Please read the instructions carefully before using the equipment.
To use the equipment correctly, do not attempt to install, operate, maintain, or inspect the equipment until
you have read through this Instruction Manual, Installation guide, and appended documents carefully. Do not
use the equipment until you have a full knowledge of the equipment, safety information and instructions.
In this Instruction Manual, the safety instruction levels are classified into "WARNING" and "CAUTION".
WARNING
CAUTION
Note that the CAUTION level may lead to a serious consequence according to conditions.
Please follow the instructions of both levels because they are important to personnel safety.
What must not be done and what must be done are indicated by the following diagrammatic symbols.
Indicates that incorrect handling may cause hazardous conditions,
resulting in death or severe injury.
Indicates that incorrect handling may cause hazardous conditions,
resulting in medium or slight injury to personnel or may cause physical
damage.
Indicates what must not be done. For example, "No Fire" is indicated by
Indicates what must be done. For example, grounding is indicated by
In this Instruction Manual, instructions at a lower level than the above, instructions for other functions, and so
on are classified into "POINT".
After reading this Instruction Manual, keep it accessible to the operator.
.
.
A - 1
1. To prevent electric shock, note the following
WARNING
Before wiring and inspections, turn off the power and wait for 15 minutes or more until the charge lamp
turns off. Then, confirm that the voltage between P+ and N- is safe with a voltage tester and others.
Otherwise, an electric shock may occur. In addition, when confirming whether the charge lamp is off or
not, always confirm it from the front of the servo amplifier.
Ground the servo amplifier and servo motor securely.
Any person who is involved in wiring and inspection should be fully competent to do the work.
Do not attempt to wire the servo amplifier and servo motor until they have been installed. Otherwise, it
may cause an electric shock.
Do not operate switches with wet hands. Otherwise, it may cause an electric shock.
The cables should not be damaged, stressed, loaded, or pinched. Otherwise, it may cause an electric
shock.
During power-on or operation, do not open the front cover of the servo amplifier. Otherwise, it may cause
an electric shock.
Do not operate the servo amplifier with the front cover removed. High-voltage terminals and charging
area are exposed and you may get an electric shock.
Except for wiring and periodic inspection, do not remove the front cover of the servo amplifier even if the
power is off. The servo amplifier is charged and you may get an electric shock.
To prevent an electric shock, always connect the protective earth (PE) terminal (marked ) of the servo
amplifier to the protective earth (PE) of the cabinet.
To avoid an electric shock, insulate the connections of the power supply terminals.
2. To prevent fire, note the following
CAUTION
Install the servo amplifier, servo motor, and regenerative resistor on incombustible material. Installing
them directly or close to combustibles will lead to smoke or a fire.
Always connect a magnetic contactor between the power supply and the main circuit power supply (L1,
L2, and L3) of the servo amplifier, in order to configure a circuit that shuts down the power supply on the
side of the servo amplifier’s power supply. If a magnetic contactor is not connected, continuous flow of a
large current may cause smoke or a fire when the servo amplifier malfunctions.
Always connect a molded-case circuit breaker, or a fuse to each servo amplifier between the power
supply and the main circuit power supply (L1, L2, and L3) of the servo amplifier, in order to configure a
circuit that shuts down the power supply on the side of the servo amplifier’s power supply. If a moldedcase circuit breaker or fuse is not connected, continuous flow of a large current may cause smoke or a
fire when the servo amplifier malfunctions.
When using the regenerative resistor, switch power off with the alarm signal. Otherwise, a regenerative
transistor malfunction or the like may overheat the regenerative resistor, causing smoke or a fire.
Provide adequate protection to prevent screws and other conductive matter, oil and other combustible
matter from entering the servo amplifier and servo motor.
A - 2
3. To prevent injury, note the following
CAUTION
Only the power/signal specified in the Instruction Manual should be applied to each terminal. Otherwise,
it may cause an electric shock, fire, injury, etc.
Connect cables to the correct terminals. Otherwise, a burst, damage, etc., may occur.
Ensure that polarity (+/-) is correct. Otherwise, a burst, damage, etc., may occur.
The servo amplifier heat sink, regenerative resistor, servo motor, etc., may be hot while the power is on
and for some time after power-off. Take safety measures such as providing covers to avoid accidentally
touching them by hands and parts such as cables.
4. Additional instructions
The following instructions should also be fully noted. Incorrect handling may cause a malfunction, injury,
electric shock, fire, etc.
(1) Transportation and installation
CAUTION
Transport the products correctly according to their mass.
Stacking in excess of the specified number of product packages is not allowed.
Do not hold the front cover, cables, or connectors when carrying the servo amplifier. Otherwise, it may
drop.
Install the servo amplifier and the servo motor in a load-bearing place in accordance with the Instruction
Manual.
Do not get on or put heavy load on the product. Otherwise, it may cause injury.
The equipment must be installed in the specified direction.
Maintain specified clearances between the servo amplifier and the inner surfaces of a control cabinet or
other equipment.
Do not install or operate the servo amplifier and servo motor which have been damaged or have any
parts missing.
Do not block the intake and exhaust areas of the servo amplifier. Otherwise, it may cause a malfunction.
Do not drop or apply heavy impact on the servo amplifiers and the servo motors. Otherwise, it may cause
injury, malfunction, etc.
Do not strike the connector. Otherwise, it may cause a connection failure, malfunction, etc.
When you keep or use the equipment, please fulfill the following environment.
Item Environment
Ambient
temperature
Storage -20 °C to 65 °C (non-freezing)
Ambient
humidity
Storage
Ambience Indoors (no direct sunlight), free from corrosive gas, flammable gas, oil mist, dust, and dirt
Altitude 2000 m or less above sea level (Contact your local sales office for the altitude for options.)
Vibration resistance 5.9 m/s2, at 10 Hz to 55 Hz (X, Y, Z axes)
When the product has been stored for an extended period of time, contact your local sales office.
When handling the servo motor, be careful with the sharp edges of the servo motor.
The servo amplifier must be installed in a metal cabinet.
