Mikroelektronika MIKROBASIC user guide
mikroBASIC
Develop your applications quickly and easily with the world's
most intuitive BASIC compiler for PIC Microcontrollers (families
PIC12, PIC16, and PIC18).
Highly sophisticated IDE provides the power you need with the
simplicity of a Windows based point-and-click environment.
With useful implemented tools, many practical code examples,
broad set of built-in routines, and a comprehensive Help,
mikroBasic makes a fast and reliable tool, which can satisfy
needs of experienced engineers and beginners alike.
BASIC Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers
mikroElektronika
Development tools - Books - Compilers
www.mikroe.com
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Making it simple
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ICD
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DEBUGGER
DEBUGGER
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- BASIC Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers
mikroBASIC
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DISCLAIMER:
mikroBasic and this manual are owned by mikroElektronika and are protected by copyright
law and international copyright treaty. Therefore, you should treat this manual like any other
copyrighted material (e.g., a book). The manual and the compiler may not be copied, partially or as a whole without the written consent from the mikroElektronika. The PDF-edition
of the manual can be printed for private or local use, but not for distribution. Modifying the
manual or the compiler is strictly prohibited.
HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES
The mikroBasic compiler is not fault-tolerant and is not designed, manufactured or intended
for use or resale as on-line control equipment in hazardous environments requiring fail-safe
performance, such as in the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems, air traffic control, direct life support machines, or weapons systems, in which
the failure of the Software could lead directly to death, personal injury, or severe physical or
environmental damage ("High Risk Activities"). mikroElektronika and its suppliers specifically
disclaim any express or implied warranty of fitness for High Risk Activities.
LICENSE AGREEMENT:
By using the mikroBasic compiler, you agree to the terms of this agreement. Only one person may use licensed version of mikroBasic compiler at a time.
Copyright © mikroElektronika 2003 - 2006.
This manual covers mikroBasic version 5.0.0.2 and the related topics. New versions may
contain changes without prior notice.
COMPILER BUG REPORTS:
The compiler has been carefully tested and debugged. It is, however, not possible to
guarantee a 100% error free product. If you would like to report a bug, please contact us at
the address office@mikroe.com. Please include the following information in your bug report:
- Your operating system
- Version of mikroBasic
- Code sample
- Description of a bug
CONTACT US:
mikroElektronika
Voice: + 381 (11) 30 66 377, + 381 (11) 30 66 378
Fax: + 381 (11) 30 66 379
Web: www.mikroe.com
E-mail: office@mikroe.com
Reader’s note
PIC, PICmicro and MPLAB is a Registered trademark of Microchip company. Windows is a
Registered trademark of Microsoft Corp. All other trade and/or services marks are the
property of the respective owners.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 mikroBasic IDE
CHAPTER 2 Building Applications
CHAPTER 3 mikroBasic Reference
CHAPTER 4 mikroBasic Libraries
mmiikkrrooBBAASSIICC UUsseerr’’ss mmaannuuaall
CHAPTER 1: mikroBasic IDE 1
Quick Overview 1
Code Editor 3
Code Explorer 6
Debugger 7
Error Window 10
Statistics 11
Integrated Tools 14
Keyboard Shortcuts 17
CHAPTER 2: Building Applications 19
Projects 20
Source Files 21
Search Paths 21
Managing Source Files 21
Compilation 23
Output Files 23
Assembly View 23
Error Messages 24
CHAPTER 3: mikroBasic Language Reference 27
PIC Specifics 28
mikroBasic Specifics 30
Predefined Globals and Constants 30
Accessing Individual Bits 30
Interrupts 31
Linker Directives 32
Code Optimization 34
mikroICD (In-Circuit Debugger) 35
mikroICD Debugger Options 37
mikroICD Debugger Example 38
mikroICD Overview 42
Lexical Elements 44
Whitespace 44
Comments 45
Tokens 46
Literals 47
Integer Literals 47
Floating Point Literals 47
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Character Literals 48
String Literals 48
Keywords 49
Identifiers 50
Punctuators 51
Program Organization 53
Scope and Visibility 56
Modules 57
Include Clause 57
Main Module 58
Other Modules 59
Variables 60
