MICROCHIP HCS512 Technical data

HCS512

KEELOQ® Code Hopping Decoder

FEATURES

Security

• Secure storage of Manufacturer’s Code

• Secure sto rage of transmitter’s keys

• Up to four transmitters can be learned

•K

• Normal and secure learning mechanisms

Operating

• 4.0V – 6.0V operation

• 4 MHz external RC oscillator

• Learning indication on LRNOUT

• Auto baud rate detection

• Power saving SLEEP mode

Other

• Stand-alone decoder

• On-chip EEPROM for transmitter storage

• Four binary function outputs–15 functions

• 18-pin DIP/SOIC package

Typical Applications

• Automotive remote entry systems

• Automotive alarm systems

• Automotive immobilizers

• Gate and garage openers

• Electronic door locks

• Identity t okens

• Burglar alarm systems

Compatible Encoders

All KEELOQ encoders and transponders configured for
the following setting:

• PWM modulation format (1/3-2/3)

•T

•10 x TE Header

• 28-bit Serial Number

• 16-bit Synchronization counter

• Discrimination bit s equal to Serial Num ber 8 LSbs

• 66- to 69-bit length code word.



EELOQ

E in the range from 100 µs to 400 µs

code hopping technology

DESCRIPTION

The Microchip Technology Inc. HC S51 2 is a c od e ho p­ping decoder designed for secure Remote Keyless
Entry (RKE) systems. The HCS512 utilizes the pat­ented K

EELOQ code hopping system and high security

learning mechanisms to make this a canned solution
when used with the HCS en co ders to i mp lem en t a un i­directional remote keyless entry system.

PACKAGE TYPE

PDIP, SOIC

NC

S0

S1

S2

S3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

18

RFIN

NC

17

OSCIN

16

HCS512

15
14
13
12
11
10

OSC

VDD

DATA

CLK

SLEEP

V

LOW

OUT

LRNIN

LRNOUT

MCLR

GND

BLOCK DIAGRAM

RFIN

EEPROM CONTROL

OSCIN

OSCILLATOR

The Manufacturer’s Code, transmitter keys, and syn­chronization information are stored in protected on­chip EEPROM. The HCS512 uses the DATA and CLK
inputs to load the Manufacturer’s Code which cannot
be read out of the device.

Reception Register

DECRYPTOR

OUTPUT

S0 S1 S3S2VLOW

CONTROL

DATA
CLK

LRNIN
MCLR

SLEEP

LRNOUT

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 1

HCS512

The HCS512 operates over a wide voltage range of

3.0 volts to 6.0 volts. The decoder employs automatic
baud rate detection which allows it to compensate for
wide variations in transmitter data rate. The decoder
contains sophisticated error checking algorithms to
ensure only valid codes are accepted.

1.0 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Key Terms

The following is a l ist of key te rms us ed thro ughout this
data sheet. For additional information on K
Code Hopping, refer to Technical Brief 3 (TB003).

• RKE - Remote Keyless Entry

• Button Status - Indicates what button input(s)
activated the transmission. Encompasses the 4
button status bits S3, S2, S1 and S0 (Figure8-2).

• Code Hopping - A method by which a code,
viewed externally to the system, appears to
change unpredictably each time it is transmitted.

• Code word - A block of data that is repeatedly
transmitted upon button activation (Figure8-1).

• Transmission - A data stream consisting of
repeating code words (Figure 8-1).

• Crypt key - A unique and secret 64-bit number
used to encrypt and decrypt data. In a symmetri­cal block cipher such as the K
the encryption and de cry pti on k ey s a re equal and
will therefore be refer red to generally as the crypt
key.

• Encoder - A device that generates and encodes
data.

• Encryption Algorithm - A recipe whereb y data i s
scrambled using a crypt k ey . The dat a can only be
interpreted by the respe ctive dec ryptio n algo rithm
using the same crypt key.

• Decoder - A device that decodes data received
from an encoder.

• Decryption algorithm - A recipe whereby data
scrambled by an encryption algorithm can be
unscrambled using the same crypt key.

• Learn – Learning invol ves the recei ver calcula ting
the transmitter’s app ropr i ate crypt key, decrypting
the received hopping code and storing the serial
number, synchronization counter value and crypt
key in EEPROM. The K
itates several learning strategies to be imple­mented on the decoder. The following are
examples of what can be done.

- Simple Learning

The receiver uses a fixed crypt key, common
to all components of all system s by the s am e
manufacturer, to decrypt the received code
word’s encrypted portion.

- Normal Learning

The receiver uses information transmitted

EELOQ algorithm,

EELOQ product family fa cil-

EELOQ and

during normal operation to derive the crypt
key and decrypt the received code word’s
encrypted portion.

- Secure Learn
The transmitter is activated through a special
button combinat ion to t ransmit a stored 60-bit
seed value used to generat e the trans mitter’s
crypt key. The receiver uses this seed value
to derive the same crypt key and decrypt the
received code word’s encrypted portion.

• Manufacturer’s code – A unique and secret 64-
bit number used to generate un ique encoder crypt
keys. Each encoder is programmed with a crypt
key that is a function of the manufacturer’s code.
Each decoder is programmed with the manufac­turer code itself.

1.1 HCS Encoder Overview

The HCS encoders have a small EEPROM array wh ich
must be loaded with several parameters before use.
The most important of these values are:

• A crypt key that is generated at the time of pro­duction

• A 16-bit sy nchronizati on counter value

• A 28-bit serial number w hich is meant to be
unique for every encoder

The manufacturer program s the serial nu mber for eac h
encoder at the time of production, while the ‘Key Gen­eration Algorithm’ generat es the crypt k ey (Figure 1-1).
Inputs to the key generation algorithm typically consist
of the encoder’s serial number and a 64-bit manufac­turer’s code, which the manufacturer creates.