Operation 0 °C to 55 °C (non-freezing)
Operation
5 %RH to 90 %RH (non-condensing)
A - 3
CAUTION
When fumigants that contain halogen materials, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, are used
for disinfecting and protecting wooden packaging from insects, they cause a malfunction when entering
our products. Please take necessary precautions to ensure that remaining materials from fumigant do not
enter our products, or treat packaging with methods other than fumigation, such as heat treatment.
Additionally, disinfect and protect wood from insects before packing the products.
To prevent a fire or injury in case of an earthquake or other natural disasters, securely install, mount, and
wire the servo motor in accordance with the Instruction Manual.
(2) Wiring
CAUTION
Wire the equipment correctly and securely. Otherwise, the servo motor may operate unexpectedly.
Make sure to connect the cables and connectors by using the fixing screws and the locking mechanism.
Otherwise, the cables and connectors may be disconnected during operation.
Do not install a power capacitor, surge killer, or radio noise filter (optional FR-BIF(-H)) on the servo
amplifier output side.
To avoid a malfunction, connect the wires to the correct phase terminals (U/V/W) of the servo amplifier
and servo motor.
Connect the servo amplifier power output (U/V/W) to the servo motor power input (U/V/W) directly. Do
not connect a magnetic contactor and others between them. Otherwise, it may cause a malfunction.
Servo amplifier
U
V
W
Servo motor
U
V
W
Servo motorServo amplifier
U
M
V
W
U
V
W
M
The connection diagrams in this Instruction Manual are shown for sink interfaces, unless stated
otherwise.
The surge absorbing diode installed to the DC relay for control output should be fitted in the specified
direction. Otherwise, the converter unit and the drive unit will malfunction and will not output signals,
disabling the emergency stop and other protective circuits.
Servo amplifier
DOCOM
Control output
signal
For sink output interface
24 V DC
RA
Servo amplifier
24 V DC
DOCOM
Control output
signal
For source output interface
RA
When the wires are not tightened enough to the terminal block, the wires or terminal block may generate
heat because of the poor contact. Be sure to tighten the wires with specified torque.
Connecting a servo motor of the wrong axis to U, V, W, or CN2 of the servo amplifier may cause a
malfunction.
Configure a circuit to turn off EM2 or EM1 when the main circuit power supply is turned off to prevent an
unexpected restart of the servo amplifier.
To prevent malfunction, avoid bundling power lines (input/output) and signal cables together or running
them in parallel to each other. Separate the power lines from the signal cables.
A - 4
(3) Test run and adjustment
CAUTION
When executing a test run, follow the notice and procedures in this instruction manual. Otherwise, it may
cause a malfunction, damage to the machine, or injury.
Before operation, check and adjust the parameter settings. Improper settings may cause some machines
to operate unexpectedly.
Never make a drastic adjustment or change to the parameter values as doing so will make the operation
unstable.
Do not get close to moving parts during the servo-on status.
(4) Usage
CAUTION
Provide an external emergency stop circuit to stop the operation and shut the power off immediately.
For equipment in which the moving part of the machine may collide against the load side, install a limit
switch or stopper to the end of the moving part. The machine may be damaged due to a collision.
Do not disassemble, repair, or modify the product. Otherwise, it may cause an electric shock, fire, injury,
etc. Disassembled, repaired, and/or modified products are not covered under warranty.
Before resetting an alarm, make sure that the run signal of the servo amplifier is off in order to prevent a
sudden restart. Otherwise, it may cause an accident.
Use a noise filter, etc., to minimize the influence of electromagnetic interference. Electromagnetic
interference may affect the electronic equipment used near the servo amplifier.
Do not burn or destroy the servo amplifier. Doing so may generate a toxic gas.
Use the servo amplifier with the specified servo motor.
Wire options and peripheral equipment, etc. correctly in the specified combination. Otherwise, it may
cause an electric shock, fire, injury, etc.
The electromagnetic brake on the servo motor is designed to hold the motor shaft and should not be
used for ordinary braking.
For such reasons as incorrect wiring, service life, and mechanical structure (e.g. where a ball screw and
the servo motor are coupled via a timing belt), the electromagnetic brake may not hold the motor shaft.
To ensure safety, install a stopper on the machine side.
If the dynamic brake is activated at power-off, alarm occurrence, etc., do not rotate the servo motor by an
external force. Otherwise, it may cause a fire.
A - 5
(5) Corrective actions
CAUTION
Ensure safety by confirming the power off, etc. before performing corrective actions. Otherwise, it may
cause an accident.
If it is assumed that a power failure, machine stoppage, or product malfunction may result in a hazardous
situation, use a servo motor with an electromagnetic brake or provide an external brake system for
holding purpose to prevent such hazard.
Configure an electromagnetic brake circuit which is interlocked with an external emergency stop switch.
Contacts must be opened when ALM
(Malfunction) or MBR (Electromagnetic
brake interlock) turns off.
Contacts must be opened with
the emergency stop switch.
Servo motor
B
Electromagnetic brake
When an alarm occurs, eliminate its cause, ensure safety, and deactivate the alarm to restart operation.
If the molded-case circuit breaker or fuse is activated, be sure to remove the cause and secure safety
before switching the power on. If necessary, replace the servo amplifier and recheck the wiring.
Otherwise, it may cause smoke, fire, or an electric shock.
Provide an adequate protection to prevent unexpected restart after an instantaneous power failure.
After an earthquake or other natural disasters, ensure safety by checking the conditions of the
installation, mounting, wiring, and equipment before switching the power on to prevent an electric shock,
injury, or fire.
RA
24 V DC
(6) Maintenance, inspection and parts replacement
CAUTION
Make sure that the emergency stop circuit operates properly such that an operation can be stopped
immediately and a power is shut off by the emergency stop switch.
It is recommended that the servo amplifier be replaced every 10 years when it is used in general
environment.
When using the servo amplifier that has not been energized for an extended period of time, contact your
local sales office.
(7) General instruction
To illustrate details, the equipment in the diagrams of this Instruction Manual may have been drawn
without covers and safety guards. When the equipment is operated, the covers and safety guards must
be installed as specified. Operation must be performed in accordance with this Instruction Manual.