Constants 61
Labels 62
Symbols 63
Functions and Procedures 64
Functions 64
Procedures 65
Types 67
Simple Types 68
Arrays 69
Multidimensional Arrays 70
Strings 71
Pointers 72
Structures 73
Types Conversions 75
Implicit Conversion 75
Explicit Conversion 76
Arithmetic Conversion 77
Operators 78
Precedence and Associativity 78
Arithmetic Operators 79
Relational Operators 80
Bitwise Operators 81
Expressions 84
Statements 85
asm Statement 85
Migration from older versions (v2.x) 86
Assignment Statements 87
Conditional Statements 87
Iteration Statements 90
Jump Statements 92
Compiler Directives 95
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CHAPTER 4: mikroBasic Libraries 99
Built-in Routines 100
Library Routines 106
ADC Library 107
CAN Library 109
CAN Constants 115
CANSPI Library 121
Compact Flash Library 130
EEPROM Library 142
Ethernet Library 144
SPI Ethernet Library 156
Flash Memory Library 163
I2C Library 166
Keypad Library 171
LCD Library (4-bit interface) 175
LCD Library (8-bit interface) 181
Graphic LCD Library 186
Toshiba T6963C Graphic LCD Library 196
Manchester Code Library 212
Multi Media Card Library 219
OneWire Library 232
PS/2 Library 236
PWM Library 239
RS-485 Library 243
Software I2C Library 249
Software SPI Library 253
Software UART Library 256
Sound Library 259
SPI Library 261
USART Library 265
USB HID Library 269
Util Library 274
Conversions Library 275
Delays Library 281
Math Library 283
String Library 290
SPI Graphic LCD Library 298
Port Expander Library 309
SPI LCD Library (4-bit interface) 317
SPI LCD Library (8-bit interface) 322
SPI T6963C Graphic LCD Library 327
Contact Us 312
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mikroBasic IDE
mikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers.
It is designed to provide the customer with the easiest possible solution for
developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.
Highly advanced IDE, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive
documentation, and plenty of ready to run examples should be more than enough
to get you started in programming microcontrollers.
QUICK OVERVIEW
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mikroBasic allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:
- Write your BASIC source code using the highly advanced Code Editor
- Use the included mikroBasic libraries to dramatically speed up the development:
data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications…
- Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer.
Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible
with all programmers.
- Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger.
Get detailed reports and graphs on code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree…
- We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as
building bricks in your projects.
Code
Explorer
Error
Window
Watch
Window
Code
Editor
Breakpoints
Window
Code
Assistant
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The Code Editor is advanced text editor fashioned to satisfy the needs of professionals. General code editing is same as working with any standard text-editor,
including familiar Copy, Paste, and Undo actions, common for Windows environment.
Advanced Editor features include:
- Adjustable Syntax Highlighting
- Code Assistant
- Parameter Assistant
- Code Templates
- Auto Correct for common typos
- Bookmarks and Goto Line
You can customize these options from Editor Settings dialog. To access the settings, click Tools > Options from the drop-down menu, or click the Tools icon.
CODE EDITOR
Tools Icon.
Code Assistant [CTRL+SPACE]
If you type first few letter of a word and then press CTRL+SPACE, all valid identifiers matching the letters you typed will be prompted to you in a floating panel
(see the image). Now you can keep typing to narrow the choice, or you can select
one from the list using the keyboard arrows and Enter.
Parameter Assistant [CTRL+SHIFT+SPACE]
The Parameter Assistant will be automatically invoked when you open a parenthesis "(" or press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACE. If name of valid function or procedure
precedes the parenthesis, then the expected parameters will be prompted to you in
a floating panel. As you type the actual parameter, next expected parameter will
become bold.
Code Template [CTR+J]
You can insert the Code Template by typing the name of the template (for
instance, whileb), then press CTRL+J, and Editor will automatically generate
code. Or you can click button from Code toolbar and select template from the list.
