Mita-Kyocera KM-6230 Service Manual
SERVICE
MANUAL
Published in Jun.’00
842A0110
CAUTION
Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace only with the same or equivalent
type recommended by the manufacturer. Dispose of used batteries according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
CAUTION
Double-pole/neutral fusing.
Safety precautions
This booklet provides safety warnings and precautions for our service personnel to ensure the safety of
their customers, their machines as well as themselves during maintenance activities. Service personnel
are advised to read this booklet carefully to familiarize themselves with the warnings and precautions
described here before engaging in maintenance activities.
Safety warnings and precautions
Various symbols are used to protect our service personnel and customers from physical danger and
to prevent damage to their property. These symbols are described below:
DANGER: High risk of serious bodily injury or death may result from insufficient attention to or incorrect
compliance with warning messages using this symbol.
WARNING:Serious bodily injury or death may result from insufficient attention to or incorrect compliance
with warning messages using this symbol.
CAUTION:Bodily injury or damage to property may result from insufficient attention to or incorrect
compliance with warning messages using this symbol.
Symbols
The triangle ( ) symbol indicates a warning including danger and caution. The specific point
of attention is shown inside the symbol.
General warning.
Warning of risk of electric shock.
Warning of high temperature.
indicates a prohibited action. The specific prohibition is shown inside the symbol.
General prohibited action.
Disassembly prohibited.
indicates that action is required. The specific action required is shown inside the symbol.
General action required.
Remove the power plug from the wall outlet.
Always ground the copier.
1. Installation Precautions
WARNING
• Do not use a power supply with a voltage other than that specified. Avoid multiple connections to
one outlet: they may cause fire or electric shock. When using an extension cable, always check
that it is adequate for the rated current. ............................................................................................
• Connect the ground wire to a suitable grounding point. Not grounding the copier may cause fire or
electric shock. Connecting the earth wire to an object not approved for the purpose may cause
explosion or electric shock. Never connect the ground cable to any of the following: gas pipes,
lightning rods, ground cables for telephone lines and water pipes or faucets not approved by the
proper authorities. .............................................................................................................................
CAUTION:
• Do not place the copier on an infirm or angled surface: the copier may tip over, causing injury. .....
• Do not install the copier in a humid or dusty place. This may cause fire or electric shock. ..............
• Do not install the copier near a radiator, heater, other heat source or near flammable material.
This may cause fire. ..........................................................................................................................
• Allow sufficient space around the copier to allow the ventilation grills to keep the machine as cool
as possible. Insufficient ventilation may cause heat buildup and poor copying performance...........
• Always handle the machine by the correct locations when moving it. ..............................................
• Always use anti-toppling and locking devices on copiers so equipped. Failure to do this may
cause the copier to move unexpectedly or topple, leading to injury..................................................
• Avoid inhaling toner or developer excessively. Protect the eyes. If toner or developer is
accidentally ingested, drink a lot of water to dilute it in the stomach and obtain medical attention
immediately. If it gets into the eyes, rinse immediately with copious amounts of water and obtain
medical attention. ..............................................................................................................................
• Advice customers that they must always follow the safety warnings and precautions in the copier’s
instruction handbook. ........................................................................................................................
2. Precautions for Maintenance
WARNING
• Always remove the power plug from the wall outlet before starting machine disassembly...............
• Always follow the procedures for maintenance described in the service manual and other related
brochures. .........................................................................................................................................
• Under no circumstances attempt to bypass or disable safety features including safety
mechanisms and protective circuits. .................................................................................................
• Always use parts having the correct specifications...........................................................................
• Always use the thermostat or thermal fuse specified in the service manual or other related
brochure when replacing them. Using a piece of wire, for example, could lead to fire or other
serious accident. ...............................................................................................................................
• When the service manual or other serious brochure specifies a distance or gap for installation of a
part, always use the correct scale and measure carefully. ...............................................................
• Always check that the copier is correctly connected to an outlet with a ground connection.............
• Check that the power cable covering is free of damage. Check that the power plug is dust-free. If
it is dirty, clean it to remove the risk of fire or electric shock. ............................................................
• Never attempt to disassemble the optical unit in machines using lasers. Leaking laser light may
damage eyesight...............................................................................................................................
• Handle the charger sections with care. They are charged to high potentials and may cause
electric shock if handled improperly..................................................................................................
CAUTION
• Wear safe clothing. If wearing loose clothing or accessories such as ties, make sure they are
safely secured so they will not be caught in rotating sections...........................................................
• Use utmost caution when working on a powered machine. Keep away from chains and belts........
• Handle the fixing section with care to avoid burns as it can be extremely hot..................................
• Check that the fixing unit thermistor, heat and press rollers are clean. Dirt on them can cause
abnormally high temperatures...........................................................................................................
• Do not remove the ozone filter, if any, from the copier except for routine replacement....................
• Do not pull on the AC power cord or connector wires on high-voltage components when removing
them; always hold the plug itself. ......................................................................................................
• Do not route the power cable where it may be stood on or trapped. If necessary, protect it with a
cable cover or other appropriate item. ..............................................................................................
• Treat the ends of the wire carefully when installing a new charger wire to avoid electric leaks........
• Remove toner completely from electronic components. ...................................................................
• Run wire harnesses carefully so that wires will not be trapped or damaged. ...................................
• After maintenance, always check that all the parts, screws, connectors and wires that were
removed, have been refitted correctly. Special attention should be paid to any forgotten
connector, trapped wire and missing screws. ..................................................................................
• Check that all the caution labels that should be present on the machine according to the
instruction handbook are clean and not peeling. Replace with new ones if necessary. ...................
• Handle greases and solvents with care by following the instructions below: ....................................
· Use only a small amount of solvent at a time, being careful not to spill. Wipe spills off completely.
· Ventilate the room well while using grease or solvents.
· Allow applied solvents to evaporate completely before refitting the covers or turning the main
switch on.
· Always wash hands afterwards.
• Never dispose of toner or toner bottles in fire. Toner may cause sparks when exposed directly to
fire in a furnace, etc...........................................................................................................................
• Should smoke be seen coming from the copier, remove the power plug from the wall outlet
immediately. ......................................................................................................................................
3. Miscellaneous
WARNING
• Never attempt to heat the drum or expose it to any organic solvents such as alcohol, other than
the specified refiner; it may generate toxic gas.................................................................................