A - 6
DISPOSAL OF WASTE
Please dispose a servo amplifier, battery (primary battery) and other options according to your local laws and
regulations.
EEP-ROM life
The number of write times to the EEP-ROM, which stores parameter settings, etc., is limited to 100,000. If
the total number of the following operations exceeds 100,000, the servo amplifier may malfunction when the
EEP-ROM reaches the end of its useful life.
Write to the EEP-ROM due to parameter setting changes
Write to the EEP-ROM due to device changes
Write to the EEP-ROM due to point table setting changes
STO function of the servo amplifier
When using the STO function of the servo amplifier, refer to chapter 13 of "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier
Instruction Manual".
For the MR-J3-D05 safety logic unit, refer to app. 5 of "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual".
Compliance with global standards
For the compliance with global standards, refer to app. 4 of "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction
Manual".
«About the manuals»
You must have this Instruction Manual and the following manuals to use this servo. Ensure to prepare
them to use the servo safely.
1.2 Function list ....................................................................................................................................... 1- 4
1.3 Communication specifications .......................................................................................................... 1- 7
1.4 EtherCAT State Machine (ESM) ....................................................................................................... 1- 8
1.4.1 Communication status ................................................................................................................ 1- 8
1.4.2 EtherCAT state ........................................................................................................................... 1- 9
5.1 FSA state .......................................................................................................................................... 5- 1
5.2 Controlword/Control DI ..................................................................................................................... 5- 4
5.2.1 Bit definition of Controlword ....................................................................................................... 5- 4
5.2.2 Bit definition of Control DI .......................................................................................................... 5- 5
5.3 Statusword/Status DO ...................................................................................................................... 5- 7
5.3.1 Bit definition of Statusword ......................................................................................................... 5- 7
5.3.2 Bit definition of Status DO .......................................................................................................... 5- 8
5.4 Control mode ................................................................................................................................... 5-12
5.4.1 Selecting control mode (Modes of operation) ........................................................................... 5-12
5.4.2 Control switching ....................................................................................................................... 5-12
5.4.3 Cyclic synchronous position mode (csp) .................................................................................. 5-13
5.7 Halt ................................................................................................................................................... 5-83
5.8 Software position limit ...................................................................................................................... 5-84
5.11 Degree function ............................................................................................................................. 5-87
7.3.14 Factor Group Objects .............................................................................................................. 7-72
2
7.3.15 Touch Probe Function Objects ............................................................................................... 7-75
7.3.16 Optional application FE Objects .............................................................................................. 7-76
7.3.17 Point Table Mode Objects ....................................................................................................... 7-79
7.3.18 Cyclic synchronous position mode Objects ............................................................................ 7-82
3
MEMO
4
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.1 Summary
EtherCAT is the abbreviation of Ethernet for Control Automation Technology. It is open network
communication between a master and slaves developed by Beckhoff Automation that uses real-time
Ethernet. ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group) owns EtherCAT.
The EtherCAT communication is available when the EtherCAT network module (ABCC-M40-ECT
manufactured by HMS Industrial Networks) is connected to the MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier. The MR-J4_TM_ servo amplifier to which the EtherCAT network module is connected operates as a slave station
compliant with CAN application protocol over EtherCAT (CoE) standards. The device type is a power drive
system and is compatible with the CiA 402 drive profile.
(1) CiA 402 drive profile compatible
The MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier operates as a slave station compliant with CAN application protocol
over EtherCAT (CoE) standards. The device type is a power drive system and is compatible with the CiA
402 drive profile.
1 - 1
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
(2) Various control modes supported
The MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier supports the following control modes. In the table below, whether the
synchronous mode and asynchronous mode can be used in each control mode. For the synchronous
mode and asynchronous mode, refer to (3) in this section.
Control mode Symbol Description
This is a position mode where a position command is received
Cyclic synchronous
position mode
Cyclic synchronous
velocity mode
Cyclic synchronous
torque mode
Profile position mode pp
Profile velocity mode pv
Profile torque mode tq
Homing mode hm
Point table mode pt
JOG mode jg
Indexer mode idx
at a constant period to drive the servo motor in the
synchronous or asynchronous communication with a
csp
controller.
Use an absolute position address for a command.
This is a speed mode where a speed command is received at
csv
a constant period to drive the servo motor in the synchronous
or asynchronous communication with a controller.
This is a torque mode where a torque command is received at
cst
a constant period to drive the servo motor in the synchronous
or asynchronous communication with a controller.
This is a positioning operation mode where an end position
command is received to drive the servo motor in the
synchronous or asynchronous communication with a
controller.
Use an absolute position address or relative position address
for a command.
This is a mode where a target speed command is received to
drive the servo motor in the synchronous or asynchronous
communication with a controller.
This is a mode where a target torque command is received to
drive the servo motor in the synchronous or asynchronous
communication with a controller.
This is a mode where the servo amplifier performs a home
position return operation using the method directed by the
controller.
In this control mode, the servo motor is driven according to
the travel distance and speed stored in the point table No.
which is specified in the synchronous or asynchronous
communication with a controller. This control mode is specific
to Mitsubishi Electric, not in CiA 402 standard.
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version
B2 or later.
In this control mode, the servo motor is manually driven at a
speed set in the synchronous or asynchronous
communication with a controller. This control mode is not in
CiA 402 standard (Mitsubishi Electric original).
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version
B2 or later.
In this control mode, the servo motor is driven to the station
specified in the synchronous or asynchronous communication
with a controller. This control mode is not in CiA 402 standard
(Mitsubishi Electric original).
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version
B2 or later.
Note 1. Servo amplifiers with software version B3 or earlier cannot be used in the asynchronous mode. When the controller sends an
operation command in the asynchronous mode, the error code that indicates the state transition is not allowed is notified and
the ERROR LED of the network module blinks.
2. Servo amplifiers with software version B4 or later can be used in the asynchronous mode. When it is used in the asynchronous
mode, Cycle time (1C32h: 2) setting is required. For details on Cycle time (1C32h: 2), refer to (4) in this section.
