MSA FiveStar Technical Manual

FiveStar® Alarm
Technical Manual
WARNING
"
THIS MANUAL MUST BE CAREFULLY READ BY ALL INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE OR WILL HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICING THE PRODUCT. Like any piece of complex equipment, this instrument will perform as designed only if it is used and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. OTHERWISE IT COULD FAIL TO P E RFORM AS DESIGNED AND PERSONS WHO RELY ON THIS PRODUCT FOR THEIR SAFETY COULD SUSTAIN SEVERE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.
The warranties made by Mine Safety Appliances Company with respect to the product are voided if the product is not used and serviced in accordance with the instructions in this manual. Please protect yourself and others by following them. We encourage our customers to write or call regarding this equipment prior to use or for any additional information relative to use or repairs.
CAUTION
"
For safety rea son s, thi s equ ipm ent mu st be oper ate d by qua lifie d pers onne l only. Read and understand the instruction manual completely before operating.
In the U.S., to contact your nearest stocking location, dial toll-free 1-800-MSA-2222. To contact MSA International, dial 1-412-967-3000 or 1-800-MSA-7777.
This manual pertains to:
North American approved instruments with Serial Number prefix "F" and "G" Australian approved instruments with Serial Number prefix "A" EN approved instruments with Serial Number prefix "A".
© MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY 2005 - All Rights Reserved
Manufactured by
MSA INSTRUMENT DIVISION
P.O. Box 42 7, Pi tt sb ur gh, P ennsylva nia 15230
(L) Rev 9 710440
MSA Portable Instrument Warranty
1. Warranty-
ITEM WARRANTY PERIOD
Chassis and electronics All sensors, unless otherwise specified Two years
Pump and drive unit Two years Rechargeable batteries Two years
This warranty does not cover filters, fuses, etc. Certain other accessories not specifically list ed here may have different warranty periods. This warranty is valid only if the product is maintained and used in accordance with Seller’s instructions and/or recommendations. The Seller shal l be released from all obligations under this warranty in the event repairs or modifications are made by per sons other than its own or authorized service personnel or if the warranty claim results from physical abuse or misuse of the product. No agent, employee or representative of the Seller has any authority to bind the Seller to any affirmation, representation or warrant y concerning this product. Seller makes no warranty concerning components or accessories not manufactured by the Seller, but will pass on to the Purchaser all warranties of manufacturers of such components. THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AND IS STRICTLY LIMITED TO THE TERMS HEREOF. SELLER SPECI FIC ALLY DIS CLAI MS ANY WARRA NTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Lifetime (MSA will support product for five years after production ends)
2. Exclusive Remedy- It is express ly agreed that P urchaser’s sol e and exclusive remedy for breach of the above warranty, for any tortious conduct of Sell er, or for any ot her cause of ac tion, shall be the r epair and/or replacement at Seller’s option, of any equipment or parts thereof, which after examination by Seller is proven to be defective. Replacement equipment and/or parts will be provided at no cost to Purchaser, F.O.B. Seller’s Pl ant. Failure of Seller to successfully repair any nonconforming product shall not cause the remedy established hereby to fail of its esse ntia l pu rpo se.
3. Exclusion of Consequential Damages- Purchaser specifically understands and agrees that under no circumstances will seller be liable to purchase r for econom ic, special, inci dental or co nsequential damages or losses of any kind whatsoever , incl udi ng but not limited to, loss of anticip ated prof its and any othe r loss ca used by r eason of nonoperation of the goods. This exclusio n is applicable to clai ms for breach of warranty, tortious conduct or any other cause of action against seller.