CONTENTS
1-1 Specifications
1-1-1 Specifications ....................................................................................................................................... 1-1-1
1-1-2 Parts names and their functions........................................................................................................... 1-1-4
(1) Copier ............................................................................................................................................. 1-1-4
(2) Operation panel .............................................................................................................................. 1-1-5
1-1-3 Machine cross section.......................................................................................................................... 1-1-6
1-1-4 Drive system ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1-7
(1) Drive system 1 (optical section) ...................................................................................................... 1-1-7
(2) Drive system 2 (paper feed motor drive train) ................................................................................ 1-1-8
(3) Drive system 3 (image forming motor drive train) ........................................................................... 1-1-9
(4) Drive system 4 (drive motor drive train) ........................................................................................ 1-1-10
(5) Drive system 5 (large paper deck) ................................................................................................ 1-1-11
(6) Drive system 6 (duplex section) ................................................................................................... 1-1-12
(7) Drive system 7 (SRDF) ................................................................................................................. 1-1-13
1-2 Handling Precautions
1-2-1 Drum .................................................................................................................................................... 1-2-1
1-2-2 Developer and toner............................................................................................................................. 1-2-1
1-3 Installation
1-3-1 Unpacking and installation ................................................................................................................... 1-3-1
(1) Installation procedure ..................................................................................................................... 1-3-1
1-3-2 Setting initial copy modes .................................................................................................................. 1-3-15
1-3-3 Copier management........................................................................................................................... 1-3-16
(1) Expecting a copier management item .......................................................................................... 1-3-16
(2) Department management ............................................................................................................. 1-3-17
(3) Week timer ................................................................................................................................... 1-3-17
(4) Copy default ................................................................................................................................. 1-3-18
(5) Machine default ............................................................................................................................ 1-3-20
(6) Language ...................................................................................................................................... 1-3-20
1-3-4 Installing the finisher (option) ............................................................................................................. 1-3-21
1-3-5 Installing the booklet stitcher (option)................................................................................................. 1-3-26
1-3-6 Installing the side deck (option).......................................................................................................... 1-3-31
1-3-7 Installing the key counter (option) ...................................................................................................... 1-3-35
1-3-8 Installing the cassette heater (option) ................................................................................................ 1-3-37
1-3-9 Installing the MMD host monitoring system device (option) ............................................................... 1-3-38
2A0
1-4 Maintenance Mode
1-4-1 Maintenance mode............................................................................................................................... 1-4-1
(1) Executing a maintenance item ....................................................................................................... 1-4-1
(2) Maintenance mode item list ............................................................................................................ 1-4-3
(3) Contents of maintenance mode items ............................................................................................ 1-4-7
1-5 Troubleshooting
1-5-1 Paper misfeed detection ...................................................................................................................... 1-5-1
(1) Paper misfeed indication ................................................................................................................ 1-5-1
(2) Paper misfeed detection conditions ................................................................................................ 1-5-3
(3) Paper misfeeds ............................................................................................................................. 1-5-13
1-5-2 Self-diagnosis..................................................................................................................................... 1-5-22
(1) Self-diagnostic function ................................................................................................................ 1-5-22
(2) Self-diagnostic codes ................................................................................................................... 1-5-22
1-5-3 Image formation problems ................................................................................................................. 1-5-35
(1) No image appears (entirely white). ............................................................................................... 1-5-37
(2) No image appears (entirely black). ............................................................................................... 1-5-37
(3) Image is too light. ......................................................................................................................... 1-5-38
1-1-1
2A0
(4) Background is visible. ................................................................................................................... 1-5-38
(5) A white line appears longitudinally. .............................................................................................. 1-5-38
(6) A black line appears longitudinally. .............................................................................................. 1-5-39
(7) A black line appears laterally. ....................................................................................................... 1-5-39
(8) One side of the copy image is darker than the other. ................................................................... 1-5-39
(9) Black dots appear on the image. .................................................................................................. 1-5-40
(10) Image is blurred............................................................................................................................ 1-5-40
(11) The leading edge of the image is consistently misaligned with the original. ................................ 1-5-40
(12) The leading edge of the image is sporadically misaligned with the original. ................................ 1-5-41
(13) Paper creases. ............................................................................................................................. 1-5-41
(14) Offset occurs. ............................................................................................................................... 1-5-41
(15) Image is partly missing................................................................................................................. 1-5-42
(16) Fixing is poor. ............................................................................................................................... 1-5-42
(17) Image is out of focus. ................................................................................................................... 1-5-42
(18) Image center does not align with the original center. ................................................................... 1-5-43
(19) Image is not square...................................................................................................................... 1-5-43
(20) Image contrast is low (carrier scattering)...................................................................................... 1-5-43
(21) When the large paper deck is used, the center of the original image
and that of the copy image do not align........................................................................................ 1-5-43
(22) There is a regular error between the centers of the original and copy image
when the SRDF is used................................................................................................................ 1-5-44
(23) There is a regular error between the leading edges of
the original and copy image when the SRDF is used................................................................... 1-5-44
1-5-4 Electrical problems ............................................................................................................................. 1-5-45
• Copier
(1) The machine does not operate when the main switch is turned on. ............................................. 1-5-45
(2) The image forming motor does not operate (C200). .................................................................... 1-5-45
(3) The drive motor does not operate (C210). ................................................................................... 1-5-45
(4) Paper feed motor does not operate (C220). ................................................................................. 1-5-45
(5) The scanner motor does not operate. .......................................................................................... 1-5-46
(6) The duplex fan motor does not operate. ....................................................................................... 1-5-46
(7) The optical section motor does not operate. ................................................................................ 1-5-46
(8) The cooling fan motor does not operate. ...................................................................................... 1-5-46