Synchronous
mode
Available
Asynchronous
mode
Available
(Note 1, 2)
Available
1 - 2
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
(3) Synchronous mode (DC mode)
In the synchronous mode, it is necessary to keep the synchronous jitter 2 μs or less. When the
synchronous jitter is 2 μs or more, an error may be detected and an alarm may set off.
Synchronous mode setting
Sync0 Sync1
0.25 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 0.25 ms)
Cycle time
(1C32h: 2)
Shift time
(1C32h: 3)
(4) Asynchronous mode (Free-run mode)
In the asynchronous mode, when using the cyclic synchronous position mode, the cyclic synchronous
speed mode, and the cyclic synchronous torque mode, set as shown in the following table. Input the
command value for each communication cycle set in Cycle time (1C32h: 2). If the command is not
inputted on each communication cycle, the previously input command will be maintained.
Note. If the value is not set for Cycle time, the PDO communication cycle is 0.25 ms (initial
(5) Compliance with standards
MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifiers comply with the following standards. Refer to the following standards for
the description not written in this Instruction Manual.
ETG.1000.2 EtherCAT Specification – Part2
Physical Layer service definition and protocol specification
ETG.1000.3 EtherCAT Specification – Part3
Data Link Layer service definition
ETG.1000.4 EtherCAT Specification – Part4
Data Link Layer protocol specification
ETG.1000.5 EtherCAT Specification – Part5
Application Layer service definition
ETG.1300 EtherCAT Indicator and Labeling Specification V1.1.0
ETG.2000 EtherCAT Slave Information (ESI) Specification V1.0.7
ETG.6010 Implementation Directive for CiA 402 Drive Profile V1.1.0
IEC 61800-7-201 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems –
Part 7-201: Generic interface and use of profiles for power drive systems –
Profile type 1 specification
Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems –
Part 7-301: Generic interface and use of profiles for power drive systems –
Mapping of profile type 1 to network technologies
0.5 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 0.5 ms)
1 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 1 ms)
2 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 2 ms)
0
Local Cycle time
Cycle time
(1C32h: 2)
(Note)
value).
0.25 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 0.25 ms)
0.5 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 0.5 ms)
1 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 1 ms)
2 ms (When the PDO communication cycle is set to 2 ms)
Standards Version
Unused
V1.0.3
V1.0.3
V1.0.3
V1.0.3
V1.0.3
Edition 1.0
Edition 1.0
1 - 3
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.2 Function list
The following table lists the functions available with the MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier to which the EtherCAT
network module is connected. "MR-J4-_TM_" means "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual".
Cyclic synchronous position
mode (csp)
Cyclic synchronous velocity
mode (csv)
Cyclic synchronous torque mode
(cst)
Profile position mode (pp)
Profile velocity mode (pv)
Profile torque mode (tq)
Homing mode (hm) The home position return operation specified in each network is supported.
Point table mode (pt)
Indexer mode (idx)
JOG mode (jg)
Model adaptive control
High-resolution encoder
Absolute position detection
system
Gain switching function
Advanced vibration suppression
control II
Machine resonance suppression
filter
Shaft resonance suppression
filter
Adaptive filter II
Low-pass filter
Machine analyzer function
Robust filter
Slight vibration suppression
control
Electronic gear
S-pattern acceleration/
deceleration time constant
Function Description Reference
The position control operation performed by a synchronous sequential position
command through network is supported.
The speed control operation performed by a synchronous sequential speed
command through network is supported.
The torque control operation performed by a synchronous sequential torque
command through network is supported.
The positioning operation performed by an asynchronous end position command
through network is supported.
The speed control operation performed by an asynchronous speed command
through network is supported.
The torque control operation performed by an asynchronous torque command
through network is supported.
Select any 1 to 255 point table and perform operation in accordance with the set
values.
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version B2 or later.
Perform operation to the station positions divided into 2 to 255.
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version B2 or later.
This is a control mode where the servo motor speed is set to drive the servo motor
manually.
This is available with servo amplifiers with software version B2 or later.
This function achieves a high response and stable control following the ideal
model. The two-degrees-of-freedom model adaptive control enables you to set a
response to the command and a response to the disturbance separately.
Additionally, this function can be disabled. To disable this function, refer to section
7.5 of "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual".
High-resolution encoder of 4194304 pulses/rev is used for the encoder of the rotary
servo motor compatible with the MELSERVO-J4 series.
Setting a home position once makes home position return unnecessary at every
power-on.
You can switch gains during rotation/stop, and can use input devices to switch
gains during operation.
This function suppresses vibration at an arm end or residual vibration.
This filter function (notch filter) decreases the gain of the specific frequency to
suppress the resonance of the mechanical system.
When a load is mounted to the servo motor shaft, resonance by shaft torsion
during driving may generate a mechanical vibration of high frequency. The shaft
resonance suppression filter suppresses the vibration.
The servo amplifier detects mechanical resonance and sets filter characteristics
automatically to suppress mechanical vibration.
Suppresses high-frequency resonance which occurs as the servo system response
is increased.
This function analyzes the frequency characteristic of the mechanical system by
simply connecting an MR Configurator2-installed personal computer and the servo
amplifier.
MR Configurator2 is necessary for this function.
For roll feed axis, etc. of which a response level cannot be increased because of
the large load to motor inertia ratio, this function improves a disturbance response.
This function suppresses vibration of ±1 pulse generated at a servo motor stop. [Pr. PB24]
Positioning control is performed with the value obtained by multiplying the position
command from the controller by a set electronic gear ratio.
Speed can be increased and decreased smoothly. [Pr. PT51]
Section 5.4
MR-J4-_TM_
Chapter 12
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.2
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.1.5
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.1.1
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.1.3
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.1.2
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.1.4
[Pr. PE41]
[Pr. PA06]
[Pr. PA07]
1 - 4
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
Function Description Reference
Auto tuning
Brake unit
Power regeneration converter
Regenerative option
Alarm history clear This function clears alarm histories. [Pr. PC21]
Torque limit Limits the servo motor torque.