Technical Manua l Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Set-up and Conf iguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Sensor Autoconfiguration and Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
" CAUT ION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Repla c i n g a Senso r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 3
Figu re 1-1. Sensor Replac e me n t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
" CAUT ION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
" WARN ING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Instal l i n g a New Type of Sens o r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 4
Table 1-1. Allowable Sensor Installation Loc ations. . 1-5
Figure 1-2. Sensor and Zebra Strip Loc ations in Sensor Cavity 1-5
" WARN ING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
" CAUT ION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Figu re 1-3. Removin g the Jumper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Removing a Senso r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
" CAUT ION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Sensor Au to co n figur a t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Figu re 1-4. New Sensor Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Figure 1-5. Sensor Update? Yes/No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Figu re 1-6. Please Wait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Figu re 1-7. Units Measure d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Figu re 1-8. Gases Measure d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Figure 1-9. Sample Combustible Alarm Setpoints. . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Figure 1-10. Sample O
Alarm Setp o i n ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
2
Figu re 1-11. Sample Toxic Alarm Setpoin t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 9
Table 1-2. Default Factory Alarm Setpoints. . . . . . 1-10
FiveStar Alarm TOC-1
Table of Contents Technical Manual
Figu re 1-12. Accept Alarms Reset/Show /O K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
" CAUT ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Figure 1-13. Check Sensor Cover/ Label Empty Slots / Quit - OK 1 -11
Manual Sensor Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
To Enter the Sensor Setup Mode Manually . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Chapter 2
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Optional Fresh Air Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Activa ting the Fresh Air Setup Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
To Cancel Fresh Air Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Figu re 2-1. Fresh Air Setu p ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
To Perform Fresh Air Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Calib r a t i o n Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Preparing to Calibrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
WARN ING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
"
Calibration Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Figu re 2-2. Calibra tion - No/Yes ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Figu re 2-3. Apply Fresh Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Figu re 2-4. Adjusti n g Zeroe s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Figure 2-5. Combustible Gas Calibration Display . . . 2-4
Figu re 2-6. Calibration Cap Installa ti o n . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Figure 2-7. Snap Calibration Cap Installation . . . . . . 2-5
Oxygen Sensor Calibration Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Figure 2-8. Combustible Gas Span Adjustment . . . . 2-6
Toxic Gas Sensor Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To repeat calibration procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To end calibration procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Figu re 2-9. Remove Cal Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Figure 2-10. Saving Calibration
Please Wait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Figu re 2-11. Power OFF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Special Instructions for Instr uments
with Chlorin e Dioxid e Senso r s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Calib r a t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Figure 2-12. Setup for Chlorine Diox ide Generator
Bypas s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
TOC-2 FiveStar Alarm
Technical Manua l Table of Contents
Chapter 3
Troubleshooting and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Table 3-1. Troubleshooting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Batter y Pac k Repla ce ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Remove the Batte r y Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Repla c e the Battery Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Sensor Rep l a cemen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Main Electro n i cs Board Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Figu re 3-1. Battery Pack Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Figure 3-2. Display Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
" WARNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Sensor Bo a rd Repla ce m e n t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Figure 3-3. Sequence for Tightening Screws . . . . . . 3-6
" WARNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Display Module Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
" CAUTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Figure 3-4. Keypad Ribbon Cable Replacement . . . . 3-9
" WARNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Chapter 4
Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Table 4-1. North American/Australian Common
Acces so r y Par ts Lis t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Figure 4-1. North American
(through Serial Number Prefix "E")
Repla c e ment Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Table 4-2. North American
(through Serial Number Prefix "E")
Repla c e ment Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 3
Tabl e 4-3. Replacement Sensor s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 3
FiveStar Alarm TOC-3
Table of Contents Technical Manual
Figure 4-2. Australian and European A pproved Replacement Parts and North American (Serial Number Prefix "F" or Higher)
Repla c e ment Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Table 4-4. North American (Serial Number Prefix "F" or " G")
Repla c e ment Parts List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Table 4-5. Australian/European Replacement Parts List. 4-6 Table 4-6. Pump and Aspirator Assembly
Repla c e ment Parts List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Figu re 4-3. Replacement Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Figure 4-4. Battery and Fuse Location . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Table 4-7. Replaceable Battery Pack P arts List . . . . 4-8
TOC-4 FiveStar Alarm
Technical Manua l Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration
Chapter 1 Set-up and Configuration
The user must be familiar with the pr ocedures in the FiveStar Alarm Instruction Manual, including all c autions and warnings. The FiveStar Alarm can be configured in many ways to meet your changing gas detection needs. T here are four means for making instrument configuration changes (t he first two are described in the instruction manual, t he third is described in this chapter, and the fourth is ac cessible only with FiveStar LINK):
1. At instrument turn-O N , the following setup option is available:
Fresh Air Setup (if enabled).
2. When attaching the battery to the instrument, the following setup options are available:
Language for displays (if enabled)
Operating Beep
Peak / STEL / TWA displays (all/none)
Set time and date
Sens or configuration.
3. During Sensor setup or sensor autoconfiguration, the following setup options are available:
LEL versus CH
Gas sensors installed
Reset alarm settings to factory defaults.
4. FiveStar Link is a separately-supplied software package for communicating to the FiveStar instrument with a personal computer. To operate, FiveStar Link requires a set of software and an Infrared adapter. These components may be purchased together (as P/N 710988) or separately.
