Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P
b.Click Pre-Shared Key.
In this example, enter this
pre-shared key in this field:
hr5xb84l6aa9r6
Figure 8-29: Connection Identity Pre-Shared Key
c.Enter hr5xb84l6aa9r6, which is the same Pre-Shared Key entered in the FWG114P.
d.Click OK.
4.Configure the Connection Identity Settings.
a.In the Network Security Policy list, click the Security Policy subheading.
Figure 8-30: Security Policy
b.For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–In the Select Phase 1 Negotiation Mode menu, select Aggressive Mode.
–Select the Enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) check box.
–In the PFS Key Group drop-down list, Diffie-Hellman Group 2.
–Select the Enable Replay Detection check box.
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Configure the Connection Security Policy
5.
In this step, you will provide the authentication (IKE Phase 1) settings, and the key exchange
(Phase 2) settings. The setting choices in this procedure follow the VPNC guidelines.
a.Configure the Authentication (Phase 1) Settings.
•Expand the Security Policy heading, then expand the Authentication (Phase 1)
heading, and click on Proposal 1.
•For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–In the Encrypt Alg menu, select Triple DES.
–In the Hash Alg, select SHA-1.
–In the SA Life, select Unspecified.
–In the Key Group menu, select Diffie-Hellman Group 2.
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•Expand the Key Exchange (Phase 2) heading, and click on Proposal 1.
•For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–In the SA Life menu, select Unspecified.
–In the Compression menu, select None.
–Check the Encapsulation Protocol (ESP) check box.
–In the Encrypt Alg menu, select Triple DES.
–In the Hash Alg, select SHA-1.
–In the Encapsulation menu, select Tunnel.
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Configure the Global Policy Settings.
6.
a.From the Options menu at the top of the Security Policy Editor window, select Global
Policy Settings.
Figure 8-33: Security Policy Editor Global Policy Options
b.Increase the Retransmit Interval period to 45 seconds.
c.Select the Allow to Specify Internal Network Address check box and click OK.
7.Save the VPN Client Settings.
From the File menu at the top of the Security Policy Editor window, select Save.
After you have configured and saved the VPN client information, your PC will automatically
open the VPN connection when you attempt to access any IP addresses in the range of the
remote VPN router’s LAN.
Note: Whenever you make changes to a Security Policy, save them first, then deactivate
the security policy, rel oad the security policy, and finally activate the security policy.
This ensures that your new settings will take effect.
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Testing the VPN Connection
You can test the VPN connection in several ways:
•From the client PC to the FWG114P
•From the FWG114P to the client PC
These procedures are explained below.
Note: V irus protection or fir ewall software can interfere with VPN communications. Be
sure such software is not running on the remote PC with the Netgear ProSafe VPN
Client and that the firewall features of the FWG114P are not set in such a way as to
prevent VPN communications.
From the Client PC to the FWG114P
To check the VPN Connection, you can initiate a request from the remote PC to the FWG114P by
using the “Connect” option of the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server popup menu.
1.Open the popup menu by right-clicking on the system tray icon.
2.Select Connect to open the My Connections list.
3.Choose FWG114P.
The FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server will report the results of the attempt to connect.
Once the connection is established, you can access resources of the network connected to the
FWG114P.
Another method is to ping from the remote PC to the LAN IP address of the FWG114P. To
perform a ping test using our example, start from the remote PC:
1.Establish an Internet connection from the PC.
2.On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
3.Type ping -t 192.168.0.1 and click OK.
This will cause a continuous ping to be sent to the first FWG114P. After a period of up to two
minutes, the ping response should change from “timed out” to “reply.”
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T o test the connection to a computer connected to the FWG114P, simply ping the IP address of
that computer.
Once connected, you can open a browser on the remote PC and enter the LAN IP Address of the
FWG114P, which is http://192.168.0.1 in this example. After a short wait, you should see the login
screen of the FWG114P.
From the FWG114P to the Client PC
You can use the FWG114P Diagnostic utilities to test the VPN connection from the FWG114P to
the client PC. Run ping tests from the Diagnostics link of the FWG114P main menu.
Monitoring the PC VPN Connection
Information on the progress and status of the VPN client connection can be viewed by opening the
Netgear ProSafe VPN Client Connection Monitor or Log Viewer. To launch these functions, click
on the Windows Start button, then select Programs, then Netgear ProSafe VPN Client, then either
the Connection Monitor or Log Viewer.
The Log Viewer screen for a successful connection is similar to the one shown below:
Figure 8-34: Log Viewer screen
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A sample Connection Monitor screen for a different connection is shown below:
Figure 8-35: Connection Monitor screen
In this example the following connection options apply:
•The FWG114P has a public IP WAN address of 66.120.188.153
•The FWG114P has a LAN IP address of 192.168.0.1
•The VPN client PC is behind a home NAT router and has a dynamically assigned address
of 192.168.0.3
While the connection is being established, the Connection Name field in this menu will say “SA”
before the name of the connection. When the connection is successful, the “SA” will change to the
yellow key symbol shown in the illustration above.
Viewing the FWG114P VPN Status and Log Information
Information on the status of the VPN client connection can be viewed by opening the FWG114P
VPN Status screen. To view this screen, click the VPN Status link on the FWG114P main menu.
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The FWG114P VPN Status screen for a successful connection is shown below:
Figure 8-36: FWG114P VPN Statu s sc ree n
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Chapter 9
Maintenance
This chapter describes how to use the maintenance features of your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P. These features are accessed via the Main Menu
Maintenance heading.
Viewing Wireless Firewall/Print Server Status Information
The Router Status menu provides status and usage information. From the main menu of the
browser interface, click on Maintenance, then select Router Status to view this screen.
Figure 9-1: Router Status screen
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The Router Status screen shows the following parameters:
Table 9-1.Status Fields
Field Description
System NameThe System Name assigned to the router.
Firmware VersionThe router firmware version.
Printer StatusThe printer status.
WAN PortThese parameters apply to the Internet (WAN) port of the router.
MAC AddressThis field displays the MAC address being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
IP AddressThis field displays the IP address being used by the Internet (WAN) port
of the router. If no address is shown, the router cannot connect to the
Internet.
DHCPThis field if the WAN port DHCP settings are dynamic or static.
IP Subnet MaskThis field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
Domain Name ServerIdentifies the IP address of the DNS server(s).
LAN Port
MAC AddressThe Media Access Control address being used by the LAN port of the
router.
IP AddressThe IP address being used by the Local (LAN) port of the router. The
default is 192.168.0.1.
DHCPIdentifies if the router’s built-in DHCP server is active for the LAN
attached devices.
IP Subnet MaskThe IP Subnet Mask being used by the Local (LAN) port of the router.
The default is 255.255.255.0.
Wireless Port
Name (SSID)This field displays the wireless network name (SSID) being used by the
wireless port of the router. The default is Wireless.
RegionThis field displays the MAC address being used by the wireless port of
the router.
Channel/FrequencyIdentifies the channel the wireless port is using. See “Wireless
Channels” on page E-7 for the frequencies used on each channel.
ModeIdentifies if the channel the wireless port is set for 802.11b, 802.11g, or
both.
Wireless APIdentifies if the wireless access point is on or off.
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Table 9-1.Status Fields
Field Description
Broadcast NameIdentifies if the Name (SSID) is being broadcast.
Serial Port
StatusThe status of the serial port. Click the Details button to view the Serial
Port Log, Port Status, Physical Link, PPP Link, PPP IP Address, Phone
Line Speed, and Serial Line Speed.
ModemThe status of the modem port.
Dial-InThe status of the Dial-In port.
Internet AccessThe status of the serial Internet connection.
Lan-to-LANThe status of the serial LAN-to-LAN connection.
Click “WAN Status” to display the WAN connection status.
Figure 9-2: Connection Status screen
This screen shows the following statistics:.
Table 9-1.Connection Status Fields
FieldDescription
Connection TimeThe length of time the router has been connected to your Internet service provider ’s
network.
Connection Method The method used to obtain an IP address from your Internet service provider.
IP AddressThe WAN (Internet) IP Address assigned to the router.
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Table 9-1.Connection Status Fields (continued)
FieldDescription
Network MaskThe WAN (Internet) Subnet Mask assigned to the router.
Default GatewayThe WAN (Internet) default gateway the router communicates with.
Log action buttons are described in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2.Connection Status action buttons
FieldDescription
RenewClick the Renew button to renew the DHCP lease.
Click “Show Statistics” to display router usage statistics.
Figure 9-3: Router Statistics screen
This screen shows the following statistics:
Table 9-1.Router Statistics Fields
FieldDescription
interfaceThe statistics for the WAN (Internet), LAN (local), Wireless, and Serial interfaces. For
each interface, the screen displays:
StatusThe link status of the interface.
TxPktsThe number of packets transmitted on this interface since reset or manual clear.
RxPktsThe number of packets received on this interface since reset or manual clear.
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Table 9-1.Router Statistics Fields (continued)
FieldDescription
CollisionsThe number of collisions on this interface since reset or manual clear.
Tx B/sThe current transmission (outbound) bandwidth used on the interfaces.
Rx B/sThe current reception (inbound) bandwidth used on the interfaces.
Up TimeThe amount of time since the router was last restarted.
Serial Up TimeThe time elapsed since this port acquired the link.
Poll IntervalSpecifies the intervals at which the statistics are updated in this window. Click on Stop
to freeze the display.
WAN Status action buttons are described in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2.Connection Status action buttons
FieldDescription
Set IntervalEnter a time and click the button to set the polling frequency.
StopClick the Stop button to freeze the polling information.
Viewing a List of Attached Devices
The Attached Devices menu contains a table of all IP devices that the router has discovered on the
local network. From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading,
select Attached Devices to view the table shown below:
Figure 9-4: Attached Devices menu
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For each device, the table shows the IP address, Device Name (if available), and Ethernet MAC
address. Note that if the router is rebooted, the table data is lost until the router rediscovers the
devices. To force the router to look for attached devices, click the Refresh button.
Upgrading the Router Software
The routing software of the FWG114P W ireless Firewall/Print Server is stored in FLASH memory ,
and can be upgraded as new software is released by NETGEAR. Upgrade files can be downloaded
from Netgear's Web site. If the upgrade file is compressed (.ZIP file), you must first extract the
binary file before sending it to the router. The upgrade file can be sent to the router using your
browser.
Note: The Web browser used to upload new firmware into the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print
Server must support HTTP uploads. NETGEAR recommends using Microsoft Internet Explorer or
Netscape Navigator 3.0, or above.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Router
Upgrade heading.
To upload new firmware:
1.Download and unzip the new software file from NETGEAR.
2.In the Router Upgrade menu, click the Browse button and browse to the location of the binary
(.IMG) upgrade file.
3.Click Upload.
Note: When uploading software to the FWG114P, it is important not to interrupt the Web
browser by closing the window, clicking a link, or loading a new page. If the browser is
interrupted, it may corrupt the software. When the upload is complete, your router will
automatically restart. The upgrade process will typically take about one minute.
In some cases, you may need to reconfigure the router after upgrading.
Configuration File Management
The configuration settings of the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server are stored within the
router in a configuration file. This file can be saved (backed up) to a user’s computer, retrieved
(restored) from the user’s computer, or cleared to the factory default settings.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Settings
Backup heading to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 9-5: Settings Backup menu
Three options are available, and are described in the following sections.
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration
The Restore and Backup options in the Settings Backup menu allow you to save and retrieve a file
containing your router’s configuration settings.
To save your settings, click Backup. Your browser will extract the configuration file from the
router and will prompt you for a location on your computer to store the file. You can give the file a
meaningful name at this time, such as SBC.cfg.
To restore your settings from a saved configuration file, enter the full path to the file on your
computer or click the Browse button to locate the file. When you have located it, click the Restore
button to send the file to the router. The router will then reboot automatically.
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Erasing the Configuration
It is sometimes desirable to restore the router to a known blank condition. This can be done by
using the Erase function, which will restore all factory settings. After an erase, the router's
password will be password, the LAN IP address will be 192.168.0.1, and the router's DHCP client
will be enabled.
To erase the configuration, click the Erase button.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the login password or IP
address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. See “Restoring the
Default Configuration and Password” on page 11-7.
Changing the Administrator Password
The default password for the router’s Web Configuration Manager is password. Netgear
recommends that you change this password to a more secure password.