Speed limit This function limits the servo motor speed. [Pr. PT67]
Status display Shows servo status on the 3-digit, 7-segment LED display
Input signal selection (device
settings)
Output signal selection (device
settings)
Output signal (DO) forced output
Test operation mode
Analog monitor output This function outputs servo status with voltage in real time.
MR Configurator2
Linear servo system
Direct drive servo system The direct drive servo system can be configured to drive a direct drive motor.
Fully closed loop system Fully closed loop system can be configured using the load-side encoder.
Latch function
(Touch probe)
One-touch tuning
SEMI-F47 function
Tough drive function
Automatically adjusts the gain to optimum value if load applied to the servo motor
shaft varies.
Use the brake unit when the regenerative option cannot provide sufficient
regenerative capability.
The brake unit can be used for the servo amplifiers of the 5 kW or more.
Use the power regeneration converter when the regenerative option cannot provide
sufficient regenerative capability.
The power regeneration converter can be used for the servo amplifiers of the 5 kW
or more.
Use a regenerative option when the built-in regenerative resistor of the servo
amplifier does not have sufficient regenerative capacity for a large regenerative
power generated.
LSP (Forward rotation stroke end), LSN (Reverse rotation stroke end) and other
input device can be assigned to any pins.
The output devices including ALM (Malfunction) can be assigned to specified pins
of the CN3 connector.
Turns on/off the output signals forcibly independently of the servo status.
Use this function for checking output signal wiring, etc.
Jog operation, positioning operation, motor-less operation, DO forced output, and
program operation
MR Configurator2 is necessary for this function.
Using a personal computer, you can perform the parameter setting, test operation,
monitoring, and others.
Linear servo system can be configured using a linear servo motor and linear
encoder.
This function latches the current position at the rising edge of the external latch
input signal.
Gain adjustment is performed just by one click a certain button on MR
Configurator2.
Also, one-touch tuning can be performed via a network. One-touch tuning via a
network is available with servo amplifiers with software version B0 or later.
This function enables to avoid triggering [AL. 10 Undervoltage] using the electrical
energy charged in the capacitor in case that an instantaneous power failure occurs
during operation. Use a 3-phase for the input power supply of the servo amplifier.
Using a 1-phase 100 V AC/200 V AC for the input power supply will not comply
with SEMI-F47 standard.
This function makes the equipment continue operating even under the condition
that an alarm occurs. The tough drive function includes two types: the vibration
tough drive and the instantaneous power failure tough drive.
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 6.3
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 11.3
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 11.4
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 11.2
[Pr. PA11]
[Pr. PA12]
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 4.3
[Pr. PD03] to
[Pr. PD05]
[Pr. PD07] to
[Pr. PD09]
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 4.5.1
(1) (d)
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 4.5
[Pr. PC09]
[Pr. PC10]
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 11.7
MR-J4-_TM_
Chapter 14
MR-J4-_TM_
Chapter 15
MR-J4-_TM_
Chapter 16
Section 5.5
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 3.5
[Pr. PD37]
Section 6.7
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 6.2
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.4
[Pr. PA20]
[Pr. PF25]
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.3
1 - 5
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
Function Description Reference
This function continuously monitors the servo status and records the status
transition before and after an alarm for a fixed period of time. You can check the
recorded data on the drive recorder window on MR Configurator2 by clicking the
"Graph" button.
Drive recorder function
STO function
Servo amplifier life diagnosis
function
Power monitoring function
Machine diagnosis function
Scale measurement function
MR-D30 functional safety unit MR-D30 functional safety unit is supported.
Lost motion compensation
function
Super trace control
Limit switch
Software limit
FoE (File Access over
EtherCAT)
However, the drive recorder is not available when:
1. The graph function of MR Configurator2 is being used.
2. The machine analyzer function is being used.
3. [Pr. PF21] is set to "-1".
4. The controller is not connected (except the test operation mode).
5. An alarm related to the controller is occurring.
This amplifier complies with the STO function as functional safety of IEC/EN
61800-5-2. You can create a safety system for the equipment easily.
You can check the cumulative energization time and the number of on/off times of
the inrush relay. This function gives an indication of the replacement time for parts
of the servo amplifier including a capacitor and a relay before they malfunction.
This function is available with MR Configurator2 or via a network.
The servo amplifier life diagnosis function via a network is available with servo
amplifiers with software version B0 or later.
This function calculates the power running energy and the regenerative power from
the data in the servo amplifier such as speed and current. Power consumption and
others are displayed on MR Configurator2. Also, the power monitoring function can
be used via a network.
From the data in the servo amplifier, this function estimates the friction and
vibrational component of the drive system in the equipment and recognizes an
error in the machine parts, including a ball screw and bearing.
This function is available with MR Configurator2 or via a network.
The machine diagnosis function via a network is available with servo amplifiers
with software version B0 or later.
The function transmits position information of a scale measurement encoder to the
controller by connecting the scale measurement encoder in semi closed loop
control.
This is used with servo amplifiers with software version B0 or later.
This function improves the response delay occurred when the machine moving
direction is reversed.
This function sets constant and uniform acceleration/deceleration droop pulses to
almost 0.
Travel intervals can be limited with the limit switch using LSP (Forward rotation
stroke end) and LSN (Reverse rotation stroke end)
Limits travel intervals by address using parameters.
The same function with the limit switch is enabled by setting parameters.
This servo amplifier supports FoE (File Access over EtherCAT). For details,
contact your local sales office.
This is used with servo amplifiers with software version B3 or later.
[Pr. PA23]
MR-J4-_TM_
Chapter 13
Section 6.9
Section 6.1
Section 6.8
Section 6.6
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 17.1
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 17.2
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.6
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 7.7
Section 5.8
MR-J4-_TM_
Section 5.3
[Pr. PT15] to
[Pr. PT18]
1 - 6
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.3 Communication specifications
The following table shows the communication specifications.