With FiveStar Link software, the following options can be reset:
FiveStar Alarm 1-1
combustible display
4
Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration Technical Manual
Eight-character instrument "name" shown on instrume n t star tup (d efau lt is "PASSPORT")
Change alarm setpoints
Set backlight time-out (1 minute to 20 minutes)
Operating beep
Individually turn ON/OFF Peak, STEL
and/or TWA pages
Disable Fresh Air Setup (available only in instruments with software V1.2 or higher)
Set Time and Date (available only in instruments with software V1.2 or higher)
Disable Autoconfigure (available only in instruments with software V1.2 or higher)
Enable or disable Data Tagging (software V2.0 or higher)
Enable or disable the "display alarms" on start-up option (software V2.01 or higher)
Enable or disable the multilingual function (English/Spanish/Canadian French software V2.01 or higher)
Disable Autocalibration capability (software V3.0 or higher)
Change Periodic Datalog intervals (software V3.0 or higher).
Sensor Autoconfiguration and Replacement
When a sensor is replaced, when a new t ype of sensor is installed or when a sensor is removed, the FiveStar Alarm steps the user through an "autoconfigur ation" program. All instruments leave the factory with the autoc onfigure feature enabled. The FiveStar Link program may be used to dis able this feature if the user desires.
1-2 FiveStar Alarm
Technical Manua l Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration
The autoconfiguration feature allows the user to change the instrument sensor configuration as the user’s gas sensing needs change. The unit steps through the autoconfiguration sequence (listed later in this chapter) when the instrument recognizes that:
a new serial number sensor is installed (a replacement)
a sensor is removed
a new type of gas sensor is added.
CAUTION
"
When removing or installing the combustible gas sensor, remove the battery pack. Otherwise, the sensor pins may short to the case and cause an "ERROR 5" message (damage to the combustible sensor circuit).
Replacing a Sensor
To replace a sensor in your FiveStar A larm:
1. Verify that instrument is OFF; remove the battery pack.
2. Remove sensor cover screws and cover.
3. Gently lift out and properly dispose of sensor to be replaced.
4. Inspect the condition of electrical contact "Zebra Strip" located below the sensor.
The "Zebra Strip" is a small, black conductive elastomer
which makes contact to the sensor memory chip on the bottom of the sensors (see Chapter 4, FIGURE 4-1).
If this is not in place or is not making good contact,
the instrument will not properly recognize the installed sensors.
5. If the Zebra Strip is damaged or missing, replace it with a new Zebra Strip (P/N
655188) before installing new sensor.
6. If replacement sensor is equipped with a shorting plate, clip or wire attached to its pins, remove plate, clip or wire before inserting the replacement sensor.
7. Carefully align the new sensor contact pins with the sockets on the Sensor Board.
FiveStar Alarm 1-3
Figure 1-1.
Sensor Replacement
Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration Technical Manual
8. Press the new sensor into place.
9. Replace the sensor gasket and sensor cover.
10. Re-install screws to hold down the sensor cover.
CAUTION
"
Do not operate the instrument without the sensor cover fully installed. The zebra strips require pressure to enable proper contact. Without proper contact, data may be written improperly to the sensor memory and the data may become corrupted, rendering the sensor unusable.
NOTE: NO, Cl2, ClO2, and NH3 sensors are "biased"
sensors. As such, they require approximately 12 hours once installed (with battery pack attached, but turned OFF) for the output to stabilize. Allow the unit to stabilize before calibrating and using in the field.
11. Replace cover before turning instrument back ON to verify configuration.
The sensor cover holds the sensors down firmly against
the Zebra Strips to ensure proper electrical contact.
12. Turn the instrument ON and proceed through sensor setup.
The instrument proceeds to a sensor update mode similar
to that for adding or deleting a sensor. See "Sensor Autoconfiguration" later in this chapter for instructions.
If instrument autoconfiguration is disabled, the instrument
shows an error message. See "Manual Sensor Configuration" later in this chapter for instructions on manual configuration.
WARNING
"
Verification of calibrati on response is required; otherwise the instrument will not perform as required and persons who rely on this product for their safety could sustain serious personal injury or death.
Installing a New Type of Sensor
1. Verify that unit is OFF.
2. Remove battery.
3. Remove sensor cover screws and sensor cover (FIGURE 1-2).
1-4 FiveStar Alarm
Technical Manua l Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration
4. Verify that the electrical
contact Zebra Strip below sensor is not missing or damaged.
The Zebra Strip is a small, black conductive elastomer which makes contact to the sensor memory chip on the bottom of the sensors (FIGURE 4-1).
If Zebra Strip is not in place or making good contact, the unit will not properly recognize the installed sensors.
If the Zebra Strip is damaged or missing, replace it with a new Zebra Strip
Figure 1-2. Sensor and Zebra Strip
Locations in Sensor Cavity
(P/N 655188) before installing the sensor.