Note: The manufact urer co de is a pivo tal part of

the system’s overall security. Conse­quently, all possible precautions must be
taken and maintained for this code.

DS40151D-page 2  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

FIGURE 1-1: CREATION AND STORAGE OF CRYPT KEY DURING PRODUCTION

Production
Programmer

Manufacturer’s

Code

The 16-bit synchronization counter is the basis behind
the transmitted code word changing for each transmis­sion; it increments each time a button is pressed. Due

to the code hoppin g algorith m’s complex ity, each incre­ment of the synchronization value results in greater
than 50% of the bits changing in the transmitted code
word.

Figure 1-2 shows how the key values in EEPROM are
used in the encoder . O nce the encoder dete cts a button
press, it reads the button inputs and updates the syn­chronization counter. The synchronization co unter and
crypt key are input to the encryption algorithm and the
output is 32 bits of encrypted information. This data will
change with every button press, its value appearing
externally to ‘ran domly h op aroun d’, hence it is re ferred
to as the hopping portion of the code word. The 32-bit
hopping code is combined with the button information
and serial numb er to fo rm the code word transm itted to
the receiver. The code word format is explained in
greater detail in Section 8.2.

Transmitter

Serial Number

Key

Generation

Algorithm

HCS512

EEPROM Array

Serial Number

Crypt Key
Sync Counter

Crypt

Key

A receiver may use any type of controller as a decoder,
but it is typically a microcontroller with compatible firm­ware that allows the decoder to operate in conjunction
with an HCS512 based transmitter. Section 5.0
provides detail on integrating the HCS512 into a sys­tem.

A transmitter must first be ‘learned’ by the receiver
before its use is allowed in the system. Learning
includes calculating the transmitter’s appropriate crypt
key, decrypting the received hopping code and storing
the serial number, synchronization counter value and
crypt key in EEPROM.

In normal operation, each received message of valid
format is evaluated. The serial number is used to deter­mine if it is from a learned transmitter. If from a learned
transmitter, the message is decrypted and the synchro­nization counter is verified. Finally, the button status is
checked to see what operation is requested. Figure 1-3
shows the relationship between some of the values
stored by the receiver and the values received from
the transmitter.

.

.

.

FIGURE 1-2: BUILDING THE TRANSMITTED CODE WORD (ENCODER)

EEPROM Array

Crypt Key

Sync Counter

Serial Number

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 3

KEELOQ

Encryption

Algorithm

Button Press

Information

Serial Number

Transmitted Information

Encrypted Data

32 Bits

HCS512

FIGURE 1-3: BASIC OPERATION OF RECEIVER (DECODER)

1

Received Information

Button Press
Information

Serial Number

32 Bits of

Encrypted Data

EEPROM Array

Manufacturer Code

Check for

2

Match

KEELOQ
Decryption
Algorithm

Perform Function
Indicated by

5

button press

NOTE: Circled numbers indicate the order of execution.

Decrypted

Synchronization

Counter

3

Serial Number

Sync Counte r

Crypt Key

Check for

4

Match

2.0 PIN ASSIGNMENT

PIN

1 LRNIN
2 LRNOUT O TTL Learn output - indicates learning
3NC — TTL Do not connect

4MCLR
5 Ground P — Ground connection
6S0 OTTL Switch 0
7S1 OTTL Switch 1
8S2 OTTL Switch 2

9S3 OTTL Switch 3
10 V
11 SLEEP I TTL Connect to RFIN to allow wake-up from SLEEP
12 CLK I/O

13 DATA I/O
14 V

15 OSCOUT (1MHZ) O TTL Oscillator out (test point)
16 OSC
17 NC — —
18 RFIN I TTL RF input from receiver

Note 1: P = power, I = in, O = out, and ST = Schmitt Trigger input.

Decoder

Function

LOW O TTL Battery low indication output

DD P — Power connection

IN (4MHz) I ST Oscillator in – recommended values 4.7 kΩ and 22 pF

2: Pin 12 and Pin 13 have a dual purpose. After RESET, these pins are used to determine if Programming

mode is selected in which case they are the clock and data lines. In normal operation, they are the clock
and data lines of the synchronous data output stream.

(1)

I/O

I TTL Learn input - initiates learning, 10K pull-up required on input

I ST Master clear input

Buffer

Type

TTL/ST
TTL/ST

(1)

(2)
(2)

Description

Clock in Programming mode and Synchronous mode

Data in Programming mode and Synchronous mode

DS40151D-page 4  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS

3.1 Parallel Interface

The HCS512 activates the S3, S2, S1 & S0 outputs
when a new valid code is received. The outputs will be
activated for approxi mat ely 50 0 ms. I f a repeated code
is received during this time, the output extends for
approximately 500 ms.

3.2 Serial Interface

The decoder has a PWM/Synchronous interface con­nection to microcontrol lers with l imited I/O. An output
data stream is generated when a valid transmission is
received. The data stream consists of one START bit,
four function bits, one bit for battery status, one bit to
indicate a repeated transmission, two status bits, and
one STOP bit. (Table 3-1). The DA T A and CLK line s are
used to send a synchronous event message.

FIGURE 3-1: DATA OUTPUT FORMAT

STARTS3S2S1S0

FIGURE 3-2: STATUS MESSAGE FORMAT

A special statu s mess age is transmitted on the sec on d
pass of learn. Th is al lows th e cont rollin g mic rocont rol­ler to determine if the learn w as successful (R esult = 1)
and if a previous transmitte r was overwritten (Overwri te
= 1). The status message is shown in Figure 3-2.

Table 3-1 show the values for TX1:0 and th e number of
transmitters learned.