(9) The fixing unit fan motor does not operate. .................................................................................. 1-5-46
(10) LSU fan motor 1 does not operate. .............................................................................................. 1-5-46
(11) LSU fan motor 2 does not operate. .............................................................................................. 1-5-47
(12) The main charger fan motor does not operate. ............................................................................ 1-5-47
(13) The eject fan motor does not operate........................................................................................... 1-5-47
(14) The upper lift motor does not operate (C242). ............................................................................. 1-5-47
(15) The lower lift motor does not operate (C243)............................................................................... 1-5-47
(16) The large paper deck right lift motor does not operate (C230)..................................................... 1-5-47
(17) The large paper deck left lift motor does not operate (C231)....................................................... 1-5-48
(18) Blow fan motor 1 does not operate............................................................................................... 1-5-48
(19) Blow fan motor 2 does not operate............................................................................................... 1-5-48
(20) The toner feed motor does not operate........................................................................................ 1-5-48
(21) The main charger cleaning motor does not operate..................................................................... 1-5-48
(22) The toner agitation motor does not operate. ................................................................................ 1-5-48
(23) The registration clutch does not operate. ..................................................................................... 1-5-49
(24) Feed clutch 1 does not operate.................................................................................................... 1-5-49
(25) Feed clutch 2 does not operate.................................................................................................... 1-5-49
(26) Feed clutch 3 does not operate.................................................................................................... 1-5-49
(27) Feed clutch 4 does not operate.................................................................................................... 1-5-49
(28) Feed clutch 5 does not operate.................................................................................................... 1-5-49
(29) The upper paper feed clutch does not operate............................................................................. 1-5-49
(30) The lower paper feed clutch does not operate. ............................................................................ 1-5-50
(31) The bypass lift clutch does not operate........................................................................................ 1-5-50
(32) The bypass paper feed clutch does not operate. ......................................................................... 1-5-50
(33) The duplex forwarding clutch does not operate............................................................................ 1-5-50
1-1-2
2A0
(34) The duplex reversing clutch does not operate.............................................................................. 1-5-50
(35) The large paper deck conveying clutch does not operate............................................................ 1-5-50
(36) Large paper deck paper feed clutch 1 does not operate.............................................................. 1-5-51
(37) Large paper deck paper feed clutch 2 does not operate.............................................................. 1-5-51
(38) The transfer charger belt release clutch does not operate........................................................... 1-5-51
(39) The duplex eject switching solenoid does not operate................................................................. 1-5-51
(40) The duplex pressure release solenoid does not operate.............................................................. 1-5-51
(41) The feedshift solenoid does not operate. ..................................................................................... 1-5-51
(42) The fixing web solenoid does not operate.................................................................................... 1-5-52
(43) The cleaning lamp does not turn on. ............................................................................................ 1-5-52
(44) The exposure lamp does not turn on............................................................................................ 1-5-52
(45) The exposure lamp does not turn off............................................................................................ 1-5-52
(46) Fixing heater M or S does not turn on (C610). ............................................................................. 1-5-52
(47) Fixing heater M or S does not turn off. ......................................................................................... 1-5-52
(48) Main charging is not performed (C510)........................................................................................ 1-5-52
(49) Transfer charging is not performed (C511). ................................................................................. 1-5-53
(50) No developing bias is output. ....................................................................................................... 1-5-53
(51) The original size is not detected................................................................................................... 1-5-53
(52) The original size is not detected correctly. ................................................................................... 1-5-53
(53) The touch panel keys do not work................................................................................................ 1-5-53
(54) The message requesting paper to be loaded is shown when paper is present
in the large paper deck. ................................................................................................................ 1-5-53
(55) The message requesting paper to be loaded is shown when paper is present
in the upper cassette. ................................................................................................................... 1-5-53
(56) The message requesting paper to be loaded is shown when paper is present
in the lower cassette..................................................................................................................... 1-5-54
(57) The message requesting paper to be loaded is shown when paper is present
on the bypass table. ..................................................................................................................... 1-5-54
(58) The size of paper in the upper cassette is not displayed correctly............................................... 1-5-54
(59) The size of paper in the lower cassette is not displayed correctly................................................ 1-5-54
(60) The size of paper on the bypass table is not displayed correctly. ................................................ 1-5-55
(61) A paper jam in the paper feed, paper conveying or fixing section is indicated
on the touch panel immediately after the main switch is turned on. ............................................. 1-5-55
(62) The message requesting covers to be closed is displayed when the front, upper right,
lower right and eject covers are closed. ....................................................................................... 1-5-56
(63) Others........................................................................................................................................... 1-5-56
• SRDF
(1) The original feed motor does not operate. .................................................................................... 1-5-57
(2) The original conveying motor does not operate. .......................................................................... 1-5-57
(3) The original feed solenoid does not operate. ............................................................................... 1-5-57
(4) The switchback feedshift solenoid does not operate. ................................................................... 1-5-57
(5) The eject feedshift solenoid does not operate. ............................................................................. 1-5-57
(6) The switchback pressure solenoid does not operate. .................................................................. 1-5-57
(7) The original feed clutch does not operate. ................................................................................... 1-5-58
(8) A message indicating cover open is displayed when the SRDF is closed correctly. .................... 1-5-58
(9) An original jams when the main switch is turned on. .................................................................... 1-5-58
1-5-5 Mechanical problems ......................................................................................................................... 1-5-59
• Copier
(1) No primary paper feed. ................................................................................................................. 1-5-59
(2) No secondary paper feed. ............................................................................................................ 1-5-59
(3) Skewed paper feed. ...................................................................................................................... 1-5-59
(4) The scanner does not travel. ........................................................................................................ 1-5-59
(5) Multiple sheets of paper are fed at one time.................................................................................. 1-5-59
(6) No refeed. ..................................................................................................................................... 1-5-59
(7) Paper jams. .................................................................................................................................. 1-5-59
(8) Toner drops on the paper conveying path. ................................................................................... 1-5-60
(9) Abnormal noise is heard. .............................................................................................................. 1-5-60
1-1-3
2A0
• SRDF
(1) No primary original feed. .............................................................................................................. 1-5-61
(2) No secondary original feed........................................................................................................... 1-5-61
(3) Originals jam................................................................................................................................. 1-5-61
1-6 Assembly and Disassembly