You can add your own templates to the list. Just select Tools > Options from the
drop-down menu, or click the Tools Icon from the Settings Toolbar, and then
select the Auto Complete Tab. Here you can enter the appropriate keyword,
description, and code of your template.
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Auto Correct
The Auto Correct feature corrects some common typing mistakes. To access the
list of recognized typos, select Tools > Options from the drop-down menu, or click
Tools Icon from Settings Toolbar, and then select Auto Correct Tab. You can also
add your own preferences to the list.
Comment/Uncomment
The Code Editor allows you to comment or uncomment selected block of code by
a simple click of a mouse, using the Comment/Uncomment icons from the Code
Toolbar.
Bookmarks
Bookmarks make navigation through large code easier.
CTRL+<number> : Goto bookmark
CTRL+SHIFT+<number> : Set bookmark
Goto Line
Goto Line option makes navigation through large code easier. Select Search >
Goto Line from the drop-down menu, or use the shortcut CTRL+G.
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Comment /
Uncomment Icon.
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The Code Explorer is placed to the left of the main window by default, and gives
clear view of every declared item in the source code. You can jump to declaration
of any item by right clicking it, or by clicking the Find Declaration icon. To
expand or collapse treeview in Code Explorer, use the Collapse/Expand All icon.
Also, two more tab windows are available in the Code Explorer. QHelp Tab lists
all the available built-in and library functions, for a quick reference. Double-clicking a routine in the QHelp Tab opens the relevant Help topic. Keyboard Tab lists
all the available keyboard shortcuts in mikroBasic.
CODE EXPLORER
Collapse/Expand
All Icon.
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Source-level Debugger is an integral component of mikroBasic development environment. It is designed to simulate operations of Microchip Technology's
PICmicros and to assist users in debugging software written for these devices.
Debugger simulates program flow and execution of instruction lines, but does not
fully emulate PIC device behavior: it does not update timers, interrupt flags, etc.
After you have successfully compiled your project, you can run the Debugger by
selecting Run > Debug from the drop-down menu, or by clicking Debug Icon .
Starting the Debugger makes more options available: Step Into, Step Over, Run to
Cursor, etc. Line that is to be executed is color highlighted.
Debug [F9]
Start the Debugger.
Run/Pause Debugger [F6]
Run or pause the Debugger.
Step Into [F7]
Execute the current BASIC (single– or multi–cycle) instruction, then halt. If the
instruction is a routine call, enter the routine and halt at the first instruction following the call.
Step Over [F8]
Execute the current BASIC (single– or multi–cycle) instruction, then halt. If the
instruction is a routine call, skip it and halt at the first instruction following the
call.
Step Out [Ctrl+F8]
Execute the current BASIC (single– or multi–cycle) instruction, then halt. If the
instruction is within a routine, execute the instruction and halt at the first instruction following the call.
Run to cursor [F4]
Executes all instructions between the current instruction and the cursor position.
DEBUGGER
Start Debugger.
Step Into.
Step Over.
Step Out.
Pause Debugger.
Run to Cursor.
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Jump to Interrupt [F2]
Jump to address
$04 for PIC12/16 or to address $08 for PIC18 and execute the
procedure located at that address.
Toggle Breakpoint [F5]
Toggle breakpoint at the current cursor position. To view all the breakpoints, select
Run > View Breakpoints from the drop-down menu. Double clicking an item in
window list locates the breakpoint.
Watch Window
Debugger Watch Window is the main Debugger window which allows you to
monitor program items while running your program. To show the Watch Window,
select View > Debug Windows > Watch Window from the drop-down menu.
The Watch Window displays variables and registers of PIC, with their addresses
and values. Values are updated as you go through the simulation. Use the dropdown menu to add and remove the items that you want to monitor. Recently
changed items are colored red.
Double clicking an item opens the Edit Value window in which you can assign a
new value to the selected variable/register. Also, you can change view to binary,
hex, char, or decimal for the selected item.
Jump to Interrupt.
Toggle
Breakpoint.
