Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
•Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
•Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
•There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
•Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
•Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
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Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron,
dsPIC, K
EELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART,
PRO MATE, PowerSmart, rfPIC and SmartShunt are
registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A. and other countries.
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SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded Control Solutions
Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology
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Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 certification for its worldwide
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Company’s quality system processes and procedures are for its PIC
8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ
microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and analog products. In addition,
Microchip’s quality system for the design and manufacture of
development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.
All documentation becomes dated, and this manual is no exception. Microchip tools and
documentation are constantly evolving to meet customer needs, so some actual dialogs
and/or tool descriptions may differ from those in this document. Please refer to our web site
(www.microchip.com) to obtain the latest documentation available.
Documents are identified with a “DS” number. This number is located on the bottom of each
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For the most up-to-date information on development tools, see the MPLAB
Select the Help menu, and then Topics to open a list of available on-line help files.
®
IDE on-line help.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains general information that will be useful to know before using the
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit. Items discussed in this chapter
include:
• Document Layout
• Conventions Used in this Guide
• Recommended Reading
• The Microchip Web Site
• Customer Support
DOCUMENT LAYOUT
This document describes the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit. The
manual layout is as follows:
• Chapter 1. “Quick Start” – Describes the MCP2030 Bidirectional
Communication Demo Kit set-up instructions.
• Chapter 2. “System Overview” – A system overview of the MCP2030
Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit is discussed.
• Chapter 3. “Hardware and Firmware Overview” – Describes the MCP2030
Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit hardware and firmware.
• Appendix A. “Schematic and Layouts” – Shows the schematic and board
layouts for the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit.
• Appendix B. “Bill of Materials (BOM)” - Lists the parts used to build the demo
boards that make up MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit.
Consult this document for instructions on how to use the PICkit 2 Microcontroller
Programmer hardware and software.
PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 Data Sheet (DS41232)
Data sheet for the PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 8/14-pin Flash-based, 8-bit CMOS
microcontrollers with nanoWatt technology.
PIC18F2585/2680/4585/4680 Data Sheet (DS39625)
Data sheet for the PIC18F2585/2680/4585/4680 28/40/44-pin enhanced Flash
microcontrollers with ECAN
MCP2030 Data Sheet, “Three-Channel Analog Front-End Device“ (DS21981)
Data sheet for the MCP2030 device.
TC4421/TC4422 Data Sheet, “High-Speed MOSFET Drivers” (DS21420)
Data sheet for the TC4421/TC4422 9A High-Speed MOSFET Driver. Gives an
overview of the device including electrical characteristics.
MCP3421 Data Sheet, “18-Bit Delta-Sigma Analog-to-Digital Converter with I
Interface and On-Board Referece” (DS22003)
Data sheet for the MCP3421 18-Bit Delta-Sigma Analog-to-Digital Converter.
™
technology, 10-bit A/D and nanoWatt technology.
2
C
THE MICROCHIP WEB SITE
Microchip provides online support via our web site at www.microchip.com. This web
site is used as a means to make files and information easily available to customers.
Accessible by using your favorite Internet browser, the web site contains the following
information:
• Product Support – Data sheets and errata, application notes and sample
programs, design resources, user’s guides and hardware support documents,
latest software releases and archived software
• General Technical Support – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), technical
support requests, online discussion groups, Microchip consultant program
member listing
• Business of Microchip – Product Selector Guide, latest Microchip press
releases, listing of seminars and events, listings of Microchip sales offices,
distributors and factory representatives
CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Users of Microchip products can receive assistance through several channels:
• Distributor or Representative
• Local Sales Office
• Field Application Engineer (FAE)
• Technical Support
• Development Systems Information Line
Customers should contact their distributor, representative or field application engineer
for support. Local sales offices are also available to help customers. A listing of sales
offices and locations is included in the back of this document.
Technical support is available through the web site at: http://support.microchip.com
This section provides the user a quick step-by-step instruction guide on how to set-up
the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit.
