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for more information.
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This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC
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Perform the following steps to set up your digitizer:
1.If you are using an application development environment (ADE) or
third-party tool, install it now if you have not already done so. The
supported ADEs include LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, and other C or
C++ environments.
Note
Yo u must install all of the included software before installing your hardware.
2.Install NI-SCOPE. The included NI-SCOPE CD contains the software
you need to configure, test, and program operation of the NI 562x.
a.Insert your NI-SCOPE CD into your CD drive. If installation does
not start automatically, navigate to your CD drive and click
setup.exe
b.To install both the instrument driver and ADE examples, select the
Programmatic and Interactive Support option when prompted.
3.Install the Spectral Measurements Toolset (SMT) CD, if included.
The SMT provides frequency-domain functionality and examples.
If installation does not start automatically, navigate to your CD drive
and click
setup.exe
.
.
Caution
Yo u must turn off and unplug your chassis before installing your device.
To prevent damage due to electrostatic discharge or contamination, handle the device using
the edges or the metal bracket.
4.Install your digitizer as shown in Figure 1-1.
PXI Chassis
O
N
S
T
A
N
D
B
Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Your PXI Device
Ejector Handle in
Down Position
Figure 1-1. PXI Installation
Configuring and Testing the Digitizer
To configure and test your NI 562x, complete the following steps:
1.Launch Measurement & Automation Explorer.
2.Double-click Devices and Interfaces to open a list of recognized
devices.
NI PXI-562x User Manual1-2ni.com
Chapter 1Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x
3.Find the NI 562x in the list. Notice the device number assigned to your
NI 562x. You need this device number to program your NI 562x.
4.Right-click the device name, and select Properties from the menu.
5.From the Properties window, click Test Resources to test the device
resources. A dialog box appears and indicates if the resource test has
passed.
6.Click Run Test Panels to run the functional test panels and begin
using your NI 562x. Connect a signal to your digitizer, and select
appropriate parameters.
7.Click Advanced to enable triggering options.
8.Click Close when you finish testing your NI 562x.
9.Click OK in the Properties window.
You have successfully installed and configured the necessary software and
hardware to use your NI 562x.
Acquiring Data Programmatically
You can acquire data programmatically either by writing an application for
your NI 562x or by using one of the examples that ships with NI-SCOPE.
For time-domain examples, go to the following default locations:
•LabVIEW examples are located in the Functions palette at
Instrument I/O»Instrument Drivers»NI SCOPE»IF Digitizers.
•Examples for C and Visual Basic programmers using
Windows Me/98/95 are located in
Examples
.
vxipnp\win95\niScope\
•Examples for C programmers using Windows 2000/NT are located at
vxipnp\winnt\niScope\Examples\c
.
•Examples for Visual Basic programmers using Windows 2000/NT are
located at
vxipnp\winnt\niScope\Examples\VisualBasic
.
•LabWindows/CVI examples are located at
cvi\NI-SCOPE Support\samples\niScope\cvi
Note
If you installed the examples in a different location, your file paths differ from the
For more detailed VI and function help, refer to the NI-SCOPE VI
Reference Help and the NI-SCOPE Function Reference Help, located
at Start»Programs»National Instruments»NI-SCOPE.
Safety Information
The following section contains important safety information that you must
follow when installing and using the product.
Do not operate the product in a manner not specified in this document.
Misuse of the product can result in a hazard. You can compromise the
safety protection built into the product if the product is damaged in any
way. If the product is damaged, return it to National Instruments for repair.
Do not substitute parts or modify the product except as described in this
document. Use the product only with the chassis, modules, accessories, and
cables specified in the installation instructions. You must have all covers
and filler panels installed during operation of the product.
Do not operate the product in an explosive atmosphere or where there may
be flammable gases or fumes. Operate the product only at or below the
pollution degree stated in the NI PXI-5620 Specifications and the
NI PXI-5620 Specifications documents. Pollution is foreign matter in a
solid, liquid, or gaseous state that can reduce dielectric strength or surface
resistivity. The following is a description of pollution degrees:
•Pollution degree 1 means no pollution or only dry, nonconductive
pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence.
•Pollution degree 2 means that only nonconductive pollution occurs in
most cases. Occasionally, however, a temporary conductivity caused
by condensation must be expected.
•Pollution degree 3 means that conductive pollution occurs, or dry,
nonconductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to
condensation.
Clean the product with a soft nonmetallic brush. Make sure that the product
is completely dry and free from contaminants before returning it to service.