From the main menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select Set Password
to bring up this menu.
Figure 9-6: Set Password menu
T o change the password, first enter the old password, and then enter the new password twice. Click
Apply. To change the login idle timeout, change the number of minutes and click Apply.
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Chapter 10
Advanced Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the advanced features of your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P. These features can be found under the Advanced heading
in the Main Menu of the browser interface.
Using the WAN Setup Options
The first feature category under the Advanced heading is WAN Setup. This menu allows
configuration of a DMZ server, MTU size, port speed, and so on. From the Main Menu of the
browser interface, under Advanced, click on WAN IP Setup to view the WAN IP Setup menu,
shown below.
Figure 10-1: WAN Setup Menu
The WAN Setup options let you configure a DMZ server, change the MTU size, and set the W AN
port speed. These options are discussed below.
•Connect Automatically, as Required
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Normally, this option is Enabled, so that an Internet connection will be made automatically
whenever Internet-bound traffic is detected. In locations where Internet access is billed by the
minute, if this causes high connection costs, you can disable this setting.
If disabled, you must connect manually, using the sub-screen accessed from the Router Status
menu “Show WAN Status” screen.
•Setting Up a Default DMZ Server
Note: DMZ servers pose a security risk. A computer designated as the default DMZ
server loses much of the protection of the firewall, and is exposed to attacks from the
Internet. If compromised, the DMZ server can be used to attack your network.
The use of the term ‘DMZ’ has become common, although it is a misnomer. In traditional
firewalls, a DMZ is actually a separate physical network port. A true DMZ port is for
connecting servers that require greater access from the outside, and will therefore be provided
with a different level of security by the firewall. A better term for our application is Exposed
Host.
The default DMZ server feature is helpful when using some online games and
videoconferencing applications that are incompatible with NAT. The router is programmed to
recognize some of these applications and to work properly with them, but there are other
applications that may not function well. In some cases, one local computer can run the
application properly if that computer’s IP address is entered as the default DMZ server.
Incoming traffic from the Internet is normally discarded by the router unless the traffic is a
response to one of your local computers or a service that you have configured in the Ports
menu. Instead of discarding this traffic, you can have it forwarded to one computer on your
network. This computer is called the Default DMZ Server.
The WAN Setup menu lets you configure a Defa ult DMZ Server.
To assign a computer or server to be a Default DMZ server, follow these steps:
1.Click WAN Setup link on the Advanced section of the main menu.
2.Type the IP address for that server. To remove the default DMZ server, replace the IP
address numbers with all zeros.
3.Click Apply.
•Respond to Ping on Internet WAN Port
If you want the router to respond to a 'ping' from the Internet, click the ‘Respond to Ping on
Internet WAN Port’ check box. This should only be used as a diagnostic tool, since it allows
your router to be discovered. Do not check this box unless you have a specific reason to do so.
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•Setting the MTU Size
The default MTU size is usually fine. The normal MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit) value for
most Ethernet networks is 1500 Bytes. For some ISPs, particularly those using PPPoE, you
may need to reduce the MTU. This should not be done unless you are sure it is necessary for
your ISP.
Any packets sent through the router that are larger than the configured MTU size will be
repackaged into smaller packets to meet the MTU requirement. To change the MTU size,
under MTU Size, enter a new size between 64 and 1500. Then, click Apply to save the new
configuration.
•Setting the WAN Port Speed
In most cases, your router can automatically determine (AutoSense) the connection speed of
the Internet (WAN) port. If you cannot establish an Internet connection and the Internet LED
blinks continuously, you may need to manually select the port speed.
If you know that the Ethernet port on your broadband modem supports 100BaseT, select
100M; otherwise, select 10M.
How to Configure Dynamic DNS
If your network has a permanently assigned IP address, you can register a domain name and have
that name linked with your IP address by public Domain Name Servers (DNS). However, if your
Internet account uses a dynamically assigned IP address, you will not know in advance what your
IP address will be, and the address can change frequently. In this case, you can use a commercial
dynamic DNS service, which will allow you to register your domain to their IP address, and will
forward traffic directed to your domain to your frequently-changing IP address.
The router contains a client that can connect to a dynamic DNS service provider. To use this
feature, you must select a service provider and obtain an account with them. After you have
configured your account information in the router, whenever your ISP-assigned IP address
changes, your router will automatically contact your dynamic DNS service provider, log in to your
account, and register your new IP address.
1.Log in to the router at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with its default user name
of
admin, default password of password, or using whatever password and LAN address you
have chosen for the router.
2.From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Dyna mic DNS.
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3.Access the website of one of the dynamic DNS service providers whose names appear in the
‘Select Service Provider’ box, and register for an account.
For example, for dyndns.org, go to www.dyndns.org.
4.Select the “Use a dynamic DNS service” check box.
5.Select the name of your dynamic DNS Service Provider.
6.Type the host name that your dynamic DNS service provider gave you.
The dynamic DNS service provider may call this the domain name. If your URL is
myName.dyndns.org, then your host name is “myName.”
7.Type the user name for your dynamic DNS account.
8.Type the password (or key) for your dynamic DNS account.
9.If your dynamic DNS provider allows the use of wildcards in resolving your URL, you may
select the Use wildcards check box to activate this feature.
For example, the wildcard feature will cause *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same
IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org
10. Click Apply to save your configuration.
Note: If your ISP assigns a private WAN IP address, such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x,
the dynamic DNS service will not work because private addresses will not be routed on
the Internet.
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Using the LAN IP Setup Options
The second feature category under the Advanced heading is LAN IP Setup. This menu allows
configuration of LAN IP services, such as DHCP and RIP. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on LAN IP Setup to view the LAN IP Setup menu, shown below.
Figure 10-2: LAN IP Setup Menu
Configuring LAN TCP/IP Setup Parameters
The router is shipped preconfigured to use private IP addresses on the LAN side, and to act as a
DHCP server. The router’s default LAN IP configuration is:
•LAN IP addresses—192.168.0.1
•Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
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These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks,
and should be suitable in most applications. If your network has a requirement to use a different IP
addressing scheme, you can make those changes in this menu.
The LAN IP parameters are:
•IP Address
This is the LAN IP address of the router.
•IP Subnet Mask
This is the LAN Subnet Mask of the router. Combined with the IP address, the IP Subnet Mask
allows a device to know which other addresses are local to it, and which must be reached
through a gateway or router.
•RIP Direction
RIP (Router Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction selection controls how the router sends and receives RIP packets.
Both is the default.
— When set to Both or Out Only, the router will broadcast its routing table periodically.
— When set to Both or In Only, it will incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
— When set to None, it will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets
received.
•RIP Version
This controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the router sends.
(It recognizes both formats when receiving.) By default, this is set for RIP-1.
— RIP-1 is universally supported. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you
have an unusual network setup.
— RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting.
Note: If you change the LAN IP address of the router while connected through the
browser, you will be disconnected. You must then open a new connection to the new IP
address and log in again.
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Using the Router as a DHCP server
By default, the router will function as a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server,
allowing it to assign IP, DNS server, and default gateway addresses to all computers connected to
the router's LAN. The assigned default gateway address is the LAN address of the router. IP
addresses will be assigned to the attached PCs from a pool of addresses specified in this menu.
Each pool address is tested before it is assigned to avoid duplicate addresses on the LAN.
For most applications, the default DHCP and TCP/IP settings of the router are satisfactory. See “IP
Configuration by DHCP” on page B-10 for an explanation of DHCP and information about how to
assign IP addresses for your network.
If another device on your network will be the DHCP server, or if you will manually configure the
network settings of all of your computers, clear the ‘Use router as DHCP server’ check box.
Otherwise, leave it checked.
Specify the pool of IP addresses to be assigned by setting the Starting IP Address and Ending IP
Address. These addresses should be part of the same IP address subnet as the router’s LAN IP
address. Using the default addressing scheme, you should define a range between 192.168.0.2 and
192.168.0.253, although you may wish to save part of the range for device s with fixed addresses.
The router will deliver the following parameters to any LAN device that requests DHCP:
•An IP Address from the range you have defined.
•Subnet Mask.
•Gateway IP Address (the router’s LAN IP address).
•Primary DNS Server (if you entered a Primary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu;
otherwise, the router’s LAN IP address).
•Secondary DNS Server (if you entered a Secondary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu).
Using Address Reservation
When you specify a reserved IP address for a computer on the LAN, that computer will always
receive the same IP address each time it access the router’s DHCP server. Reserved IP addresses
should be assigned to servers that require permanent IP settings.
To reserve an IP address:
1.Click the Add button.
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2.In the IP Address box, type the IP address to assign to the computer or server.
(choose an IP address from the router’s LAN subnet, such as 192.168.0.X)
3.Type the MAC Address of the computer or server.
(Tip: If the computer is already present on your network, you can cop y its MAC address from
the Attached Devices menu and paste it here.)
4.Click Apply to enter the reserved address into the table.
Note: The reserved address will not be assigned until the next time the computer contacts the
router's DHCP server. Reboot the computer or access its IP configuration and force a DHCP
release and renew.
To edit or delete a reserved address entry:
1.Click the button next to the reserved address you want to edit or delete.
2.Click Edit or Delete.
Configuring Static Routes
Static Routes provide additional routing information to your router. Under normal circumstances,
the router has adequate routing information after it has been configured for Internet access, and
you do not need to configure additional static routes. You must configure static routes only for
unusual cases, such as multiple routers or multiple IP subnets located on your network.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Static Routes to view the
Static Route menu.
To add or edit a Static Route:
1.Click the Add button to open the Static Routes menu.
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Figure 10-3.Static Route Entry and Edit Menu
2.Type a route name for this static route in the Route Name box.
(This is for identification purpose only.)
3.Select Active to make this route effective.
4.Select Private if you want to limit access to the LAN only. The static route will not be reported
in RIP.
5.Type the Destination IP Address of the final destination.
6.Type the IP Subnet Mask for this destination.
If the destination is a single host, type 255.255.255.254.
7.T ype the Gateway IP Address, which must be a router on the same LAN segment as the router.
8.Type a number between 1 and 15 as the Metric value.
This represents the number of routers between your network and the destination. Usually, a
setting of 2 or 3 works, but if this is a direct connection, set it to 1.
9.Click Apply to have the static route entered into the table.
As an example of when a static route is needed, consider the following case:
•Your primary Internet access is through a cable modem to an ISP.
•You have an ISDN router on your home network for connecting to the company where
you are employed. This router’s address on your LAN is 192.168.0.100.
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•Your company’s network is 134.177.0.0.
When you first configured your router, two implicit static routes were created. A default route was
created with your ISP as the gateway, and a second static route was created to your local network
for all 192.168.0.x addresses. With this configuration, if you attempt to access a device on the
134.177.0.0 network, your router will forward your request to the ISP. The ISP forwards your
request to the company where you are employed, and the request will likely be denied by the
company’s firewall.
In this case you must define a static route, telling your router that 134.177.0.0 should be accessed
through the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100. The static route would look like Figure 10-3.
In this example:
•The Destination IP Address and IP Subnet Mask fields specify that this static route applies to
all 134.177.x.x addresses.
•The Gateway IP Address fields specifies that all traffic for these addresses should be
forwarded to the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100.
•A Metric value of 1 will work since the ISDN router is on the LAN.
•Private is selected only as a precautionary security measure in case RIP is activated.
Enabling Remote Management Access
Using the Remote Management page, you can allow a user or users on the Internet to configure,
upgrade and check the status of your FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server.
Note: Be sure to change the router's default configuration password to a very secure
password. The ideal password should contain no dictionary words from any language,
and should be a mixture of letters (both upper and lower case), numbers, and symbols.
Your password can be up to 30 characters.
To configure your router for Remote Management:
1.Select the Turn Remote Management On check box.
2.Specify what external addresses will be allowed to access the router’s remote management.
Note: For enhanced security, restrict access to as few external IP addresses as practical.
a.To allow access from any IP address on the Internet, select Everyone.
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b.To allow access from a range of IP addresses on the Internet, select IP address range.
Enter a beginning and ending IP address to define the allowed range.
c.To allow access from a single IP address on the Internet, select Only this computer.
Enter the IP address that will be allowed access.
3.Specify the Port Number that will be used for accessing the management interface.
Web browser acces s normally uses the standard HTTP service port 80. For greater security,
you can change the remote management Web interface to a custom port by entering that
number in the box provided. Choose a number between 1024 and 65535, but do not use the
number of any common service port. The default is 8080, which is a common alternate for
HTTP.