1-6-1 Precautions for assembly and disassembly ......................................................................................... 1-6-1
(1) Precautions..................................................................................................................................... 1-6-1
(2) Running a maintenance item.......................................................................................................... 1-6-2
1-6-2 Paper feed section ............................................................................................................................... 1-6-3
(1) Detaching and refitting the forwarding, upper and lower paper feed pulleys.................................. 1-6-3
(2) Detaching and refitting the bypass forwarding roller, bypass upper and
lower paper feed pulleys................................................................................................................. 1-6-6
(2-1) Detaching the bypass paper feed unit................................................................................... 1-6-6
(2-2) Detaching the bypass forwarding roller ................................................................................. 1-6-7
(2-3) Detaching the bypass upper paper feed pulley ..................................................................... 1-6-7
(2-4) Detaching the bypass lower paper feed pulley...................................................................... 1-6-8
(3) Cleaning the paper feed belts......................................................................................................... 1-6-9
(4) Detaching and refitting the deck paper feed roller and deck paper conveying roller.................... 1-6-11
(5) Detaching and refitting the upper and lower paper width switches
(For inch models only.) ................................................................................................................. 1-6-12
(6) Detaching and refitting the bypass paper width switch................................................................. 1-6-14
(7) Adjusting the center registration................................................................................................... 1-6-15
(7-1) Adjusting the position of the rack adjuster........................................................................... 1-6-15
(7-2) Adjusting the position of the center adjuster........................................................................ 1-6-16
(8) Adjustment after roller and clutch replacement ............................................................................ 1-6-17
(8-1) Adjusting the leading edge registration ............................................................................... 1-6-17
(8-2) Adjusting the leading edge registration for duplex switchback copying............................... 1-6-18
(8-3) Adjusting the center line of image printing........................................................................... 1-6-19
(8-4) Adjusting the margins for printing........................................................................................ 1-6-20
(8-5) Adjusting the amount of slack in the paper at the registration roller for drawer,
bypass and duplex feeds..................................................................................................... 1-6-21
1-6-3 Main charging section ........................................................................................................................ 1-6-22
(1) Replacing the charger wire and charger grid assembly ............................................................... 1-6-22
(2) Replacing the grid wire cleaning pad and charger wire cleaning pad .......................................... 1-6-24
1-6-4 Optical section.................................................................................................................................... 1-6-25
(1) Detaching and refitting the exposure lamp................................................................................... 1-6-25
(2) Detaching and refitting the scanner wires .................................................................................... 1-6-26
(2-1) Detaching the scanner wires ............................................................................................... 1-6-26
(2-2) Refitting the scanner wires .................................................................................................. 1-6-27
(3) Replacing the laser scanner unit .................................................................................................. 1-6-29
(4) Replacing the ISU (reference)...................................................................................................... 1-6-30
(5) Adjusting the longitudinal squareness (reference) ....................................................................... 1-6-31
(6) Adjusting scanner image lateral squareness (reference) ............................................................. 1-6-32
(6-1) Adjusting the position of the laser scanner unit................................................................... 1-6-32
(6-2) Adjusting the position of the ISU ......................................................................................... 1-6-34
(7) Adjusting magnification of the scanner in the main scanning direction ........................................ 1-6-35
(8) Adjusting magnification of the scanner in the auxiliary scanning direction................................... 1-6-36
(9) Adjusting the scanner center line ................................................................................................. 1-6-37
(10) Adjusting the scanner leading edge registration........................................................................... 1-6-38
(11) Adjusting the margins for scanning an original on the contact glass............................................ 1-6-39
1-6-5 Drum section ...................................................................................................................................... 1-6-40
(1) Detaching and refitting the drum and drum heater....................................................................... 1-6-40
(2) Detaching and refitting the front and rear drum electrode wires................................................... 1-6-42
(3) Detaching and refitting the drum heater electrodes A and B........................................................ 1-6-44
1-6-6 Developing section ............................................................................................................................. 1-6-45
(1) Adjusting the position of the magnetic brush (developing roller) (reference) ............................... 1-6-45
(2) Checking the position of the doctor blade (reference).................................................................. 1-6-46
(3) Detaching and refitting the developing filter and the upper developing seal ................................ 1-6-47
(4) Detaching and refitting the lower developing shaft and developing blade assembly ................... 1-6-48
1-1-4
2A0
1-6-7 Transfer section ................................................................................................................................. 1-6-49
(1) Detaching and refitting the transfer charger belt .......................................................................... 1-6-49
(2) Detaching and refitting the transfer roller ..................................................................................... 1-6-50
(3) Detaching and refitting the belt cleaning brush ............................................................................ 1-6-51
1-6-8 Cleaning section................................................................................................................................. 1-6-52
(1) Detaching and refitting the cleaning blade ................................................................................... 1-6-52
(2) Detaching and refitting the cleaning brush ................................................................................... 1-6-54
(3) Detaching and refitting the cleaning brush mount ........................................................................ 1-6-55
(4) Detaching and refitting the separation claw assembly ................................................................. 1-6-56
1-6-9 Fixing section ..................................................................................................................................... 1-6-57
(1) Detaching and refitting the fixing unit thermostat ......................................................................... 1-6-57
(2) Detaching and refitting the cleaning felt ....................................................................................... 1-6-58
(3) Detaching and refitting the fixing heaters M and S ....................................................................... 1-6-59
(4) Detaching and refitting the fixing unit thermistor .......................................................................... 1-6-61
(5) Detaching and refitting the lower cleaning roller ........................................................................... 1-6-62
(6) Detaching and refitting the heat roller and press roller ................................................................. 1-6-63
(7) Detaching and refitting the heat roller separation claw................................................................. 1-6-64
(8) Detaching and refitting the press roller separation claw ............................................................... 1-6-65
1-6-10 Duplex section.................................................................................................................................... 1-6-66
(1) Cleaning the duplex switchback rollers ........................................................................................ 1-6-66
(2) Adjusting the position of the duplex eject switching solenoid ....................................................... 1-6-67
(3) Setting the switchback drive ......................................................................................................... 1-6-68
1-6-11 SRDF section ..................................................................................................................................... 1-6-69
(1) Detaching and refitting the DF forwarding pulley and the DF feed pulleys................................... 1-6-69
(2) Adjusting the DF magnification ..................................................................................................... 1-6-70
(3) Adjusting the DF center line ......................................................................................................... 1-6-71
(4) Adjusting the scanning start position when the DF is used .......................................................... 1-6-72
(4-1) Adjusting the DF leading edge registration.......................................................................... 1-6-72
(4-2) Adjusting the DF traling edge registration ........................................................................... 1-6-73
(5) Adjusting the margins for scanning the original from the DF ........................................................ 1-6-74