1.1.1Transponder Unit
Connect power to the Transponder unit by inserting a 3V NiHM (CR2032) battery to the
battery holder in the bottom side of the Transponder. When the Transponder is
powered on, it is waiting for a 125 kHz low frequency (LF) command from the Base
Station unit. On the PCB, there are three LF antenna coils: One large air-core coil on
the bottom side and two ferrite-core coils on the top side. These three coils detect
125 kHz low frequency (LF) signals from x, y, and z directions. The Transponder also
has a SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) based UHF transmitter. A rectangular loop trace
on the PCB is the UHF antenna. The Transponder has two LED diodes. A green LED
(D6) will blink when the Transponder receives a valid LF command, and a red LED (D7)
will blink when it transmitting an UHF response.
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
1.1.2Base Station Unit:
Supply power to the Base Station unit with a 9V - 18V power supply. As soon as the
power is supplied, the LED D2 will light on, and the unit starts transmitting an LF
command.The unit also waits for the responses from the Transponder at any time,
except during the transmission of the LF command. When the unit receives a valid
response from the Transponder, the LED D3 will blink and the received Transponder
ID and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value will be displayed on the LCD.
MPLAB® ICD 2
Programming Jack
9V
Power
Supply
UHF
Antenna
UHF Receiver
Module
125 kHz LF
Antenna
1.1.3When both the Base Station and Transponder units are
powered-on:
When the two units are powered-on, they will communicate by themselves. The Base
Station sends a 125 kHz LF command and the Transponder responds to the command.
When the Transponder is placed within about 2 meters to the Base Station unit, the two
units may have a successful communication with each other and the Base Station unit
will display the received Transponder ID and RSSI value on the LCD. This is called a
bidirectional communication. User can test the RSSI by moving the Transponder within
the Base Station’s LF field. The RSSI value will increase as the Transponder comes
closer to the Base Station antenna and decrease as moves away from it. The two units
are communicating with each other as long as the boards are powered. You can also
test one directional communication from the Transponder to the Base Station unit by
pressing button switch (SW3 or SW4) on the Transponder. The range of the one
directional communication is about 20 meters.
This MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit shows you how to create a
smart hands-free bidirectional communication system using the stand-alone MCP2030
and microcontroller. All MCU firmware used for both the Transponder and Base Station
units are included in the CD ROM provided with the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit. The user can easily modify the firmware for their own applications.
This section describes how to use the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo
Kit.
The MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit consists of two Transponders
and a Base Station unit. The Transponder consists of an MCP2030 (stand-alone
three-axis analog front-end device), a PIC16F636, and an MCP3421(18-bit
delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter). Unlike the existing PKE Reference Design
System (P/N: APGRD001) from Microchip Technology Inc., this Transponder uses
stand-alone devices for the bidirectional passive keyless entry (PKE) operation. This
system also demonstrates the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) function using
the MCP3421 delta-sigma ADC. When the Transponder receives a Base Station command, it transmits its ID and sampled RSSI value. By monitoring or mapping the RSSI
values, the user can estimate location or motion of the transponder with respect to the
Base Station unit. For example, for the automotive passive keyless entry (PKE) applications, the Base Station mounted inside the vehicle can determine whether the transponder is located inside or outside of the vehicle, or in the front or back seat in the
vehicle.
The Base Station unit consists of a PIC18F4680, a low frequency (LF) power amplifier,
an LF receiver section, a 434 MHz UHF receiver module, an LCD display, and
CAN/LIN transceiver sections. The components in the LF receiver section and the
CAN/LIN transceiver sections are populated on the PCB for future use, but their
functions are not utilized for this demo version. Any user who needs these features can
contact Microchip Technology Inc. for further information.
The MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit has been designed for easy
modification by customers. The firmware of both the Transponder and Base Station
units can be easily modified using the MPLAB
MCP2030 BIDIRECTIONAL
COMMUNICATION DEMO KIT
Chapter 2. System Overview
®
in-circuit serial programmers.
USER’S GUIDE
Response
LCD
434 MHz AM
Receiver
(PIC18F4680)
Microcontroller
Base StationTransponder
LF
Transmitter/
Receiver
LED
125 kHz
LC Series
Resonant Circuit
LF Command
(125 kHz)
(UHF)
Ant. X
Ant. Y
Ant. Z
125 kHz
LC Parallel
Resonant Circuit
434 MHz
Transmitter
(PIC16F636)
(MCP2030)
Analog Front-End
LED
Button
SW
MCU
ADC
(MCP3421)
FIGURE 2-1:MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication System Block Diagram.