4.Click Apply to have your changes take effect.
Note: When accessing your router from the Internet, you will type your router's WAN IP address
into your browser's Address (in IE) or Location (in Netscape) bo x, follo wed by a colo n (:) an d the
custom port number. For example, if your external address is 134.177.0.123 and you use port
number 8080, you must enter in your browser: http://134.177.0.123:8080
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) helps devices, such as Internet appliances and computers, access
the network and connect to other devices as needed. UPnP devices can automatically discover the
services from other registered UPnP devices on the network.
Figure 10-4.UPnP Menu
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Turn UPnP On: UPnP can be enabled or disabled for automatic device configuration. The default
setting for UPnP is enabled. If disabled, the router will not allow any device to automatically
control the resources, such as port forwarding (mapping), of the router.
Advertisement Period: The Advertisement Period is how often the router will broadcast its UPnP
information. This value can range from 1 to 1440 minutes. The default period is 30 minutes.
Shorter durations will ensure that control points have current device status at the expense of
additional network traffic. Longer durations may compromise the freshness of the device status but
can significantly reduce network traffic.
Advertisement Time To Live: The time to live for the advertisement is measured in hops (steps)
for each UPnP packet sent. The time to live hop count is the number of steps a broadcast packet is
allowed to propagate for each UPnP advertisement before it disappears. The number of hops can
range from 1 to 255. The default value for the advertisement time to live is 4 hops, which should
be fine for most home networks. If you notice that some devices are not being updated or reached
correctly, then it may be necessary to increase this value a little.
UPnP Portmap T able: The UPnP Portmap Table displays the IP address of each UPnP device that
is currently accessing the router and which ports (Internal and External) that device has opened.
The UPnP Portmap T able also displays what type of port is opened and if that port is still active for
each IP address.
Advanced Wireless Settings
Note: Incorrectly changing these settings can prevent the wireless functions from working.
•RTS Threshold
Request to Send Threshold. The packet size that is used to determine if it should use the
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) mechanism or the
CSMA/CA define the mechanism for packet transmission. With the CSMA/CD transmission
mechanism, the transmitting station sends out the actual packet as soon as it has waited for the
silence period. With the CSMA/CA transmission mechanism, the transmitting station sends
out an RTS packet to the receiving station, and waits for the receiving station to send back a
CTS (Clear to Send) packet before sending the actual packet data.
•Fragmentation Length
This is the maximum packet size used for fragmentation. Packets larger than the size
programmed in this field will be fragmented. The Fragment Threshold value must be larger
than the RTS Threshold value.
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•Beacon Interval
Specifies the data beacon rate between 20 and 1000.
•DTIM
The Delivery Traffic Indication Message. Specifies the data beacon rate between 1 and 255.
•Preamble Type
A long transmit preamble may provide a more reliable connection or slightly longer range. A
short transmit preamble gives better performance.
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Chapter 11
Troubleshooting
This chapter gives information about troubleshooting your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/
Print Server Model FWG114P. After each problem description, instructions are provided to help
you diagnose and solve the problem.
Basic Functioning
After you turn on power to the router, the following sequence of events should occur:
1.When power is first applied, verify that the PWR LED is on.
2.After approximately 10 seconds, verify that:
a.The TEST LED is not lit.
b.The LAN port LEDs are lit for any local ports that are connected.
If a port’s LED is lit, a link has been established to the connected device. If a LAN port is
connected to a 100 Mbps device, verify that the port’s LED is green. If the port is 10
Mbps, the LED will be OFF.
c.The Internet port LED is lit.
If any of these conditions does not occur, refer to the appropriate following section.
Power LED Not On
If the Power and other LEDs are off when your router is turned on:
•Make sure that the power cord is properly connected to your router and that the power supply
adapter is properly connected to a functioning power outlet.
•Check that you are using the 12 V DC power adapter supplied by NETGEAR for this product.
If the error persists, you have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
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LEDs Never Turn Off
When the router is turned on, the LEDs turns on for about 10 seconds and then turns off. If all the
LEDs stay on, there is a fault within the router.
If all LEDs are still on one minute after power up:
•Cycle the power to see if the router recovers.
•Clear the router’s configuration to the factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 11-7.
If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
LAN or Internet Port LEDs Not On
If either the LAN LEDs or the Internet LED do not light when the Ethernet connection is made,
check the following:
•Make sure that the Ethernet cable connections are secure at the router and at the hub or
workstation.
•Make sure that power is turned on to the connected hub or workstation.
•Be sure you are using the correct cable:
When connecting the router’s Internet port to a broadband modem, use the cable that was
supplied with the broadband modem. This cable could be a standard straight-t hrough Eth ernet
cable or an Ethernet crossover cable.
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Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface
If you are unable to access the router’s Web Configuration interface from a computer on your local
network, check the following:
•Check the Ethernet connection between the computer and the router as described in the
previous section.
•Make sure your computer’s IP address is on the same subnet as the router. If you are using the
recommended addressing scheme, your computer’s address should be in the range of
192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.254. Refer to “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page 3-5 or
“Verifying TCP/IP Properties (Macintosh)” on page 3-8 to find your computer’s IP address.
Follow the instructions in Chapter 4 to configure your computer.
Note: If your computer’s IP address is shown as 169.254.x.x: Recent versions of Windows
and MacOS will generate and assign an IP address if the computer cannot reach a DHCP
server. These auto-generated addresses are in the range of 169.254.x.x. If your IP address is in
this range, check the connection from the computer to the router and reboot your computer.
•If your router’s IP address has been changed and you do not know the current IP address, clear
the router’s configuration to the factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 11-7.
•Make sure your browser has Java, JavaScript, or ActiveX enabled. If you are using Internet
Explorer, click Refresh to be sure the Java applet is loaded.
•Try quitting the browser and launching it again.
•Make sure you are using the correct login information. The factory default login name is
admin and the password is password. Make sure that CAPS LOCK is off when entering this
information.
If the router does not save changes you have made in the Web Configuration Interface, check the
following:
•When entering configuration settings, be sure to click the APPLY button before moving to
another menu or tab, or your changes will be lost.
•Click the Refresh or Reload button in the Web browser. The changes may have occurred, but
the Web browser may be caching the old configuration.
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Troubleshooting the ISP Connection
If your router is unable to access the Internet, you should first determine whether the router is able
to obtain a WAN IP address from the ISP. Unless you have been assigned a static IP address, your
router must request an IP address from the ISP. You can determine whether the request was
successful using the Web Configuration Manager.
To check the WAN IP address:
1.Launch your browser and select an external site, such as www.netgear.com.
2.Access the Main Menu of the router’s configuration at http://192.168.0.1.
3.Under the Maintenance heading, select Router Status.
4.Check that an IP address is shown for the WAN Port.
If 0.0.0.0 is shown, your router has not obtained an IP address from your ISP.
If your router is unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, you may need to force your
broadband modem to recognize your new router by performing the following pro cedure:
1.Turn off power to the broadband modem.
2.Turn off power to your router.
3.Wait five mi nutes and reapply power to the broadband modem.
4.When the modem’s LEDs indicate that it has reacquired sync with the ISP, reapply power to
your router.
If your router is still unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, the problem may be one of the
following:
•Your ISP may require a login program.
Ask your ISP whether they require PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) or some other type of login.
•If your ISP requires a login, you may have incorrectly set the login name and password.
•Your ISP may check for your computer's host name.
Assign the computer Host Name of your ISP account as the Account Name in the Basic
Settings menu.
•Your ISP only allows one Ethernet MAC address to connect to Internet, and may check for
your computer’s MAC address. In this case:
Inform your ISP that you have bought a new network device and ask them to use the router’s
MAC address.
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OR
Configure your router to spoof your computer’s MAC address. This can be done in the Basic
Settings menu. Refer to “Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection” on page 3-17.
If your router can obtain an IP address, but your computer is unable to load any Web pages from
the Internet:
•Your computer may not recognize any DNS server addresses.
A DNS server is a host on the Internet that translates Internet names (such as www addresses)
to numeric IP addresses. Typically your ISP will provide the addresses of one or two DNS
servers for your use. If you entered a DNS address during the router’s configuration, reboot
your computer and verify the DNS address as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on
page 3-5. Alternatively, you may configure your computer manually with DNS addresses, as
explained in your operating system documentation.
•Your computer may not have the router configured as its TCP/IP gateway.
If your computer obtains its information from the router by DHCP, reboot the computer and
verify the gateway address as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on pa ge 3-5.
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility
Most TCP/IP terminal devices and routers contain a ping utility that sends an echo request packet
to the designated device. The device then responds with an echo reply. Troubleshooting a TCP/IP
network is made very easy by using the ping utility in your computer or workstation.
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router
You can ping the router from your computer to verify that the LAN path to your router is set up
correctly.
To ping the router from a computer running Windows 95 or later:
1.From the Windows toolbar, click on the Start button and select Run.
2.In the field provided, type Ping followed by the IP address of the router, as in this example:
ping 192.168.0.1
3.Click on OK.
You should see a message like this one:
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Pinging <IP address> with 32 bytes of data
If the path is working, you see this message:
Reply from < IP address >: bytes=32 time=NN ms TTL=xxx
If the path is not working, you see this message:
Request timed out
If the path is not functioning correctly, you could have one of the following problems:
•Wrong physical connections
— Make sure the LAN port LED is on. If the LED is off, follow the instructions in “LAN
or Internet Port LEDs Not On” on page 11-2.
— Check that the corresponding Link LEDs are on for your network interface card and
for the hub ports (if any) that are connected to your workstation and router.
•Wrong network configuration
— Verify that the Ethernet card driver software and TCP/IP software are both inst alled
and configured on your computer or workstation.
— Verify that the IP address for your router and your workstation are correct and that the
addresses are on the same subnet.
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device
After verifying that the LAN path works correctly, test the path from your computer to a remote
device. From the Windows run menu, type:
PING -n 10 <IP address>
where <IP address> is the IP address of a remote device, such as your ISP’s DNS server.
If the path is functioning correctly, replies as in the previous section are displayed. If you do not
receive replies:
— Check that your computer has the IP address of your router listed as the default gateway. If
the IP configuration of your computer is assigned by DHCP, this information will not be
visible in your computer’s Network Control Panel. Verify that the IP address of the router
is listed as the default gateway as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page 3-5.
— Check to see that the network address of your computer (the portion of the IP address
specified by the netmask) is different from the network address of the remote device.
— Check that your broadband mo dem is connected and functioning.
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— If your ISP assigned a host name to your computer, enter that host name as the Account
Name in the Basic Settings menu.
— Y our ISP could be rejecting the Ethernet MAC addresses of all but one of your PCs. Many
broadband ISPs restrict access by only allowing traffic from the MAC address of your
broadband modem, but some ISPs additionally restrict access to the MAC address of a
single computer connected to that modem. If this is the case, you must configure your
router to “clone” or “spoof” the MAC address from the authorized computer. Refer to
“Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection” on page 3-17.
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password
This section explains how to restore the factory default configuration settings, changing the
router’s administration password to password and the IP address to 192.168.0.1. You can erase the
current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:
•Use the Erase function of the router (see “Erasing the Configuration” on page 9-8).
•Use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. Use this method for cases when
the administration password or IP address is not known.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the administration password
or IP address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router.
1.Press and hold the Default Reset button until the Test LED turns on (about 10 seconds).
2.Release the Default Reset button and wait for the router to reboot.
Problems with Date and Time
The E-Mail menu in the Content Filtering section displays the current date and time of day. The
FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the
current time from one of several Network Time Servers on the Internet. Each entry in the log is
stamped with the date and time of day. Problems with the date and time function can include:
•Date shown is January 1, 2000. Cause: The router has not yet successfully reached a Network
Time Server. Check that your Internet access settings are configured correctly. If you have just
completed configuring the router , wait at least five minutes and check the date and time again.
•Time is off by one hour. Cause: The router does not automatically sense Daylight Savings
Time. In the E-Mail menu, check or uncheck the box marked “Adjust for Daylight Savings
Time”.
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Appendix A
Technical Specifications
This appendix provides technical specifications for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print
Server Model FWG114P.