Yo u must insulate signal connections for the maximum voltage for which
the product is rated. Do not exceed the maximum ratings for the product.
Remove power from signal lines before connecting them to or
disconnecting them from the product.
NI PXI-562x User Manual1-4ni.com
Chapter 1Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x
Operate this product only at or below the installation category stated in the
NI PXI-5620 Specifications and the NI PXI-5620 Specifications
documents.
The following is a description of installation categories:
•Installation Category I is for measurements performed on circuits not
directly connected to MAINS
1
. This category is a signal level such as
voltages on a printed wire board (PWB) on the secondary of an
isolation transformer.
Examples of Installation Category I are measurements on circuits not
derived from MAINS and specially protected (internal)
MAINS-derived circuits.
•Installation Category II is for measurements performed on circuits
directly connected to the low-voltage installation. This category refers
to local-level distribution such as that provided by a standard wall
outlet.
Examples of Installation Category II are measurements on household
appliances, portable tools, and similar equipment.
•Installation Category III is for measurements performed inthe building
installation. This category is a distribution level referring to hardwired
equipment that does not rely on standard building insulation.
Examples of Installation Category III include measurements on
distribution circuits and circuit breakers. Other examples of
Installation Category III arewiring including cables, bus-bars, junction
boxes, switches, socket outlets in the building/fixed installation, and
equipment for industrial use, such as stationary motors with a
permanent connection to the building/fixed installation.
•Installation Category IV is for measurements performed at the source
of the low-voltage (<1,000 V) installation.
Examples of Installation Category IV are electric meters, and
measurements on primary overcurrent protection devices and
ripple-control units.
1
MAINS is defined as the electricity supply system to which the equipment concerned is designed to be connected either for
powering the equipment or for measurement purposes.
This chapter provides an overview of the features and functionality of
the NI 562x.
How the NI 562x Works
A signal follows this path through the NI 562x to the host computer:
1.The signal enters the NI 562x through the analog front panel connector,
INPUT. Refer to the Connecting Signals section to find more about the
front panel.
2.The signal is filtered and conditioned. Gain and dither are applied to
the signal. Refer to the Conditioning the Signal—Impedance, Dither,
Gain, and AC Coupling section for more information.
3.The ADC converts the signal from analog to digital. Refer to the
Digitizing the Signal—The ADC section for more information.
4.(Optional) The digital downconverter (DDC) digitally zooms in
on data. Refer to the Incorporating the DDC section.
5.The data is sent to onboard memory (the buffer). Refer to the Storing
Data in Memory section for additional information.
6.The data is transferred to the host computer via the PXI backplane.
Figure 2-2 shows the NI 562x front panel, which contains three connectors:
two SMA connectors and an SMB connector.
One of the SMA connectors, INPUT, is for attaching the analog input signal
you want to measure. The second SMA connector, REF CLK IN, is a 50 Ω,
10 MHz, AC-coupled reference input. The SMB connector, PFI1, is for
external digital triggers.
562x
64 MS/s Digitizer
INPUT
50
+20 dBm MAX
REF CLK IN
50
+16 dBm MAX
PFI 1
Figure 2-2. NI 562x Front Panel
NI PXI-562x User Manual2-2ni.com
Chapter 2Hardware Overview
Conditioning the Signal—Impedance, Dither, Gain, and AC Coupling
To minimize distortion, signals receive a minimal amount of conditioning.
Gain and coupling are nonadjustable. The NI PXI-5620 is AC coupled,
meaning it rejects any DC signal components. The NI PXI-5621 is DC
coupled, meaning its wider passband acquires DC signal components also.
Both versions of the NI 562x digitizer module have a set input impedance
of 50 Ω and may apply dither to the input signal.
Input Impedance
The input impedance of the NI 562x and the output impedance of the source
connected to the NI 562x form an impedance divider, which attenuates the
input signal according to the following formula:
R
in
V
m
-------------------
V
×=
s
RinR
+
s
where V
is the measured voltage
m
V
is the unloaded source voltage
s
R
is the input impedance of the NI 562x
in
R
is the output impedance of the external device
s
If the signal you are measuring has an output impedance other than 50 Ω,
your measurements are affected by this impedance divider. For example,
if the device has 75 Ω output impedance, your measured signal has 80%
of the voltage it would have at 50 Ω.
Dither
Dither is random noise added to the input signal between 0 and 5 MHz.
Dither lowers the amount of distortion caused by differential nonlinearity
in the ADC when a signal is digitized. When an FFT is applied to the signal,
this random noise cancels out most of the distortion created by differential
nonlinearity. Dither is not automatically applied, but you can enable it in
software.