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
2.2OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW
When the MCP2030 Base Station unit is powered on using a 9 V power supply and the
MCP2030 transponder demo board is powered-on using a 3V lithium battery, the
system works as follows:
(a) The Base Station unit transmits an LF command. Requesting the Transponder’s ID
and RSSI data.
(b) When the Transponder receives the LF command, it transmits its 32-bit ID and RSSI
data via the UHF (434 MHz) link.
(c) When the Base Station unit receives the response from the Transponder, it displays
the Transponder ID and RSSI value on the LCD.
(d) The system repeats steps (a) through (c) as long as the power is supplied.
(e) If the button switch SW3 or SW4 on the Transponder is pressed, the Transponder
transmits the button data (SW3: Unlock door, SW4: Lock door). The Base Station unit
displays the button message on the LCD.
Figure 2-2 shows the communication sequence between the Base Station and the
Transponder units. Figure 2-3 shows the Base Station’s LF command and the
demodulated data by the MCP2030.
10 bit LF Command
from Base Station
Change back
Demodulated data output
from MCP2030
MCP3421
converts
RSSI to digital
values
Transponder Data Stream:
Header + 32 ID bits + 16 RSSI bits + 6 Parity bits + Stop bit
= Header + 54 Data bits + 1 Stop bit
MCP2030 configuration
register for
demodulated output
Continuous LF for
RSSI Sample
MCU Sends
a Soft Reset
Command to
MCP2030
ADC conversion
Completed here
FIGURE 2-2:Base Station Command and Transponder Response.
The following section provides an overview of the hardware and MCU firmware
algorithm used in the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit.
3.2MCP2030 BASE STATION DEMO BOARD
3.2.1Technical Specifications
Normal Operating Voltage:9 - 18V, Current Rating > 500 mA
LF Frequency
(LF Command Frequency)
UHF AM Receiving Frequency:433.92 MHz
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):2x16 characters
Communication Protocols:See
USER’S GUIDE
125 kHz
Figure 2-2, Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2
3.2.2Microcontroller (PIC18F4680)
The PIC18F4680 is used in this unit. The MCU provides an 125 kHz PWM for LF
command and decodes incoming Transponder responses. If the response is valid, it
displays the received data on the LCD and also blinks the LED D3. The PIC18F4680
has both a CAN controller and a LIN compatible EUSART features. The CAN and LIN
transceiver components are populated on the Base Station Demo Board, but their functions are not implemented for this demo version.
3.2.3433.92 MHz UHF Receiver Module
The Base Station Demo Board uses a 433.92 MHz AM super-regenerative compact
hybrid receiver module. The AM UHF receiver receives the responses from the
Transponder. The receiver has very high frequency stability over a wide operating
temperature and tolerance of mechanical vibrations or manual handling. The AM
receiver module has about -90 dBm of input sensitivity. The user can use their own
receiver module of any frequency of interest as long as the frequency and
modulation/demodulation method matches with those of the transmitter on the
Transponder.
3.2.4LCD
A standard 16 pin 2x16 monochromes LCD is used to display the response from the
Transponder.
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
3.2.5125 kHz Low Frequency Command Initiator
The 125 kHz PWM from the PIC18F4680 is power boosted by the MOS FET driver
(TC4422). The PWM square pulse becomes a sine wave as the current passes through
the LC series resonant circuit formed by L1 and C2, C3, and C4 on the Base Station
Demo Board. The current that is passing through the L1 generates a magnetic field.
When this magnetic field transmitted from the Base Station Demo Board is passing
through the Transponder Demo Board’s antenna coil, it produces a voltage. This
voltage is detected by the MCP2030 LF front-end device and the information carried on
the voltage is processed by the PIC16F636 microcontroller on the transponder.
See Recommended Reading for more details of the near-field magnetic coupling
principles.
3.2.6Power
Power can be supplied through J1 power jack. The voltage should be in the range of
9 - 18 VDC with a current rating greater than 500 mA.