Network Protocol and Standards Compatibility
Data and Routing
Protocols:
VPN
Protocols:
Tunnels:
Power Adapter
North America:120V, 60 Hz, input
United Kingdom,
Australia:
Europe:230V, 50 Hz, input
Japan:100V, 50/60 Hz, input
All regions (output):12 V DC @ 1.2 A output, 18W maximum
Physical Specifications
Dimensions:H: 32 x L: 188 x W: 124 mm (1.25 x 7.4 x 4.9 in.)
Weight:0.64 kg (1.4 lb)
Environmental
Specifications
Operating temperature:0° to 40° C (32º to 104º F)
TCP/IP, RIP-1, RIP-2, DHCP
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
5.5 Mbps, 11b 17.5 dBm typical- 86 dBm typical
2 Mbps, 11b 17.5 dBm typical- 89 dBm typical
1Mbps, 11b17.5 dBm typical- 92 dBm typical
Note: For Europe, the maximum transmit power does not exceed +15 dBm
Antenna:External detachable 5 dBi omnidirectional
802.11 Security40-bits (also called 64-bits), 128-bits WEP data encryption, and WPA
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Appendix B
Networks, Routing, and Firewall Basics
This appendix provides an overview of IP networks, routing, and firewalls.
Related Publications
As you read this document, you may be directed to various RFC documents for further
information. An RFC is a Request For Comment (RFC) published by the Internet Engineering
T ask Force (IETF), an open organization that defines the architecture and operation of the Internet.
The RFC documents outline and define the standard protocols and procedures for the Internet. The
documents are listed on the World Wide Web at www.ietf.org and ar e mirrored and indexed at
many other sites worldwide.
Basic Router Concepts
Large amounts of bandwidth can be provided easily and relatively inexpensively in a local area
network (LAN). However, providing high bandwidth between a local network and the Internet can
be very expensive. Because of this expense, Internet access is usually provided by a slower-speed
wide-area network (WAN) link, such as a cable or DSL modem. In order to make the best use of
the slower WAN link, a mechanism must be in place for selecting and transmitting only the data
traffic meant for the Internet. The function of selecting and forwarding this data is performed by a
router.
What is a Router?
A router is a device that forwards traffic between networks based on network layer information in
the data and on routing tables maintained by the router. In these routing tables, a router builds up a
logical picture of the overall network by gathering and exchanging information with other routers
in the network. Using this information, the router chooses the best path for forwarding network
traffic.
Routers vary in performance and scale, number of routing protocols supported, and types of
physical WAN connection they support.
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Routing Information Protocol
One of the protocols used by a router to build and maintain a picture of the network is the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP). Using RIP, routers periodically update one another and check for
changes to add to the routing table.
The FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server supports both the older RIP-1 and the newer RIP-2
protocols. Among other improvements, RIP-2 supports subnet and multicast protocols. RIP is not
required for most home applications.
IP Addresses and the Internet
Because TCP/IP networks are interconnected across the world, every machine on the Internet must
have a unique address to make sure that transmitted data reaches the correct destination. Blocks of
addresses are assigned to organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Individual users and small organizations may obtain their addresses either from the IANA or from
an Internet service provider (ISP). You can contact IANA at www.iana.org.
The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit address structure. The address is usually written in dot
notation (also called dotted-decimal notation), in which each group of eight bits is written in
decimal form, separated by decimal points.
For example, the following binary address:
11000011 00100010 00001100 00000111
is normally written as:
195.34.12.7
The latter version is easier to remember and easier to enter into your computer.
In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts. The first part of the address
identifies the network, and the second part identifies the host node or station on the network. The
dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.
There are five standard classes of IP addresses. These address classes have different ways of
determining the network and host sections of the address, allowing for different numbers of hosts
on a network. Each address type begins with a unique bit pattern, which is used by the TCP/IP
software to identify the address class. After the address class has been determined, the software
can correctly identify the host section of the address. The following figure shows the three main
address classes, including network and host sections of the address for each address type.
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C
N
C
C
lass A
etworkNode
lass B
NetworkNode
lass C
NetworkNode
Figure 11-1: Three Main Address Classes
The five address classes are:
•Class A
Class A addresses can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network. They use an eight-bit
network number and a 24-bit node number. Class A addresses are in this range:
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.
•Class B
Class B addresses can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network. A Class B address uses a 16-bit
network number and a 16-bit node number. Class B addresses are in this range:
128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.
•Class C
Class C addresses can have 254 hosts on a network. Class C addresses use 24 bits for the
network address and eight bits for the node. They are in this range:
192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.
•Class D
Class D addresses are used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts). Class D addresses are
in this range:
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
•Class E
Class E addresses are for experimental use.
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This addressing structure allows IP addresses to uniquely identify each physical network and each
node on each physical network.
For each unique value of the network portion of the address, the base address of the range (host
address of all zeros) is known as the network address and is not usually assigned to a host. Also,
the top address of the range (host address of all ones) is not assigned, but is used as the broadcast
address for simultaneously sending a packet to all hosts with the same network address.
Netmask
In each of the address classes previously described, the size of the two parts (network address and
host address) is implied by the class. This partitioning scheme can also be expressed by a netmask
associated with the IP address. A netmask is a 32-bit quantity that, when logically combined (using
an AND operator) with an IP address, yields the network address. For instance, the netmasks for
Class A, B, and C addresses are 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0, respectively.
For example, the address 192.168.170.237 is a Class C IP address whose network portion is the
upper 24 bits. When combined (using an AND operator) with the Class C netmask, as shown here,
only the network portion of the address remains:
As a shorter alternative to dotted-decimal notation, the netmask may also be expressed in terms of
the number of ones from the left. This number is appended to the IP address, following a backward
slash (/), as “/n.” In the example, the address could be written as 192.168.170.237/24, indicating
that the netmask is 24 ones followed by 8 zeros.
Subnet Addressing
By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a
large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of
a routed link requires a different network number . It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would
have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet
addressing.
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C
Subnet addressing allows us to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical
networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.
A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most
organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet
addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as shown below.
lass B
NetworkSubnetNode
Figure 11-2: Example of Subnetting a Class B Address
A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the
IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing
eight extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as
IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending
the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other benefits. Subnet addressing
allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different
subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the
organization.
Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are
not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only
shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C
network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift one bit from the host address to the network
address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The first subnet has network
number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has
network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254.
Note: The number 192.68.135.127 is not assigned because it is the broadcast address
of the first subnet. The number 192.68.135.128 is not assigned because it is the network
address of the second subnet.
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The following table lists the additional subnet mask bits in dotted-decimal notation. To use the
table, write down the original class netmask and replace the 0 value octets with the dotted-decimal
value of the additional subnet bits. For example, to partition your Class C network with subnet
mask 255.255.255.0 into 16 subnets (4 bits), the new subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.240.
Table 11-1.Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet
Number of BitsDotted-Decimal Value
1128
2192
3224
4240
5248
6252
7254
8255
The following table displays several common netmask values in both the dotted-decimal and the
masklength formats.
Table 11-2.Netmask Formats
Dotted-DecimalMasklength
255.0.0.0/8
255.255.0.0/16
255.255.255.0/24
255.255.255.128/25
255.255.255.192/26
255.255.255.224/27
255.255.255.240/28
255.255.255.248/29
255.255.255.252/30
255.255.255.254/31
255.255.255.255/32
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NETGEAR strongly recommends that you configure all hosts on a LAN segment to use the same
netmask for the following reasons:
•So that hosts recognize local IP broadcast packets.
When a device broadcasts to its segment neighbors, it uses a destination address of the local
network address with all ones for the host address. In order for this scheme to work, all devices
on the segment must agree on which bits comprise the host address.
•So that a local router or bridge recognizes which addresses are local and which are remote.
Private IP Addresses
If your local network is isolated from the Internet (for example, when using NAT), you can assign
any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the IANA has reserved the following
three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
NETGEAR recommends that you choose your private network number from this range. The
DHCP server of the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server is preconfigured to automatically
assign private addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines explained here. For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597,
Address Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP
Address Space. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) publishes RFCs on its Web site at
www.ietf.org.
Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
In the past, if multiple computers on a LAN needed to access the Internet simultaneously , you had
to obtain a range of IP addresses from the ISP. This type of Internet account is more costly than a
single-address account typically used by a single user with a modem, rather than a router. The
FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server employs an address-sharing method called Network
Address Translation (NAT). This method allows several networked computers to share an Internet
account using only a single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your
ISP.
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1
1
1
1
The router accomplishes this address sharing by translating the internal LAN IP addresses to a
single address that is globally unique on the Internet. The internal LAN IP addresses can be either
private addresses or registered addresses. For more information about IP address translation, refer
to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
The following figure illustrates a single IP address operation.
Private IP addresses
assigned by user
IP addresses
92.168.0.2
assigned by ISP
92.168.0.3
92.168.0.4
92.168.0.5
192.168.0.1172.21.15.105
Internet
Figure 11-3: Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
This scheme offers the additional benefit of firewall-like protection because the internal LAN
addresses are not available to the Internet through the translated connection. All incoming
inquiries are filtered out by the router. This filtering can prevent intruders from probing your
system. However, using port forwarding, you can allow one PC (for example, a Web server) on
your local network to be accessible to outside users.
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MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol
An IP address alone cannot be used to deliver data from one LAN device to another. To send data
between LAN devices, you must convert the IP address of the destination device to its media
access control (MAC) address. Each device on an Ethernet network has a unique MAC address,
which is a 48-bit number assigned to each device by the manufacturer. The technique that
associates the IP address with a MAC address is known as address resolution. Internet Protocol
uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to resolve MAC addresses.
If a device sends data to another station on the network and the destination MAC address is not yet
recorded, ARP is used. An ARP request is broadcast onto the network. All stations on the network
receive and read the request. The destination IP address for the chosen station is included as part of
the message so that only the station with this IP address responds to the ARP request. All other
stations discard the request.
Related Documents
The station with the correct IP address responds with its own MAC address directly to the sending
device. The receiving station provides the transmitting station with the required destination MAC
address. The IP address data and MAC address data for each station are held in an ARP table. The
next time data is sent, the address can be obtained from the address information in the table.
For more information about address assignment, refer to the IETF documents RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
For more information about IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
Domain Name Server
Many of the resources on the Internet can be addressed by simple descriptive names, such as
www.NETGEAR.com. This addressing is very helpful at the application level, but the descriptive
name must be translated to an IP address in order for a user to actually contact the resource. Just as
a telephone directory maps names to phone numbers, or as an ARP table maps IP addresses to
MAC addresses, a domain name system (DNS) server maps descriptive names of network
resources to IP addresses.
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When a PC accesses a resource by its descriptive name, it first contacts a DNS server to obtain the
IP address of the resource. The PC sends the desired message using the IP address. Many large
organizations, such as ISPs, maintain their own DNS servers and allow their customers to use the
servers to look up addresses.
IP Configuration by DHCP
When an IP-based local area network is installed, each PC must be configured with an IP address.
If the computers need to access the Internet, they should also be configured with a gateway address
and one or more DNS server addresses. As an alternative to manual configuration, there is a
method by which each PC on the network can automatically obtain this configuration information.
A device on the network may act as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. The
DHCP server stores a list or pool of IP addresses, along with other information (such as gateway
and DNS addresses) that it may assign to the other devices on the network. The FWG114P
Wireless Firewall/Print Server has the capacity to act as a DHCP server.
The FWG114P W ireless Firewall/Print Server also functions as a DHCP client when connecting to
the ISP. The firewall can automatically obtain an IP address, subnet mask, DNS server addresses,
and a gateway address if the ISP provides this information by DHCP.
Internet Security and Firewalls
When your LAN connects to the Internet through a router, an opportunity is created for outsiders
to access or disrupt your network. A NAT router provides some protection because by the very
nature of the Network Address Translation (NAT) process, the network behind the NAT router is
shielded from access by outsiders on the Internet. However, there are methods by which a
determined hacker can possibly obtain information about your network or at the least can disrupt
your Internet access. A greater degree of protection is provided by a firewall router.
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What is a Firewall?
A firewall is a device that protects one network from another, while allowing communication
between the two. A firewall incorporates the functions of the NAT router, while adding features for
dealing with a hacker intrusion or attack. Several known types of intrusion or attack can be
recognized when they occur. When an incident is detected, the firewall can log details of the
attempt, and can optionally send e-mail to an administrator notifying them of the incident. Using
information from the log, the administrator can take action with the ISP of the hacker. In some
types of intrusions, the firewall can fend off the hacker by discarding all further packets from the
hacker’s IP address for a period of time.