TABLE 3-1: STATUS BITS

TX1 TX0 Number of Transmitters

00 One
01 Two
10 Three
11 Four

VLOW

TX1 TX0 STOPREPEAT

START0000

A 1-wire PWM or 2-wire synchronous interface can be used.
In 1-wire mode, the data is transmitted as a PWM signal with a basic pulse width of 400 µs.
In 2-wire mode, Synchronou s mode PWM bit s sta rt on the rising edg e of the clock, an d the bits must be sampl ed on the

falling edge. The START bit is a ‘1’ and the STOP bit is ‘0’.

FIGURE 3-2: PWM OUTPUT FORMAT

600 µs

CLK

DATA

S3START S2 S1 S0 VLOW RPT Reserved Reserved STOP

1200 µs

(1)

RESUL T

TX1 TX0 STOPOVRWR

1/31/31/3

LOGIC “1”

LOGIC “0”

1200 µs

Note: The Decoder output PWM format logic (“1” / “0”) is reversed with respe ct of the Encoder modulat ion format.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 5

HCS512

4.0 DECODER OPERATION

4.1 Learning a Transmitter to a
Receiver

Either the serial number-based learning method or the
seed-based learning method can be selected. The
learning method is s elected in t he config uration byte. In
order for a transmitter to be used with a decoder, the

transmitter must f irst be ‘learn ed’. When a transmitte r is
learned to a decoder, the decoder stores the crypt key,
a check value of the serial number and current syn­chronization value in EEPROM. The decoder must
keep track of these values for every transmitter that is
learned. The maxim um numbe r of trans mitters that can
be learned is four. The decoder must also contain the
Manufacturer’s Code in order to learn a transmitter.
The Manufacturer’s Code will typically be the same for
all decoders in a system.

The HCS512 has four memory slots. After an “erase
all” procedure, all the memory slots will be cleared.
Erase all is activated by taking LRNIN
mately 10 seconds . When a new transm itter is lea rned,
the decoder searches for an empty memory slot and
stores the transmitter’s informati on in that memory slo t.
When all memory slots are full, the decoder randomly
overwrites existing transmitters.

4.1.1 LEARNING PROCEDURE

Learning is activated by taking the LRNIN input low for
longer than 64 ms. Thi s inp ut req uire s an external pull­up resistor.

To learn a new transmitter to the HCS512 decoder, the
following sequence is required:

1. Enter Learning mode by pulling LRNIN

longer than 64 ms. The LRNOUT output will go
high.

2. Activate the transmitter until the LRNOUT out-

put goes low indic ating re cepti on of a v alid code
(hopping message).

3. Activate the transmitter a second time until the

LRNOUT toggles for 4 seconds (in Secure
Learning mode, the seed transmission must be
transmitte d dur in g the s eco nd sta ge o f le arn by
activatin g the ap propria te butt ons on t he trans ­mitter).

If LRNIN
learn status indication, the indication will be ter­minated. Onc e a succe ssful l earning sequen ce
is detected, the indication can be terminated
allowing quick learning in a manufacturing
setup.

4. The transmitter is no w lea r ned in to t he d ec oder.

5. Repeat steps 1-4 to learn up to four tran smitters.

6. Learning will be terminated if two non-sequential

codes were received or if two acceptable codes
were not decoded within 30 seconds.

is taken low momentarily during the

low for approxi-

low for

The following checks are performed on the decoder to
determine if the transmission is valid during learn:

• The first code word is checked for bit integrit y.

• The second code word is c hec ke d f or b it i nte grit y.

• The hopping code is decrypted.

• If all the checks pass, the serial number and syn­chronization counters are stored in EEPROM
memory.

Figure 4-1 shows a flow chart of the learn sequence.

FIGURE 4-1: LEARN SEQUENCE

Enter Learn

Mode

Wait for Reception

of a Valid Code

Wait for Reception

of Second

Non-Repeated

V alid Code

Generate Key

from Serial Number

or Seed Value

Use Generated Key

to Decrypt

Compare Discrimination

Value with Serial Number

Equal

?

Yes

Learn successful. Store:

Serial number check value

Synchronization counter

crypt key

Exit

No

Learn

Unsuccessful

DS40151D-page 6  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

4.2 Validation of Codes

The decoder waits for a transmission and checks the
serial number to determine if the transmitter has been
learned. If learned, the decoder decryp ts the en crypted
portion of t he t rans mis sio n us ing t he cr ypt k ey. It uses
the discrimination bits to determine if the decryption
was valid. If everything up to this point is valid, the
synchronization value is evaluated.

4.3 Validation Steps

Validation consists of the following steps:

• Search EEPROM to find the Serial Number
Check Value Match

• Decrypt the Hopping Code

• Compare the 10 bits of discrimination value with
the lower 10 bits of serial number

• Check if the synchronization counter falls within
the first synchronization window.

• Check if the synchronization counter falls within
the second synchronization window.

• If a valid transmission is found, update the syn­chronization coun ter , el se use the next t ransmi tter
block and repeat the tests.

FIGURE 4-2: DECODER OPERATION

Start

No

Transmission

Received

?

Yes

No

Decrypt Transmission

No

No

Does

Ser # Check Val

Match

?

Yes

Is

Decryption

Valid

?

Yes

Is

Counter

Within 16

?

No

Is

Counter

Within 32K

?

Yes

Execute

Command

and

Update

Counter

Yes

Save Counter

in Temp Location

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 7

HCS512

4.4 Synchronization with Decoder
(Evaluating the Counter)

The KEELOQ technology patent scope includes a
sophisticated synchronization technique that does not
require the calculation and s torage of future codes. The
technique sec urely blocks inva lid transmission s while
providing transparent resynchronizat ion to t r ans mi tte rs
inadvertently activated away from the receiver.