EtherCAT communication
specifications
Physical layer 100BASE-TX (IEEE802.3)
Communication connector RJ45, 2 ports (IN port, OUT port)
Communication cable
Network topology
Variable communication speed 100 Mbps (Full duplex)
Transmission speed between
stations
Number of nodes
SDO (Mailbox) communication
PDO (Process Data)
communication
PDO mapping
Distributed clock (DC)
Explicit Device Identification Supported
LED display RUN, ERROR, LINK/Activity (IN, OUT)
Item Description Remark
IEC 61158 Type121
CAN application protocol over EtherCAT
Variable PDO mapping supported Maximum size of RxPDO and TxPDO: 64 bytes
The DC mode and Free-run mode can be
selected.
(In servo amplifiers with software version B3
or earlier, the DC mode is required in the csp,
csv, and cst mode.)
Double-shielded type recommended
varies depending on the specifications of the
master controller used.
Maximum data size in sending/receiving
1486 bytes each
Data size at PDO default mapping
RxPDO: 29 bytes
TxPDO: 41 bytes
each
Maximum number of object mapping: 32 each
Sync0: Set the same cycle as the PDO
communication cycle.
Sync1: Not used
1 - 7
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.4 EtherCAT State Machine (ESM)
The communication status of MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifiers is classified and managed by EtherCAT State
Machine (ESM) that the EtherCAT standard specifies.
1.4.1 Communication status
The following table shows the classification of the communication status. Two communication types are
provided: One is the PDO (process data object) communication where command data and feedback data
are sent and received at a constant period. Another is the SDO (service data object) communication where
object data is sent and received asynchronously. Refer to chapter 3 for details of the PDO communication.
Refer to chapter 4 for details of the SDO communication.
ESM status Description
After the power is on, the communication status is the init state. The SDO communication and PDO
Init
Pre-Operational
Safe-Operational
Operational
Bootstrap
communication cannot be performed. The master accesses the DL-Information register and initializes
communication.
The SDO communication can be performed. The PDO communication cannot be performed. The initial setting
for network and initial transfer of parameters can be performed in this state.
The SDO communication can be performed. Though the PDO communication also can be performed, all
operations (commands) such as servo motor drive are invalid. When the DC mode is selected, synchronization
is established in this state.
Both the SDO communication and PDO communication can be performed. Commands using the PDO
communication are valid and the servo motor can be driven.
The mailbox communication with the FoE protocol can be performed. Firmware can be updated through
EtherCAT in this state. (For manufacturer setting)
1 - 8
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.4.2 EtherCAT state
EtherCAT states shift under the conditions shown in figure 1.1 and table 1.1.
When the state shifts from the Init state through the Pre-Operational and Safe-Operational state to the
Operational state, the servo amplifier can be operated. When the Operational state shifts to another state,
the servo amplifier executes initialization to clear the internal status.
Power on
(1)
Init
(2)
Pre-Operational
(4)
(12)
Note. This state is for manufacturer setting.
(3)
(5)
Safe-Operational
(7)
Operational
(10)
Bootstrap
(Note)
(6)(9)
(8)
Fig. 1.1
Table. 1.1 EtherCAT state transition
Transition No. Description
(1) Power on
SDO communication configuration
(a) The master sets the registers of the slaves. The following shows the registers to be set.
(2)
(4)
(7)
(5), (12)
(8)
(3), (6), (9), (11)
(10) When the master requests the slave to shift to the Bootstrap state, the state shifts to the Bootstrap state.
DL Address register
Sync Manager channel for SDO communication
(b) The master requests the slaves to shift to the Pre-Operational state.
(c) The state shifts to the Pre-Operational state.
PDO communication configuration
(a) Set the configuration parameter of the master (such as PDO mapping) using the SDO communication.
(b) The master sets the Sync Manager channel and FMMU channel for the PDO communication of the slaves.
FMMU (Fieldbus Memory Management Unit) is a mechanism to manage the relationship between the global
address area and the local address area in the EtherCAT communication. The global address area is used for
the PDO communication. The local address area stores object data for each station.
(c) The master requests the slave to shifts to the Safe-Operational state.
(d) The state shifts to the Safe-Operational state.
Synchronous
(a) The master and slave use Distributed Clocks to synchronize.
(b) The master starts to output a valid command value.
(c) The master requests the slave to shift to the Operational state.
(d) The state shifts to the Operational state.
When the master requests the slave to shifts to the Pre-Operational state, the state shifts to the Pre-Operational
state.
When the master requests the slave to shifts to the Safe-Operational state, the state shifts to the Safe-Operational
state.
In the following case, the state shifts to the init state.
When the master requests the slave to shifts to the Init state.
(11)
1 - 9
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.4.3 Startup
The following describes the setting and startup of the EtherCAT communication. Refer to section 4.1 of "MRJ4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual" for the startup procedure other than the network setting.
(1) Connection with the controller
POINT
Use the latest ESI file when setting up the controller. If the ESI file is old, newly
added objects may not be usable. For ESI files available with the servo
amplifiers you use, contact your local sales office.
Set up the controller following the manual of the controller used. For the setup, the EtherCAT Slave
Information (ESI) file listing the information about the communication setting of devices is available.
Store the ESI file in the controller to use it. The controller configures the setting for the slave connected
to the master according to the contents of the ESI file corresponding to the slave connected.
(2) Parameter setting
Set the control mode with [Pr. PA01 Operation mode]. Refer to section 5.2.1 of "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo
Amplifier Instruction Manual" for the parameter setting.
(3) Node address setting
POINT
The node address of MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifiers complies with the
specifications of Explicit Device Identification. Configure the setting of Set
Explicit Device Identification for the controller.
Do not connect multiple devices with the same node address setting.
Node address setting via network and Configured Station Alias (0012h) are
available with the combination of servo amplifiers with software version B2 or
later and network modules with software version 2.00.03 or later.
If the value in SII Configured Station Alias is set to other than 0000h when the
node address is set with the axis selection rotary switch (SW2/SW3) or [Pr.
PN01 Node address setting], the ERROR LED of the network module blinks.
Cycling the power resets the set value in SII Configured Station Alias to 0000h
and this enables the servo amplifier to start normally.