1-6-12 Others ................................................................................................................................................ 1-6-75
(1) Detaching and refitting the drum grounding plate spring .............................................................. 1-6-75
1-7 Requirements on PCB Replacement
1-7-1 Replacing the main PCB ...................................................................................................................... 1-7-1
1-7-2 Replacing the main PCB ROMs ........................................................................................................... 1-7-2
1-7-3 Adjustment-free variable resisters (VR) ............................................................................................... 1-7-3
2-1 Mechanical construction
2-1-1 Paper feed section ............................................................................................................................... 2-1-1
(1) Paper feed from the cassettes ........................................................................................................ 2-1-1
(2) Paper feed from the large paper deck ............................................................................................ 2-1-5
(2-1) Right cassette paper feed...................................................................................................... 2-1-6
(2-2) Left cassette paper feed........................................................................................................ 2-1-8
(2-3) Raising and lowering the lifts................................................................................................. 2-1-9
(2-4) Detecting the paper level..................................................................................................... 2-1-10
(3) Paper feed from the bypass table ................................................................................................. 2-1-11
2-1-2 Main charging section ........................................................................................................................ 2-1-13
2-1-3 Optical section.................................................................................................................................... 2-1-16
(1) Original scanning .......................................................................................................................... 2-1-17
(2) Image printing ............................................................................................................................... 2-1-18
2-1-4 Developing section ............................................................................................................................. 2-1-20
(1) Formation of magnetic brush ........................................................................................................ 2-1-21
(2) Toner density control .................................................................................................................... 2-1-23
(2-1) Toner empty detection by the toner sensor......................................................................... 2-1-23
(2-2) Controling the toner feed motor and toner agitation motor.................................................. 2-1-24
(2-3) Toner empty detection by the toner level sensor................................................................. 2-1-24
(2-4) Toner control level absolute humidity correction ................................................................. 2-1-24
1-1-5
2A0
2-1-5 Transfer and conveying sections ....................................................................................................... 2-1-25
2-1-6 Cleaning section................................................................................................................................. 2-1-27
2-1-7 Charge erasing section ...................................................................................................................... 2-1-28
2-1-8 Fixing section ..................................................................................................................................... 2-1-29
2-1-9 Feedshift and eject sections............................................................................................................... 2-1-31
2-1-10 Duplex section.................................................................................................................................... 2-1-32
2-1-11 SRDF ................................................................................................................................................. 2-1-35
(1) Original feed section ..................................................................................................................... 2-1-35
(1-1) Original feed timing.............................................................................................................. 2-1-36
(2) Original switchback section .......................................................................................................... 2-1-37
(2-1) Operation of original switchback.......................................................................................... 2-1-38
(3) Original conveying section ............................................................................................................ 2-1-39
(3-1) Original switchback/conveying timing.................................................................................. 2-1-40
2-2 Electrical Parts Layout
2-2-1 Electrical parts layout ........................................................................................................................... 2-2-1
(1) PCBs .............................................................................................................................................. 2-2-1
(2) Switches and sensors ..................................................................................................................... 2-2-2
(3) Motors ............................................................................................................................................. 2-2-4
(4) Clutches and solenoids .................................................................................................................. 2-2-5
(5) Other electrical components ........................................................................................................... 2-2-6
(6) SRDF switches and sensors .......................................................................................................... 2-2-7
(7) SRDF motors .................................................................................................................................. 2-2-8
(8) SRDF clutches and solenoids ........................................................................................................ 2-2-9
2-3 Operation of the PCBs
2-3-1 Power source PCB ............................................................................................................................... 2-3-1
2-3-2 Main PCB ............................................................................................................................................. 2-3-5
2-3-3 Engine PCB........................................................................................................................................ 2-3-15
2-3-4 Operation unit PCB ............................................................................................................................ 2-3-24
2-3-5 Scanner motor PCB ........................................................................................................................... 2-3-27
2-3-6 CCD PCB ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3-30
2-3-7 Inverter PCB....................................................................................................................................... 2-3-33
2-3-8 DF driver PCB .................................................................................................................................... 2-3-33
2-4 Appendixes
Timing chart No. 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-1
Timing chart No. 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-2
Timing chart No. 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-3
Timing chart No. 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-4
Timing chart No. 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-5
Timing chart No. 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-6
Timing chart No. 7 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-7
Timing chart No. 8 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-8
Timing chart No. 9 .......................................................................................................................................... 2-4-9
Timing chart No. 10 ...................................................................................................................................... 2-4-10
Chart of image adjustment procedures ........................................................................................................ 2-4-11
Maintenance parts list................................................................................................................................... 2-4-14
Periodic maintenance procedures ................................................................................................................ 2-4-15
SRDF wiring diagram ................................................................................................................................... 2-4-19
General connection diagram ........................................................................................................................ 2-4-20
1-1-6
1-1-1 Specifications
2A0
Copier
Type ............................................... Console
Copying system..............................Indirect electrostatic system
Originals .........................................Sheets and books
Maximum size: A3/11" × 17"
Original feed system ......................Fixed
2
Copy paper ....................................Cassette and duplex unit: Plain paper (64 – 80 g/m
Bypass table: Plain paper (60 – 160 g/m
2
)
)
Special paper:
Transparencies, tracing paper, colored paper and envelopes (only when used as a
printer)
Note: Use the bypass table for special paper.
Copying sizes.................................Maximum: A3/11" × 17"
1
Minimum: A6R/5
/2" × 81/2"
During duplex copying
Maximum: A3/11" × 17"
1
Minimum: A5R/5
/2" × 81/2"
Magnification ratios ........................ Manual mode: 25 – 400%, 1% increments
Auto copy mode: Fixed ratios
Metric
1:1, 1:4.00/1:2.00/1:1.41/1:1.06/1:0.75/1:0.70/1:0.50/1:0.25
Inch
1:1, 1:4.00/1:2.00/1:1.29/1:1.21/1:0.78/1:0.64/1:0.50/1:0.25
100% magnification........................Copier: ±0.8%
SRDF: ±1.5%
Enlargement/reduction ...................Copier: ±1.0%
SRDF: ±1.5%
Copy speed ....................................At 100% magnification in memory copy mode:
1
A4/11" × 8
A4R/8
A5R/5
/2": 62 copies/min.
1
/2" × 11": 44 copies/min.
1
/2" × 81/2": 62 copies/min.
A3/11" × 17": 32 copies/min.
B4 (257 × 364 mm)/81/2" × 14": 38 copies/min.
B5: 62 copies/min.
B5R: 50 copies/min.