Stateful Packet Inspection
Unlike simple Internet sharing routers, a firewall uses a process called stateful packet inspection to
ensure secure firewall filtering to protect your network from attacks and intrusions. Since
user-level applications, such as FTP and Web browsers can create complex patterns of network
traffic, it is necessary for the firewall to analyze groups of network connection "states." Using
stateful packet inspection, an incoming packet is intercepted at the network layer and then
analyzed for state-related information associated with all network connections. A central cache
within the firewall keeps track of the state information associated with all network connections.
All traffic passing through the firewall is analyzed against the state of these connections in order to
determine whether or not it will be allowed to pass through or be rejected.
Denial of Service Attack
A hacker may be able to prevent your network from operating or communicating by launching a
Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The method used for, such an attack can be as simple as merely
flooding your site with more requests than it can handle. A more sophisticated attack may attempt
to exploit some weakness in the operating system used by your router or gateway. Some operating
systems can be disrupted by simply sending a packet with incorrect length information.
Ethernet Cabling
Although Ethernet networks originally used thick or thin coaxial cable, most installations currently
use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling. The UTP cable contains eight conductors, arranged in
four twisted pairs, and terminated with an RJ45 type connector. A normal straight-through UTP
Ethernet cable follows the EIA568B standard wiring as described below in Table B-1
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Category 5 distributed cable that meets ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-A building wiring standards can be a
maximum of 328 feet (ft.) or 100 meters (m) in length, divided as follows:
20 ft. (6 m) between the hub and the patch panel (if used)
295 ft. (90 m) from the wiring closet to the wall outlet
10 ft. (3 m) from the wall outlet to the desktop device
The patch panel and other connecting hardware must meet the requirements for 100 Mbps
operation (Category 5). Only 0.5 inch (1.5 cm) of untwist in the wire pair is allowed at any
termination point.
A twisted pair Ethernet network operating at 10 Mbits/second (10BASE-T) will often tolerate low
quality cables, but at 100 Mbits/second (10BASE-Tx) the cable must be rated as Category 5, or
Cat 5, by the Electronic Industry Association (EIA). This rating will be printed on the cable jacket.
A Category 5 cable will meet specified requirements regarding loss and crosstalk. In addition,
there are restrictions on maximum cable length for both 10 and 100 Mbits/second networks.
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Inside Twisted Pair Cables
For two devices to communicate, the transmitter of each device must be connected to the receiver
of the other device. The crossover function is usually implemented internally as part of the
circuitry in the device. Computers and workstation adapter cards are usually media-dependent
interface ports, called MDI or uplink ports. Most repeaters and switch ports are configured as
media-dependent interfaces with built-in crossover ports, called MDI-X or normal ports. Auto
Uplink technology automatically senses which connection, MDI or MDI-X, is needed and makes
the right connection.
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Figure B-3: Category 5 UTP Cable with Male RJ-45 Plug at Each End
Note: Flat “silver satin” telephone cable may have the same RJ-45 plug. However, using telephone
cable results in excessive collisions, causing the attached port to be partitioned or disconnected
from the network.
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching
In the wiring table above, the concept of transmit and receive are from the perspective of the PC,
which is wired as Media Dependant Interface (MDI). In this wiring, the PC transmits on pins 1 and
2. At the hub, the perspective is reversed, and the hub receives on pins 1 and 2. This wiring is
referred to as Media Dependant Interface - Crossover (MDI-X).
When connecting a PC to a PC, or a hub port to another hub port, the transmit pair must be
exchanged with the receive pair. This exchange is done by one of two mechanisms. Most hubs
provide an Uplink switch which will exchange the pairs on one port, allowing that port to be
connected to another hub using a normal Ethernet cable. The second method is to use a crossover
cable, which is a special cable in which the transmit and receive pairs are exchanged at one of the
two cable connectors. Crossover cables are often unmarked as such, and must be identified by
comparing the two connectors. Since the cable connectors are clear plastic, it is easy to place them
side by side and view the order of the wire colors on each. On a straight-through cable, the color
order will be the same on both connectors. On a crossover cable, the orange and blue pairs will be
exchanged from one connector to the other.
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The FWG114P W ireless Firewall/Print S erver incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology (also called
MDI/MDIX). Each LOCAL Ethernet port will automatically sense whether the Ethernet cable
plugged into the port should have a normal connection (e.g. connecting to a PC) or an uplink
connection (e.g. connecting to a router, switch, or hub). That port will then configure itself to the
correct configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables, as
Auto Uplink
TM
will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
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Appendix C
Preparing Your Network
This appendix describes how to prepare your network to connect to the Internet through the
ProSafe Wireless 802.1 1g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG1 14P and how to verify the readiness
of broadband Internet service from an Internet service provider (ISP).
Note: If an ISP technician configured your computer during the installation of a
broadband modem, or if you configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you
may need to copy the current configuration information for use in the configuration of
your firewall. Write down this information before reconfiguring your computers. Refer
to “Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers” on page C-10 or
“Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh Computers” on page C-11 for
further information.
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking
Computers access the Internet using a protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol). Each computer on your network must have TCP/IP installed and selected as its
networking protocol. If a Network Interface Card (NIC) is already installed in your PC, then TCP/
IP is probably already installed as well.
Most operating systems include the software components you need for networking with TCP/IP:
®
•Windows
•Windows 3.1 does not include a TCP/IP component. You need to purchase a third-party TCP/
IP application package, such as NetManage Chameleon.
•Macintosh Operating System 7 or later includes the software components for establishing a
TCP/IP network.
•All versions of UNIX® or Linux® include TCP/IP components. Follow the instructions
provided with your operating system or networking software to install TCP/IP on your
computer.
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95 or later includes the software components for establishing a TCP/IP network.
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In your IP network, each PC and the firewall must be assigned unique IP addresses. Each PC must
also have certain other IP configuration information, such as a subnet mask (netmask), a domain
name server (DNS) address, and a default gateway address. In most cases, you should install TCP/
IP so that the PC obtains its specific network configuration information automatically from a
DHCP server during bootup. For a detailed explanation of the meaning and purpose of these
configuration items, refer to “Appendix B, “Networks, Routing, and Firewall Basics.”
The FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server is shipped preconfigured as a DHCP server. The
firewall assigns the following TCP/IP configuration information automatically when the
computers are rebooted:
•PC or workstation IP addresses—192.168.0.2 through 192.168.0.254
•Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
•Gateway address (the firewall)—192.168.0.1
These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks.
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you need to manually install and configure TCP/IP on each
networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert it during the
TCP/IP installation process.
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.On the Windows taskbar , click the S tart button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components:
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You must have an Ethernet adapter, the TCP/IP protocol, and Client for Microsoft Networks.
Note: It is not necessary to remove any other network components shown in the
Network window in order to install the adapter, TCP/IP, or Client for Microsoft
Networks.
If you need to install a new adapter, follow these steps:
a.Click the Add button.
b.Select Adapter, and then click Add.
c.Select the manufacturer and model of your Ethernet adapter, and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
a.Click the Add button.
b.Select Protocol, and then click Add.
c.Select Microsoft.
d.Select TCP/IP, and then click OK.
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If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
a.Click the Add button.
b.Select Client, and then click Add.
c.Select Microsoft.
d.Select Client for Microsoft Networks, and then click OK.
3.Restart your PC for the changes to take effect.
Enabling DHCP to Automatically Configure TCP/IP Settings
After the TCP/IP protocol components are installed, each PC must be assigned specific
information about itself and resources that are available on its network. The simplest way to
configure this information is to allow the PC to obtain the information from the internal DHCP
server of the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server. To use DHCP with the recommended
default addresses, follow these steps:
1.Connect all computers to the firewall, then restart the firewall and allow it to boot.
2.On each attached PC, open the Network control panel (refer to the previous section) and select
the Configuration tab.
3.From the components list, select TCP/IP->(your Ethernet adapter) and click Properties.
4.In the IP Address tab, select “Obtain an IP address automatically”.
5.Select the Gateway tab.
6.If any gateways are shown, remove them.
7.Click OK.
8.Restart the PC.
Repeat steps 2 through 8 for each PC on your network.
Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method
1.On the Windows taskbar , click the S tart button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.Double-click the Internet Options icon.
3.Select “I want to set up my Internet connection manually” or “I want to connect through a
Local Area Network” and click Next.
4.Select “I want to connect through a Local Area Network” and click Next.
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5.Uncheck all boxes in the LAN Internet Configuration screen and click Next.
6.Proceed to the end of the Wizard.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties
After your PC is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration using the
utility winipcfg.exe:
1.On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
2.Type winipcfg, and then click OK.
The IP Configuration window opens, which lists (among other things), your IP address, subnet
mask, and default gateway.
3.From the drop-down box, select your Ethernet adapter.
The window is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
Configuring Windows NT, 2000 or XP for IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you need to manually install and configure TCP/IP on each
networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert it during the
TCP/IP installation process.
Installing or Verifying Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.On the Windows taskbar , click the S tart button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.Double-click the Network and Dialup Connections icon.
3.If an Ethernet adapter is present in your PC, you should see an entry for Local Area
Connection. Double-click that entry.
4.Select Properties.
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5.Verify that ‘Client for Microsoft Networks’ and ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’ are present. If
not, select Install and add them.
6.Select ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’, click Properties, and verify that “Obtain an IP address
automatically is selected.
7.Click OK and close all Network and Dialup Connections windows.
8.Make sure your PC is connected to the firewall, then reboot your PC.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties
To check your PC’s TCP/IP configuration:
1.On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
The Run window opens.
2.Type cmd and then click OK.
A command window opens
3.Type ipconfig /all
Your IP Configuration information will be listed, and should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
4.Type exit
Configuring the Macintosh for TCP/IP Networking
Beginning with Macintosh Operating System 7, TCP/IP is already installed on the Macintosh. On
each networked Macintosh, you will need to configure TCP/IP to use DHCP.
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x
1.From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
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The TCP/IP Control Panel opens:
2.From the “Connect via” box, select your Macintosh’s Ethernet interface.
3.From the “Configure” box, select Using DHCP Server.
You can leave the DHCP Client ID box empty.
4.Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
5.Repeat this for each Macintosh on your network.
MacOS X
1.From the Apple menu, choose System Preferences, then Network.
2.If not already selected, select Built-in Ethernet in the Configure list.
3.If not already selected, Select Using DHCP in the TCP/IP tab.
4.Click Save.
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Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers
After your Macintosh is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration by
returning to the TCP/IP Control Panel. From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The panel is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are using
the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•The IP Address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•The Subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•The Router address is 192.168.0.1
If you do not see these values, you may need to restart your Macintosh or you may need to switch
the “Configure” setting to a different option, then back again to “Using DHCP Server”.
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Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account
For broadband access to the Internet, you need to contract with an Internet service provider (ISP)
for a single-user Internet access account using a cable modem or DSL modem. This modem must
be a separate physical box (not a card) and must provide an Ethernet port intended for connection
to a Network Interface Card (NIC) in a computer. Your firewall does not support a USB-connected
broadband modem.
For a single-user Internet account, your ISP supplies TCP/IP configuration information for one
computer. With a typical account, much of the configuration information is dynamically assigned
when your PC is first booted up while connected to the ISP, and you will not need to know that
dynamic information.
In order to share the Internet connection among several computers, your firewall takes the place of
the single PC, and you need to configure it with the TCP/IP information that the single PC would
normally use. When the firewall’s In ternet port is conn ected to the broadban d modem, the firewall
appears to be a single PC to the ISP. The firewall then allows the computers on the local network to
masquerade as the single PC to access the Internet through the broadband modem. The method
used by the firewall to accomplish this is called Network Address Translation (NAT) or IP
masquerading.
Are Login Protocols Used?
Some ISPs require a special login protocol, in which yo u must enter a logi n name and password in
order to access the Internet. If you normally log in to your Internet account by running a program,
such as WinPOET or EnterNet, then your account uses PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).
When you configure your router, you will need to enter your login name and password in the
router’s configuration menus. After your network and firewall are configured, the firewall will
perform the login task when needed, and you will no longer need to run the login program from
your PC. It is not necessary to uninstall the login program.
What Is Your Configuration Information?