Stopwatch Window
Debugger Stopwatch Window is available from the drop-down menu,
View > Debug Windows > Stopwatch.
The Stopwatch Window displays the current count of cycles/time since the last
Debugger action. Stopwatch measures the execution time (number of cycles) from
the moment Debugger is started, and can be reset at any time. Delta represents the
number of cycles between the previous instruction line (line where the Debugger
action was performed) and the active instruction line (where the Debugger action
landed).
Note: You can change the clock in the Stopwatch Window; this will recalculate
values for the newly specified frequency. Changing the clock in the Stopwatch
Window does not affect the actual project settings – it only provides a simulation.
View RAM Window
Debugger View RAM Window is available from the drop-down menu,
View > Debug Windows > View RAM.
The View RAM Window displays the map of PIC’s RAM, with recently changed
items colored red. You can change value of any field by double-clicking it.
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In case that errors were encountered during compiling, compiler will report them
and won't generate a hex file. The Error Window will be prompted at the bottom
of the main window.
Error Window is located under message tab, and displays location and type of
errors compiler has encountered. The compiler also reports warnings, but these do
not affect generating hex code. Only errors can interefere with generation of hex.
Double click the message line in the Error Window to highlight the line where the
error was encountered.
Consult the Error Messages for more information about errors recognized by the
compiler.
ERROR WINDOW
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After successful compilation, you can review statistics of your code. Select
Project > View Statistics from the drop-down menu, or click the Statistics icon.
There are six tab windows:
Memory Usage Window
Provides overview of RAM and ROM memory usage in form of histogram.
Procedures (Graph) Window
Displays functions in form of histogram, according to their memory allotment.
STATISTICS
Statistics Icon.
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Procedures (Locations) Window
Displays how functions are distributd in microcontroller’s memory.
Procedures (Details) Window
Displays complete call tree, along with details for each procedure and function:
size, start and end address, calling frequency, return type, etc.
RAM Window
Summarizes all GPR and SFR registers and their addresses. Also displays symbolic names of variables and their addresses.
ROM Window
Lists op-codes and their addresses in form of a human readable hex code.
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USART Terminal
mikroBasic includes the USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) communication terminal for RS232 communication. You can launch
it from the drop-down menu Tools > Terminal or by clicking the Terminal icon.
ASCII Chart
ASCII Chart is a handy tool, particularly useful when working with LCD display.
You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools > ASCII chart.
INTEGRATED TOOLS
7 Segment Display Decoder
The 7seg Display Decoder is a convenient visual panel which returns decimal/hex
value for any viable combination you would like to display on 7seg. Click on the
parts of 7 segment image to the left to get the desired value in the edit boxes. You
can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools > 7 Segment Display.
EEPROM Editor
EEPROM Editor allows you to easily manage EEPROM of PIC microcontroller.
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mikroBootloader
mikroBootloader can be used only with PICmicros that support flash write.
1. Load the PIC with the appropriate hex file using the conventional programming
techniques (e.g. for PIC16F877A use p16f877a.hex).
2. Start mikroBootloader from the drop-down menu Tools > Bootoader.
3. Click on Setup Port and select the COM port that will be used. Make sure that
BAUD is set to 9600 Kpbs.
4. Click on Open File and select the HEX file you would like to upload.
5. Since the bootcode in the PIC only gives the computer 4-5 sec to connect, you
should reset the PIC and then click on the Connect button within 4-5 seconds.
6. The last line in then history window should now read “Connected”.
7. To start the upload, just click on the Start Bootloader button.
8. Your program will written to the PIC flash. Bootloader will report an errors that
may occur.
9. Reset your PIC and start to execute.
The boot code gives the computer 5 seconds to get connected to it. If not, it starts
running the existing user code. If there is a new user code to be downloaded, the
boot code receives and writes the data into program memory.
The more common features a bootloader may have are listed below:
- Code at the Reset location.
- Code elsewhere in a small area of memory.
- Checks to see if the user wants new user code to be loaded.
- Starts execution of the user code if no new user code is to be loaded.
- Receives new user code via a communication channel if code is to be loaded.