When the SRDF is used (at 100% magnification):
1
A4/11" × 8
First copy time................................ 3.6 s or less (A4/11" × 8
/2": 62 copies/min.
1
/2", 100% magnification, upper cassette, manual copy
density control)
Warm-up time.................................360 s or less (room temperature 20°C/68°F, 65%RH)
With preheat, switchable between 90 s and 30 s (room temperature 20°C/68°F,
65%RH)
Paper feed system ......................... Automatic feed
Capacity:
Cassette (two cassettes): 550 sheets
Large paper deck: 3000 sheets
Manual feed
Capacity:
Bypass: 100 sheets
Multiple copying .............................1 – 999 copies
Photoconductor ..............................a-Si (film thickness 30 µm, drum diameter 84 mm)
Charging system ............................ Single positive corona charging, 900 µA
Recording system ..........................Semiconductor laser
Developing system.........................Dry, reverse developing (double magnet roller)
Developer: 2-component, ferrite carrier and N32T black toner
Density control: Developer density detection
Toner replenishing: Automatic from a toner hopper
Transfer system .............................Transfer belt, approximately 1.2 to 1.3 kV (rated current: 50 µA)
Separation system .........................Transfer belt and separation claws
1-1
1-1-1
1-1
2A0
Fixing system ................................. Heat roller
Heat source:
Halogen heaters (main 970 W for 120 V models/1350 W for 230 V models,
sub 270 W for 120V models/380 W for 230 V models)
Control temperature: 185°C/365°F (at normal ambient temperature)
Abnormally high temperature protection devices: 180°C/356°F thermostats
Fixing pressure: 80 N
Charge erasing system .................. Exposure by cleaning lamp
Cleaning system ............................Cleaning blade
Scanning system............................Flat bed scanning by CCD image sensor
Bitmap memory ..............................64 MB (standard)
Image storage memory .................. 8.5 GB (standard)
Resolution ...................................... 600 × 600 dpi
Light source ...................................Inert gas lamp (24 W)
Dimensions ....................................685 (W) × 795 (D) × 1170 (H) mm
Weight ............................................220 kg/440 lbs
Floor requirements .........................1210 mm (W) × 795 (D) mm
Functions........................................ (1) Self-diagnostics
Power source ................................. 120 V AC, 60 Hz, 13 A
Power consumption........................1560 W (max.) for 120 V models
Options........................................... Side deck, finisher, mailbox, key counter, key card (120 V models only), booklet
15
/16" (W) × 315/16" (D) × 461/16" (H)
26
5
/8" (W) × 315/16" (D)
47
(2) Preheat
(3) Automatic copy density control
(4) Original size detection
(5) Automatic paper selection
(6) Auto selection mode
(7) Automatic magnification selection
(8) Enlargement/reduction copy
(9) Fixed ratio selection
(10) Size zoom mode
(1 1) XY zoom mode
(12) Photo mode
(13) Duplex copy
(14) Margin copy
(15) Print page numbers function
(16) Split copy
(17) Border erasing
(18) Sheet copy
(19) Transparency backing sheet function
(20) Presentation mode
(21) Form overlay
(22) Combine copy
(23) Booklet copy mode
(24) Booklet + cover copy
(25) Sort copy
(26) Invert copy
(27) Mirror image mode
(28) Program copy
(29) Setting change mode
(30) Job build mode
(31) Job reservation function
(32) Department control
(33) Weekly timer
(34) Language selection
220 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 6.5 A (ave.), 8.5 A (max.)
2040 W (max.) for 230/240 V models
stitcher, MMD host monitoring system, print/scan system and tandem copy kit.
1-1-2
SRDF
Original feed system ......................Automatic feed
Originals .........................................Sheets
Original weights .............................Single-sided original mode: 35 – 160 g/m
Double-sided original mode: 50 – 120 g/m
2
2
Original paper ................................Plain paper, thermal paper, art paper and colored paper
1
Original sizes..................................A3 – A5R, folio/11" × 17" – 5
No. of originals ............................... Up to 70 sheets (A3, B4, folio, 11" × 17", 8
Up to 100 sheets (up to A4/11" × 8
/2" × 81/2"
1
/2")
1
/2" × 14")
Up to 30 sheets in the auto selection mode
Art or thermal paper must be fed individually.
Power source ................................. Electrically connected to the copier
2A0
1-1
1-1-3
2A0
1-1-2 Parts names and their functions
1-1
(1) Copier
3
2
1
@
#
)
‹
¤
⁄
0
!
9
4
6
5
^
$
%
°
7
8
‚
·
°
Œ
„
Ø´Áˇ‰¨”ˆ
*
&
›
‡
1 Front cover
2 Operation panel
3 Original size indicator lines
4 Contact glass
5 Operation section right cover
6 Original tray
7 Upper right cover
8 Lower right cover
9 Large paper deck
0 Upper cassette
! Lower cassette
@ Width guide
# Length guide
1-1-4
(
flfi
$ Bypass table
% Support guide
^ Insert guides
& Paper feed section knob
* Paper conveying section
( Paper conveying section release lever
) Fixing unit
⁄ Fixing knob
¤ Total counter
‹ Scanner counter
› Instruction handbook holder
fi Duplex unit
fl Duplex cover
Figure 1-1-1
‡ Re-feeding section
— Handles for transport
· Ejection cover
‚ Main switch
ΠWaste toner tank cover
„ Waste toner tank
´ SRDF
‰ Original table
ˇ Original insert guides
Á Original set indicator
¨ DF opening/closing lever
ˆ Original ejection cover
Ø DF original reversing cover
” Ejection guide
(2) Operation panel
2A0
Metric
Inch
41 5(6 ! @ # ^&
2
1
4
A
A
A
A
A
7
0
3
6
5
9
8
/
C
*%$809732
41 5(6 ! @ # ^&
Data Error
Punch
1
2
14
8
1
2
11
8
Staple
Sort
A
A
1
2
14
8
A
1
2
11
8
A
A
A
Sort
Group
Doc
.
Job
Mgmt
.