Figure 4-3 shows a 3-partition, rotating synchronization
window. The size of each window is optional but the
technique is fundamental. Each time a transmission is
authenticated, the intended function is executed and
the transmission’s synchronization counter value is
stored in EEPROM. From the currently stored counter
value there is an initial "Single Operation" forward win­dow of 16 codes. If the difference between a received
synchronization counter and the last stored counter is
within 16, the intended fun ction wi ll be ex ecuted on the
single button press and the new synchronization
counter will be st ored. Stori ng the new s y nch ron iz atio n
counter value ef fectively rot ates the entire synchroniza­tion window.

A "Double Operation" (resynchronization) window fur­ther exists from the Si ngle Ope ration wind ow up to 3 2K
codes forward of the currently stored counter value. It

is referred to as "Double Operation" because a trans­mission with synchronization counter value in this win­dow will require an additional, sequential counter
transmissi on prior to execut ing the intended function.
Upon receiving the sequential transmission the
decoder executes the intended function and stores the
synchroniz ation co unter va lue. Th is resy nchroniz ation
occurs transparently to the user as it is human nature
to press the button a second t ime if the first was un suc­cessful.

The third window is a "Blocked Window" ranging from
the double operation window to the currently stored
synchroniz ation counter value. An y transmission with
synchronization counter value within this window will
be ignored. This window excludes previously used,
perhaps code-grabbed transmissions from accessing
the system.

Note: The synchronization method described in

this section is only a typic al implement ation
and because it is usually implemented in
firmware, it can be altered to fit the needs
of a particular system.

FIGURE 4-3: SYNCHRONIZATION WINDOW

Entire Window
rotates to eliminate
use of previously
used codes

Blocked
Window

(32K Codes)

Double Operation

(resynchronization)

Window

(32K Codes)

4.5 SLEEP Mode

The SLEEP mode of the HCS512 is used to reduce
current consumption when no RF input signal is
present. SLEEP mode will only be effective in systems
where the RF re ceiver is relat ively q uiet when no si gnal
is present. During SLEEP, the clock stops, thereby sig­nificantly reducing the operating current. SLEEP mode
is enabled by the SLEEP bit in the configuration byte.

The HCS512 will enter SLEEP mode when:

• The RF line is low

• After a function output is switched off

• Learn mode is terminated (time-out reached)

Stored
Synchronization
Counter Value

Single Operation

Window

(16 Codes)

The device will not enter SLEEP mode when:

• A function output is active

• Learn sequence active

• Device is in Programming mode
The device will wake-up from SLEEP when:

• The SLEEP input pin changes state

• The CLOCK line changes state
Note: During SLEEP mode the CLK line will

change from an output line to an input line
that can be used to wake-up the device.
Connect CLK to
to reliably enter the Learn mode whenever
SLEEP mode is active.

LRNIN via a 100K resistor

DS40151D-page 8  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

5.0 INTEGRATING THE HCS512 INTO A SYSTEM

The HCS512 can act as a stand-alone decoder or be
interfaced to a microcontroller. Typical stand-alone
applications include garage door openers and elec­tronic door locks. In stand-alone applications, the
HCS512 will handle learning, reception, decryption,
and validation of the received code; and generate the
appropriate output. For a garage door opener, the
HCS512 input will be conne cted t o an RF recei ver, and
the output, to a relay driver to connect a motor control­ler.

Typical systems where the HCS512 will be connected
to a microcontroller include vehicle and home security
systems. The HCS51 2 input wil l be connect ed to an RF
receiver and the function outputs to the microcontroller.
The HCS512 will hand le all the decod ing fun ctions an d
the microcontroller, all the system functi ons. T he Seria l
Output mode with a 1- or 2-wire interface can be used
if the microcontroller is I/O limited.

6.0 DECODER PROGRAMMING

The PG306001 production programmer will allow easy
setup and programming of the configuration byte and

the manufacturer’s code.

6.1 Configuration Byte

The configuration b yte is used to set sys tem c onfigu ra­tion for the decoder. The LRN bits determine which
algorithm (Decrypt or XOR ) is used for th e key g enera­tion. SC_LRN determines whether normal learn (key
derived from serial number) or secure learn (key
derived from seed value) is used.

TABLE 6-1: CONFIGURATION BYTE

Bit Name Description

0 LRN0 Learn algorithm select
1 LRN1 Not used
2 SC_LRN Secure Learn enable (1 = enabled)
3 SLEEP SLEEP enable (1 = enabled)
4 RES1 Not used
5 RES2 Not used
6 RES3 Not used
7 RES4 Not used

TABLE 6-2: LEARN METHOD LRN0, LRN1

DEFINITIONS

LRN0 Description

0 Decrypt algorithm
1 XOR algorithm

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 9

HCS512

6.2 Programming the Manufacturer’s

Code

The manufacturer’s code must be programmed into
EEPROM memory through the synchronous program­ming interface using the DA T A and CLK lines. Provi sion
must be made for connections to these pins if the
decoder is going to be programmed in circuit.

Programming mode is activated if the CLK is low for at
least 1 ms and then goes high within 64 ms after power­up, stays high for longer than 8 ms but not longer than
128 ms. After entering Programming mode the 64-bit
manufacturer’s code, 8-bit c onfigu rati on byte, and 8-bit
checksum is sent to the device using the synchronous
interface. After receiv ing the 80-bit message th e check­sum is verified and the information is written to
EEPROM. If the programming operation was success­ful, the HCS512 will respond with an Acknowledge
pulse.

After programming the manufacturer’s code, the
HCS512 decoder will automatically activate an
Erase All function, removing all transmitters from the
system.

6.3 Download Format

The manufacturer’s code and configuration byte must
be downloaded Least Significant Byte, Least Signifi­cant bit first as shown in Table 6-3.

6.4 Checksum

The checksum is used by the HCS512 to check that the
data downloaded was correctly received before pro­gramming the dat a. The check sum is calcul ated so that
the 10 bytes added together (discarding the overflow
bits) is zero. The checksum can be calculated by add­ing the first 9 bytes of dat a togethe r and sub tracting th e
result from zero. Throughout the calculation the over­flow is discarded.