Digitizing the Signal—The ADC
Regardless of your requested sample rate, the NI 562x ADC is always
running at 64 MS/s. If you request a rate less than 64 MS/s, the timing
engine of the NI 562x stores only one sample in a group of n samples,
effectively reducing the sample rate to 64/n MS/s.
Optionally, you can route the data through the DDC before storing it in
onboard memory.
The DDC is a digital signal processing (DSP) chip, the Intersil
HSP50214B. The first stage uses a digital quadrature mixer that shifts a
signal to baseband from any frequency within the range of the digitizer.
The next stage decimates (reduces the sample rate) by an integer from
4–16,384. A series of programmable digital lowpass filters prior to each
stage of decimation prevents aliasing when the sample rate is reduced. You
can retrieve the decimated data as in-phase and quadrature, or as phase and
magnitude. A discriminator allows you to take the derivative of the phase
to demodulate an FM signal.
By mixing, filtering, and decimating the sampled data, the DDC allows you
to zoom in on a band of frequencies much narrower than the Nyquist band
of the ADC. The lower sample rate means that signals of longer duration
can be stored in the same amount of memory. For spectral analysis, you can
use a smaller, faster FFT to look at only the band passed through the DDC.
Refer to the NI-SCOPE VI Reference Help for specific DDC attributes you
can use to program your NI 562x. For more information on using the
onboard DDC with LabVIEW, refer to the online help included with
NI-SCOPE and the Spectral Measurements Toolset software.
Storing Data in Memory
Samples are acquired into onboard memory on the NI 562x before being
transferred to the host computer. The minimum size for a buffer is
approximately 256 samples although you can specify smaller buffers in
software. When specifying a smaller buffer size, the minimum number
of points are still acquired into onboard memory, but only the specified
number of points are retrieved into the host computer memory.
During the acquisition, samples are stored in a circular buffer that is
continually rewritten until a trigger is received. After the trigger is received,
the NI 562x continues to acquire posttrigger samples if you have specified
a posttrigger sample count. The acquired samples are placed into onboard
memory. The number of posttrigger or pretrigger samples is limited only by
the amount of onboard memory.
NI PXI-562x User Manual2-4ni.com
Block Diagram
Chapter 2Hardware Overview
The block diagram below illustrates the operation of the NI 562x.
An explanation of some of these features follows.
Analog
Input
(INPUT)
10 MHz
Reference
Input
(REF CLK IN)
EXT TRIG
(PFI)
Filter
PLL
Dither
+
Phase
Detector
ADC
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
External Trigger
Digital
Downconverter
Data Path
Logic
CalDAC
Onboard
Memory
TIO
(Timing and Control)
Trigger and
Clock Routing
Figure 2-3. NI 562x Block Diagram
MITE
(PXI Interface)
P
X
I
CLK 10
PXI Trigger
The digital downconverter is a digital signal processor (DSP) that allows
you to digitally zoom in on data, which reduces the amount of data
transferred into memory and speeds up the rate of data transfer. The digital
downconverter performs frequency-translation, filtering, and decimation
after signals go through the ADC. Refer to the Incorporating the DDC
section for more information.
The PLL uses a phase detector to synchronize the acquisition clock to either
a 10 MHz reference clock supplied through REF CLK IN or to the CLK 10
signal from the PXI backplane. You can also leave the acquisition clock in
a free-running state, in which the acquisition clock is not synchronized to
any external reference.
The voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) is a 64 MHz clock.
The trigger and clock routing area directs clock signals and triggers.
The TIO is the timing engine used for the NI 562x.
The MITE is the PXI bus interface. The MITE provides high-speed direct
memory access (DMA) transfers from the NI 562x to the host computer
memory.
Other Features
This section contains information on other features on the NI 562x.
Multiple-Record Acquisitions
After the trigger has been received and the posttrigger samples have been
stored, you can configure the NI 562x to begin another acquisition that is
stored in another memory record on the device. This process is a
multiple-record acquisition. To perform multiple-record acquisitions,
configure the NI 562x to the number of records to be acquired before
starting the acquisition. The NI 562x acquires an additional record each
time a trigger is accepted until all the requested records are stored
in memory. After the initial setup, this process does not require software
intervention.
Between each record, a dead time exists during which the trigger is not
accepted. If the record length is greater than 80 µs, the dead time is 500 ns.
If, however, the record length is less than 80 µs, the dead time is 80 µs.