Build
Copier
/
Program
Printer
/
Scanner
Manual
Add Job
2
1
4
5
7
8
Stop/
0
Clear
Reset
3
Proof Copy
6
Energy
9
Saver
Interrupt
Start
1-1
1 Punch mode key (indicator)
2 Staple sort key (indicator)
3 Sort mode key (indicator)
4 Brightness adjustment control
5 Job build key
6 Document management key
7 Program key
8 Copier/printer/scanner key
9 Manual key (indicator)
0 Add job key (indicator)
*%$809732
Figure 1-1-2
! Touch panel
@ Numeric keys
# Reset key
$ Stop/clear key
% Start key (indicator)
^ Proof copy key (indicator)
& Energy saver key (indicator)
* Interrupt key
( Data/error indicator
1-1-5
2A0
1-1-3 Machine cross section
1-1
3
8
6
9
0
!
2
4
7
5
1
1-1-6
Figure 1-1-3 Machine cross section
1 Paper feed section
2 Main charging section
3 Optical section
4 Developing section
5 Transfer and paper conveying section
6 Cleaning section
Light path
Paper and original path
7 Charge erasing section
8 Fixing section
9 Feedshift and eject section
0 Duplex section
! SRDF
1-1-4 Drive system
2A0
(1) Drive system 1 (optical section)
6
6
Figure 1-1-4
1 Scanner motor pulley
2 Scanner drive belt
3 Scanner drive pulley
4 Scanner wire drum
5 Scanner wire
6 Scanner wire pulley
5
3
4
1-1
6
1
2
1-1-7
2A0
(2) Drive system 2 (paper feed motor drive train)
1-1
›
°
Á
‡
(
fl
‚
Œ
·
*
fi
⁄
7
„
6
)
ˇ
¤
‹
1
2
3
4
5
‰
´
8
9
0
!
@
1 Idle gear 20
2 Feed gear 22/32
3 Feed drive belt
4 Feed gear 22/32
5 Idle gear 20
6 Upper paper feed clutch gear
7 Idle sub gear 18
8 Feed clutch 4 gear
9 Idle gear 26
0 Paper feed gear 16
! Toner roller gear
@ Feed clutch 5 gear
# Paper feed gear 16
$ Toner roller gear
% Idle sub gear 18
^ Lower paper feed clutch gear
& Idle gear 40
* Idle gear 24
&
^
Figure 1-1-5
( Gear 42/32
) Feed clutch 2 gear
⁄ Gear 38T
¤ Gear 35
‹ Gear 29
› Idle gear 29
fi Idle gear 30
fl Feed gear 55/45
‡ Paper feed motor gear
— Gear 42/32
· Paper feed drive belt
‚ Tension pulley 20
ΠTension pulley 20
„ Tension pulley 20
´ Gear 42/32
‰ Feed clutch 3 gear
ˇ Tension pulley 20
Á Idle pulley 20
#
%
$
1-1-8
(3) Drive system 3 (image forming motor drive train)
6
4
1
2
3
5
7
2A0
1-1
8
9
0
!
1 Drum
2 Drum gear 60/54
3 Drum pulley 26/26
4 Idle pulley
5 Developing gear 30
6 Developing idle gear 27
7 Drum drive belt
8 Idle pulley 24/72
9 Drum idle gear 45
0 Image forming motor gear
! Gear 53/44/33
„
Œ
‚
‡
·
@ Developing spiral gear
# Bypass clutch gear
$ Gear 18
% Idle gear 20
^ Idle gear 20
& Idle gear 20
* Clutch gear 26
( Clutch gear 26
) Clutch gear 26
⁄ Bypass clutch gear
¤ Paper feed pulley B gear
fi
°
fl
›
Figure 1-1-6
‹
¤
⁄
)
@
#
$
%
^
&
(
*
‹ Idle gear 30/15
› Registration upper gear 16
fi Gear 18
fl Feed clutch 1 gear
‡ Paddle A gear
— Idle gear 27
· Gear 18
‚ Registration upper gear 16
ΠRegistration clutch gear
„ Fixing drive gear
1 Developing gear 27
2 Main unit mixing gear 35
3 Toner gear 34
4 Paddle idle gear
5 Developing left spiral gear
4
789!
@
0
5
3
Figure 1-1-7 Developing section
6 Developing rear gear 25
7 Developing idle gear 27/36
8 Developing joint gear
9 Developing idle gear
0 Developing idle lower gear
2
6
#
1
! Developing upper gear
@ Developing lower gear
# Sub unit agitation gear 28
1-1-9
1-1
2A0
(4) Drive system 4 (drive motor drive train)
ˆ
Ø
Ó
Ô
Ç
◊
˛
Ò
ı
¸
Ú
¯
˝
”
Î
Ï
¨
Í
Á
˜
1
Â
2
ˇ
˘
3
‰
´
¿
¡
4
5
Å
„
™
6
£
7
8
¢
9
·
(
⁄
0
‚
)
°
Œ
!
‡
@
fl
#
∞
fi
$
%
›
^
‹
&
*
¤
§
1 Oil roller gear 16
2 Heat roller
3 Heat roller gear
4 Fixing joint gear 36
5 Developing joint gear
6 Idle gear 22
7 Fixing drive gear 36
8 Idle gear 25
9 Fixing idle gear 20T
0 Cleaning drive gear
! Toner supply gear
@ Feedshift gear 21
# Spiral roller gear 19
$ Blade thrust gear 36
% Oil supply roller gear 22
^ Drum
& Drum gear 60/54
* Transfer charger belt release clutch gear
( Toner supply gear
) Loop gear 18
⁄ Idle gear 22
¤ Agitation gear 20
‹ Transfer belt
¶
Figure 1-1-8
› Transfer belt drive roller
fi Idle gear 22
fl Fulcrum gear
‡ Idle gear 40
— Developing drive gear 45
· Oil roller gear
‚ Duplex gear 44
ΠIdle pulley 31/42
„ Developing gear 20
´ Motor idle gear 45
‰ Drive motor gear
ˇ Motor idle gear 56/25
Á Gear 38T
¨ Fixing eject joint gear
ˆ Eject joint gear
Ø Fixing eject joint gear
” Developing gear 20
Å Idle gear 28
Í Oil roller gear 16
Î Gear 30
Ï Gear 19
˝ Fixing eject joint gear
Ó Idle gear 40
Ô Idle gear 28
Æ Eject pulley 24
Ò Switchback drive belt
Ú Forwarding pulley
¸ Paper conveying belt pulley
˛ SB gear 19
Ç Feedshift pulley 22
– Pulley 16
ı Pulley 20
˜ Paper conveying belt pulley
 Pulley 24
¯ Duplex paper conveying belt
˘ Idle gear 40
¿ SB gear 24
¡ Gear 32
™ Gear 36
£ Idle gear 30
¢ Gear 31
∞ Cleaning drive belt
§ Pulley 36
¶ Idle pulley 21
1-1-10
(5) Drive system 5 (large paper deck)
2A0
7
8
3
1
5
2
1 Pulse gear
2 Gear 1.0-24
3 Lift pulley
4 Left lift belt assembly
5 Right lift belt assembly
6 Large paper deck lift motor gear
7 Large paper deck paper feed clutch 2 gear
8 Gear 18
9 Gear 24
0 Gear 18
! Idle gear 31
@ Gear 33
# Gear 18
!@#$%)⁄
9
6
^
0
&
6
Figure 1-1-9
$ Gear 28
% Idle gear 19
^ Gear 20
& Gear 18
* Gear 24
( Gear 18
) Gear 14
⁄ Gear 14
¤ Large paper deck paper feed clutch 1 gear
‹ Paper feed belt pulley
› Paper feed belt
fi Paper feed belt pulley
fl Large paper deck conveying clutch gear
¤
*(
2
3
4
1
‹
›
fi
1-1
fl
1-1-11
2A0
(6) Drive system 6 (duplex section)
1-1
1
3
2
^
9
0
&
!