Given a manufacturer’s code of 01234567­89ABCDEF
checksum is calculated as shown in Figure 6-1. The
checksum is 3F16.

and a Configuration Word of 116, the

16

6.5 Test Transmitter

The HCS512 decoder will automatically add a test
transmitter each time an Erase All Function is done. A
test transmitter is defined as a transmitter with a serial
number of zero. After an Erase All, the test transmitter
will always work without l earning and will not c heck th e
synchronization counter of the transmitter. Learning of
any new transmitters will erase the test transmitter.

Note 1: A transmitter with a serial number o f ze ro

cannot be learned. Learn will fail after the
first transmission.

2: Always learn at least one transmitter aft er

an Erase All sequence. This ensures that
the test transmitter is erased.

TABLE 6-3: DOWNLOAD DATA

Byte 9 Byte 8 Byte 7 Byte 6 Byte 5 Byte 4 B yte 3 Byte 2 Byte 1 Byte 0

Check-

sum

Config

Man

Key_7

Man

Key_6

Man

Key_5

Man

Key_4

Man

Key_3

Byte 0, right-most bit downloaded first.

Man

Key_2

Man

Key_1

FIGURE 6-1: CHECKSUM CALCULATION

0116 + 2316 = 24
2416 + 4516 = 69
6916 + 6716 = D0
D016 + 8916 = 159
5916 + AB16 = 10416 (Carry is discarded)

+ CD16 = D116 (Carry is discarded)

04

16

+ EF16 = 1C0

D1

16

C016 + 116 = C116 (Carry is discarded)

- C116) + 116 = 3F

(FF

16

6
16

16

16

16

16

Man

Key_0

DS40151D-page 10  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

FIGURE 6-2: PROGRAMMING WAVEFORMS

MCLR

T

CKL

Bit1Bit0 Bit78 Bit79

CLK

(Clock)

DAT

(Data)

T

PS

T

PH1

Enter Program Mode

T

PH2

T

CKH

80-bit Data Package

T

ACK

Acknowledge

HCS512

T

ACKH

Ack

pulse

TABLE 6-4: PROGRAMMING TIMING REQUIREMENTS

Parameter Symbol Min. Max. Units

Program mode setup time TPS 1 64 ms

Hold time 1 TPH1 8 128 ms
Hold time 2 TPH2 0.05 320 ms

Clock High Time TCKH 0.05 32 0 ms
Clock Low Time TCKL 0.050 320 ms

Acknowledge Time TACK —80ms

Acknowledge duration TACKH 1 — ms

Note: FOSC equals 4 MHz.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 11

HCS512

7.0 KEY GENERATION SCHEMES

The HCS512 decode r h as tw o k ey g ene rati on sc he me s. N orm al l earn ing u se s the tra ns mitter’s serial number to de riv e
two input seeds which are used as inputs to the key generation algorithm. Secure learning uses the seed transmission
to derive the two input seeds. Two key generation algorithms are available to convert the inputs seeds to secret keys.
The appropriate scheme is selected in the Configuration Word.

FIGURE 7-1:

Serial

Number

Manufacturer’s

Key

Seed

Patched

Key Generation

Algorithms

------------------­Decrypt

XOR

Encoder

Key

7.1 Normal Learning (Serial Number Derived)

The two input seeds are composed from the serial number in two ways, depending on the encoder type. The encoder
type is determine d from th e numb er of bit s in the inc oming tran smis sion. SourceH is used to calc ulate the upp er 32 bits
of the crypt key, and SourceL, for the lower 32 bits.

For 28-bit serial number encoders (66 / 67-bit transmissions):

SourceH = 6H + 28 bit Serial Number
SourceL = 2H + 28 bit Serial Number

7.2 Secure Learning (Seed Derived)

The two input seeds are c om pos ed fr om the s eed val ue th at is tran sm itted during secure lear ni ng. Th e lo w er 32 b it s of
the seed transmission is used to compose the lower seed, and the upper 32 bits, for the upper seed. The upper 4 bits
(function code) are set to zero.

For 32-bit seed encoders:

SourceH = Serial Number
SourceL = Seed

32 bits

Lower 28 bits

(with upper 4 bits always zero)

For 48-bit seed encoders:

SourceH = Seed
SourceL = Seed

Upper 16 bits

Lower 32 bits

+ Serial Number

Upper 16 bits

(with upper 4 bits always zero) << 16

For 60-bit seed encoders:

SourceH = Seed
SourceL = Seed

DS40151D-page 12  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

Upper 28 bits

Lower 32 bits

(with upper 4 bits always zero)

HCS512

7.3 Key Generation Algorithms

There are two key generation algorithms implemented in the HCS512 decoder. The KEELOQ decryption algorithm pro­vides a higher level of s ecurity th an the XOR alg orithm. Section 6.1 describes the se lectio n of the algo rithms in th e con­figuration byte.

7.3.1 KEELOQ DECRYPT ALGORITHM

This algorithm uses the KEELOQ decryption algorithm and the manufacturer’s code to derive the crypt key as follows:

Key

Upper 32 bits

Key

Lower 32 bits

7.3.2 XOR WITH THE MANUFACTURER’S CODE

The two 32-bits seeds are XOR with the manufacturer’s code to form the 64 bit crypt key.
Key

Upper 32 bits

Key

Lower 32 bits

After programming the manufacturer’s code, the HCS512 decoder will automatically activate an Erase All function,
removing all transmitters from the system.

If LRNIN
learning sequence is detected, the indication can be terminated, allowing quick learning in a manufacturing setup.