5. Install new sensor in appropriate location noted in TABLE 1-1.
Table 1-1. Allowable Sensor Installati on Locations
SENSOR TYPE BIASED ALLOWABLE POSITIONS
Combustible Oxygen Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Phosphine Ammonia Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide
NO NO NO NO
YES - SEE NOTE
NO NO
NO YES - SEE NOTE YES - SEE NOTE YES - SEE NOTE
Comb. ONLY O2 ONLY Tox 1, 2, 3 Tox 1, 2, 3 Tox 3 ONLY Tox 1, 2, 3 Tox 1, 2, 3 Tox 1, 2, 3 Tox 3 ONLY Tox 3 ONLY Tox 3 ONLY
NOTE: Biased sensors must be factory installed in units with
Serial No. Prefixes of "F" or lower. For units with
FiveStar Alarm 1-5
Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration Technical Manual
Figure 1-3.
Removing the Jumper
Serial No. Prefixes of "G" or higher, be sure to remove the jumper pin from the Tox 3 position (See FIGURE 1-3) before installing sensor.
WARNING
"
Be sure to remove the sensor cover label covering the new location if there was no sensor in that position before. Failure to remove this label prevents the sensor from detecting gases which may result in serious personal injury or death.
6. Carefully align the contact pins of the new sensor with the Sensor Board sockets; press the new sensor into place.
7. Replace the sensor gasket and sensor cover.
8. Re-install screws to hold down sensor cover.
Do not operate instrument without the sensor cover fully installe d. The zebra stri ps require pressure to ena ble proper contact. Without proper contact, data may be improperly written to the sensor memory and data may become corrupted, renderin g the sensor unusable .
The sensor cover holds the sensors down firmly against
the Zebra Strips to ensure proper electrical contact.
1-6 FiveStar Alarm
CAUTION
"
Technical Manua l Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration
9. Install battery pack. Instrument will turn ON. Proceed through
sensor setup. NOTE: NO, Cl
, and NH3 sensors are "biased" sensors. As
2
such, they require approximately 12 hours once installed (with battery pack attached, but turned OFF) for the output to stabilize. Allow the unit to stabilize before calibrating and using in the field.
When turned ON, the instrument now proceeds to a sensor update mode similar to that for adding or deleting a sensor. See "Sensor Autoconfiguration" later in this Chapter for instructions.
If the instrument autoconfiguration is disabled, the instrument shows an error message. Refer to "Manual Sensor Configuration" later in this chapter for instructions on how to enter the configuration manually.
Removing a Sensor
To remove a sensor from the instrument:
1. Verify that the instrument is turned OFF.
2. Remove battery pack.
3. Remove the sensor cover screws and sensor cover.
4. Gently lift out the sensor that is no longer required.
5. Place the "Missing Sensor" label (P/N 710478) on the underside of the sensor cover for the position where the sensor was removed.
CAUTION
"
Failure to install the "Missing Sensor " label exposes the sensor cavity to dirt and water, may lead to instrument damage and can also increase instrument response and clear times when operated in pumped mode.
6. Replace sensor gasket and sensor cover.
7. Re-install the screws to hold down the sensor cover.
The cover should be in place before turning the instrument
back ON to verify configuration.
The sensor cover holds the sensors down firmly against
the Zebra Strips to ensure proper electrical contact.
8. Install battery pack.
FiveStar Alarm 1-7
Chapter 1, Setup and Configuration Technical Manual
9. Turn the instrument ON and proceed through sensor setup.
If the instrument autoconfiguration is disabled, the
instrument shows an error message. Refer to "Manual Sensor Configuration" later in this chapter for instructions on how to enter the configuration manually.
Sensor Autoconfiguration
If the Sensor autoconfigurat ion is enabled, the following occurs after replacing a sensor, installing a new type of sensor or removing a sens or; the instrument:
automatically enters configuration mode when turned ON
pr oc eeds through the following sequence to verify and store the new configuration into instrument memory:
Turn the instrument ON by pressing t he ON/OFF button:
Sensor Update? Yes/No
Figure 1-4.
New Sensor Setup
Figure 1-5.
Instrument display flashes the "welcome" screen; FIGURE 1-4 appears on the display.
S c reen changes to FIGURE 1-5.
P r essing the skip PAGE (SKIP) button
exits the autoconfiguration sequence.
Instrument displays an error message; an alarm sounds.
Figure 1-6.
Please Wait
Instrument must be turned OFF to silence the alarm.
P r essing the RESET (YES) button causes instrument to re-read sensor memories.
FIGURE 1-6 screen appears.
Instrument now allows user to select
format for the combustible display.
1-8 FiveStar Alarm
Figure 1-7.
Units Measured
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