@
5
8
#
6
7%$
Figure 1-1-10
1 Duplex joint gear
2 Clutch gear 26
3 Paper conveying pulley 40
4 Paper conveying drive belt
5 Paper conveying tension pulley
6 Paper conveying pulley 20
7 Paper conveying pulley 20
8 Duplex registration gear 20/30
9 Clutch gear 26
7
4
0 Front transfer drive gear
! Gear 22
@ Gear 18
# Gear 17
$ Gear 40
% Duplex forwarding clutch gear
^ Gear 40
& Duplex reversing clutch gear
1-1-12
(7) Drive system 7 (SRDF)
2A0
6
1
Figure 1-1-11 SRDF (inside rear of machine)
1 Original feed motor pulley
2 Pulley 35/22/22
3 Idle gear 26
4 Original feed clutch gear
5 DF original feed pulley 18
6 DF forwarding pulley 18
7 Tension pulley
8 Original feed drive belt
9 DF forwarding belt
9
7
5
43
#
@
!
0
8
2
$
&
As viewed from machine rear
0 DF registration pulley 28/18
! Idle gear 15
@ Idle gear 20
# Switchback gear 18
$ DF registration drive belt
% Gear 22/35
^ Original conveying motor pulley
& Gear 28
* Original conveying drive belt 1
1-1
^
*
%
8
7
6
5
9
0
1
4
!
Figure 1-1-12 SRDF (inside front of machine)
1 Lower original conveying pulley 25/18
2 Gear 18/25
3 Eject gear 18
4 Middle original conveying pulley 18
5 Upper original conveying pulley 18
6 JAM release gear 24
3
2
As viewed from machine front
7 Joint gear 14
8 JAM release gear 14
9 Tension pulley
0 Eject drive belt
! Conveying drive belt 2
1-1-13
1-2-1 Drum
Note the following when handling or storing the drum.
• When removing the image formation unit, never expose the drum surface to strong direct light.
• Keep the drum at an ambient temperature between –20°C/–4°F and 40°C/104°F and at a relative humidity not higher
than 85% RH. Avoid abrupt changes in temperature and humidity.
• Avoid exposure to any substance which is harmful to or may affect the quality of the drum.
• Do not touch the drum surface with any object. Should it be touched by hands or stained with oil, clean it.
• If the machine is left open for more than 5 minutes for maintenance, remove the drum and store it in the drum storage
bag (Part No. 78369020).
1-2-2 Developer and toner
Store the developer and toner in a cool, dark place. Avoid direct light and high humidity.
2A0
1-2
1-2-1
1-3-1 Unpacking and installation
(1) Installation procedure
Start
Unpack.
2A0
Remove the tapes.
Remove the pins holding light source units 1 and 2.
Remove the cleaning assembly retainers.
Set the cleaning assembly.
Load developer.
Install the upper developing seal.
Fitl the belt cleaning spacers.
Adjust the fixing pressure.
1-31-3
Carry out initial developer setting.
(maintenance item U130)
Apply toner to the cleaning blade.
(maintenance item U160)
Exit maintenance mode.
Set the cleaning blade.
Load toner.
Install the original tray*.
Make test copies.
Completion of the machine installation.
Connect the power cord.
*For inch models only.
1-3-1
2A0
Unpack.
$^&
*(
›fi
%
2
5
0
8
1-3
°
fl
‹
‡
6
@
!
#
3
)
4
·
⁄
1
3
Figure 1-3-1 Unpacking
9
¤
7
1-3-2
1 Copier
2 Waste toner tanks
3 Bottom pad
4 Right-top pad
5 Left-top pad
6 Skid
7 Inner frame
8 Top case
9 Outer case
0 Tank spacer
! Front transfer spacer
@ Rear transfer spacer
# Upper developing seal
$ Belt cleaning spacers
% Plastic bag
^ Paper labels
& Indication label
* Cassette size labels
( Screws (TP-A bronze, M4 × 10)
) Hinge joints
⁄ Machine cover
¤ Bar code labels
‹ Plastic bag
› Instruction handbook
fi Business reply mail*
fl Original tray*
‡ Plastic bag*
° Accessories case*
· Power code*
*1: Inch models only.
*2: Metric models only.
1
1
1
1
2
Remove the tapes.
1. Remove the tapes holding the SRDF.
2. Remove the tape holding the front cover.
3. Remove the tape holding the right cover.
4. Remove the tapes holding the large paper deck
and cassettes.
5. Remove the tape holding the bypass table.
6. Remove the tapes holding the power cord.*
*Inch models only.
2A0
1-3
Power cord
Figure 1-3-2
7. Draw out the upper cassette and remove the
tapes holding the cassette lift and pull out the
upper developing seal.
Remove the pins holding light source units 1 and 2.
1. Remove the tapes with the two pins holding light
source unit 1 and the one pin holding light source
unit 2 at the left side of the machine, and remove
the each pin.
Upper developing seal
Cassette lift
Figure 1-3-3
Light source
unit 2 pin
Figure 1-3-4
Light source
unit 1 pin
1-3-3
Loading...