Set the node address of EtherCAT with the axis selection rotary switch (SW2/SW3) on the display, [Pr.
PN01 Node address setting] or SII Configured Station Alias as necessary. You can set a node address
as follows. After the node address setting is changed, cycle the power.
Axis selection rotary
switch (SW2/SW3)
00h 0000h 0001h to FFFFh
00h 0001h to FFFFh 0000h (Note) The value of [Pr. PN01] is set as the node address.
01h to FFh 0000h to FFFFh 0000h (Note)
Pr. PN01
SII Configured Station
Alias
Node address setting value
The value set in SII Configured Station Alias via network
is the node address.
The set value of the rotary switch (SW2/SW3) is set as
the node address.
Note. If the value in SII Configured Station Alias is set to other than 0000h, the ERROR LED of the network module blinks. Cycling the
power resets the set value in SII Configured Station Alias to 0000h and this enables the servo amplifier to start normally.
1 - 10
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
(4) Specifying the slave with the node address
The controller can specify the slave with the node address in the following two methods.
(a) Specify with AL Status Code (0134h)
The value of the node address set in the axis selection rotary switch (SW2/SW3) or [Pr. PN01 Node
1.4.4 Network disconnection procedure
To disconnect the network by stopping device operation or other means, follow the procedure shown below.
If the network is disconnected without following the procedure, [AL. 86.1 Network communication error 1]
may occur.
(1) Stop the servo motor.
(2) Set the Shutdown command for Controlword (6040h) to establish the servo-off status.
(3) Shift the state to the Pre-Operational state.
(4) Shut off the power of the servo amplifier and controller.
address setting] can be read.
(b) Specify with Configured Station Alias (0012h)
The value of the node address set in the axis selection rotary switch (SW2/SW3), [Pr. PN01 Node
address setting] or SII Configured Station Alias can be read.
1 - 11
1. EtherCAT COMMUNICATION
1.5 Summary of object dictionary (OD)
POINT
Refer to chapter 7 for details of the object dictionary.
Each data set that CAN application protocol over EtherCAT (CoE) devices have such as control parameters,
command values, and feedback values is handled as an object composed of an Index value, object name,
object type, R/W attribute, and other elements. The object data can be exchanged between the master and
slave devices. The aggregate of these objects is called object dictionary (OD).
1.5.1 Section definition of object dictionary
In the CAN application protocol over EtherCAT (CoE) standard, objects of the object dictionary are
categorized by Index depending on the area type as shown in the following table. Refer to the Reference
column for the chapters and the section where the details of each object are described.
Index Description Reference
0000h to 0FFFh Data type area
1000h to 1FFFh CoE communication area
2000h to 25FFh Parameter area (Vendor-specific) Section 6.5, Chapter 7
2800h to 29FFh Point table area (Vendor-specific) (Note) Chapter 7
2A00h to 2FFFh Servo control command/monitor area (Vendor-specific) Chapter 6, Chapter 7
6000h to 6FFFh CiA 402 Drive profile area
Note. This is available with servo amplifiers with software version B2 or later.
1.5.2 Saving object dictionary data to EEP-ROM
Chapter 1, Chapter 3,
Chapter 4, Chapter 7
Chapter 5, Chapter 7
There are two types of object dictionary data: One is saved to EEP-ROM and another is not saved. Refer to
Section 7.3 for the availability and details of save for each object.
1 - 12
2. EtherCAT NETWORK MODULE (ABCC-M40-ECT)
A
A
2. EtherCAT NETWORK MODULE (ABCC-M40-ECT)
POINT
For EtherCAT Network module, be sure to use ABCC-M40-ECT which is a
dedicated model for Mitsubishi Electric MELSERVO. For purchasing, contact
your local sales office.
Refer to "MR-J4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual" for how to mount the
EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT) to the MR-J4-_TM_ servo
amplifier.
For the quality assurance on the EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT),
contact HMS Industrial Networks.
The EtherCAT communication with an MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier requires the EtherCAT Network module
(ABCC-M40-ECT). The following shows the details.
2.1 Specifications
Item Description
Product name ABCC-M40-ECT (Anybus Compact Com M40 ECT)
Model AB6916-C-203 (Note 1, 2, 3, 4)
Manufacturer HMS Industrial Networks
External interface
Dimensions
Mass Approx. 30 g
MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier connecting interface: Compact flash connector with standard 50 pins
EtherCAT communication port interface: RJ45 connector
52 (W) × 50 (D) × 20 (H)
(Except the protrusion of the EtherCAT communication port connector)
Note 1. The model name was changed from 6916-C-203 to AB6916-C-203 in November 2018.
2.
3. When using AB6916-B or AB6916-C, Configured Station Alias cannot be used. Refer to section 1.4.3 (3) for details.
4. When using AB6916-B, use EtherCAT Slave Information (ESI). Without ESI, the controller does not recognize the
lthough it is recommended that you use AB6916-C-203 for the servo amplifiers with software version B2 or later,
B6916-B and AB6916-C are also available. Although it is recommended that you use AB6916-C for the servo
amplifiers with software version B1 or earlier, AB6916-B is also available.
711th and later objects because Get OD List can read only object information of 710 sets.
2 - 1
2. EtherCAT NETWORK MODULE (ABCC-M40-ECT)
2.2 Parts identification
This section describes the EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT) only. Refer to section 1.7 of "MRJ4-_TM_ Servo Amplifier Instruction Manual" for the MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier.
(5)
(6)
2.3 LED indication
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
No. Name/Application
ERROR LED
(1)
Indicates an error of the EtherCAT communication.
RJ45 EtherCAT communication port (OUT port)
(2)
Used to connect the next axis servo amplifier.
Link/Activity (OUT port) LED
(3)
Indicates the link status of each EtherCAT
communication port.
RJ45 EtherCAT communication port (IN port)
(4)
Used to connect the EtherCAT master controller or
the previous axis servo amplifier.
Link/Activity (IN port) LED
(5)
Indicates the link status of each EtherCAT
communication port.
RUN LED
(6)
Indicates the EtherCAT communication status
(ESM).