- Programs the new user code into memory.
Integrating User Code and Boot Code
The boot code almost always uses the Reset location and some additional program
memory. It is a simple piece of code that does not need to use interrupts; therefore,
the user code can use the normal interrupt vector at 0x0004. The boot code must
avoid using the interrupt vector, so it should have a program branch in the address
range 0x0000 to 0x0003. The boot code must be programmed into memory using
conventional programming techniques, and the configuration bits must be programmed at this time. The boot code is unable to access the configuration bits,
since they are not mapped into the program memory space.
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Below is the complete list of keyboard shortcuts available in mikroBasic IDE. You
can also view keyboard shortcuts in the Code Explorer, tab Keyboard.
IDE Shortcuts
F1 Help
CTRL+SHIFT+E Edit Project
Ctrl+N New Module
Ctrl+O Open
SHIFT+F9 Build all
Ctrl+F9 Compile
F11 Program
F12 Options
CTRL+F11 Compile and program
Ctrl+Shift+F5 View breakpoints
Basic Editor shortcuts
F3 Find, Find Next
CTRL+A Select All
CTRL+C Copy
CTRL+F Find
CTRL+P Print
CTRL+R Replace
CTRL+S Save module
CTRL+SHIFT+S Save As
CTRL+V Paste
CTRL+X Cut
CTRL+Y Redo
CTRL+Z Undo
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Advanced Editor shortcuts
Ctrl+Space Code Assistant
Ctrl+Shift+Space Parameter Assistant
Ctrl+D Find declaration
CTRL+E Incremental search
Ctrl+G Goto line
Ctrl+J Insert Code Template
Ctrl+L Procedures list
CTRL+/ Toggle line comment
Ctrl+number Goto bookmark
Ctrl+Shift+number Set bookmark
Ctrl+Shift+I Indent selection
Ctrl+Shift+U Unindent selection
Alt+Select Select columns
Tab Indent selection
Shift+Tab Unindent selection
Ctrl+Alt+Select Select columns
Alt+F3 Find in files
Debugger Shortcuts
F4 Run to Cursor
F5 Toggle Breakpoint
F6 Run/Pause Debugger
F7 Step into
F8 Step over
Ctrl+F8 Step out
F9 Debug
F2 Jump to Interrupt
Ctrl+F2 Reset
Ctrl+F5 Add to watch
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Building Applications
Creating applications in mikroBasic is easy and intuitive. Project Wizard allows
you to set up your project in just few clicks: name your application, select chip,
set flags, and get going.
mikroBasic allows you to distribute your projects in as many modules as you find
appropriate. You can then share your mikroCompiled Libraries (
.mcl files) with
other developers without disclosing the source code. The best part is that you can
use .mcl bundles created by mikroPascal or mikroC!
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mikroBasic organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file
(extension .pbp) and one or more source files (extension .pbas). You can compile source files only if they are part of a project.
Project file carries the following information:
- project name and optional description
- target device
- device flags (config word) and device clock
- list of project source files with paths
New Project
The easiest way to create project is by means of New Project Wizard, drop-down
menu Project > New Project. Just fill the dialog with desired values (project name
and description, location, device, clock, config word) and mikroBasic will create
the appropriate project file.
Also, an empty source file named after the project will be created by default.
mikroBasic does not require you to have source file named same as the project,
it’s just a matter of convenience.
Editing Project
Later, you can change project settings from the drop-down menu Project > Edit.
You can add or remove source files from project, rename the project, modify its
description, change chip, clock, config word, etc.
To delete a project, simply delete the folder in which the project file is stored.
PROJECTS
New Project.
Edit Project.
Source files containing BASIC code should have the extension .pbas. List of
source files relevant for the application is stored in project file with extension
.pbp, along with other project information. You can compile source files only if
they are part of a project.
Search Paths
You can specify your own custom search paths. This can be configured by selecting Tools > Options from the drop-down menu and Compiler > Search Paths.