3.2.7MCU FIRMWARE ALGORITHM
The bidirectional communication method between the Base Station Demo Board and
Transponder Demo Board is shown in Figure 2-2. The Base Station Demo Board sends
an LF command, receives the responses from the Transponder Demo Board, and displays the received responses on the LCD. The Base Station Demo Board repeats the
transmitting and receiving functions as long as its power supply is connected.
Figure 3-1 shows the LF command data format and waveform. The receiving data for-
mat is shown in Figure 3-5. The MCU firmware for the communication algorithm is
included on the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit CD ROM.
AGC Stabilization Time
4ms
High Duration
AGC Stabilization Time
Gap
500 ms
Gap
Wake-Up Filter
2ms
High Duration
Wake-Up Filter
Low Duration
Transmitting Data: LSB First
2ms
Command Type
+ Continuous LF
3C+Parity + Stop bit
+LF turns-on for 50 ms
Receiving Data: LSB First
Command Type (3C)
= 1100 0011P
= LSB first of 3C (hex)
Continuous LF Field
This allows the Transponder
to sample the RSSI data
Waiting for Response
32 bit ID+RSSI+Parity Bits
(Parity bit per byte)
Stop bit
FIGURE 3-1:Base Station Demo Board LF Command Data Format.
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
3.3MCP2030 TRANSPONDER DEMO BOARD
3.3.1Technical Specifications
LF Input Frequency:125 kHz
LF Input Modulation Format:Amplitude Modulation
Encoding Method:Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Operating Voltage:2 - 3.6V. See Note 1
LF Input Sensitivity:~3 mVPP. See Note 2
LF Detection Range:Up to 3 meters
Transmitting Frequency:433.92 MHz
UHF Range:Up to ~ 20 meters
Bidirectional Communication RangeUp to 3 meters
Note 1:The minimum requirement for V
the V
stable.
2:Contact Microchip Technology Inc. for the device option with higher
than 3 mVpp sensitivity.
less than 2.7V, the ADC result of the RSSI value may not be
DD
3.3.2Microcontroller (PIC16F636)
of the MCP3421ADC is 2.7V. For
DD
The Transponder Demo Board uses a PIC16F636 microcontroller. This MCU is the
same device that is used inside the PIC16F639 which is a dual die package device
(PIC16F639 = PIC16F636 die + MCP2030 die in a single 20-pin package). The MCU
interfaces with the MCP2030 stand-alone analog front-end device for LF
communications and the MCP3421 delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter for RSSI
data conversion. When the MCU is first powered-up, it writes the MCP2030
configuration registers and also writes the configuration register of the MCP3421 ADC
(for 16 bit and one-shot mode).The MCP3421 stays in a low power standby mode after
one conversion. The MCU also stays in a low power sleep mode while the MCP2030
is looking for a valid LF command.
The MCU is waken up by the demodulated output from the MCP2030 or by a button
switch event (SW3 and SW4). The MCU decodes the demodulated output data from
the MCP2030. If the data is a valid command, it blinks the green LED (D6) and reads
the RSSI value by controlling the MCP3421 ADC. Once the RSSI value is acquired, the
MCU feeds the transponder ID and the RSSI data into the 433.92 MHz UHF
transmitter. The transmitted data from the UHF transmitter is detected by the RF
receiver in the Base Station Demo Board and the data is displayed on the LCD.
When a button switch is pressed, the MCU feeds a corresponding data into the UHF
transmitter. The red LED (D7) blinks each time the transponder transmits the UHF
response. The red LED also blinks when the transponder receives invalid data.
3.3.3Three-Input LF (125 kHz) Front-End (MCP2030)
The MCP2030 detects the Base Station Demo Board’s LF command using three LF
antenna coils that are mounted on the Transponder Demo Board PCB. The Configuration registers of the MCP2030 are configured by the MCU when the Transponder Demo
Board is powered up the first time, and are re-configured during operation. The MCU
controls the MCP2030 for two different outputs: (a) Demodulated data and (b)
Received Signal Strength Indicator output (RSSI). When it is detecting input signals,
the device is configured for the demodulated data output. Once the MCU finds a valid
LF command, then the MCU re-configures the MCP2030 for the RSSI output. In this
case, the MCP2030 outputs the RSSI current that is proportional to the LF input signal
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
strength. This current output is fed into a resistor and the voltage across the resistor is
fed into the MCP3421 ADC input pin. The converted16-bit ADC output is then fed into
the MCU.