More and more, ISPs are dynamically assigning configuration information. However, if your ISP
does not dynamically assign configuration information but instead uses fixed configurations, your
ISP should have given you the following basic information for your account:
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•An IP address and subnet mask
•A gateway IP address, which is the address of the ISP’s router
•One or more domain name server (DNS) IP addresses
•Host name and domain suffix
For example, your account’s full server names may look like this:
mail.xxx.yyy.com
In this example, the domain suffix is
xxx.yyy.com.
If any of these items are dynamically supplied by the ISP, your firewall automatically acquires
them.
If an ISP technician configured your PC during the installation of the broadband modem, or if you
configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you need to copy the configuration
information from your PC’s Network TCP/IP Properties window or Macintosh TCP/IP Control
Panel before reconfiguring your PC for use with the firewall. These procedures are described next.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your PC so that you
can use this information when you configure the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server.
Following this procedure is only necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the
account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.On the Windows taskbar , click the S tart button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components.
3.Select TCP/IP, and then click Properties.
The TCP/IP Properties dialog box opens.
4.Select the IP Address tab.
If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information. If an address is
present, your account uses a fixed (static) IP address. If no address is present, your account
uses a dynamically-assigned IP address. Click “Obtain an IP address automatically”.
5.Select the Gateway tab.
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If an IP address appears under Installed Gateways, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address. Select the address and then click Remove to remove the gateway address.
6.Select the DNS Configuration tab.
If any DNS server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. If any information appears
in the Host or Domain information box, write it down. Click Disable DNS.
7.Click OK to save your changes and close the TCP/IP Properties dialog box.
You are returned to the Network window.
8.Click OK.
9.Reboot your PC at the prompt. You may also be prompted to insert your Windows CD.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh
Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your Macintosh so
that you can use this information when you configure the FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print
Server. Following this procedure is only necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the
account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The TCP/IP Control Panel opens, which displays a list of configuration settings. If the
“Configure” setting is “Using DHCP Server”, your account uses a dynamically-assigned IP
address. In this case, close the Control Panel and skip the rest of this section.
2.If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information.
3.If an IP address appears under Router address, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address.
4.If any Name Server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. These are your ISP’s DNS
addresses.
5.If any information appears in the Search domains information box, write it down.
6.Change the “Configure” setting to “Using DHCP Server”.
7.Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
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Restarting the Network
Once you have set up your computers to work with the firewall, you must reset the network for the
devices to be able to communicate correctly. Restart any computer that is connected to the firewall.
After configuring all of your computers for TCP/IP networking and restarting them, and
connecting them to the local network of your FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server, you are
ready to access and configure the firewall.
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Appendix D
Firewall Log Formats
Action List
Drop: Packet dropped by Firewall current inbound or outbound rules.
Reset: TCP session reset by Firewall.
Forward: Packet forwarded by Firewall to the next hop based on matching the criteria in
the rules table.
Receive: Packet was permitted by the firewall rules and modified prior to being
forwarded and/or replied to.
Field List
<DATE><TIME>: Log's date and time
<EVENT>: Event is that access the device or access other host via the device
<PKT_TYPE>: Packet type pass Firewall
<SRC_IP><DST_IP>: IP address in the packet
<SRC_PORT><DST_PORT>: Port in the packet
<SRC_INF><DST_INF>: Include `LAN` and `WAN` (optional)
<ACTION>: As `Action List` referenced
<DESCRIPTION>: A complement to the log (optional)
<DIRECTION>: Inbound and Outbound
<SERVICE>: Firewall costumed service
Outbound Log
Outgoing packets that match the Firewall rules are logged.
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[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:48:41] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Added
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:49:41] - Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Added
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:50:14] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Modified
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:50:57] - Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Modified
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:51:14] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Deleted
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:52:12] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is Moved to Index [0]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:54:41] - Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
[FTP] is Moved to Index [1]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:01:47] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is changed to Disable
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:02:14] - Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
[BGP] is changed to Enable
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:02:35] - Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
[NFS] is changed to Disable
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:02:52] - Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
[NFS] is changed to Enable
Notes:
DIRECTION: Inbound or Outbound
SERVICE: Supported service name
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D-8Firewall Log Formats
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Appendix E
Wireless Networking Basics
This chapter provides an overview of Wireless networking.
Wireless Networking Overview
The FWG114P Wireless Firewall/Print Server conforms to the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11b and 802.1 1g standards for wireless LANs (WLANs). On an
802.11b or g wireless link, data is encoded using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)
technology and is transmitted in the unlicensed radio spectrum at 2.5GHz. The maximum data rate
for the 802.11b wireless link is 1 1 Mbps, but it will automatically back down from 11 Mbps to 5.5,
2, and 1 Mbps when the radio signal is weak or when interference is detected. The 802.11g auto
rate sensing rates are 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps.
The 802.11 standard is also called Wireless Ethernet or Wi-Fi by the Wireless Ethernet
Compatibility Alliance (WECA, see http://www.wi-fi.net), an industry standard group promoting
interoperability among 802.11 devices. The 802.11 standard offers two methods for configuring a
wireless network - ad hoc and infrastructure.
Infrastructure Mode
With a wireless Access Point, you can operate the wireless LAN in the infrastructure mode. This
mode provides wireless connectivity to multiple wireless network devices within a fixed range or
area of coverage, interacting with wireless nodes via an antenna.
In the infrastructure mode, the wireless access point converts airwave data into wired Ethernet
data, acting as a bridge between the wired LAN and wireless clients. Connecting multiple Access
Points via a wired Ethernet backbone can further extend the wireless network coverage. As a
mobile computing device moves out of the range of one access point, it moves into the range of
another. As a result, wireless clients can freely roam from one Access Point domain to another and
still maintain seamless network connection.
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Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup)
In an ad hoc network, computers are brought together as needed; thus, there is no structure or fixed
points to the network - each node can generally communicate with any other node. There is no
Access Point involved in this configuration. This mode enables you to quickly set up a small
wireless workgroup and allows workgroup members to exchange data or share printers as
supported by Microsoft networking in the various W indows operating systems. Some vendors also
refer to ad hoc networking as peer-to-peer group networking.
In this configuration, network packets are directly sent and received by the intended transmitting
and receiving stations. As long as the stations are within range of one another, this is the easiest
and least expensive way to set up a wireless network.
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID)
The Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) is one of two types of Service Set Identification
(SSID). In an ad hoc wireless network with no access points, the Basic Service Set Identification
(BSSID) is used. In an infrastructure wireless network that includes an access point, the ESSID is
used, but may still be referred to as SSID.
An SSID is a thirty-two character (maximum) alphanumeric key identifying the name of the
wireless local area network. Some vendors refer to the SSID as network name. For the wireless
devices in a network to communicate with each other, all devices must be configured with the
same SSID.
The ESSID is usually broadcast in the air from an access point. The wireless station sometimes can
be configured with the ESSID ANY. This means the wireless station will try to associate with
whichever access point has the stronger radio frequency (RF) signal, providing that both the access
point and wireless station use Open System authentication.
Authentication and WEP Data Encryption
The absence of a physical connection between nodes makes the wireless links vulnerable to
eavesdropping and information theft. To provide a certain level of security, the IEEE 802.11
standard has defined these two types of authentication methods:
•Open System. With Open System authentication, a wireless computer can join any network
and receive any messages that are not encrypted.
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•Shared Key. With Shared Key authentication, only those PCs that possess the correct
authentication key can join the network. By default, IEEE 802.11 wireless devices operate in
an Open System network.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption is used when the wireless devices are configured
to operate in Shared Key authentication mode.
802.11 Authentication
The 802.11 standard defines several services that govern how two 802.11 devices communicate.
The following events must occur before an 802.11 Station can communicate with an Ethernet
network through an access point, such as the one built in to the FWG114P:
1.Turn on the wireless station.
2.The station listens for messages from any access points that are in range.
3.The station finds a message from an access point that has a matching SSID.
4.The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
5.The access point authenticates the station.
6.The station sends an association request to the access point.
7.The access point associates with the station.
8.The station can now communicate with the Ethernet network through the access point.
An access point must authenticate a station before the station can associate with the access point or
communicate with the network. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines two types of authentication:
Open System and Shared Key.
•Open System Authentication allows any device to join the network, assuming that the device
SSID matches the access point SSID. Alternatively, the device can use the “ANY” SSID
option to associate with any available Access Point within range, regardless of its SSID.
•Shared Key Authentication requires that the station and the access point have the same WEP
Key to authenticate. These two authentication procedures are described below.
Open System Authentication
The following steps occur when two devices use Open System Authentication:
1.The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
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2.The access point authenticates the station.
3.The station associates with the access point and joins the network.
The following steps occur when two devices use Shared Key Authentication:
1.The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
2.The access point sends challenge text to the station.
3.The station uses its configured 64-bit or 128-bit default key to encrypt the challenge text, and
sends the encrypted text to the access point.
4.The access point decrypts the encrypted text using its configured WEP Key that corresponds
to the station’s default key. The access point compares the decrypted text with the original
challenge text. If the decrypted text matches the original challenge text, then the access point
and the station share the same WEP Key and the access point authenticates the station.
5.The station connects to the network.
If the decrypted text does not match the original challenge text (the access point and station do not
share the same WEP Key), then the access point will refuse to authenticate the station and the
station will be unable to communicate with either the 802.11 network or Ethernet network.
This process is illustrated below.
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Before enabling WEP on an 802.11 network, you must first consider what type of encryption you
require and the key size you want to use. Typically, there are three WEP Encryption options
available for 802.11 products:
1. Do Not Use WEP: The 802.11 network does not encrypt data. For authentication purposes, the
network uses Open System Authentication.
2. Use WEP for Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data portion of every
packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving device decrypts the data using the
same WEP Key. For authentication purposes, the network uses Open System Authentication.
3. Use WEP for Authentication and Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data
portion of every packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving device decrypts the
data using the same WEP Key . For authentication purposes, the wireless network uses Shared Key
Authentication.
Note: Some 802.11 access points also support Use WEP for Authentication Only (Shared Key
Authentication without data encryption).
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Key Size
The IEEE 802.11 standard supports two types of WEP encryption: 40-bit and 128-bit.
The 64-bit WEP data encryption method allows for a five-character (40-bit) input. Additionally,
24 factory-set bits are added to the forty-bit input to generate a 64-bit encryption key. The 24
factory-set bits are not user-configurable). This encryption key will be used to encrypt/decrypt all
data transmitted via the wireless interface. Some vendors refer to the 64-bit WEP data encryption
as 40-bit WEP data encryption since the user-configurable portion of the encryption key is 40 bits
wide.
The 128-bit WEP data encryption method consists of 104 user-configurable bits. Similar to the
forty-bit WEP data encryption method, the remaining 24 bits are factory set and not user
configurable. Some vendors allow passphrases to be entered instead of the cryptic hexadecimal
characters to ease encryption key entry.
128-bit encryption is stronger than 40-bit encryption, but 128-bit encryption may not be available
outside of the United States due to U.S. export regulations.
When configured for 40-bit encryption, 802.11 products typically support up to four WEP Keys.
Each 40-bit WEP Key is expressed as 5 sets of two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For
example, “12 34 56 78 90” is a 40-bit WEP Key.
When configured for 128-bit encryption, 802.11 products typically support four WEP Keys but
some manufacturers support only one 128-bit key . The 128-bit WEP Key is expressed as 13 sets of
two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For example, “12 34 56 78 90 AB CD EF 12 34 56 78 90”
is a 128-bit WEP Key.
Table E-1:Encryption Key Sizes
Encryption Key Size# of Hexadecimal DigitsExample of Hexadecimal Key Content
Note: Typically, 802.11 access points can store up to four 128-bit WEP Keys but some 802.11
client adapters can only store one. Therefore, make sure that your 802.11 access and client
adapters’ configurations match.
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WEP Configuration Options
The WEP settings must match on all 802.11 devices that are within the same wireless network as
identified by the SSID. In general, if your mobile clients will roam between access points, then all
of the 802.11 access points and all of the 802.11 client adapters on the network must have the same
WEP settings.
Note: Whatever keys you enter for an AP, you must also enter the same keys for the client adapter
in the same order. In other words, WEP key 1 on the AP must match WEP key 1 on the client
adapter, WEP key 2 on the AP must match WEP key 2 on the client adapter, and so on.