During this time, the memory controller sets up for the next record. Also,
additional dead time may exist while the minimum number of pretrigger
samples are being acquired.
NI PXI-562x User Manual2-6ni.com
Chapter 2Hardware Overview
Figure 2-4 shows a timing diagram of a multiple-record acquisition.
Triggering
Trigger
Acquisition
In Progress
Buffer
123
500 ns
12
= Trigger Not Accepted (Pretrigger Points Not Acquired)
You can externally trigger the NI 562x through the digital line, PFI1.
You can also use software to trigger the NI 562x. Figure 2-5 shows the
different trigger sources. The digital triggers are TTL-level signals with
a minimum pulse-width requirement of 100 ns or 16 ns times the DDC
decimation.
Software
RTSI <0..7>
8
PFI1
PXI Star
Trigger
Figure 2-5. Digital Trigger Sources
Calibration
Although the NI 562x is factory calibrated, it needs periodic calibration to
verify that it is still within the specified accuracy. For more information on
calibration, contact NI or visit the NI Web site at
The NI 562x uses a PLL to synchronize the 64 MHz sample clock to a
10 MHz reference clock. You can either supply the reference clock through
the SMA connector (REF CLK IN) on the front panel or use the system
reference clock on the PXI backplane.
The PXI bus and the NI 562x have the following timing and triggering
features that you can use for synchronizing multiple digitizers:
•System Reference Clock—A 10 MHz clock on the PXI backplane
with ±100 ppm accuracy. It is independently distributed to each PXI
peripheral slot through equal-length traces with a skew of less than
1 ns between slots. Multiple devices can use this common timebase for
synchronization, which allows each NI 562x to phase lock to the
system reference clock.
•SMA connector (REF CLK IN)—A 10 MHz reference input that you
can use to connect an external frequency source for synchronization.
NI PXI-562x User Manual2-8ni.com
Technical Support and
Professional Services
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at
ni.com
•Support—Online technical support resources include the following:
•Training—Visit
•System Integration—If you have time constraints, limited in-house
for technical support and professional services:
–Self-Help Resources—For immediate answers and solutions,
visit our extensive library of technical support resources available
in English, Japanese, and Spanish at
resources are available for most products at no cost to registered
users and include software driversand updates, a KnowledgeBase,
product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, hardware
schematics and conformity documentation, example code,
tutorials and application notes, instrument drivers, discussion
forums, a measurement glossary, and so on.
–Assisted Support Options—Contact NI engineers and other
measurement and automation professionals by visiting
ni.com/ask
and connects you to the experts by phone, discussion forum,
or email.
interactive CDs. You also can register for instructor-led, hands-on
courses at locations around the world.
technical resources, or other project challenges, NI Alliance Program
members can help. To learn more, call your local NI office or visit
ni.com/alliance
. Our online system helps you define your question
ni.com/custed
.
A
ni.com/support
for self-paced tutorials, videos, and
.These
If you searched
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit
the Worldwide Offices section of
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.
CMRRcommon-mode rejection ratio—a measure of an instrument’s ability to
reject interference from a common-mode signal, usually expressed in
decibels (dB)
couplingthe manner in which a signal is connected from one location to another
D
data path logica signal router
dBdecibel—the unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two
signal levels: dB = 20log10 V1/V2, for signals in volts
dBmdecibels with reference to 1 mW, the standard unit of power level used in
RF and microwave work. Using this standard, 0 dBm equals 1 mW, 10 dBm
equals 10 mW, and so on. In a 50 Ω system, 0 dBm equals ±0.224 V
DCdirect current
DDCSee digital downconverter.
dead timea period of time in which no activity can occur
rms
.
default settinga default parameter value recorded in the driver. In many cases, the default
input of a control is a certain value (often 0) that means use the currentdefault setting.
differential inputan analog input consisting of two terminals, both of which are isolated from
computer ground, whose difference is measured
digital downconvertera DSP that selects only a narrow portion of the frequency spectrum, thereby
eliminating unwanted data before it is transferred into memory
ditherrandom noise added to a signal before it is digitized to minimize distortion
created by differential nonlinearity
DMAdirect memory access—a method by which data is transferred to/from
computer memory from/to a device or memory on the bus while the
processor does something else. DMA is the fastest method of transferring
data to/from computer memory.
double insulateda device that contains the necessary insulating structures to provide electric
shock protection without the requirement of a safety ground connection
noisean undesirable electrical signal—noise comes from external sources such as
the AC power line, motors, generators, transformers, fluorescent lights,
soldering irons, CRT displays, computers, electrical storms, welders, radio
transmitters, and internal sources such as semiconductors, resistors, and
capacitors. Noise corrupts signals you are trying to send or receive.