When including source files with the
include clause, mikroBasic will look for
the file in following locations, in this particular order:
1. mikroBasic installation folder > “defs” folder
2. mikroBasic installation folder > “uses” folder
3. your custom search paths
4. the project folder (folder which contains the project file
.pbp)
Managing Source Files
Creating a new source file
To create a new source file, do the following:
Select File > New from the drop-down menu, or press CTRL+N, or click the New
File icon. A new tab will open, named “Untitled1”. This is your new source file.
Select File > Save As from the drop-down menu to name it the way you want.
If you have used New Project Wizard, an empty source file, named after the project with extension
.pbas, is created automatically. mikroBasic does not require
you to have the source file named same as the project, it’s just a matter of convenience.
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mikroBASIC
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SOURCE FILES
New File.
Opening an Existing File
Select File > Open from the drop-down menu, or press CTRL+O, or click the
Open File icon. The Select Input File dialog opens. In the dialog, browse to the
location of the file you want to open and select it. Click the Open button.
The selected file is displayed in its own tab. If the selected file is already open, its
current Editor tab will become active.
Printing an Open File
Make sure that window containing the file you want to print is the active window.
Select File > Print from the drop-down menu, or press CTRL+P, or click the Print
icon. In the Print Preview Window, set the desired layout of the document and
click the OK button. The file will be printed on the selected printer.
Saving File
Make sure that window containing the file you want to save is the active window.
Select File > Save from the drop-down menu, or press CTRL+S, or click the Save
icon. The file will be saved under the name on its window.
Saving File Under a Different Name
Make sure that window containing the file you want to save is the active window.
Select File > Save As from the drop-down menu, or press SHIFT+CTRL+S. The
New File Name dialog will be displayed. In the dialog, browse to the folder where
you want to save the file. In the File Name field, modify the name of the file you
want to save. Click the Save button.
Closing a File
Make sure that tab containing the file you want to close is the active tab. Select
File > Close from the drop-down menu, or right click the tab of the file you want
to close in Code Editor. If the file has been changed since it was last saved, you
will be prompted to save your changes.
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Open File.
Print File.
Save File.
Save File As.
Close File.
When you have created the project and written the source code, you will want to
compile it. Select Project > Build from the drop-down menu, or click the Build
Icon, or simply hit CTRL+F9.
Progress bar will appear to inform you about the status of compiling. If there are
errors, you will be notified in the Error Window. If no errors are encountered,
mikroBasic will generate output files.
Output Files
Upon successful compilation, mikroBasic will generate output files in the project
folder (folder which contains the project file
.pbp). Output files are summarized
below:
Intel HEX file (
.hex)
Intel style hex records. Use this file to program PIC MCU.
Binary mikro Compiled Library (
.mcl)
Binary distribution of application that can be included in other projects.
List File (
.lst)
Overview of PIC memory allotment: instruction addresses, registers, routines, etc.
Assembler File (
.asm)
Human readable assembly with symbolic names, extracted from the List File.
Assembly View
After compiling your program in mikroBasic, you can click View Assembly Icon
or select Project > View Assembly from the drop-down menu to review generated
assembly code (.asm file) in a new tab window. Assembly is human readable
with symbolic names. All physical addresses and other information can be found
in Statistics or in list file (.lst).
If the program is not compiled and there is no assembly file, starting this option
will compile your code and then display assembly.
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- BASIC Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers
mikroBASIC
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View Assembly
Icon.
Build Icon.
COMPILATION
Error Messages
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ERROR MESSAGES
Message Message Number
Error: "%s" is not a valid identifier 1
Error: Unknown type "%s" 2
Error: Identifier "%s" was not declared 3
Error: Expected "%s" but "%s" found 4
Error: Argument is out of range 5
Error: Syntax error in additive expression 6
Error: File "%s" not found 7
Error: Invalid command "%s" 8
Error: Not enough parameters 9
Error: Too many parameters 10
Error: Too many characters 11
Error: Actual and formal parameters must be identical 12
Error: Invalid ASM instruction: "%s" 13
Error: Identifier "%s" has been already declared 14
Error: Syntax error in multiplicative expression 15
Error: Definition file for "%s" is corrupted 16
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