FIGURE 7-2: HCS512 KEY GENERATION

= Decrypt (SourceH)
= Decrypt (SourceL)

= SourceH XOR Manufacturers Code
= SourceL XOR Manufacturers Code

64 Bit Manufacturers Code

64 Bit Manufacturers Code

Upper 32 bits

Lower 32 bits

is taken low moment arily du ring the learn st atus indica tion, the indica tion will be term inated. Once a su ccessful

Normal Learn (SC_LRN = 0)

Padding

2

Padding

6

Padding

0000b

Padding

0000b

28-bit Serial Number

28-bit Serial Number

Secure Learn (SC_LRN = 1)

LS 32 bits of Seed Transmission

MS 28 bits of Seed Transmission

Secure Learn XOR (SC_LRN = 1)

LS 32 bits of Seed Transmission

MS 28 bits of Seed Transmission

LRN0 = 0

KEELOQ

Decryption

Algorithm

LRN0 = 0

KEELOQ

Decryption

Algorithm

LRN0 = 1

XOR

LS 32 bits of crypt key

MS 32 bits of crypt key

LS 32 bits of crypt key

MS 32 bits of crypt key

LS 32 bits of crypt key

MS 32 bits of crypt key

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 13

HCS512

8.0 KEELOQ ENCODERS

8.1 Transmission Format (PWM)

The KEELOQ encoder transmission is made up of sev-
eral parts (Figure 8-1). Each transmission begins with
a preamble and a header, followed by the encrypted
and then the fixed data. The actual data is 66/69 bits
which consists of 32 bits of encrypted data and 34/37
bits of non-enc rypted data. Each transmis sion is fol­lowed by a guard period before another transmission
can begin. The encrypted portion provides up to four
billion changing code combinations and includes the
button status bits (based on which buttons were acti­vated) along with the synchronization counter value
and some discrimination bits. The non-encrypted por­tion is comprised of the status bits, the function bits,

FIGURE 8-1: TRANSMISSION FORMAT (PWM)

and the 28-bit serial number. The encrypted and non­encrypted combined sections increase the number of
combinations to 7.38 x 10

19

.

8.2 Code Word Organization

The HCSXXX encoder transmit s a 66/69- bit co de word
when a button is pressed. The 66/69-bit word is con­structed from an encryption portion and a non­encrypted code portion (Figure 8-2).

The Encrypted Data is gen erated from four button bit s,
two overflow counter bits, ten discrimination bits, and
the 16-bit synchronization value.

The Non-encrypted Data is made up from 2 status
bits, 4 function bits, and the 28/32-bit serial number.

TETET

LOGIC "0"

LOGIC "1"

E

T

BP

Preamble

50%

10xTE
Header

FIGURE 8-2: CODE WORD ORGANIZATION

34 bits of Fixe d Portion 32 bits of Encrypted Portion

MSb

MSb

Repeat

(1-bit)

Repeat

(1-bit)

VLOW
(1-bit)

Button

Status

S2 S1 S0 S3

V

LOW

(1-bit)

Button

Status

1 1 1 1

SEED replaces Encrypted Portion when all button inputs are activated at the same time.

Serial Number

(28 bits)

Serial Number

(28 bits)

Encrypted

Portion

Button
Status

S2 S1 S0 S3

Portion

OVR

(2 bits)

Fixed Code

DISC

(10 bits)

SEED

(32 bits)

Guard

Time

Sync Counter

(16 bits)

66 Data bits
Transmitted

LSb first.

LSb

LSb

DS40151D-page 14  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

9.0 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR HCS512

Absolute Maximum Ratings †

Ambient temperature under bias.............................................................................................................-55°C to +125°C

Storage temperature...............................................................................................................................-65°C to +150°C

Voltage on any pin with respect to
Voltage on

VDD with respect to Vss...................................... ...... ...... ..... ...... ..... ........................................ ..........0 to +7.5V

Total power dissipation (Note 1) ..........................................................................................................................800 mW

Maximum current out of
Maximum current into
Input clamp current, Iik (

VSS pin.............................................................................................................................150 mA

VDD pin................................................................................................................................100 mA

VI < 0 or VI > VDD).................................................. ..... ...... ...... ....................................... ..± 20 mA

Output clamp current, IOK (V

Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin..........................................................................................................25 mA

Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin....................................................................................................20 mA

Note: Power dissipation is calculated as follows: Pdis = V

† NOTICE: Stresses above those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the
device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at those or any other conditions above
those indicated in the ope ration listi ngs of this speci fication is not implied. Exposure to maxim um rating co nditions for
extended periods may affect device reliability.

VSS (except VDD) ............................................................................ -0.6V to VDD +0.6V

O < 0 or VO >VDD) ........................................................................... ...... ...................± 20 mA

DD x {IDD - ∑ IOH} + ∑ {(VDD–VOH) x IOH} + ∑(VOl x IOL)

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 15

HCS512

TABLE 9-1: DC CHARACTERISTICS

Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated)

Operating temperature
Commercial (C): 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +70°C for commercial
Industrial (I): -40°C ≤ T

Symbol Characteristic Min Typ

DD Supply Voltage 4.0 —6.0V

V

VPOR VDD start voltage to

—VSS —V

(†)

ensure RESET

S

VDD VDD rise rate to

0.05* — — V/ms

ensure RESET

DD Supply Current —

I

—

1.8

7.3
15

VIL Input Low Voltage VSS —0.16 VDD Vexcept MCLR = 0.2 VDD
VIH Input High Voltage 0.48 VDD —VDD Vexcept MCLR = 0.85 VDD

VOL Output Low Voltage — — 0.6 V IOL = 8.5 mA, VDD = 4.5V

VOH Output High Voltage VDD-0.7 — — V IOH = -3.0 mA, VDD = 4.5V

† Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only

and are not tested.

* These parameters are characterized but not tested.

Note: Negative current is defined as coming out of the pin.