O
Ohm’sLaw(R=V/I)—the relationship of voltage to current in a resistance
onboard memorythe device memory. Onboard memory is distinct from computer memory.
overcurrentamperages above the maximum power level specified for a device
overrangea segment of the input range of an instrument outside of the normal
measuring range. Measurements can still be made, usually with a
degradation in specifications.
P
PCIPeripheral Component Interconnect—a high-performance expansion bus
architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA; it is
achieving widespread acceptance as a standard for PCs and workstations
and offers a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 132 Mbytes/s
peak valuethe absolute maximum or minimum amplitude of a signal (AC + DC)
PFIProgrammable Function Input
PLLphase-locked loop—an electronic circuit that controls an oscillator so that
it maintains a constant phase angle relative to a reference signal
PXIPCI eXtensions for Instrumentation—PXI is an open specification that
builds on the CompactPCI specification by adding instrumentation-specific
features
real-time samplingsampling that occurs immediately
record lengththe size of a chunk (or record) of data that can be or has been acquired by a
resolutionThe smallest amount of input signal change that an instrument or sensor can
rmsroot mean square—a measure of signal amplitude; the square root of the
ROMread-only memory
method of increasing sample rate by repetitively sampling a repeated
waveform
device
detect. Resolution can be expressed in bits, in proportions, or in percent
of full scale. For example, a system has 12-bit resolution, one part in
4,096 resolution, and 0.0244% of full scale.
average value of the square of the instantaneous signal amplitude
S
sseconds
Ssamples
S/ssamples per second—used to express the rate at which an instrument
samples an analog signal
sample ratethe speed that a device can acquire data
sensein 4-wire resistance the sense measures the voltage across the resistor
being excited by the excitation current
settling timethe amount of time required for a voltage to reach its final value within
a theorem stating that a signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the
bandwidth of the signal to accurately reconstruct the signal as a waveform
source impedancea parameter of signal sources that reflects current-driving ability of voltage
sources (lower is better) and the voltage-driving ability of current sources
(higher is better)
system noisea measure of the amount of noise seen by an analog circuit or an ADC when
the analog inputs are grounded
T
temperature
coefficient
thermal driftmeasurements that change as the temperature varies
thermal EMFsthermal electromotive forces—voltages generated at the junctions of
thermoelectric
potentials
TIOtiming input/output—the engine used for timing and control.
the percentage that a measurement will vary according to temperature.
See also thermal drift.
dissimilar metals that are functions of temperature. Also called
thermoelectric potentials.
See thermal EMFs.
transfer ratethe rate, measured in bytes/s, at which data is moved from source to
destination after software initialization and set up operations; the maximum
rate at which the hardware can operate
triggerany event that causes or starts some form of data capture
TTLtransistor-transistor logic—a digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors
vertical sensitivitythe smallest voltage change a device can detect
VIvirtual instrument—(1) a combination of hardware and/or software
elements, typically used with a PC, that has the functionality of a classic
stand-alone instrument (2) a LabVIEW software module (VI), which
consists of a front panel user interface and a block diagram program
V
rms
volts, root mean square value
W
waveform shapethe shape the magnitude of a signal creates over time
working voltagethe highest voltage that should be applied to a product in normal use,
normally well under the breakdown voltage for safety margin
customer education, A-1
professional services, A-1
system integration services, A-1
technical support, A-1
worldwide offices, A-1
NI PXI-562x digitizer
See also hardware overview
acquiring data programmatically, 1-3
block diagram, 2-5
front panel (figure), 2-2
installing software and hardware, 1-1
safety information, 1-4
REF CLK IN connector, 2-2, 2-8
related documentation, x
S
safety information, 1-4
signal conditioning
coupling, 2-3
dither, 2-3
gain, 2-3
input impedance, 2-3
signal path from NI PXI-562x to host
computer, 2-1
SMA connectors, 2-2, 2-8
software drivers, A-1
software installation, 1-1
specifications. See related documentation
storing data in memory, 2-4
support
technical, A-1
synchronizing multiple PXI devices, 2-8
system integration services, A-1
System Reference Clock, PXI, 2-8
NI PXI-562x User ManualI-2ni.com
Index
T
technical support, A-1
telephone technical support, A-1
TIO (timing engine), 2-6
training
customer, A-1
trigger and clock routing area, 2-6
triggering