The function of the MCP2030 is controlled by its configuration register settings. Highly
intelligent signal detection and response (bidirectional communications) is possible by
utilizing the MCP2030 configuration register settings. The user can easily change or
modify the included firmware for different settings of the MCP2030 configuration
registers for their own applications.
3.3.4 UHF Transmitter (433.92 MHz)
A 433.92 MHz UHF transmitter is used to transmit the Transponder Demo Board data
to the Base Station Demo Board. The UHF transmitter is based on a surface acoustic
wave (SAW) resonator. The transmitter is turned on during the high duration of the data
and off during the low duration of the bit data.
Note:The design and layout of this transmitter is not sufficient to ensure
compliance with EC or FCC regulations.
3.3.5Analog-to-Digital Converter (MCP3421)
The Transponder Demo Board uses an MCP3421 ADC to convert the analog RSSI
output of the MCP2030 to digital data. The MCP3421 is a delta-sigma analog-to-digital
converter with 12, 14, 16, and 18 bit mode options. In this demo board, the converter
is configured for the 16 bit and one-shot mode. When the transponder is powered-up,
the MCU sends an I
conversion. After one conversion, the device stays in a low power standby mode.
During this mode, the device draws only about 1 µA. When the MCP2030 analog
front-end device receives a valid Base Station command, then the MCU sends an I
read command to the MCP3421 ADC for the analog-to-digital data conversion. At this
moment, the Base Station Demo Board transmits a continuous LF signal for about
50 ms allowing the MCP2030 to collect the RSSI values. The RSSI voltage across the
RSSI load resistor is fed into the MCP3421 input pin. After the MCU sends the I
command, it is waiting for the MCP3421 to complete the conversion by checking the
RDY
bit of the MCP3421 output. In typical operation, it takes about 50 ms to complete
a 16 bit conversion. See Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3 for more information on the ADC
operation.
2
C write command to the MCP3421 for one-shot mode and 16 bit
2
C read
2
C
TABLE 3-1:PIC16F636 I/O CONNECTIONS
PORT PinFunctionNotes
Port A
RA0Switch 4ICSP™ Data
RA1ICSP Clock
RA2Switch 3
RA3ICSP MCLR
RA4LFDATA Input from MCP2030, SPI SDIO for MCP2030
MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit User’s Guide
3.3.6Programming of the Transponder
The Transponder Demo Board has a Programming Connector (J1) for In-Circuit Serial
Programming™ (ICSP™). See Figure 3-3 for the J1 Programming Connector. The
transmitter can therefore be re-programmed using the PICkit
removing the microcontroller from the board.
®
2 (or PICkit® 1) without
MCLR
ICSPDAT
ICSPCLK
no connection
1
V
2
CC
V
3
SS
4
5
6
FIGURE 3-3:J1 Programming Connector.
3.3.7Power
The Transponder Demo Board is powered by a standard Lithium 3V coin cell battery.
3.3.8Microcontroller Firmware Algorithm
When the Transponder Demo Board is powered on, the PIC16F636 (MCU) programs
the configuration registers of the MCP2030 and also the configuration register of the
MCP3421 (ADC). After these set-up procedures, the MCU enters a low-power sleep
mode while the MCP2030 is looking for a valid LF command. The MCU is waken-up by
the demodulated output from the MCP2030 or button switch event. If the MCU receives
a valid demodulated data from the MCP2030, then it transmits its 32 bit transponder ID
followed by the 16 bit received signal strength indicator (RSSI) data. If the MCU is
waken-up by a switch event (SW3 and SW4), it transmits the corresponding switch
event data. The data is always attached to the header (See Figure 3-5). The Transponder ID is set to “04234567” and programmed in the EEPROM. The RSSI data is proportional to the LF signal strength. Therefore, the RSSI data increases as the
Transponder Demo Board comes closer to the Base Station Demo Board. The Transponder Demo Board transmits each byte LSB first and also transmits a parity bit at
end of each byte. See Figure 3-5 for more details of the Transponder Demo Board data
stream. Figure 3-4 shows the firmware flow chart.
The MCU firmware is included in the MCP2030 Bidirectional Communication Demo Kit
CD ROM.