations (Snort
var statements) are imported. Rule classifications (config
classification) are imported, but any other config statements
are ignored. Another difference is that Observer, unlike Snort,
supports IPv6 addressing.

After you import the rules into Observer you are able to enable and
disable rules and groups of rules by their classification as needed.

Starting Forensic Analysis using Snort rules

Forensics profiles provide a mechanism to define and load different
pairings of settings and rules profiles. Settings profiles define pre­processor settings that let you tune performance; rules profiles define
which forensic rules are to be processed during analysis.

Observer lets you configure preprocessor settings to tune
performance, and to perform specialized processing designed to catch
threats against particular target operating systems and web servers.
Because Observer performs signature matching on existing captures
rather than in real time, its preprocessor configuration differs from

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OTE:

that of native Snort. When you import a set of Snort rules that
includes configuration settings, Observer imports rules classifications,
but uses its own defaults for the preprocessor settings.

There is a difference between enabling the preprocessor and
enabling logs for the preprocessor. For example, you can
enable IP defragmentation with or without logging. Without
logging, IP fragments are simply reassembled; only time-out
or maximum limit reached messages are noted in the
Forensics Log and in the Forensic Analysis Summary window.
If logging is enabled, all reassembly activity is displayed in the
Forensics Log (but not displayed in the Forensic Analysis
Summary).

Forensics analysis is available from both the Decode/Analysis window
displayed when you load a saved capture buffer locally from GigaStor,
and also from the GigaStor control panel. In either case, if you have
not yet imported any rules, or if you wish to add or modify rules, click
Edit to display the Forensic Settings dialog.

Q From the Decode/Analysis Display: After loading a

previously-saved capture buffer, click the Forensics tab. The
Select Forensics Analysis dialog is displayed:

rev. 1

Figure 63 Select Forensic Analysis Profile dialog

Q From the GigaStor Control Panel: Select the time window

you wish to analyze, then click Analyze. At the bottom of the
GigaStor Analysis Options dialog you can select or edit a
Forensics profile. This is described in detail in “Creating a
forensic analysis profile from the GigaStor control panel” on
page 94.

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Figure 64 GigaStor Analysis Options - Forensic Analysis section

If you already have a forensic analysis profile, you choose the profile
from the Profile list (Figure 64) and click OK. For more information
about the analysis output, see:

Q “About Forensic Analysis tab” on page 98

Q “About the Forensic Analysis Log tab” on page 99

Creating a forensic analysis profile from the GigaStor control panel

1 Click the Forensics Analysis tab on the far right of the screen.

Figure 65 Forensic Analysis tab

2 Click the Analyze button at the top of the screen. The GigaStor

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Analysis Options dialog opens.

rev. 1

Figure 66 GigaStor Analysis Options

3 Select the profile that you want or click Edit.

4 Click the Settings Profile Edit button to view and define the fields

as you need. The fields are described in full in “Forensic Analysis
Profile Settings tab” on page 100.

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Figure 67 Forensic Settings

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If this is the first time forensic analysis has been run, you must
import some rules.

5 Click the Import Snort Files button to display a file selection

dialog. Browse to the directory where the rules you wish to
import are located and select them. You can select multiple files
using either CTRL-clicks or by simply dragging the cursor across
the files you wish to select. If you do not yet have the Snort rules,
see “Rules tab” on page 106.

6 Click OK when you are done selecting files.

Observer displays a progress bar and then an import summary
showing the results of the import. Because Observer’s forensic
analysis omits support for rule types and options not relevant to a
post-capture system, the import summary will probably list a few
unrecognized options and rule types. This is normal, and unless
you are debugging rules that you wrote yourself, can be ignored.

7 Close the Import Summary Window.

8 Click the Edit button to the right of the Rules profile dropdown

menu.

Figure 68 Forensic Settings

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The Rule Settings dialog is displayed (Figure 69). The top portion
of the window lists the rules that were imported, grouped in a
tree with branches that correspond to the files that were
imported.

rev. 1

Figure 69 Rules tab

9 Select the boxes next to the rules you want to enable. The right-

click menu has options to enable/disable all rules, and to show the
actual Snort rule that was imported. It also lets you jump to web­based threat references such as bugtraq for further information
about the alert.

rev. 1

Rule classifications offer another level of control. Check the
“Rules must also match rule classifications” box to display a list of
defined rule classifications. Classifications are defined at import
time by parsing the Snort config classification statements
encountered in the rule set. Rules are assigned a classification in
the rule statement’s classtype option.

Select the rule classification(s) you want to enable. If classification
matching is enabled, a rule and its classification must both be
enabled for that rule to be processed. For example, suppose you
want to enable all policy violation rules: simply right-click on the
rule list, choose Enable all rules, and then enable the policy
violation classification.

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10 Click OK to close the Forensic Analysis Profile dialog. Click OK

again to close the Forensic Settings dialog. Click OK to close the
GigaStor Analysis Options dialog.

Observer applies the rules and filters to the capture data and
displays the results in the Forensics Summary tab. A new tab is
also opened that contains the decode. For details about the tabs,
see:

Q “About Forensic Analysis tab” on page 98

Q “About the Forensic Analysis Log tab” on page 99

About Forensic Analysis tab

This display summarizes alerts and preprocessor events in a navigable
tree.

Figure 70 Forensic Summary

T

IP! PREPROCESSOR

MAXIMUMS

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It is important to examine the preprocessor results to ensure
that time-outs and other maximum value exceeded conditions
haven’t compromised the analysis. In Figure 70, both the IP
Flow and TCP Stream Reassembly preprocessors have timed
out on hundreds of flows and streams. If you see similar

rev. 1

results, you may want to adjust preprocessor settings to
eliminate these conditions. Intruders often attempt to exceed
the limitations of forensic analysis to hide malicious content.

The right-click menu lets you examine the rule that triggered the alert
(if applicable). It also lets you jump to web-based threat references
such as bugtraq for further information about the alert. These
references must be coded into the Snort rule to be available from the
right-click menu.

About the Forensic Analysis Log tab

The Forensic Analysis Log comprehensively lists all rule alerts and
preprocessor events in a table, letting you sort individual occurrences
by priority, classification, rule ID, or any other column heading. Just
click on the column heading to sort the alerts by the given criteria.

Figure 71 Forensic Analysis Log tab

rev. 1

The right-click menu lets you examine the rule that triggered the alert
(if applicable). It also lets you jump to web-based threat references
such as bugtraq for further information about the alert. These
references must be coded into the Snort rule to be available from the

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right-click menu. You can also jump to the Decode display of the
packet that triggered the alert.

Forensic Analysis Profile field descriptions

This section describes in detail the fields on the Settings and Rules tab.
See:

Q “Forensic Analysis Profile Settings tab” on page 100

Q “Rules tab” on page 106

Forensic Analysis Profile Settings tab

Figure 72 Forensic Analysis Profile Settings tab

Table 8 describes the fields in the Forensic Analysis Profile Settings
tab.

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