A ≤ +85°C for industrial

Max U nits Conditions

4.5
10
32

mA
mA

µA

FOSC = 4 MHz, VDD = 5.5V

(During EEPROM programming)

In SLEEP mode

TABLE 9-2: AC CHARACTERISTICS

Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions

OSC Oscillator frequency 2.7 4 6.21 MHz REXT = 10K, CEXT = 10 pF

F

65 — 1080 µs 4.5V < VDD < 5.5V

E

T

PWM elemental

pulse width

130 — 1080 µs 3V < V

Oscillator components tolerance < 6%.

DD < 6V

Oscillator components tolerance <10%

T

OD Output delay 70 90 115 ms

TA Output activation time 322 500 740 ms

RPT REPEAT activation time 32 50 74 ms

T
TLRN LRNIN activation time 21 32 — ms

TMCLR MCLR low time 150 — — ns

OV Time output valid — 150 222 ms

T

* These parameters are characterized but not tested.

FIGURE 9-1: RESET WATCHDOG TIMER, OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER AND POWER-UP

TIME R TIMI NG

VDD

MCLR

TMCLR

TOV

I/O Pins

DS40151D-page 16  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 17

RFIN

S[3,2,1,0]

1 Code Word 50 ms

TOD

FIGURE 9-2: OUTPUT ACTIVATION

Note 1

TA

VLOW

TA

LRNOUT

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s

Note 2

Note 1: Output is activated as long as code is received.

2: Output is activated if battery low (

VLOW) is detected.

HCS512

DS40151D-page 18  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

FIGURE 9-3: TYPICAL DECODER APPLICATION CIRCUIT

HCS512

MCP100-450

V

DD

LOW VOLTAGE DETECTOR—DO NOT OMIT

G

VI

VO

N
D

10K

P2

4.7K

4

MCLR

3

NC

16

OSC

15

OSCOUT

IN

22 pF

HCS512

VDD

V

G

VDD

100 µF

12V

GND

LM7805

1

2
3

1N4004/7

100 µF

VI

VO

G

N
D

POWER SUPPLY

RECEIVE DATA INPUT

1

1K

1K

14

17

NC

18

D
D

N
D

5

RFIN

LRNIN

LRNOUT

S0
S1
S2
S3

VLOW

SLEEP

CLK
DAT

1
2

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

DD

10K

P4

100K

V

P3

1K
1K
1K

1K

DATA

CLOCK

RESET

LRNOUT
S0

S1
S2
S3

VLOW

P4
P3
P2

GND P1

LEARN

BUTTON

In-Circuit

Programming Pads

10.0 PACKAGING INFORMATION

10.1 Package Marking Information

18-Lead PDI P (300 mil) Example

HCS512

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

YYWWNNN

18-Lead SOIC (300 mil) Example

XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX

YYWWNNN

Legend: XX...X Customer specific information*

Y Year code (last digit of calendar year)
YY Year code (last 2 digits of calendar year)
WW Week code (week of January 1 is week ‘01’)

NNN Alphanumeric traceability code

HCS512

HCS512
/SO

0110017

01 10 017

Note: In the event the full Microchip part number can not be ma rked on one line, it will

be carried over to the next l ine thus lim it ing t he nu mb er of av ai lab le cha r ac ters
for customer specific information.

* Standard PICmicro device marking consists of Microchip part number, year code, week code, and

traceability code. For PICmicro device marking beyond this, certain price adders apply. Please check
with your Microchip Sales Office. For QTP devices, any special marking adders are included in QTP
price.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 19

HCS512

10.2 Package Details

18-Lead Plastic Dual In-line (P) – 300 mil (PDIP)

E1

D

2

n

1

α

E

A

c

A1

β

eB

Number of Pins
Pitch

Lead Thickne ss

Mold Draft Angle Top
Mold Draft Angle Bottom

* Controlling Parameter

§ Significant Characteristic
Notes:

Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed
.010” (0.254mm) per side.
JEDEC Equivalent: MS-001
Drawing No. C04-007

n
p

c

α

β

B1

B

0.38.015A1Base to Seating Plane

p

MILLIMETERSINCHES*Units

2.54.100

A2

L

MAXNOMMINMAXNOMMINDimension Limits

1818

4.323.943.56.170.155.140ATop to Seating Plane

3.683.302.92.145.130.115A2Molded Package Thickness

8.267.947.62.325.313.300EShoulder to Shoulder Width

6.606.356.10.260.250.240E1Molded Package Width

22.9922.8022.61.905.898.890DOverall Length

3.433.303.18.135.130.125LTip to Seating Plane

0.380.290.20.015.012.008

1.781.461.14.070.058.045B1Upper Lead Width

0.560.460.36.022.018.014BLower Lead Width

10.929.407.87.430.370.310eBOverall Row Spacing §
1510515105
1510515105

DS40151D-page 20  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

18-Lead Plastic Small Outline (SO) – Wide, 300 mil (SOIC)

HCS512

p

B

n

°

45

c

β

E1

E

D

2
1

h

A

φ

L

A1

α

A2

MILLIMETERSINCHES*Units

A2

n
p

φ

c

α
β

048048

1.27.050

Number of Pins
Pitch

Molded Package Thickness

Foot Angle
Lead Thickne ss

Mold Draft Angle Top
Mold Draft Angle Bottom

* Controlling Parameter

§ Significant Characteristic
Notes:

Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed
.010” (0.254mm) per side.
JEDEC Equivalent: MS-013
Drawing No. C04-051

MAXNOMMINMAXNOMMINDimension Limits

1818

2.642.502.36.104.099.093AOverall Height

2.392.312.24.094.091.088

0.300.200.10.012.008.004A1Standoff §

10.6710.3410.01.420.407.394EOverall Width

7.597.497.39.299.295.291E1Molded Package Width

11.7311.5311.33.462.454.446DOverall Length

0.740.500.25.029.020.010hChamfer Distance

1.270.840.41.050.033.016LFoot Length

0.300.270.23.012.011.009

0.510.420.36.020.017.014BLead Width
1512015120
1512015120

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 21

HCS512

ON-LINE SUPPORT

Microchip provides on-line support on the Microchip
World Wide Web (WWW) site.

The web site is used b y Micr ochip as a means to mak e
files and information easily available to customers. To
view the site, the use r must hav e access to the Intern et
and a web browser, such as Netscape or Microsoft
Explorer. Files are also available for FTP download
from our FTP site.

Connecting to the Microchip Internet Web Site

The Microchip web site is available by using your
favorite Internet browser to attach to:

www.microchip.com

The file transfer site is available by using an FTP ser­vice to connect to:

ftp://ftp.microchip.com

The web site and file transfer site provide a variety of
services. Users may download files for the latest
Development Tools, Data Sheets, Application Notes,
User’s Guides, Articles and Sample Programs. A vari­ety of Micr ochip specific bu siness informati on is also
available, including listings of Microchip sales offices,
distributors and factory representatives. Other data
available for consideration is:

• Latest Microchip Press Releases

• Technical Support Section with Frequently Asked
Questions

• Design Tips

• Device Errata

• Job Postings

• Microchip Consultant Program Member Listing

• Links to other useful web sites related to
Microchip Products

• Conferences for products , Development System s,
technical information and more

Listing of seminars and events

Systems Information and Upgrade Hot Line

The Systems Information and Upgrade Line provides
system users a listing of the latest versions of all of
Microchip's development systems software products.
Plus, this line provides information on how customers
can receive any currently available upgrade kits.The
Hot Line Numbers are:

1-800-755-2345 for U.S. and most of Canada, and
1-480-792-7302 for the rest of the world.

DS40151D-page 22  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

HCS512

READER RESPONSE

It is our intentio n t o provide you with the bes t doc um entation possible to en sure successful use of y our Microchip prod­uct. If you wish to pro vide your comm ents on org aniza tion, c larity, subject matter, and ways in which our doc umenta tion
can better serve you, please FAX your comments to the Technical Publications Manager at [phone].

Please list the following information, and use this outline to provide us with your comments about this Data Sheet.

To:
RE: Reader Response

From:

Application (optional):
Would you like a reply? Y N

Device:
Questions:

1. What are the best features of this document?

2. How does this document meet your hardware and software development needs?

3. Do you find the organization of this data sheet easy to follow? If not, why?

Technical Publications Manager

Name
Company

Address
City / State / ZIP / Country

Telephone: (_______) _________ - _________

HCS512

Literature Number:

Total Pages Se nt

FAX: (______) _________ - _________

DS40151D

4. What additions to the data sheet do you think would enhance the structure and subject?

5. What deletions from the data sheet could be made without affecting the ov erall usefulness?

6. Is there any incorrect or misleading information (what and where)?

7. How would you improve this document?

8. How would you improve our software, systems, and silicon products?

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D-page 23

HCS512

HCS512 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

To order or obtain information, e.g., on pricing or delivery, refer to the factory or the listed sales office.

HCS512 — /P

Package:

P = Plastic DIP (300 mil Body), 18-lead

SO = Plastic SOIC (300 mil Body), 18-lead

Temperature
Range:

Device:

Blank = 0°C to +70°C

I =-40°C to +85°C

HCS512 Code Hopping Decoder

HCS512T Code Hopping Decoder (Tape and Reel)

Sales and Support

Data Sheets

Products supported by a preliminary Data Sheet may have an errata sheet describing minor operational differences and recom­mended workarounds. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please contact one of the following:

1. Your local Microchip sales office

2. The Microchip Corporate Literature Center U.S. FAX: [phone]

3. The Microchip Worldwide Site (www.microchip.com)
Please specify which device, revision of silicon and Data Sheet (include Literature #) you are using.

New Customer Notification System

Register on our web site (www.microchip.com/cn) to receive the most current information on our products.

DS40151D-page 24  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

Microchip’s Secure Data Products are covered by some or all of the following patents:
Code hopping encoder patents issued in Europe, U.S.A., and R.S.A. — U.S.A.: 5,517,187; Europe: 0459781; R.S.A.: ZA93/4726
Secure learning patents issued in the U.S.A. and R.S.A. — U.S.A.: 5,686,904; R.S.A.: 95/5429

Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is intended through suggestion only
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
No representation or warranty is given and no liability is
assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect
to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of
patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such

use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical com­ponents in life support systems is not authorized except with
express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are con­veyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property
rights.

Trademarks

The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, FilterLab,
K

EELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER, PICSTART,

PRO MATE, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control Solutions
Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.

dsPIC, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB,
In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microID,
microPort, Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK,
MPSIM, MXDEV, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select
Mode and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip
Technology Incorporated in the U.S . A.

Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark
of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.

All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.

© 2002, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.

Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received QS-9000 quality system
certification for its worldwid e head qu art ers,
design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The

Company’s quality system processes and
procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its
PICmicro

devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral

products. In addition, Microchip’s quality
system for the design and manufacture of
development systems is ISO 9001 certified.

®

8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ

®

code hoppin g

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40151D - page 25

WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE

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91300 Massy, France
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

Germany

Microchip Technology GmbH
Gustav-Heinemann Ring 125
D-81739 Munich, Germany
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

Italy

Microchip Technology SRL
Centro Direzionale Colleoni
Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1
20041 Agrate Brianza
Milan, Italy
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

United Kingdom

Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd.
505 Eskdale Road
Winnersh Triangle
Wokingham
Berkshire, England RG41 5TU
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

01/18/02

DS40151D-page 26  2002 Microchip Technology Inc.