Note: The AP and the client adapters can have different default WEP Keys as long as the keys are
in the same order. In other words, the AP can use WEP key 2 as its default key to transmit while a
client adapter can use WEP key 3 as its default key to transmit. The two devices will communicate
as long as the AP’s WEP key 2 is the same as the client’s WEP key 2 and the AP’s WEP key 3 is
the same as the client’s WEP key 3.
Wireless Channels
The wireless frequencies used by 802.11b/g networks are discussed below.
IEEE 802.11b/g wireless nodes communicate with each other using radio frequency signals in the
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring
channels are 5 MHz apart. However, due to spread spectrum effect of the signals, a node sending
signals using a particular channel will utilize frequency spectrum 12.5 MHz above and below the
center channel frequency. As a result, two separate wireless networks using neighboring channels
(for example, channel 1 and channel 2) in the same general vicinity will interfere with each other.
Applying two channels that allow the maximum channel separation will decrease the amount of
channel cross-talk, and provide a noticeable performance increase over networks with minimal
channel separation.
The radio frequency channels used in 802.11b/g networks are listed in Table E-2:
Note: The available cha nnels supported by the wireless products in various countries are dif ferent.
For example, Channels 1 to 11 are supported in the U.S. and Canada, and Channels 1 to 13 are
supported in Europe and Australia.
The preferred channel separation between the channels in neighboring wireless networks is 25
MHz (5 channels). This means that you can apply up to three different channels within your
wireless network. There are only 11 usable wireless channels in the United States. It is
recommended that you start using channel 1 and grow to use channel 6, and 11 when necessary, as
these three channels do not overlap.
WPA Wireless Security
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a specification of standards-based, interoperable security
enhancements that increase the level of data protection and access control for existing and future
wireless LAN systems.
The IEEE introduced the WEP as an optional security measure to secure 802.11b (W i-Fi) WLANs,
but inherent weaknesses in the standard soon became obvious. In response to this situation, the
Wi-Fi Alliance announced a new security architecture in October 2002 that remedies the
shortcomings of WEP. This standard, formerly known as Safe Secure Network (SSN), is designed
to work with existing 802.11 products and offers forward compatibility with 802.11i, the new
wireless security architecture being defined in the IEEE.
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WPA offers the following benefits:
•Enhanced data privacy
•Robust key management
•Data origin authentication
•Data integrity protection
The Wi-Fi Alliance is now performing interoperability certification testing on Wi-Fi Protected
Access products. Starting August of 2003, all new Wi -Fi certified products will have to support
WPA. NETGEAR will implement WPA on client and access point products and make this
available in the second half of 2003. Existing Wi-Fi certified products will have one year to add
WPA support or they will lose their Wi-Fi certification.
The 802.11i standard is currently in draft form, with ratification due at the end of 2003. While the
new IEEE 802.11i standard is being ratified, wireless vendors have agreed on WPA as an
interoperable interim standard.
How Does WPA Compare to WEP?
WEP is a data encryption method and is not intended as a user authentication mechanism. WPA
user authentication is implemented using 802.1x and the Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP). Support for 802.1x authentication is required in WPA. In the 802.11 standard, 802.1x
authentication was optional. For details on EAP specifically, refer to IETF's RFC 2284.
With 802.1 1 WEP, all access points and client wireless adapters on a particular wireless LAN must
use the same encryption key. A major problem with the 802.11 standard is that the keys are
cumbersome to change. If you do not update the WEP keys often, an unauthorized person with a
sniffing tool can monitor your network for less than a day and decode the encrypted messages.
Products based on the 802.11 standard alone offer system administrators no effective method to
update the keys.
For 802.11, WEP encryption is optional. For WPA, encryption using Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP) is required. TKIP replaces WEP with a new encryption algorithm that is stronger
than the WEP algorithm, but that uses the calculation facilities present on existing wireless devices
to perform encryption operations. TKIP provides important data encryption enhancements
including a per-packet key mixing function, a message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. Through
these enhancements, TKIP addresses all of known WEP vulnerabilities.
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How Does WPA Compare to IEEE 802.11i?
WPA will be forward compatible with the IEEE 802.11i security specification currently under
development. WPA is a subset of the curre nt 802.11i draft and uses certain pieces of the 802.11i
draft that are ready to bring to market today, such as 802.1x and TKIP. The main pieces of the
802.11i draft that are not included in WPA are secure IBSS (Ad-Hoc mode), secure fast handoff
(for specialized 802.11 VoIP phones), as well as enhanced encryption protocols, such as
AES-CCMP. These features are either not yet ready for market or will require hardware upgrades
to implement.
What are the Key Features of WPA Security?
The following security features are included in the WPA standard:
•WPA Authentication
•WPA Encryption Key Management
–Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
–Michael message integrity code (MIC)
–AES Support (to be phased in)
•Support for a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients, but mixing WEP and WPA is
discouraged
These features are discussed below.
WPA addresses most of the known WEP vulnerabilities and is primarily intended for wireless
infrastructure networks as found in the enterprise. This infrastructure includes stations, access
points, and authentication servers (typically RADIUS servers). The RADIUS server holds (or has
access to) user credentials (for example, user names and passwords) and authentica tes wireless
users before they gain access to the network.
The strength of WPA comes from an integrated sequence of operations that encompass 802.1X/
EAP authentication and sophisticated key management and encryption techniques. Its major
operations include:
•Network security capability determination. This occurs at the 802.11 level and is
communicated through WPA information elements in Beacon, Probe Response, and (Re)
Association Requests. Information in these elements includes the authentication method
(802.1X or Pre-shared key) and the preferred cipher suite (WEP, TKIP, or AES).
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The primary information conveyed in the Beacon frames is the authentication method and the
cipher suite. Possible authentication methods include 802.1X and Pre-shared key. Pre-shared
key is an authentication method that uses a statically configured pass phrase on both the
stations and the access point. This obviates the need for an authentication server, which in
many home and small office environments will not be available nor desirable. Possible cipher
suites include: WEP, TKIP, and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). We talk more about
TKIP and AES when addressing data privacy below.
•Authentication. EAP over 802.1X is used for authentication. Mutual authentication is gained
by choosing an EAP type supporting this feature and is required by WPA. 802.1X port access
control prevents full access to the network until authentication completes. 802.1X
EAPOL-Key packets are used by WPA to distribute per-session keys to those stations
successfully authenticated.
The supplicant in the station uses the authentication and cipher suite information contained in
the information elements to decide which authentication method and cipher suite to use. For
example, if the access point is using the pre-shared key method then the supplicant need not
authenticate using full-blown 802.1X. Rather, the supplicant must simply prove to the access
point that it is in possession of the pre-shared key. If the supplicant detects that the service set
does not contain a WPA information element then it knows it must use pre-WPA 802.1X
authentication and key management in order to access the network.
•Key management. WPA features a robust key generation/management system that inte grates
the authentication and data privacy functions. Keys are generated after successful
authentication and through a subsequent 4-way handshake between the station and Access
Point (AP).
•Data Privacy (Encryption). Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is used to wrap WEP in
sophisticated cryptographic and security techniques to overcome most of its weaknesses.
•Data integrity. TKIP includes a message integrity code (MIC) at the end of each plaintext
message to ensure messages are not being spoofed.
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WPA Authentication: Enterprise-level User
Authentication via 802.1x/EAP and RADIUS
Wired Network with Optional
Wireless LAN
802.1x Port Based Network
Access Control
TCP/IP
WPA
enabled
wireless
client with
“supplicant”
Figure E-3: WPA Overview
WPA enabled
Access Point
using
pre-shared key
or
802.1x
IEEE 802.1x offers an effective framework for authenticating and controlling user traffic to a
protected network, as well as providing a vehicle for dynamically varying data encry ption keys via
EAP from a RADIUS server, for example. This framework enables using a central authentication
server, which employs mutual authentication so that a rogue wireless user does not join the
network.
Ports Closed
Until
TCP/IP
Ports Opened
After
Authenticated
RADIUS Server
Login
Authentication
Certificate
Authority
(for
example
Win Server,
VeriSign)
It is important to note that 802.1x does not provide the actual authentication mechanisms. When
using 802.1x, the EAP type, such as Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), or EAP Tunneled
Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS), defines how the authenticati on takes place.
Note: For environments with a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
infrastructure, WPA supports Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). For environments
without a RADIUS infrastructure, WPA supports the use of a pre-shared key.
Together, these technologies provide a framework for strong user authentication.
Windows XP implements 802.1x natively, and several NETGEAR switch and wireless access
point products support 802.1x.
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Client with a WPA-
enabled wireless
adapter and supplicant
(Win XP, Funk,
Meetinghouse)
1
For example, a
WPA-enabled AP
2
56
7
For example, a
RADIUS server
3
4
Figure E-4: 802.1x Authentication Sequence
The AP sends Beacon Frames with WPA information element to the stations in the service set.
Information elements include the required authentication method (802.1x or Pre-shared key) and
the preferred cipher suite (WEP, TKIP, or AES). Probe Responses (AP to station) and Association
Requests (station to AP) also contain WPA information elements.
1.Initial 802.1x communications begin with an unauthenticated supplicant (client device)
attempting to connect with an authenticator (802.11 access point). The client sends an
EAP-start message. This begins a series of message exchanges to authenticate the client.
2.The access point replies with an EAP-request identity message.
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3.The client sends an EAP-response packet containing the identity to the authentication server.
The access point responds by enabling a port for passing only EAP packets from the client to
an authentication server located on the wired side of the access point. The access point blocks
all other traffic, such as HTTP, DHCP, and POP3 packets, until the access point can verify the
client's identity using an authentication server (for example, RADIUS).
4.The authentication server uses a specific authentication algorithm to verify the client's identity .
This could be through the use of digital certificates or some other EAP authentication type.
5.The authentication server will either send an accept or reject message to the access point.
6.The access point sends an EAP-success packet (or reject packet) to the client.
7.If the authentication server accepts the client, then the access point will transition the client's
port to an authorized state and forward additional traffic.
The important part to know at this point is that the software supporting the specific EAP type
resides on the authentication server and within the operating system or application “supplicant”
software on the client devices. The access point acts as a “pass through” for 802.1x messages,
which means that you can specify any EAP type without needing to upgrade an 802.1x-compliant
access point. As a result, you can update the EAP authentication type to such devices as token
cards (Smart Cards), Kerberos, one-time passwords, certificates, and public key authentication, or
as newer types become available and your requirements for security change.
WPA Data Encryption Key Management
With 802.1x, the rekeying of unicast encryption keys is optional. Additionally, 802.11 and 802.1x
provide no mechanism to change the global encryption key used for multicast and broadcast
traffic. With WPA, rekeying of both unicast and global encryption keys is required.
For the unicast encryption key, the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) changes the key for
every frame, and the change is synchronized between the wireless client and the wireless access
point (AP). For the global encryption key, WPA includes a facility (the Information Element) for
the wireless AP to advertise the changed key to the connected wireless clients.
If configured to implement dynamic key exchange, the 802.1x authentication server can return
session keys to the access point along with the accept message. The access point uses the session
keys to build, sign and encrypt an EAP key message that is sent to the client immediately after
sending the success message. The client can then use contents of the key message to define
applicable encryption keys. In typical 802.1x implementations, the client can automatically change
encryption keys as often as necessary to minimize the possibility of eavesdroppers having enough
time to crack the key in current use.
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Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
WPA uses TKIP to provide important data encryption enhancements including a per-packet key
mixing function, a message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization
vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. TKIP also provides for the
following:
•The verification of the security configuration after the encryption keys are determined.
•The synchronized changing of the unicast encryption key for each frame.
•The determination of a unique starting unicast encryption key for each preshared key
authentication.
Michael
With 802.11 and WEP, data integrity is provided by a 32-bit integrity check value (ICV) that is
appended to the 802.11 payload and encrypted with WEP. Although the ICV is encrypted, you can
use cryptanalysis to change bits in the encrypted payload and update the encrypted ICV without
being detected by the receiver.
With WPA, a method known as Michael specifies a new algorithm that calculates an 8-byte
message integrity check (MIC) using the calculation facilities available on existing wireless
devices. The MIC is placed between the data portion of the IEEE 802.11 frame and the 4-byte
ICV. The MIC field is encrypted together with the frame data and the ICV.
Michael also provides replay protection. A new frame counter in the IEEE 802.11 frame is used to
prevent replay attacks.