Detailed
explanation
Section
2.3.2 (2)
Section
2.4
Section
2.3.2 (3)
Section
2.4
Section
2.3.2 (3)
Section
2.3.2 (1)
The LEDs of the EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT) function according to the regulations of the
EtherCAT standard (ETG.1300 EtherCAT Indicator and Labeling Specification). Under certain condition,
such as when a fatal error occurs, the EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT) indicates its status by
its own specifications.
2.3.1 LED indication definition
The following shows the LED indication definitions.
LED status Definition
Lit An LED remains lit.
Extinguished An LED remains extinguished.
Flickering An LED is switching between lit and extinguished at 10 Hz cycles (every
50 ms).
Blinking An LED is switching between lit and extinguished at 2.5 Hz cycles (every
200 ms).
Single flash An LED is lit for 200 ms and extinguished 1000 ms repeatedly.
Double flash
An LED is lit for 200 ms, extinguished for 200 ms, lit for 200 ms, and
extinguished for 1000 ms repeatedly.
2 - 2
2. EtherCAT NETWORK MODULE (ABCC-M40-ECT)
2.3.2 LED indication list
(1) RUN LED
The RUN LED indicates the EtherCAT communication status (ESM status). The extinguished RUN LED
may be affected by the LED status of the Link/Activity LEDs. Refer to section 1.4 for the communication
status (ESM status).
Extinguished Indicates that the power supply is shut off or the Init state.
Blinking
Single flash Indicates the Safe-Operational state.
(2) ERROR LED
The ERROR LED indicates an error of the EtherCAT communication. If the servo amplifier indicates an
alarm, follow the remedy of the alarm number.
Extinguished No error
Blinking
Single flash
Double flash Indicates a watchdog error in the Sync manager.
Flickering
(3) Link/Activity LED (OUT port/IN port)
The Link/Activity LEDs indicate the link status of each EtherCAT communication port.
Extinguished Indicates that the power supply is shut off or the link-unestablished state.
Flickering Indicates that the link is established with traffic.
LED
Status Color
Indicates the Pre-Operational state.
Green
Lit Indicates the Operational state.
Lit Red
LED
Status Color
Red
Lit
LED
Status Color
Lit
Green
Indicates that a fatal error has occurred. This indication is specific to the
EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40-ECT).
Indicates that the EtherCAT state cannot be changed according to the master
command.
Indicates that the EtherCAT state has been changed autonomously due to an
internal error.
Indicates the EXCEPTION state, which is an error state of the EtherCAT Network
module (ABCC-M40-ECT).
Indicates an error at start-up of the EtherCAT Network module (ABCC-M40ECT).
Indicates that the link is established without traffic.
Description
Description
Description
2 - 3
2. EtherCAT NETWORK MODULE (ABCC-M40-ECT)
2.4 Connecting Ethernet cable
POINT
Use a twisted pair cable (double shielded) with Ethernet Category 5e
(100BASE-TX) or higher as the Ethernet cable. The maximum cable length
between nodes is 100 m.
When connecting an Ethernet cable to an EtherCAT network port, ensure that
the connection destination (OUT port (upper side) or IN port (lower side)) is
correct.
To the RJ45 EtherCAT communication port (IN port), connect the Ethernet cable connected to the controller
or the previous axis servo amplifier. To the RJ45 EtherCAT communication port (OUT port), connect the
Ethernet cable connected to the next axis servo amplifier. When the RJ45 EtherCAT communication port
(OUT port) is not used, leave this port open.
When the node address is not used, an incorrect connection destination sets node addresses that do not
correspond to the actual connection order and may cause a malfunction, such as an unintended axis
operation.
The first axis
servo amplifier
The second axis
servo amplifier
The final axis
servo amplifier
Controller
Ethernet cable
OUT port
IN port
Ethernet cable
OUT port
IN port
Ethernet cable
OUT port
IN port
2 - 4
3. PDO (PROCESS DATA OBJECT) COMMUNICATION
3. PDO (PROCESS DATA OBJECT) COMMUNICATION
The PDO (process data object) communication can transfer command data and feedback data between a
master (controller) and slaves (servo amplifier) at a constant cycle. PDOs include RxPDOs, which are used
by the slaves to receive data from the controller, and TxPDOs, which are used by the slaves to send data to
the controller.
Master
(controller)
The variable PDO mapping function enables the PDO communication to transfer multiple PDOs in any array.
3.1 PDO communication cycle
Communication at a constant period
Command data (RxPDO)
Status data (TxPDO)
Slave
(servo amplifier)
The same cycle is applied to communication of RxPDOs and TxPDOs of the MR-J4-_TM_ servo amplifier.
The communication cycle can be changed via a network through rewriting the sub object Cycle time (Sub
index = 2) of SM output parameter (1C32h) with SDO download in the Pre Operational state.
3.2 PDO setting-related object
The following table lists the objects related to the PDO setting.
Index Sub Object Name
1C32h
1C33h
0
1 Synchronization type U16 rw 0
2 Cycle time U32 rw 250000
3 Shift time U32 rw (Note) 222222
RECORD
4
5 Minimum cycle time U32 ro 250000
6 Calc and copy time U32 ro 222722
9 Delay time U32 ro 0
12 Cycle time too small U16 ro 0
0
1 Synchronization type U16 rw 0
2 Cycle time U32 ro 250000
3 Shift time U32 rw (Note) 27778
RECORD
4
5 Minimum cycle time U32 ro 250000
6 Calc and copy time U32 ro 306055
9 Delay time U32 ro 0
12 Cycle time too small U16 ro 0
SM output parameter U8 ro 12
Synchronization types
supported
SM input parameter U8 ro 12
Synchronization types
supported
Data
Type
U16 ro 0025h
U16 ro 0025h
Access Default Description
Refer to section 7.3.3 (4).
Refer to section 7.3.3 (5).
Note. No value can be written because Shift time (1C32: 3, 1C33: 3) is set automatically. Writing any value causes SDO Abort Code
(0609 0030h Value range of parameter exceeded).
3 - 1
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