Optional AES Support to be Phased In
One of the encryption methods supported by WPA, besides TKIP, is the advanced encryption
standard (AES), although AES support will not be required initially for W i-Fi certification. This is
viewed as the optimal choice for security conscience organizations, but the problem with AES is
that it requires a fundamental redesign of the NIC’s hardware in both the station and the access
point. TKIP is a pragmatic compromise that allows organizations to deploy better security while
AES capable equipment is being designed, manufactured, and incrementally deployed.
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Is WPA Perfect?
WPA is not without its vulnerabilities. Specifically, it is susceptible to denial of service (DoS)
attacks. If the access point receives two data packets that fail the message integrity code (MIC)
within 60 seconds of each other, then the network is under an active attack, and as a result, the
access point employs counter measures, which include disassociating each station using the access
point. This prevents an attacker from gleaning information about the encryption key and alerts
administrators, but it also causes users to lose network connectivity for 60 seconds. More than
anything else, this may just prove that no single security tactic is completely invulnerable. WPA is
a definite step forward in WLAN security over WEP and has to be thought of as a single part of an
end-to-end network security strategy.
Product Support for WPA
Starting in August, 2003, NETGEAR, Inc. wireless W i-Fi certified products will support the WPA
standard. NETGEAR, Inc. wireless products that had their Wi-Fi certification approved before
August, 2003 will have one year to add WPA so as to maintain their Wi-Fi certification.
WPA requires software changes to the following:
•Wireless access points
•Wireless network adapters
•Wireless client programs
Supporting a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients is Discouraged
To support the gradual transition of WEP-based wireless networks to WPA, a wireless AP can
support both WEP and WPA clients at the same time. During the association, the wireless AP
determines which clients use WEP and which clients use WPA. The disadvantage to supporting a
mixture of WEP and WPA clients is that the global encryption key is not dynamic. This is because
WEP-based clients cannot support it. All other benefits to the WPA clients, such as integrity, are
maintained.
However, a mixed mode supporting WPA and non-WPA clients would offer network security that
is no better than that obtained with a non-WPA network, and thus this mode of operation is
discouraged.
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Changes to Wireless Access Points
Wireless access points must have their firmware updated to support the following:
•The new WPA information element
To advertise their support of WPA, wireless APs send the beacon frame with a new 802.11
WPA information element that contains the wireless AP's security configuration (encryption
algorithms and wireless security configuration information).
•The WPA two-phase authentication
Open system, then 802.1x (EAP with RADIUS or preshared key).
•TKIP
•Michael
•AES (optional)
T o upgrade your wireless access points to support WPA, obtain a WP A firmware update from your
wireless AP vendor and upload it to your wireless AP.
Changes to Wireless Network Adapters
Wireless networking software in the adapter, and possibly in the OS or client application, must be
updated to support the following:
•The new WPA information element
Wireless clients must be able to process the WPA information element and respond with a
specific security configuration.
•The WPA two-phase authentication
Open system, then 802.1x supplicant (EAP or preshared key).
•TKIP
•Michael
•AES (optional)
To upgrade your wireless network adapters to support WPA, obtain a WPA update from your
wireless network adapter vendor and update the wireless network adapter driver.
For Windows wireless clients, you must obtain an updated network adapter driver that supports
WP A. For wireless network adapter drivers that are compatible with W indows XP (Service Pack 1)
and Windows Server 2003, the updated network adapter driver must be able to pass the adapter's
WPA capabilities and security configuration to the Wireless Zero Configuration service.
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Microsoft has worked with many wireless vendors to embed the WPA firmware update in the
wireless adapter driver. So, to update your Microsoft Windows wireless client, all you have to do
is obtain the new WPA-compatible driver and install the driver. The firmware is automatically
updated when the wireless network adapter driver is loaded in Windows.
Changes to Wireless Client Programs
Wireless client programs must be updated to permit the configuration of WPA authentication (and
preshared key) and the new WPA encryption algorithms (TKIP and the optional AES component).
To obtain the Microsoft WPA client program, visit the Microsoft Web site.
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Appendix F
Virtual Private Networking
There have been many improvements in the Internet, including Quality of Service, network
performance, and inexpensive technologies, such as DSL. But one of the most important advances
has been in Virtual Private Networking (VPN) Internet Protocol security (IPSec). IPSec is one of
the most complete, secure, and commercially available, standards-based protocols developed for
transporting data.
What is a VPN?
A VPN is a shared network, where private data is segmented from other traffic, so that only the
intended recipient has access. The term VPN was originally used to describe a secure connection
over the Internet. Today, however, VPN is also used to describe private networks, such as Frame
Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).
A key aspect of data security is that the data flowing across the network is protected by encryption
technologies. Private networks lack data security, which allows data attackers to tap directly into
the network and read the data. IPSec-based VPNs use encryption to provide data security, which
increases the network’s resistance to data tampering or theft.
IPSec-based VPNs can be created over any type of IP network, including the Internet, Frame
Relay, ATM, and MPLS, but only the Internet is ubiquitous and inexpensive.
VPNs are traditionally used for:
•Intranets: Intranets connect an organization’s locations. These locations range from the
headquarters offices, to branch offices, to a remote employee’s home. Often this connectivity
is used for e-mail and for sharing applications and files. While Frame Relay, A TM, and MPLS
accomplish these tasks, the shortcomings of each limits connectivity. The cost of connecting
home users is also very expensive compared to Internet-access technologies, such as DSL or
cable. Because of this, organizations are moving their networks to the Internet, which is
inexpensive, and using IPSec to create these networks.
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•Remote Access: Remote access enables telecommuters and mobile workers to access e-mail
and business applications. A dial-up connection to an organization’s modem pool is one
method of access for remote workers, but is expensive because the organization must pay the
associated long distance telephone and service costs. Remote access VPNs greatly reduce
expenses by enabling mobile workers to dial a local Internet connection and then set up a
secure IPSec-based VPN communications to their organization.
•Extranets: Extranets are secure connections between two or more organizations. Common
uses for extranets include supply-chain management, development partnerships, and
subscription services. These undertakings can be difficult using legacy network technologies
due to connection costs, time delays, and access availability. IPSec-based VPNs are ideal for
extranet connections. IPSec-capable devices can be quickly and inexpensively installed on
existing Internet connections.
What is IPSec and How Does It Work?
IPSec is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard suite of protocols that provides data
authentication, integrity, and confidentiality as data is transferred between communication points
across IP networks. IPSec provides data security at the IP packet level. A packet is a data bundle
that is organized for transmission across a network, and includes a header and payload (the data in
the packet). IPSec emerged as a viable network security standard because enterprises wanted to
ensure that data could be securely transmitted over the Internet. IPSec protects against possible
security exposures by protecting data while in transit.
IPSec Security Features
IPSec is the most secure method commercially available for connecting network sites. IPSec was
designed to provide the following security features when transferring packets across networks:
•Authentication: Verifies that the packet received is actually from the claimed sender.
•Integrity: Ensures that the contents of the packet did not change in transit.
•Confidentiality: Conceals the message content through encryption.
IPSec Components
IPSec contains the following elements:
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•Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): Provides confidentiality, authentication, and
integrity.
•Authentication Header (AH): Provides authentication and integrity.
•Internet Key Exchange (IKE): Provides key management and Security Association (SA)
management.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
ESP provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, which protect against data tampering
and, most importantly, provides message content protection.
IPSec provides an open framework for implementing industry standard algorithms, such as SHA
and MD5. The algorithms IPSec uses produce a unique and unforgeable identifier for each packet,
which is a data equivalent of a fingerprint. This fingerprint allows the device to determine if a
packet has been tampered with. Furthermore, packets that are not authenticated are discarded and
not delivered to the intended receiver.
ESP also provides all encryption services in IPSec. Encryption translates a readable message into
an unreadable format to hide the message content. The opposite process, called decryption,
translates the message content from an unreadable format to a readable message. Encryption/
decryption allows only the sender and the authorized receiver to read the data. In addition, ESP has
an option to perform authentication, called ESP authentication. Using ESP authentication, ESP
provides authentication and integrity for the payload and not for the IP header.
Figure F-1: Original packet and packet with IPSec Encapsulated Security Payload
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The ESP header is inserted into the packet between the IP header and any subsequent packet
contents. However, because ESP encrypts the data, the payload is changed. ESP does not encrypt
the ESP header, nor does it encrypt the ESP authentication.
Authentication Header (AH)
AH provides authentication and integrity, which protect against data tampering, using the same
algorithms as ESP. AH also provides optional anti-replay protection, which protects against
unauthorized retransmission of packets. The authentication header is inserted into the packet
between the IP header and any subsequent packet contents. The payload is not touched.
Although AH protects the packet’s origin, destination, and con tents from being tampered with, the
identity of the sender and receiver is known. In addition, AH does not protect the data’s
confidentiality. If data is intercepted and only AH is used, the message contents can be read. ESP
protects data confidentiality. For added protection in certain cases, AH and ESP can be used
together. In the following table, IP HDR represents the IP header and includes both source and
destination IP addresses.
Figure F-2: Original packet and packet with IPSec Authentication Header
IKE Security Association
IPSec introduces the concept of the Security Association (SA). An SA is a logical connection
between two devices transferring data. An SA provides data protection for unidirectional traffic by
using the defined IPSec protocols. An IPSec tunnel typically consists of two unidirectional SAs,
which together provide a protected, full-duplex data channel.
The SAs allow an enterprise to control exactly what resources may communicate securely,
according to security policy. To do this an enterprise can set up multiple SAs to enable multiple
secure VPNs, as well as define SAs within the VPN to support different departments and business
partners.
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Mode
SAs operate using modes. A mode is the method in which the IPSec protocol is applied to the
packet. IPSec can be used in tunnel mode or transport mode. Typically, the tunnel mode is used for
gateway-to-gateway IPSec tunnel protection, while transport mode is used for host-to-hos t IPSec
tunnel protection. A gateway is a device that monitors and manages incoming and outgoing
network traffic and routes the traffic accordingly . A host is a device that sends and receives
network traffic.
•Tr ansport Mode: The transport mode IPSec implementation encapsulates only the packet’s
payload. The IP header is not changed. After the packet is processed with IPSec, the new IP
packet contains the old IP header (with the source and destination IP addresses unchanged)
and the processed packet payload. Transport mode does not shield the information in the IP
header; therefore, an attacker can learn where the packet is coming from and where it is going
to. The previous packet diagrams show a packet in transport mode.
•Tunnel Mode: The tunnel mode IPSec implementation encapsulates the entire IP packet. The
entire packet becomes the payload of the packet that is processed with IPSec. A new IP header
is created that contains the two IPSec gateway addresses. The gateways perform the
encapsulation/decapsulation on behalf of the hosts. Tunnel mode ESP prevents an attacker
from analyzing the data and deciphering it, as well as knowing who the pac ket is from and
where it is going.
Note: AH and ESP can be used in both transport mode or tunnel mode.
Figure F-3: Original packet and packet with IPSec ESP in Tunnel mode
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Key Management
IPSec uses the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol to facilitate and automate the SA setup and
the exchange of keys between parties transferring data. Using keys ensures that only the sender
and receiver of a message can access it.
IPSec requires that keys be re-created, or refreshed, frequently, so that the parties can
communicate securely with each other. IKE manages the process of refreshing keys; however, a
user can control the key strength and the refresh frequency. Refreshing keys on a regular basis
ensures data confidentiality between sender and receiver.
Understand the Process Before You Begin
This document provides case studies on how to configure secure IPSec VPN tunnels. This
document assumes the reader has a working knowledge of NETGEAR management systems.
NETGEAR is a member of the VPN Consortium, a group formed to facilitate IPSec VPN vendor
interoperability. The VPN Consortium has developed specific scenarios to aid system
administrators in the often confusing process of connecting two different vendor implementations
of the IPSec standard. The case studies in this appendix follow the addressing and configuration
mechanics defined by the VPN Consortium. Additional information regarding inter-vendor
interoperability may be found at http://www.vpnc.org/interop.html.
It is a good idea to gather all the necessary information required to establish a VPN before you
begin the configuration process. You should understand whether the firmware is up to date, all of
the addresses that will be necessary, and all of the parameters that need to be set on both sides. Try
to understand any incompatibilities before you begin, so that you minimize any potential
complications which may arise from normal firewall or WAN processes.
If you are not a full-time system administrator, it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the
mechanics of a VPN. The brief description in this appendix will help. Other good sources include: