METREL PowerQ4MI 2592 Instruction Manual

PowerQ4
MI 2592
Instruction manual
Version 1.2, Code No. 20 751 551
Manufacturer:
METREL d.d. Ljubljanska cesta 77 1354 Horjul Slovenia
web site: http://www.metrel.si e-mail: metrel@metrel.si
Mark on your equipment certifies that this equipment meets the requirements of the EU (European Union) concerning safety and interference causing equipment regulations
© 2009 METREL
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without permission in writing from METREL.
Table of Contents:
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................6
1.1 Main Features ...................................................................................................6
1.2 Safety considerations ........................................................................................7
1.3 Applicable standards .........................................................................................8
1.4 Abbreviations.....................................................................................................8
2 Description............................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Front panel ......................................................................................................11
2.2 Connector panel ..............................................................................................12
2.3 Bottom view.....................................................................................................13
2.4 Accessories .....................................................................................................13
2.4.1 Standard accessories...............................................................................13
2.4.2 Optional accessories ................................................................................14
3 Operating the instrument..................................................................................... 15
3.1 Instrument Main Menu.....................................................................................16
3.2 U, I, f menu......................................................................................................17
3.2.1 Meter ........................................................................................................17
3.2.2 Scope .......................................................................................................18
3.2.3 Trend........................................................................................................20
3.3 Power menu ....................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Meter ........................................................................................................23
3.3.2 Trend........................................................................................................24
3.4 Energy menu ...................................................................................................26
3.5 Harmonics menu .............................................................................................27
3.5.1 Meter ........................................................................................................28
3.5.2 Bar............................................................................................................29
3.5.3 Trend........................................................................................................31
3.6 Flickermeter.....................................................................................................32
3.6.1 Meter ........................................................................................................32
3.6.2 Trend........................................................................................................33
3.7 Inrushes...........................................................................................................35
3.7.1 Setup........................................................................................................35
3.7.2 Capturing inrush.......................................................................................36
3.7.3 Captured inrush........................................................................................37
3.8 Events and Alarms ..........................................................................................38
3.8.1 Voltage events .........................................................................................39
3.8.2 Alarms list.................................................................................................43
3.9 Phase Diagram................................................................................................45
3.9.1 Phase diagram .........................................................................................45
3.9.2 Symmetry diagram ...................................................................................46
3.10 Recorder..........................................................................................................47
3.11 Memory List.....................................................................................................50
3.11.1 Record......................................................................................................51
3.11.2 Waveform snapshoot ...............................................................................53
3.11.3 Inrush logger ............................................................................................53
3.12 Setup menu .....................................................................................................54
3.12.1 Measuring setup.......................................................................................54
3.12.2 Event setup ..............................................................................................56
3.12.3 Alarm setup ..............................................................................................57
3.12.4 Communication ........................................................................................59
3.12.5 Time & Date .............................................................................................59
3.12.6 Language .................................................................................................60
3.12.7 Instrument info .........................................................................................60
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection.....................61
4.1 Measurement campaign..................................................................................61
4.2 Connection setup ............................................................................................64
4.2.1 Connection to the LV Power Systems......................................................64
4.2.2 Connection to the MV or HV Power System.............................................67
4.2.3 Current clamp selection and transformation ratio setting .........................68
4.3 Number of measurements and connection type relationship...........................72
5 Theory and internal operation.............................................................................75
5.1 Measurement methods....................................................................................75
5.1.1 Measurement aggregation over time intervals .........................................75
5.1.2 Voltage measurement (magnitude of supply voltage) ..............................75
5.1.3 Current measurement (magnitude of supply current)...............................76
5.1.4 Frequency measurement .........................................................................76
5.1.5 Phase power measurements....................................................................77
5.1.6 Total power measurements......................................................................77
5.1.7 Energy......................................................................................................78
5.1.8 Harmonics ................................................................................................79
5.1.9 Flicker.......................................................................................................80
5.1.10 Voltage and current unbalance ................................................................82
5.1.11 Voltage events .........................................................................................82
5.1.12 Alarms ......................................................................................................85
5.1.13 Data aggregation in RECORDING ...........................................................85
5.1.14 Power and energy recording ....................................................................88
5.1.15 Waveform snapshoot ...............................................................................89
5.1.16 Inrushes ...................................................................................................89
5.2 EN 50160 Standard Overview .........................................................................91
5.2.1 Power frequency ......................................................................................91
5.2.2 Supply voltage variations .........................................................................91
5.2.3 Voltage dips (Indicative values)................................................................91
5.2.4 Short interruptions of the supply voltage ..................................................92
5.2.5 Long interruptions of the supply voltage...................................................92
5.2.6 Supply voltage unbalance ........................................................................92
5.2.7 THD voltage and harmonics.....................................................................92
5.2.8 4.4.2 Flicker severity ................................................................................92
5.2.9 PowerQ4 recorder setting for EN 50160 survey.......................................93
6 Technical specifications ......................................................................................93
6.1 General specifications .....................................................................................93
6.2 Measurements.................................................................................................94
6.2.1 General description ..................................................................................94
6.2.2 Phase Voltages ........................................................................................94
6.2.3 Line voltages ............................................................................................95
6.2.4 Current .....................................................................................................95
6.2.5 Frequency ................................................................................................96
6.2.6 Flickermeter .............................................................................................96
6.2.7 Power .......................................................................................................96
6.2.8 Power factor (Pf) ......................................................................................97
6.2.9 Displacement factor (Cos φ).....................................................................97
6.2.10 Energy......................................................................................................97
6.2.11 Voltage harmonics and THD ....................................................................98
6.2.12 Current harmonics and THD ....................................................................98
6.2.13 Unbalance ................................................................................................98
6.2.14 Time and duration uncertainty..................................................................98
6.3 Standards compliance.....................................................................................99
6.3.1 Compliance to the IEC 61557-12 .............................................................99
6.3.2 Compliance to the to the IEC 61000-4-30 ..............................................100
6.4 Maintenance..................................................................................................101
6.4.1 Inserting batteries into the instrument ....................................................101
6.4.2 Batteries .................................................................................................102
6.4.3 Power supply considerations..................................................................103
6.4.4 Cleaning .................................................................................................103
6.4.5 Periodic calibration .................................................................................103
6.4.6 Service ...................................................................................................103
6.4.7 Troubleshooting .....................................................................................103
1 Introduction 6
1 Introduction
PowerQ4 is handheld multifunction instrument for power quality analysis and energy efficiency measurements.
Figure 1.1: Instrument PowerQ4
1.1 Main Features
4 voltage channels with wide measurement range: 0 ÷ 1000 Vrms, CAT III/1000V
4 current channels with support for automatic clamp recognition and “on
instrument” range selection
1
Compliance with power quality standard IEC 61000-4-30 Class S. Predefined
recorder profile for EN 50160 survey.
Power measurements compliance with IEC 61557-12 and IEEE 1448.
Simultaneous 8 channels - 16bit AD conversion for accurate power
measurements (minimal phase shift error).
Simple to use and powerful recorder with 8MB of memory and possibility to
record 509 different power quality signatures.
Voltage events and user defined alarms capture
15 hour of autonomous (battery) supply.
1
only with Metrel »Smart clamps«
1 Introduction 7
PowerView is a companion PC Software which provides easiest way to
download, view and analyze measured data or print.
o PowerView analyzer exposes a simple but powerful interface for
downloading instrument data and getting quick, intuitive and descriptive analysis. Interface has been organized to allow quick selection of data using a Windows Explorer-like tree view.
o User can easily download recorded data, and organize it into multiple sites
with many sub-sites or locations.
o Generate charts, tables and graphs for your power quality data analyzing,
and create professional printed reports
o Export or copy/paste data to other applications (e.g. spreadsheet) for
further analysis
o Multiple data records can be displayed and analyzed simultaneously.
Merge different logging data into one measurement, synchronize data recorded with different instruments with time offsets, split logging data into multiple measurements, or extract data of interest.
1.2 Safety considerations
To ensure operator safety while using the PowerQ4 instrument and to minimize the risk of damage to the instrument, please note the following general warnings:
The instrument has been designed to ensure maximum operator safety. Usage in a way other than specified in this manual may increase the risk of harm to the operator!
Do not use the instrument and/or any accessories if there is any damage visible!
The instrument contains no user serviceable parts. Only an authorized dealer can carry out service or adjustment!
All normal safety precautions have to be taken in order to avoid risk of electric shock when working on electrical installations!
Only use approved accessories which are available from your distributor!
Instrument contains rechargeable NiMh batteries. The batteries should only be replaced with the same type as defined on the battery placement label or in this manual. Do not use standard batteries while power supply adapter/charger is connected, otherwise they may explode!
Hazardous voltages exist inside the instrument. Disconnect all test leads, remove the power supply cable and switch off the instrument before removing battery compartment cover.
In hot (> 40 °C) environment the battery holder screw might reach maximum allowed temperature for metal part of handle. In such environment it is advisable not to touch the battery cover during or immediately after the charging.
Maximum voltage between any phase and neutral input is 1000 V
RMS
. Maximum
voltage between phases is 1730 V
RMS
.
Always short unused voltage inputs (L1, L2, L3) with neutral (N) input to prevent
1 Introduction 8
measurement errors and false event triggering due to noise coupling.
1.3 Applicable standards
The PowerQ4 series of instruments are designed and tested in accordance with the following standards:
Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)
EN 61326-2-2: 2007
Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use.
Emission: Class A equipment (for industrial
purposes)
Immunity for equipment intended for use in
industrial locations
Safety (LVD)
EN 61010-1 : 2001
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use
Measurements methods
IEC 61000-4-30 : 2008 Class S Testing and measurement techniques – Power
quality measurement methods
IEC 61557-12 : 2007 Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of
protective measures – Part 12: Performance measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)
IEC 61000-4-7: 2002 Class II General guide on harmonics and interharmonics
measurements and instrumentation
IEC 61000-4-15 : 1997 Flickermeter – Functional and design specifications
EN 50160 : 2007 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by
public distribution networks
Note about EN and IEC standards:
Text of this manual contains references to European standards. All standards of EN 6XXXX (e.g. EN 61010) series are equivalent to IEC standards with the same number (e.g. IEC 61010) and differ only in amended parts required by European harmonization procedure.
1.4 Abbreviations
In this document following symbols and abbreviations are used:
Cf
I
Current crest factor, including Cf
Ip
(phase p current crest factor) and Cf
IN
(neutral current crest factor). See 5.1.3 for definition.
Cf
U
Voltage crest factor, including Cf
Upg
(phase p to phase g voltage crest
factor) and Cf
Up
(phase p to neutral voltage crest factor). See 5.1.2 for
definition.
Cosϕ, DPF
Displacement factor including Cosϕp / DPFp (phase p displacement factor). See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.
eP+ , eP
-
Active energy including ePp (phase p energy) and eP
tot
(total energy).
1 Introduction 9
Minus sign indicates generated energy and plus sign, indicate consumed energy. See 5.1.7 for definition.
eQi+, eQc+, eQi-, eQc-
Reactive energy including eQp (phase p energy) and eP
tot
(total energy). Minus sign indicates generated energy and plus sign, indicate consumed energy. Inductive reactive energy character is marked with “i” and capacitive reactive energy character is marked with “c”. See 5.1.7 for definition.
eS+, eS
-
Apparent power. See 5.1.7 for definition.
f, freq
Frequency, including freq
U12
(voltage frequency on U12), freqU1 (voltage frequency on U1 and freqI1 (current frequency on I1). See 5.1.4 for definition.
i-
Negative sequence current ratio (%). See 5.1.10 for definition.
i0
Zero sequence current ratio (%). See 5.1.10 for definition.
I
+
Positive sequence current component on three phase systems. See
5.1.10 for definition.
I-
Negative sequence current component on three phase systems. See
5.1.10 for definition.
I0
Zero sequence current components on three phase systems. See 5.1.10 for definition.
I
½Rms
RMS current measured over each half period , including Ip
½
Rms (phase p
current), I
N½Rms
(neutral RMS current)
I
Fnd
Fundamental RMS current Ih1 (on 1st harmonics), including IpFmd (phase p fundamental RMS current) and INFmd (neutral RMS fundamental current). See 5.1.8 for definition
Ih
n
nth current RMS harmonic component including Iph
n
(phase p n
th
RMS
current harmonic component) and INh
n
(neutral n
th
RMS current harmonic
component). See 5.1.8 for definition
I
Nom
Nominal current. Current of clamp-on current sensor for 1Vrms at output
I
Pk
Peak current, including IpPk (phase p current) including INPk (neutral peak current)
I
Rms
RMS current, including IpRms (phase p current), I
NRms
(neutral RMS current).
See 5.1.3 for definition.
±
P, P+, P-
Active power including Pp (phase p active power) and P
tot
(total active power). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus / no sign, indicate consumed energy. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.
p, pg
Indices. Annotation for parameter on phase p: [1, 2, 3] or phase-to-phase pg: [12, 23, 31]
PF, PFi+, PFc+, PFi-, PFc-
Power factor including PFp (phase p power factor vector) and P
tot
(total power factor vector). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus sign, indicate consumed power. Inductive power factor character is marked with “i” and capacitive power factor character is marked with “c”.
Note: PF = Cos ϕ when no harmonics are present. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.
1 Introduction 10
Plt
Long term flicker (2 hours) including P
ltpg
(phase p to phase g long term
voltage flicker) and P
ltp
(phase p to neutral long term voltage flicker). See
5.1.9 for definition.
P
st
Short term flicker (10 minutes) including P
stpg
(phase p to phase g short
term voltage flicker) and P
stp
(phase p to neutral voltage flicker). See 5.1.9
for definition.
P
st1min
Short term flicker (1 minutes) including P
st1minpg
(phase p to phase g short
term voltage flicker) and P
st1minp
(phase p to neutral voltage flicker). See
5.1.9 for definition.
±
Q, Qi+, Qc+, Qi-, Qc-
Reactive power including Qp (phase p reactive power) and Q
tot
(total reactive power). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus sign, indicate consumed power. Inductive reactive character is marked with “i” and capacitive reactive character is marked with “c”. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.
S, S+, S-
Apparent power including Sp (phase p active power) and S
tot
(total apparent power). See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition. Minus sign indicates apparent power during generation and plus sign indicate apparent power during consumption. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.
THD
I
total harmonic distortion current related to fundamental, including THDIp (phase p current THD) and THD
IN
(neutral current THD). See 5.1.8 for
definition
THD
U
total harmonic distortion voltage related to fundamental, including THD
Upg
(phase p to phase g voltage THD) and THDUp (phase p to neutral voltage THD). See 5.1.10 for definition.
u-
Negative sequence voltage ratio (%). See 5.1.10 for definition.
u0
Zero sequence voltage ratio (%). See 5.1.10 for definition.
U, U
Rms
RMS voltage, including U
pg
(phase p to phase g voltage) and Up (phase p
to neutral). See 5.1.2 for definition.
U
+
Positive sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See
5.1.10 for definition.
U-
Negative sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See
5.1.10 for definition.
U
0
Zero sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See 5.1.10 for definition.
U
Dip
Minimal U
Rms(1/2)
voltage measured during dip occurrence
U
Fnd
Fundamental RMS voltage (Uh1 on 1st harmonics), including U
pgFnd
(phase
p to phase g fundamental voltage) and UpFmd (phase p to neutral fundamental voltage). See 5.1.8 for definition
Uh
N
nth voltage RMS harmonic component including Upgh
N
(phase p to phase g
voltage nth RMS harmonic component) and Uph
N
(phase p to neutral
voltage nth RMS harmonic component). See 5.1.8 for definition.
U
Int
Minimal U
Rms(1/2)
voltage measured during interrupt occurrence
U
Nom
Nominal voltage, normally a voltage by which network is designated or
2 Description 11
identified
U
Pk
Peak voltage, including U
pgPk
(phase p to phase g voltage) and UpPk (phase
p to neutral voltage)
U
Rms(1/2)
RMS voltage refreshed each half-cycle, including U
pgRms(1/2)
(phase p to
phase g half-cycle voltage) and UpRms
(1/2)
(phase p to neutral half-cycle
voltage) See 5.1.11 for definition.
U
Swell
Swell U
Rms(1/2)
voltage measured during swell occurrence
2 Description
2.1 Front panel
Figure 2.1: Front panel
Front panel layout:
1. LCD
Graphic display with LED backlight, 320 x 200 pixels.
2. F1 – F4
Function keys.
3. ARROW keys
Move cursor and select parameters.
4. ENTER key
Confirms new settings, step into submenu
5. ESC key
Exits any procedure, exit from submenu
6. LIGHT key
LCD backlight on/off (backlight automatically turns off after 15 minutes if no key action occurs). If the LIGHT key is pressed for more then 1.5 seconds, CONTRAST menu is displayed, and the contrast can be adjusted with the LEFT and RIGHT keys.
5
7
2 Description 12
7. ON-OFF key
Turns on/off the instrument.
2.2 Connector panel
IN I3 C B A I1
L1 L3C
N
A
I2
L2 B
1
2
Warning!
Use safety test leads only!
Max. permissible voltage between voltage
input terminals and ground is 1000 V
RMS
!
Figure 2.2: Top connector panel
Top connector panel layout:
1 Clamp-on current transformers (I1, I2, I3, IN ) input terminals. 2 Voltage (L1, L2, L3, N, GND) input terminals.
Figure 2.3: Side connector panel
Side connector panel layout:
1 External power socket. 2 PS-2 – RS-232 serial connector. 3 USB – Connector
2 Description 13
2.3 Bottom view
Figure 2.4: Bottom view
Bottom view layout:
1. Screws (unscrew to open the instrument).
2. Battery compartment.
3. Battery compartment screw (unscrew to replace the batteries).
2.4 Accessories
2.4.1 Standard accessories
Table 2.1: PowerQ4 standard accessories
Description Peaces
3000/300/30A Flexible current clamps A1227 4 Test tips – red 3 Test tip – black 1 Crocodile tips – red 3 Crocodile tip – black 1 Crocodile tip – green 1 Voltage measurement cables - red 3 Voltage measurement cables - black 1 Voltage measurement cables - green 1
2 Description 14
USB cable 1 RS-232 cable 1 12V/1.2A Power supply adapter 1 Rechargeable batteries, 6 pcs. 6 Soft carrying bag 1 PowerQ4 Instruction manual 1
Compact disk contest
PC software PowerView with instruction manual
PowerQ4 Instruction manual
Handbook ”Modern Power Quality Measurement Techniques”
2.4.2 Optional accessories
Table 2.2: PowerQ4 optional accessories
Ord. code
Description
A 1020 Small soft carrying bag A 1033 Current clamp 1000A/1V A 1037 Current transformer 5A/1V A 1039 Clamp adapter A 1069 Mini clamp 100A /1 V A 1122 Mini clamp 5A /1 V A 1179 3 - phase 2000 / 200 / 20 A
current clamp S 2014 Safety fuse adapters S 2015 Safety flat clamps A 1279 Printer DPU 414* A 1280 Mini clamp 200mA/5A/100A* A 1281 Current clamp 5A/100A/1000A* * Available in Q2 2010
3 Operating the instrument 15
3 Operating the instrument
This section describes how to operate the instrument. The instrument front panel consists of a graphic LCD display and keypad. Measured data and instrument status are shown on the display. Basic display symbols and keys description is shown on figure bellow.
PowerQ4
Battery status:
· Animated icon – indicate battery charging
· Static icon – Indicate charge level
Current time
and date Indicate that supply adapter is connected to the instrument
Power On/Off
Escape: Exit any procedure
Function keys: It's functions depends on active screen
Cursor keys:
· Move
· Zoom
· Scroll
Enter: Select procedure
Press & Hold for contrast adjustment
Backlight On/Off
Figure 3.1: Display symbols and keys description
During measurement campaign various screens can be displayed. Most screens share common labels and symbols. These are shown on figure bellow.
3 Operating the instrument 16
Figure 3.2: Common display symbols and labels during measurement campaign
3.1 Instrument Main Menu
After powering on the instrument the “MAIN MENU” is displayed. From this menu all instrument functions can be selected.
Figure 3.3: “MAIN MENU”
Table 3.1: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Battery status
Animated icon – indicate battery charging
Static icon – Indicate charge level
Indicate that charger is connected to the instrument
Current time and date
Table 3.2: Keys function
Select function from the “MAIN MENU”.
Enter selected function.
3 Operating the instrument 17
3.2 U, I, f menu
All important voltage, current and frequency parameters can be observed in the “U, I, f” menu. Measurements results can be viewed in a tabular (METER) or a graphical form (SCOPE, TREND). TREND view is active only in RECORDING mode. See section 3.10 for details.
3.2.1 Meter
By entering U, I, f menu, the U, I, f – METER tabular screen is shown (see figure below).
Figure 3.4: U, I, f meter table screens.
In those screens current on-line voltage and current measurements are shown. Descriptions of symbol and abbreviations used in this menu are shown in table bellow.
Table 3.3: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Show currently displayed channel.
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
RMS True effective value U
Rms
and I
Rms
THD Total harmonic distortion THDU and THDI
CF Crest factor CfU and CfI
PEAK Peak value UPk and IPk
MAX 1/2 Maximal U
Rms(1/2)
voltage and maximal I
½Rms
current, measured after
RESET (key: F2)
MIN ½ Minimal U
Rms(1/2)
voltage and minimal I
½Rms
current, measured after
RESET (key: F2)
f Frequency on reference channel Note: In case of AD converter overloading current and voltage value will be displayed with inverted color 250.4 V.
3 Operating the instrument 18
Table 3.4: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Reset MAX ½ and MIN ½ values (U
Rms(1/2)
and I
½Rms
)
Show frequency trend (available only during recording)
Show measurements for phase L1
Show measurements for phase L2
Show measurements for phase L3
Show measurements for phase LN
Summary of all phases measurements
Show phase-to-phase voltages measurements
Switch to METER view.
Switch to SCOPE view
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.2.2 Scope
Various combinations of voltage and current waveforms are displayed.
Figure 3.5: Voltage waveform
Figure 3.6: Current waveform
3 Operating the instrument 19
Figure 3.7: Voltage and current
waveform (single mode)
Figure 3.8: Voltage and current
waveform (dual mode)
Table 3.5: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
Up p: [1..3, N]
True effective value of phase voltage: U
1Rms, U2Rms, U3Rms, UNRms
Upg pg:[12,23,31]
True effective value of phase-to-phase (line) voltage: U
12Rms, U23Rms, U31Rms
Ip p: [1..3, N]
True effective value of current: I
1Rms, I2Rms, I3Rms, INRms
Thd Total harmonic distortion for displayed quantity (THDU or THDI) F Frequency on reference channel
Table 3.6: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Select which waveforms to show:
Show voltage waveform
Show current waveform
Show voltage and current waveform (single mode)
Show voltage and current waveform (dual mode)
Select between phase, neutral, all-phases and line view:
Show waveforms for phase L1
3 Operating the instrument 20
Show waveforms for phase L2
Show waveforms for phase L3
Show waveforms for phase LN
Summary of all phases waveforms
Switch to METER view.
Switch to SCOPE view
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I)
Set vertical zoom
Set horizontal zoom
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen
3.2.3 Trend
While RECORDER is active, TREND view is available (see section 3.10 for instructions how to start recorder)..
Voltage and current trends
Current and voltage trends are observed by cycling function key F4 (METER-SCOPE­TREND).
Figure 3.9: Voltage trend
Figure 3.10: Voltage and
current trend (single mode)
3 Operating the instrument 21
Figure 3.11: Voltage and
current trend (dual mode)
Figure 3.12: Trends of all
current
Figure 3.13: Different combinations of voltage and current trends.
Table 3.7: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory).
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
Up, Upg
p: [1..3; N]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of phase voltage U
pRms
or line voltage U
pgRms
for last recorded time interval (IP)
Ip
p: [1..3, N]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of current I
pRms
for last
recorded time interval (IP) Current RECORDER time
Maximal and minimal recorded voltage Maximal and minimal recorded current
Table 3.8: Keys function
Zoom in Zoom out
Select between the following options:
Show voltage trend
Show current trend
Show voltage and current trend (single mode)
Show voltage and current trend (dual mode)
Select between phase, neutral, all-phases and view:
Show trend for phase L1
Show trend for phase L2
3 Operating the instrument 22
Show trend for phase L3
Show trend for phase LN
Summary of all phases trends
Switch to METER view.
Switch to SCOPE view
Switch to TREND view
Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I)
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
Frequency trend
Frequency trend can be seen from METER screen by pressing function key F2.
Figure 3.14: U, I, f frequency trend screen.
Table 3.9: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
f
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of frequency at synchronization channel for last recorded time interval (IP)
Current RECORDER time Maximal and minimal frequency on displayed graph
3 Operating the instrument 23
Table 3.10: Keys function
Zoom in Zoom out
Return to METER view.
Set vertical zoom.
Set horizontal zoom.
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.3 Power menu
In POWER menu instrument show measured power parameters. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) or a graphical form (TREND). TREND view is active only while RECORDER is active. See section 3.10 for instructions how to start recorder. In order to fully understand meanings of particular power parameter see sections 5.1.5 and 5.1.6.
3.3.1 Meter
By entering Power menu from MAIN MENU the POWER – METER tabular screen is shown (see figure below). METER screen show power, voltage and current signatures.
Figure 3.15: Power
measurements summary
Figure 3.16: Detailed Power
measurements at phase L1
Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screens are shown in table bellow.
Table 3.11: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Show currently displayed channel.
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
3 Operating the instrument 24
RECORDER is not active
Current instrument time P, Q, S Instantaneous active (P), reactive(Q) and apparent (S) power PF, DPF Instantaneous power factor (PF) and displacement power factor (cos φ) U True effective value U
Rms
I True effective value I
Rms
RMS True effective value U
Rms
and I
Rms
THD Total harmonic distortion THDU and THDI CF Crest factor CfU and CfI
Table 3.12: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Toggle between HOLD (the results are frozen on the display) and SAVE (save the frozen results).
Select between phase, neutral, all-phases and line view:
Show measurements for phase L1
Show measurements for phase L2
Show measurements for phase L3
Summary of all phases measurements
Show phase-to-phase voltages measurements
Switch to METER view (available only during recording)
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Return to the MAIN MENU screen.
3.3.2 Trend
During active recording TREND view is available (see section 3.10 for instructions how to start RECORDER).
Figure 3.17: Power trend screen.
3 Operating the instrument 25
Table 3.13: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active
Show selected power mode:
Mot Consumed power data(+) are shown
Gen
Generated power data (-) are shown Current instrument time
Pp±, Pt±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (P
1
+
,
P
2
+
, P
3
+
, P
tot
+
) or generated (P
1
-
, P
2
-
, P
3
-
, P
tot
-
) active power for last
recorded time interval (IP)
Qip±, Qit±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (Q
i1
+
,
Q
i2
+
, Q
i3
+
, Q
itot
+
) or generated (Q
i1
-
, Q
i2
-
, Q
i3
-
, Q
itot
-
) reactive inductive
power (Q
i1
±
, Q
i2
±
, Q
i3
±
, Q
itot
±
) for last recorded time interval (IP)
Qcp±, Qct±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (Q
c1
+
,
Q
c2
+
, Q
c3
+
, Q
ctot
+
) or generated (Q
c1
-
, Q
c2
-
, Q
c3
-
, Q
ctot
-
) reactive
capacitive power (Q
c1
±
, Q
c2
±
, Q
c3
±
, Q
ctot
±
) for last recorded time
interval (IP)
Sp±, St±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed apparent power (S
1
+
, S
2
+
, S
3
+
, S
tot
+
) or generated apparent power
(S
1
-
, S
2
-
, S
3
-
, S
tot
-
) for last recorded time interval (IP)
PFip±, PFit±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of inductive power factor (1
st
quadrant: PF
i1
+
, PF
i2
+
, PF
i3
+
, PF
itot
+
and 3rd quadrant: PF
i1
-
,
PF
i2
-
, PF
i3
-
, PF
itot
-
) for last recorded time interval (IP)
PFcp±, PFt±
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of capacitive power factor (4
th
quadrant: PF
c1
+
, PF
c2
+
, PF
c3
+
, PF
ctot
+
and 2nd quadrant:
PF
c1
-
, PF
c2
-
, PF
c3
-
, PF
ctot
-
) for last recorded time interval (IP) Current RECORDER time Maximal and minimal recorded quantity
Table 3.14: Keys function
Zoom in Zoom out
Press &
Hold
Select between consumed or generated power view:
3 Operating the instrument 26
Select between trending various parameters:
Active power
Reactive inductive power
Reactive capacitive power
Apparent power
Inductive power factor
Capacitive power factor
Inductive displacement factor (cos φ)
Capacitive displacement factor (cos φ)
Select between single phase, all-phases and total trend graph
Power parameters for phase L1
Power parameters for phase L2
Power parameters for phase L3
Power parameters summary for all phases and totals
Power parameters for delta wired loads (3W)
Switch to METER view (available only during recording)
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.4 Energy menu
In energy menu instrument show status of energy counters. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) form. For representing data in graph (TREND) form, download data to PC and use PowerView. Energy measurement is active only if RECORDER is active, too. See section 3.10 for instructions how to start RECORDER. In order to fully understand meanings of particular energy parameter see section 5.1.7. The meter screen is shown on figure bellow.
Figure 3.18: Energy counters screen.
3 Operating the instrument 27
Table 3.15: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
eP+ Consumed phase (eP
1
+
, eP
2
+
, eP
3
+
) or total (eP
tot
+
) active energy
eP- Generated phase (eP
1
-
, eP
2
-
, eP
3
-
) or total (eP
tot
-
) active energy
eQ+ Consumed phase (eQ
1
+
, eQ
2
+
, eQ
3
+
) or total (eQ
tot
+
) reactive energy Note: eQ+ is two quadrant measurements. For separate measurements (eQ
i
+
, eQ
c
-
) download data to PC and use PowerView in order to observe
results.
eQ- Generated phase (eQ
1
-
, eQ
2
-
, eQ
3
-
) or total (eQ
tot
-
) reactive energy Note: eQ- is two quadrant measurements. For four quadrant measurement (eQ
i
-
, eQ
c
+
) download data to PC and use PowerView in
order to observe results.
Pp, Pt
p: [1..3]
Instantaneous phase active power (P1, P2, P3) or total P
tot
active power
Qp, Qt
p: [1..3]
Instantaneous reactive power (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q
tot
) or total Q
tot
reactive power
Start Recorder start time
Duration Current RECORDER time
Table 3.16: Keys function
Select between single phase and total energy meter
Energy parameters for phase L1 Energy parameters for phase L2
Energy parameters for phase L3
Summary for all phases energy Energy parameters for Totals
Toggle between time interval:
Show energy registers for last interval
Show energy registers for current interval
Show energy registers for whole record
Return to the MAIN MENU screen.
3.5 Harmonics menu
Harmonics presents voltage and current signals as sum of sinusoids of power frequency and its integer multiples. Power frequency is called fundamental frequency. Sinusoidal wave with frequency k times higher than fundamental (k is an integer) is called
3 Operating the instrument 28
harmonic wave and is denoted with amplitude and a phase shift (phase angle) to a fundamental frequency signal. See 5.1.8 for details.
3.5.1 Meter
By entering HARMONICS menu from MAIN MENU the HARMONICS – METER tabular screen is shown (see figure below). In this screens voltage and current harmonics and THD are shown.
Figure 3.19: Harmonics meter table.
Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screens are shown in table bellow.
Table 3.17: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Show currently displayed channel.
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
RMS True effective value U
Rms
and I
Rms
THD Total harmonic distortion THDU and THDI hn
n: 0..50
nth harmonics voltage Uhn or current Ihn component
Table 3.18: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Represent harmonics as % of first harmonic RMS value
Represent values in RMS quantities (Volts, Ampere)
3 Operating the instrument 29
Select between single phases, neutral, all-phases and line harmonics view
Harmonics components for phase L1
Harmonics components for phase L2
Harmonics components for phase L3
Harmonics components for neutral LN
Summary of components on all phases
Harmonics components for phase-to-phase voltages
Switch to METER view.
Switch to BAR view
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Shift through harmonic components.
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.5.2 Bar
Bar screen displays dual bar graphs. The first shows voltage harmonics and the second shows current harmonics.
Figure 3.20: Harmonics b screens.
Description of symbols and abbreviations used in BAR screens are shown in table bellow.
Table 3.19: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time Show selected harmonic component
3 Operating the instrument 30
Up, UN
p:1..3
True effective phase or line voltage U
Rms
Ip, IN P:1..3
True effective phase current I
Rms
ThdU Total voltage harmonic distortion THDU and THDI ThdI Total Current harmonic distortion THDU and THDI hn
n: 0..50
n-th voltage or current harmonic component Uhn or Ihn
Table 3.20: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Select between single phases, neutral, harmonics bars
Harmonics components for phase L1
Harmonics components for phase L2
Harmonics components for phase L3
Harmonics components for neutral LN
Switch to METER view.
Switch to BAR view
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Select voltage or current cursor in order to move
Scale displayed waveform by amplitude.
Scroll cursor left or right.
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3 Operating the instrument 31
3.5.3 Trend
During active RECORDER, TREND view is available (see section 3.10 for instructions how to start RECORDER). Voltage and current harmonics components can be observed by cycling function key F4 (METER-BAR-TREND).
Figure 3.21: Harmonics trends screens.
Table 3.21: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
ThdU Maximal ( ) and average ( ) value of total voltage harmonic distortion
THDU for selected phase
ThdI Maximal ( ) and average ( ) value of total current harmonic distortion
THDI for selected phase
Uh
Maximal ( ) and average ( ) value for selected n-th voltage harmonic component for selected phase
Ih
Maximal ( ) and average ( )value of selected n-th current harmonic component for selected phase
Current RECORDER time Maximal ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded quantity
Table 3.22: Keys function
Toggle between HOLD (the results are frozen on the display) and SAVE (save the frozen results).
Press &
Hold
Select: Max. 3 harmonics for observing trend Harmonics units
o % of first harmonics, o absolute units (Volts/Ampere)
3 Operating the instrument 32
Select between trending various parameters. By default these are:
Total harmonic distortion for selected phase (THDUp)
3rd harmonics for selected phase (Uph3)
5th harmonics for selected phase (Uph5)
7th harmonics for selected phase (Uph7)
Select between single phase, neutral, all-phases and line harmonics view
Harmonics components for phase L1 (U1hn)
Harmonics components for phase L2 (U
2hn
)
Harmonics components for phase L3 (U
3hn
)
Harmonics components for neutral LN (UNhn)
Switch to METER view.
Switch to BAR view
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.6 Flickermeter
Flickermeter measures the human perception of the effect of amplitude modulation on the mains voltage powering a light bulb. In Flickermeter menu instrument show measured power parameters. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) or a graphical form (TREND). TREND view is active only while RECORDER is active, too. See section
3.10 for instructions how to start recording. In order to understand meanings of particular parameter see section 5.1.9.
3.6.1 Meter
By entering FLIKERMETER menu from MAIN MENU the FLIKERMETER tabular screen is shown (see figure below).
Figure 3.22: Flickermeter table screen.
3 Operating the instrument 33
Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screen is shown in table bellow.
Table 3.23: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
Urms True effective value U
Rms
Pst(1min) Short term (1 min) flicker P
st1min
Pst Short term (10 min) flicker Pst Plt Long term flicker (2h) Pst
Inverted colors represent that measurement is not valid (in case of voltage overrange, voltage dips, low voltage etc..)
Table 3.24: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot: Hold measurement on display Save held measurement into memory
Switch to METER view. (available only during recording)
Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.6.2 Trend
During active recording TREND view is available (see section 3.10 for instructions how to start recording). Current and voltage harmonics can be observed by cycling function key F4 (METER-TREND).
Figure 3.23: Flicker meter trend screen.
3 Operating the instrument 34
Table 3.25: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
pstmp
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 1-minute short term flicker P
st1min
for phase voltages U1, U2, U3
pstp
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 10-minute short term flicker P
st3
for phase voltages U12, U23, U31
pltp
p: [1..3]
Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 2 hour long term flicker in phase voltages U1, U2, U3: P
lt1
, P
lt2
, P
lt3
Current RECORDER time Maximal and minimal recorded flicker
Table 3.26: Keys function
Zoom in Zoom out
Select between the following options:
Show 10 min short term flicker Pst
Show long term flicker Plt
Show 1min short term flicker P
st1min
Select between trending various parameters:
Show selected flicker trends for phase 1
Show selected flicker trends for phase 2
Show selected flicker trends for phase 3
Show selected flicker trends for all phase (average only)
Switch to METER view.
Switch to TREND view
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
3 Operating the instrument 35
3.7 Inrushes
3.7.1 Setup
By entering “INRUSHES” menu screen from the “MAIN MENU” screen the “INRUSH LOGGER SETUP” screen is shown (see figure below).
Figure 3.24: Inrush logger setup screens.
Table 3.27: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Interval
Logging interval setup (from 10 ms to 200 ms).
Duration
Total logging time is displayed in the “Duration” field (indicator only).
Signals
Select logging signals:
Trigger
Trigger set up:
Current input for trigger source
Trigger level at which inrush logging will start
Trigger slope
Table 3.28: Keys function
Start logging
Toggle between ON (selected) and OFF (deselected) for highlighted logging signals in SIGNALS dialog and for highlighted trigger source in TRIGGER dialog
Select “Interval”, “Signals” or “Trigger” settings. If in “Signals” dialog, scroll between voltage and current values. If in “Trigger” dialog, scroll between trigger source, trigger level and trigger slope.
3 Operating the instrument 36
If “Interval” is selected, change interval period. If “Signals” dialog is open, scroll through all channels. If “Trigger” dialog is open, scroll through trigger sources / change trigger level / change trigger slope.
Open SIGNALS dialog box (if “Signals” is selected). In this dialog box the individual signals can be selected for logging. Open TRIGGER dialog box (if “Trigger” is selected). In this dialog box the trigger channels can be selected, level and slope of the trigger signal can be defined for triggering.
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen or close the “Signals” or “Trigger” dialog box (if dialog box is open).
3.7.2 Capturing inrush
Following screen opens when a user starts the inrush logger.
Figure 3.25: Inrush logger capture screen.
Table 3.29: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
INRUSH LOGGER is active (First beep indicates that measurement has started, next beep indicates that threshold has been reached)
INRUSH LOGGER has finished recording Current instrument time
U1..UN True effective voltage value U
Rms(1/2)
I1..IN True effective current value I
½Rms
Thd Total harmonic distortion THDU or THDI
f Frequency on reference channel
Trig Settled trigger value
Represent current value at the top of the graph (horizontal line between graph and table values)
3 Operating the instrument 37
Table 3.30: Keys function
Stop the inrush logger.
Note: If user forces inrush logging to stop no data is recorded.
Logging of data only occurs when trigger is activated. Toggle between voltage and current channel. Show U
Rms(1/2)
voltage trend graph
Show I
½Rms
current trend graph
Show voltage U
Rms(1/2)
and current I
½Rms
trend in single graph
Show voltage U
Rms(1/2)
and current I
½Rms
trend in two separate
graph Select between phases.
Show graph and parameters for phase L1
Show graph and parameters for phase L2
Show graph and parameters for phase L3 Show graph and parameters for phase LN
Return to the “MAIN MENU”.
3.7.3 Captured inrush
This function becomes active after logging is completed . The recorded signal trace can be scrolled through and reviewed with a cursor. Data are displayed in graphical (logger histogram) and in numeric (interval data) form. The following values can be displayed in the data fields:
- Minimum, maximum and average data of the interval selected with the cursor,
- Time relative to the trigger-event time. Complete trace of selected signal can be viewed on the histogram. The cursor is positioned to the selected interval and can be scrolled over all intervals. All results are saved to the instrument memory. Signals are auto scaled.
Figure 3.26: Captured inrush
Table 3.31: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Indicate that instrument has finished recording Current instrument time Indicate position of the cursor at the graph
3 Operating the instrument 38
U1..UN True effective voltage value U
Rms
at cursor point
I1..IN True effective current value U
Rms
at cursor point
Trig Settled trigger value
Maximal and minimal current value on graph Real time clock at cursor position Time at cursor position
Table 3.32: Keys function
Toggle between voltage and current channel. Show U
rms(1/2)
voltage trend graph
Show I
½Rms
current trend graph
Show voltage U
rms(1/2)
and current I
½Rms
trend in single graph
Show voltage U
rms(1/2)
and current I
½Rms
trend in two separate
graph Select between single phase, neutral and all-phase trend
graph
Select between scopes.
Scroll the cursor along logged data.
Return to the “MAIN MENU”.
3.8 Events and Alarms
By entering “EVENTS&ALARMS” menu, following screen is shown (see figure below). Two submenus are displayed when entering this screen:
1. Events table
2. Alarms table
Figure 3.27: Events and alarms entry screen.
3 Operating the instrument 39
Table 3.33: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory) RECORDER is not active
Current instrument time Events table Submenu for observing captured voltage events Alarms table Submenu for observing captured alarms Enabled Show that alarm or event capture is active Disabled Show that alarm or event capture is disabled
Table 3.34: Keys function
Clear captured events
Clear captured alarms.
Select between the two options.
Confirm and enter the selected option’s screen.
Return to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.8.1 Voltage events
In this table captured voltage dips, swells and interrupts are shown. Note that events appear in the table after finishing, when voltage return to the normal value. All events can be grouped or separated by phase. This is performed by pressing function key F1.
Group view
In this view voltage event are grouped according to IEC 61000-4-30 (see section 5.1.11 for details). Table where events are summarized is shown bellow. Each line in table represents one event, described by event number, event start time and duration and level. Additionally in colon “T” event characteristics are shown (see table bellow for details).
Figure 3.28: Voltage events in group view screen
3 Operating the instrument 40
By pressing “Enter” on particular events we can examine its details. Event is split on phase event sorted by start time. Colon “T” shows transition from one event state to another (see table bellow for details).
Figure 3.29: Voltage events group view screen
Table 3.35: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Date Date when selected event has occurred No. Unified event number (ID) L Indicate phase or phase-to-phase voltage where event has occurred:
1 – event on phase U1
2 – event on phase U2
3 – event on phase U3
12 – event on voltage U
12
23 – event on voltage U
23
32 – event on voltage U32
Note: this indication is shown only in event details, since one grouped
event can have many phase events. Start Event start time (when first U
Rms(1/2)
) value cross threshold.
T Indicates type of event or transition:
D – Dip
I – Interrupt
S – Swell
N D Transition from normal state to dip
N S Transition from normal state to swell
D I Transition from deep to interrupt Level Minimal or maximal value in event U
Dip
, U
Int
, U
Swell
Duration Event duration.
Note: Due to lack of screen space, duration is represented as decimal
value. In example 2.5hrs represent 2 hours and 30 minutes. Use
PowerView in order to observe events in normal time format.
3 Operating the instrument 41
Table 3.36: Keys function
Group view is shown. Press to switch on “PHASE” view.
Phase view is shown. Press to switch on “GROUP” view. Show event summary (by types and phases):
Back to Group view.
Show details about the selected event.
Select event.
Back to the “EVENTS & ALARMS” menu.
Phase view
In this view voltage event are separated by phases. This is convenient view for troubleshooting. Additionally user can use filters in order to observe only particular type of event on specific phase. Captured events in a table, where each line contains one event. Each event has an event number, event start time and duration and level. Additionally in colon “T” type of event is shown (see table bellow for details).
Figure 3.30: Voltage events screens.
3 Operating the instrument 42
You can also see details of each individual voltage event and statistics of all events. Statistics show count registers for each individual event type by phase.
Table 3.37: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Date Date when selected event has occurred No. Unified event number (ID) L Indicate phase or phase-to-phase voltage where event has occurred:
1 – event on phase U1
2 – event on phase U2
3 – event on phase U3
12 – event on voltage U12
23 – event on voltage U
23
32 – event on voltage U
32
Start Event start time (when first U
Rms(1/2)
) value cross threshold.
T Indicates type of event or transition:
D – Dip
I – Interrupt
S – Swell Level Minimal or maximal value in event U
Dip
, U
Int
, U
Swell
Duration Event duration.
Note: Due to lack of screen space, duration is represented as decimal
value. In example 2.5hrs represent 2 hours and 30 minutes. Use
PowerView in order to observe events in normal time format.
Table 3.38: Keys function
Group view is shown. Press to switch on “PHASE” view.
Phase view is shown. Press to switch on “GROUP” view.
Filter events by type:
Show all events
Show dips only
Show interrupts only
Show swells only
Filter events by phase:
Show only events on phase 1
Show only events on phase 2
Show only events on phase 3
3 Operating the instrument 43
Show all events
Show event summary (by types and phases):
Back to Group view.
Show details about the selected event:
Select event.
Back to the “EVENTS & ALARMS” menu.
3.8.2 Alarms list
This menu shows list of alarms which went off. Alarms are displayed in a table, where each row represents an alarm. Each alarm is associated with a start time, phase, type, slope, min/max value and duration see 5.1.12 for details.
Figure 3.31: Alarms list screen.
3 Operating the instrument 44
Table 3.39: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Date Date when selected alarm has occurred Start Alarm start time (when first U
Rms
) value cross threshold.
L Indicate phase or phase-to-phase voltage where event has occurred:
1 – alarm on phase L1
2 – alarm on phase L2
3 – alarm on phase L3
12 – alarm on line L12
23 – alarm on line L23
32 – alarm on line L32 Slope Indicates alarms transition:
Rise – parameter has over-crossed threshold
Fall – parameter has under-crossed threshold
Level Minimal or maximal parameter value during alarm occurrence Duration Alarm duration.
Note: Due to lack of screen space, duration is represented as decimal
value. In example 2.5hrs represent 2 hours and 30 minutes. Use
PowerView in order to observe alarms in normal time format.
Table 3.40: Keys function
Filter alarms according to the following parameters:
All alarms
Voltage alarms
Power alarms
Flicker alarms
Unbalance alarms
Harmonics alarms
Filter alarms according to phase on which they occurred:
Show only alarms on phase 1
Show only alarms on phase 2
Show only alarms on phase 3
Show only alarms on phase N
Show alarms on all phases
Show active alarm list. List includes alarms which has started, but not finished yet. Notation used in this table is same as described in this section.
3 Operating the instrument 45
Select an alarm.
Back to the “EVENTS & ALARMS” menu screen.
3.9 Phase Diagram
Phase diagram graphically represent fundamental voltages, currents and phase angles of the network. This view is strongly recommended for checking instrument connection before measurement. Note that most measurement issues arise from wrongly connected instrument (see 4.1 for recommended measuring practice). On phase diagram instrument shows:
Graphical presentation of voltage and current phase vectors of the measured
system,
Unbalance of the measured system.
3.9.1 Phase diagram
By entering PHASE DIAGRAM menu from MAIN MENU following screen is shown (see figure below).
Figure 3.32: Phase diagram screen.
Table 3.41: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active Current instrument time
U1, U2, U3 Fundamental voltages U
1Fnd
, U
2Fnd
, U
3Fnd
I1, I2, I3 Fundamental currents I
1Fnd
, I
2Fnd
, I
3Fnd
DPF Displacement factor (cos φ) for particular phase:
DPF
1,
DPF2, DPF
3
Indicate current and voltage scaling. Value represents current or voltage value at the top of the graph (top horizontal line).
3 Operating the instrument 46
Table 3.42: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot: Hold measurement on display Save held measurement into memory
Toggle voltages for scaling (with cursors)
Toggle voltages for scaling (with cursors) Switch to phase diagram Switch to symmetry diagram
Show details about the selected event.
Scale displayed diagram by amplitude.
Back to the “MAIN MENU” menu.
3.9.2 Symmetry diagram
Symmetry diagram represent current and voltage symmetry or unbalance of the measuring system. Unbalance arises when RMS values or phase angles between consecutive phases are not equal. Diagram is shown on figure bellow.
Figure 3.33: Symmetry diagram screen
Table 3.43: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Current recorder status
RECORDER is active
RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)
RECORDER is not active
Current instrument time U0
I0
Zero sequence voltage component U
0
Zero sequence current component I
0
U+ I+
Positive sequence voltage component U
+
Positive sequence current component I
+
U­I-
Negative sequence voltage component U
-
Negative sequence current component I
-
3 Operating the instrument 47
symU- symI-
Negative sequence voltage ratio u
-
Negative sequence current ratio i­symU+
symI-
Zero sequence voltage ratio u
0
Zero sequence current ratio i0
Indicate current and voltage scaling. Value represents current or voltage
value at the top of the graph (top horizontal line).
Table 3.44: Keys function
Waveform snapshoot:
Hold measurement on display
Save held measurement into memory
Toggle u-/u0 voltages and select voltage for scaling (with cursors)
Toggle i-/i0 currents and select currents for scaling (with cursors)
Switch to phase diagram Switch to symmetry diagram
Scale displayed diagram by amplitude.
Back to the “MAIN MENU” menu.
3.10 Recorder
PowerQ4 has ability to record measurement data in the background. In RECORDER menu user can customize recorder parameters in order to meet his criteria about size, duration, and the number of signals for the recording campaign. By entering “RECORDER” menu, following screen is shown:
Figure 3.34: Basic recorder setup screen
3 Operating the instrument 48
In following table description of recorder settings is given:
Table 3.45: Recorder settings description
Configuration
Load/save one of predefined configuration.
Possible options are:
“EN50160” – predefined configuration for EN 50160 survey.
Configuration 1 - user defined configuration
Configuration 2 - user defined configuration
“Default configuration” – factory defaults
Note: EN 50160 configuration record only average values for defined time period.
Note: EN 50160 by default record voltage parameters only. Current dependent quantities are not recorded nor shown in trend graphs. Using SIGNALS menu user can add power or currents channels and perform EN 50160 and power measurement simultaneously..
Interval
Select recorder aggregation interval. For each time interval minimal, average and maximal value for will be recorded (for each signal). The smaller is the interval, more measurements will be recorded.
Note: The instrument automatically changes the duration in case there if there is not enough memory for the desired interval and duration.
Signals
Select signals to record. See 4.3 for detail channel list
U, I, f – select voltage, current and freq. parameters for recording.
Power & Energy – select power and energy parameters for
recording.
Flickers – select flicker parameters for recording
Sym – select unbalance parameters for recording
Harmonics – select which voltage and current harmonics you
want to include in the record.
3 Operating the instrument 49
User can choose
o First and last voltage and current harmonic to record o Select even, odd or all harmonics components for
recording
Duration
Select the duration of the record.
Note: If the duration time is set longer than memory allows it, it will be automatically shortened.
Include active
events
Select whether you want or not to include active events in record.
Include active
alarms
Select whether you want or not to include active alarms in record.
Start time
Define start time of recording:
Manual, pressing function key F1
Add predefined start time, when recorder should start
Table 3.46: Keys function
Start or stop the recorder Stop the recorder
Open configuration sub menu
Load the selected configuration (Only in configuration submenu)
Save the changes to the selected configuration (Only in configuration submenu)
Enter the selected submenu
Select parameter / change value
Select parameter / change value
Back to the previous menu
3 Operating the instrument 50
3.11 Memory List
Using this menu user can browse through record and view recorded records. By entering this menu, information’s about last record is shown.
Figure 3.35: Memory list screen.
Table 3.47: Memory list description
Record No
Selected record number, for which details are shown.
Type
Indicate type of record, which can be one of following:
inrush logging,
waveform snapshoot
normal recording
Signals
Number of recorded signals.
Start
Record start time
End
Record stop time
Size (kB)
Record site in kilobytes (kB).
Saved
records
Total number of records in memory
Table 3.48: Keys function
Clear the last record. In order to clear complete memory, delete records one by one.
Browse through records (next or previous record).
Shows current record. See next sections for details on viewing particular type of record.
Returns to the MAIN MENU.
3 Operating the instrument 51
3.11.1 Record
This type of record is made by RECORDER. Record front page is similar to the RECORDER menu, as shown on figure bellow.
Figure 3.36: Front page of Record in MEMORY LIST menu
Table 3.49: Recorder settings description
Current instrument time
Record type: RECORD
Indicator that record type is made by RECORDER
Interval 1s
Show interval used for RECORDER
Signals: 173
Show number of signals in record. By pressing on Signals following screen will appear.:
User can now observe particular signal group by
pressing on
Duration: 6m 19s
Show duration of record.
Include active events: 4
Show number of captured events
Include active alarms: 0
Show number of captured alarms
Start time
Show record start time
3 Operating the instrument 52
Table 3.50: Keys function
View selected signal group (Active only in Signals submenu
Enter the selected submenu.
Select parameter
Back to the previous menu.
By pressing in CHANNEL SETUP menu TREND screen will appear. Typical screen is shown on figure bellow.
Figure 3.37: Viewing recorder U,I,f TREND data
Table 3.51: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations
Show record number in MEMORY LIST Current instrument time Indicate position of the cursor at the graph
Up, Upg:
Maximal (
), average ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded value of phase
voltage U
pRms
or line voltage U
pgRms
for time interval selected by cursor.
Ip: Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( )recorded value of current
I
pRms
for time interval selected by cursor. Time position of cursor Maximal and minimal Up/Upg on displayed graph
Maximal and minimal Ip on displayed graph
3 Operating the instrument 53
Table 3.52: Keys function
Zoom in Zoom out
Select between the following options: Show voltage trend Show current trend
Show voltage and current trend in single graph
Show voltage and current trend in two separate graph
Select between single phase, neutral and all-phase trend graph
Show frequency trend
Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I trends)
Scroll the cursor along logged data.
Return to “MAIN MENU” screen.
Note: Other recorded data (power, harmonics, etc.) has similar manipulation principle as described in table above.
3.11.2 Waveform snapshoot
This type of record can be made by using Hold Save procedure. His front page is similar to the screen where he was recorder, as shown on figure bellow.
Figure 3.38: Front page of Normal record in MEMORY LIST menu
For screen symbols and key functions see corresponding METER, SCOPE, BAR graph, PHASE DIAG. description described in sections (U, I, f; Power, etc..).
3.11.3 Inrush logger
This type of record is made by Inrush logger. For details regarding manipulation and data observing see section 3.7.3.
3 Operating the instrument 54
3.12 Setup menu
From the “SETUP” menu general instrument parameters can be reviewed, configured
and saved.
Figure 3.39: SETUP menu
Table 3.53: Description of setup options
Measuring setup
Setup measurement parameters.
Event setup
Setup event parameters.
Alarm setup
Setup alarm parameters.
Communication
Setup communication baud rate and source.
Time & Date
Set time and date.
Language
Select language.
Instrument info
Information about the instrument.
Table 3.54: Keys function
Select function from the “SETUP” menu.
Enter the selected item.
Back to the “MAIN MENU” screen.
3.12.1 Measuring setup
Figure 3.40: “MEASURING SETUP” screen
3 Operating the instrument 55
Table 3.55: Description of measuring setup
Voltage range
Nominal voltage range. Select voltage range according to the nominal network voltage.
1W and 4W 3W
50 ÷ 110V (L-N) 86÷190 V (L-L) 110 ÷ 240V (L-N) 190÷415 V (L-L) 240 ÷ 1000 V (L-N) 415÷1730 V (L-L)
Note: Instrument can accurate measure at least 50% higher than selected nominal voltage
Voltage ratio
Scaling factor for voltage transducer. Use this factor if external voltage transformers or dividers should be taken into account. All readings are then related to the primary voltage. See 4.2.2 for connection details.
Note: scale factor can be set only when lowest Voltage range is selected! Note: Maximum value is limited to 4000.
Phase Curr. Clamps
Select phase clamps for phase current measurements.
Note: For Smart clamps (A1227, A1281) always select “Smart type clamps”
Note: See section 4.2.3 for details regarding further clamps settings
Neutral Curr. Clams
Select neutral clamps for phase current measurements.
Note: For Smart clamps (A1227, A1281) always select “Smart type clamps”
Note: See section 4.2.3 for details regarding further clamps settings
Connection
1W 4W 3W
Method of connecting the instrument to multi phase systems (see 4.2.1 for details).
1W: 1-phase 2-wire system
3W: 3-phase 3-wire system
4W: 3-phase 4-wire system
3 Operating the instrument 56
Synchronization
Synchronization channel. This channel is used for instrument synchronization to the network frequency. Also a frequency measurement is performed on that channel. Depending on Connection user can select:
1W : U1 or I1.
3W: U12, or I1.
4W: U1, I1.
Default parameters
Set factory default. These are: U range: 110 ÷ 240V (L-N); Voltage ratio: 1 Phase current clamps: Smart Clamps Neutral current clamps: Smart Clamps Connection: 4W Synchronization: U1
Table 3.56: Keys function
Change selected parameter value.
Select measuring parameter.
Enter into submenu
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3.12.2 Event setup
In this menu you can setup voltage events and their parameters. See 5.1.11 for further details regarding measurement methods. Captured events can be observed through EVENTS & ALARMS menu. See 3.8.1 for details.
Figure 3.41: Voltage events setup screen.
3 Operating the instrument 57
Table 3.57: Description of measuring setup
Nominal voltage
Set nominal voltage
Swell
Set swell threshold value.
Dip
Set dip threshold value
Interrupt
Set interrupt threshold value
Capture Events
Enable or disable event capturing.
Note: Enable events only if you want to capture it without recording. In case you want observe events only during recording use option: Include active events: On in RECORDER menu.
Note: In case of Connection type: 1W, it is recommended to connect unused voltage inputs to N voltage input in order to avoid false triggering.
Table 3.58: Keys function
Change value.
Select parameter.
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3.12.3 Alarm setup
You can define up to 10 different alarms, based on any measurement quantity which is measured by instrument. See 5.1.12 for further details regarding measurement methods. Captured events can be observed through EVENTS & ALARMS menu. See
3.8.1 for details.
Figure 3.42: Alarms setup screen.
3 Operating the instrument 58
Table 3.59: Description of measuring setup
1st column (f, P+ on figure above)
Select alarm from measurement group and then measurement itself
2nd column (Tot on figure above)
Select phases for alarms capturing
1 – alarms on phase L1
2 – alarms on phase L2
3 – alarms on phase L3
N – alarms on phase N
12 – alarms t on line L12
23 – alarms on line L
23
32 – alarm on line L
32
ALL – alarms on any phase
Tot – alarms on power totals or non phase
measurements (frequency, unbalance)
3rd column ( “>” on figure above)
Select triggering method: < – trigger when measured quantity is lower than threshold (FALL) > – trigger when measured quantity is higher than threshold
(RISE) 4th column Threshold value 5th column Minimal alarm duration. Trigger only if threshold is crossed for
a defined period of time.
Note: It is recommended that flicker minimal time is set
according to the minimal measurement interval: Pst
1min
>1min,
Pst > 10min, Plt > 10min.
Table 3.60: Keys function
Set an alarm.
Clear an alarm.
Clear all alarms.
Disable or enable alarms. Note: Enable alarms only if you want to capture alarms without recording. In case you want observe alarms only during recording use option Include active alarms: On in RECORDER menu. Enter or exit a sub menu.
Select parameter.
Change value.
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3 Operating the instrument 59
3.12.4 Communication
Communication port (RS232 or USB) and communication speed can be set in this menu.
Figure 3.43: Communication setup screen.
Table 3.61: Keys function
Change communication speed from 2400 baud to 115200 baud for RS232 and from 2400 baud to 921600 baud for USB. Switch between source and baud rate.
Confirm the selected speed.
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3.12.5 Time & Date
Time and date can be set in this menu.
Figure 3.44: Set time & date screen.
3 Operating the instrument 60
Table 3.62: Keys function
Select between the following parameters: hour, minute, second, day, month or year. Change value of the selected item.
Return to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3.12.6 Language
Different languages can be selected in this menu.
Figure 3.45: Language setup screen.
Table 3.63: Keys function
Select language.
Confirm the selected language.
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
3.12.7 Instrument info
Basic information concerning the instrument can be viewed in this menu: company, user data, serial number, firmware version and hardware version.
Figure 3.46: Instrument info screen.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 61
Table 3.64: Description of instrument info
Company Instrument manufacturer User data Custom user data Serial No. Instrument serial number FW ver. Firmware version HW ver. Hardware version Memory size Size of Storage memory (Flash). Free memory Free storage memory in kilobytes.
Table 3.65: Keys function
Back to the “SETUP” menu screen.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and
Instrument Connection
In following section recommended measurement and recording practice in described.
4.1 Measurement campaign
Power quality measurements are specific type of measurements, which can last many days, and mostly they are performed only once. Usually recording campaign is performed to:
Statistically analyze some point in the network.
Troubleshoot malfunctioning device or machine
Since mostly measurements are performed only once, it is very important to properly set measuring equipment. Measuring with wrong setting can lead to false or useless measurement results. Therefore instrument and user should be fully prepared before measurement begins. In this section recommended recorder procedure is shown. We recommend to strictly follow guidelines in order to avoid common problems and measurement mistakes. Figure bellow shortly summarizes recommended measurement practice. Each step is then described in details.
Note: PowerView has ability to correct (after measurement is done):
wrong real-time settings,
wrong current and voltage scaling factor.
False instrument connection (messed wiring, opposite clamp direction), can’t be fixed afterwards.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 62
÷ Time & Date setup ÷ Recharge batteries ÷ Clear memory
Step 1:
Instrument Setup
Step 2:
Measurement Setup
÷ Voltage range ÷ Voltage ratio
Step 2.2:
Voltage range & ratio
÷ Phase diagram ÷ U,I,f meter screen ÷ Power meter screen
Step 3:
Inspection
÷ Clamp type ÷ Clamp ratio
Step 2.3:
Clamps setup
÷ Conn.Type(4W,3W,1W) ÷ Sync channel:U1 | I1 | U12
Step 2.1:
Sync. & wiring
÷ Preform measureme ment ÷ Save waveform s napshoots
Step 4:
On Line Measurement
Prepare instrument f or new measurement, before going to measuring site. Check:
÷ Is it time and date corr ect? ÷ Are batteries in good condition? ÷ Is it Memory List empty? If it is not,
download all data from previous measurements and release storage for new measurement.
Setup PowerQ accordi ng to the measurement point nominal voltage, currents, load type. Optionally enable event s or alarms and define param eter thresholds.
Double check Measur ement setup using Phase diagram, and various scope and metering screens Using power metering check if power is flowing in ri ght direction (power should be positive for load and negative for generator measurements)
÷ Nominal voltage ÷ Thresholds
Step 2.4: [Optional]
Event Setup
÷ Define alarm and
its parameters
Step 2.5: [Optional]
Alarm Setup
÷ Select signals for
recording
÷ Define recording start
time, duration and interval
Step 5: [Optional]
Recorder setup
Start Recording
÷ Download data ÷ Analyse data ÷ Exprot to Excel or Word
Step 7:
Report generation (PowerView)
Start
In Office
On Measuring siteIn office
÷ Stop recorder ÷ Power off instrument ÷ Remove wiring ÷ Analyze recorderd dat a with
instrument (Memory List, Event and Alarm tables)
Step 6:
Measurement conclusion
Figure 3.45: Recommended measurement practice
Step 1: Instrument setup
On site measurements can be very stressful, and therefore it is good practice to prepare measurement equipment in office. Preparation of PowerQ4 include following steps:
Visually check instrument and accessories. Note: Don’t use visually damaged equipment!
Always use batteries in good condition and fully charge them before leave.
Note: Keep your batteries in good condition. In problematic PQ environment where dips and interrupts frequently occurs instrument power supply fully depends on batteries!
Download all previous records from instrument and clear the memory. (See
section 3.11 for instruction regarding memory clearing)
Set instrument time and date. (See section 3.12.5 for instruction regarding time
and date settings)
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 63
Step 2: Measurement setup
Measurement setup adjustment is performed on measured site, after we find out details regarding nominal voltage, currents, type of wiring etc.
Step 2.1: Synchronization and wiring
Connect current clamps and voltage tips to the “Device under measurement”
(See section 4.2 for details).
Select proper type of connection in “Measurement Setup” menu (See section
3.12.1 for details).
Select synchronization channel. Synchronization to voltage is recommended,
unless measurement id performed on highly distorted loads, such as PWM drives. In that case current synchronization can be more appropriate. (See section 3.12.1 for details).
Step 2.2: Voltage range and ratio
Select proper voltage range according to the network nominal voltage.
Note: For 4W and 1W measurement all voltages are specified as phase-to­neutral (L-N). For 3W measurements all voltages are specifies as phase-to­phase (L-L) Note: Instrument assures proper measurement up to 150 % of chosen nominal voltage.
In case of indirect voltage measurement, select voltage range: 50 V ÷ 110 V and
select “Voltage ratio” according to transducer ratio. (See section 3.12.1 for details).
Step 2.3: Current clamps setup
Using “Current Clamps” menu, select proper clamps (see sections 3.12.1 for
details).
Select proper clamps parameters according to the type of connection (see
section 4.2.3 for details).
Step 2.4: Event setup (optional)
Use this step only if voltage events are object of concern. Select nominal voltage and threshold values for: dip, swell and interrupts (see sections 3.12.2 and 3.8.1 for details). Note: Enable events in EVENT SETUP only if you want to capture events, without RECORDER assistance.
Step 2.5: Alarm setup (optional)
Use this step only if you would like only to check if some quantities cross some predefined boundaries (see sections 3.8.2 and 3.12.3 for details). Note: Enable alarms capture only if want to capture alarms, without assistance of RECORDER.
Step 3: Inspection
After setup instrument and measurement is finished, user need to recheck if everything is connected and configured properly. Following steps are recommended.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 64
Using PHASE DIAGRAM menu check if voltage and current phase sequence is
right regarding to the system. Additionally check if current has right direction.
Using U, I, f menu check if voltage and current value has proper value.
Additionally check voltage and current THD.
Note: Excessive THD can indicate that too small range was chosen! Note: In case of AD converter overloading current and voltage value will be
displayed with inverted color 250.4 V.
Using POWER menu check signs and indices of active, reactive power and
power factor. If any of these steps give you suspicious measurement results, return to Step 2 and double check measurement parameters.
Step 4: On-line measurement
Instrument is now ready for measurement. Observe on line parameters of voltage, current, power harmonics, etc. according to the measurement protocol or customer issues. Note: Use waveform snapshots to capture important measurement. Waveform snapshoot capture all power quality signatures at once (voltage, current, power, harmonics, flickers).
Step 5: Recorder setup and recording
Using RECORDER menu configure recording parameters such as:
Recorder Signals included in recording
Time Interval for data aggregation (IP)
Record duration
Recording start time (optional)
Include events and alarms capture if necessary
After setting recorder, recording can be started. (see section 3.10 for recorder details). Note: Recording usually last few days. Assure that instrument during recording session is not reachable to the unauthorized persons.
Step 6: Measurement conclusion
Before leaving measurement site we need to
Preliminary evaluate recorded data using TREND screens.
Stop recorder
Assure that we record and measure everything we needed.
Step 7: Report generation (PowerView)
Download records using PowerView and perform analysis. See PowerView manual for details.
4.2 Connection setup
4.2.1 Connection to the LV Power Systems
This instrument can be connected to the 3-phase and single phase network.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 65
The actual connection scheme has to be defined in MEASURING SETUP menu (see Figure below).
Figure 4.1: Measuring configuration menu
When connecting the instrument it is essential that both current and voltage connections are correct. In particular the following rules have to be observed: Current clamp-on current transformers
The arrow marked on the clamp-on current transformer has to point in the
direction of current flow, from supply to load.
If the clamp-on current transformer is connected in reverse the measured power
in that phase would normally appear negative.
Phase relationships
The clamp-on current transformer connected to current input connector I1 has to
measure the current in the phase line to which the voltage probe from L1 is
connected.
3-phase 4-wire system
In order to select this connection scheme, choose following connection on the instrument:
Figure 4.2: Choosing 3-phase 4-wire system on instrument
Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow:
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 66
LN L3 C B A L1
L1 L3C N A
L2
L2 B
Figure 4.3: 3-phase 4-wire system
3-phase 4-wire system
In order to select this connection scheme, choose following connection on the instrument:
Figure 4.4: Choosing 3-phase 3-wire system on instrument
Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow.
LN L3 C B A L1
L1 L3C N A
L2
L2 B
Figure 4.5: 3-phase 3-wire system
1-phase 3-wire system
In order to select this connection scheme, choose following connection on the instrument:
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 67
Figure 4.6: Choosing 1-phase 3-wire system on instrument
Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow.
LN L3 C B A L1
L1
L3C
N
A
L2
L2 B
Figure 4.7: 1-phase 3-wire system
Note: In case of events capturing, it is recommended to connect unused voltage inputs to N voltage input.
4.2.2 Connection to the MV or HV Power System
In systems where voltage is measured at the secondary side of a voltage transformer (say 11 kV / 110 V), the instrument voltage range should be set to 50÷110V and scaling factor of that voltage transformer ratio has to be entered in order to ensure correct measurement. In the next figure settings for this particular example is shown.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 68
Figure 4.8: Voltage ratio for 11kV/110kV transformer example
Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow.
LN L3 C B A L1
L1 L3C
N
A
L2
L2 B
L2
L1
high
voltage
power plant
measuring instruments
A
A
A
L3
xA / 5A
xA / 5A
xA / 5A
Figure 4.9: Connecting instrument to the existing current transformers in medium
voltage system
4.2.3 Current clamp selection and transformation ratio setting
Clamp selection can be explained by two typical use cases: direct current measurement and indirect current measurement. In next section recommended
practice for both cases is shown.
Direct current measurement with clamp-on current transformer
In this type of measurement load/generator current is measured directly with one of clap-on current transformer. Current to voltage conversion is performed directly by the clamps. Direct current measurement can be performed by any clamp-on current transformer. We particularly recommend: flex clamps A 1227 and iron clamps A 1281. Also older Metrel models A 1033 (1000A), A1069 (100A), A1120 (3000A), A1099 (3000A), etc.. can be used.
In the case of large loads there can be few parallel feeders which can’t be embraced by single clamps. In this case we can measure current only through one feeder as shown on figure bellow.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 69
Figure 4.10: Parallel feeding of large load
Example: 2700 A current load is feed by 3 equal parallel cables. In order to measure current we can embrace only one cable with clamps, and select: Measuring on wires: 3 in clamp menu. Instrument will assume that we measure only third part of current. Note: During setup current range can be observed by “Current range: 100% (3000 A)” row.
Indirect current measurement
Indirect current measurement with primary current transducer is assumed if we select 5A current clamps: A 1122 or A 1037. Load current is that case measured indirectly through additional primary current transformer. In example if we have 100A of primary current flowing through primary transformer with ratio 600A:5A, settings are shown in following figure.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 70
Figure 4.11: Current clamps selection for indirect current measurement
Over-dimensioned current transformer
Installed current transformers on the field are usually over-dimensioned for “possibility to add new loads in future”. In that case current in primary transformer can be less than 10% of rated transformer current. For such cases it is recommended to select 10% current range as shown on figure bellow.
Figure 4.12: Selecting 10% of current clamps
Note that if we want to perform direct current measure with 5 A clamps, primary transformer ratio should be set to 5 A : 5 A.
WARNING !
• The secondary winding of a current transformer must not be open when it is on a live
circuit.
• An open circuit secondary can result in dangerously high voltage across the terminals.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 71
Automatic current clamps recognition
Metrel developed Smart current clams product family in order to simplify current clamps selection and settings. Smart clams are multi-range switch-less current clamps automatically recognized by instrument. In order to activate smart clamp recognition, following procedure should be followed for the first time:
1. Turn on instrument
2. Connect clamps (in example A 1227) into PowerQ4
3. Enter: Setup Î Measuring setup Î Current Clamps menu
4. Select: Smart clamps
5. Clamps type will be automatically recognized by the instrument.
6. User should then select clamp range and confirm settings
Figure 4.13: Automatically recognised clamps setup
Instrument will remember clamps setting for the next time. Therefore, user only need to:
1. Plug clamps into the instrument
2. Turn on the instrument Instrument will recognize clamps automatically and set up ranges as was settled on measurement before. If clamps were disconnected following pop up will appear on the screen.
Figure 4.14: Automatically recognized clamps setup
Note: Do not disconnect automatic clamps during recording or measurement. Clamps
range will be reset if clamps are plugged out of the instrument.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 72
4.3 Number of measurements and connection type
relationship
PowerQ4 displaying and measurement, mainly depends on network type, defined in MEASUREMENT SETUP menu, Connection type. In example if user choose single phase connection system, only measurement relate to single phase system will be present. Table bellows show dependencies between measurement parameters and type of network.
Table 4.1: Quantities measured by instrument
Connection type Value 1W 3W 4W
RMS
U
1rms
U
Nrms
U
12rms
U
23rms
U
32rms
U
1rms U2rms U3rms UNrms
U
12rms U23rms U32rms
THD
THDU1 THDUN
THD
U12
THD
U23
THD
U31
THD
U1
THDU2 THDU3 THD
UN
THD
U12
THD
U23
THD
U31
Cf
CfU
1
CfUN
CfU
12
CfU
23
CfU32
CfU1 CfU2 CfU3 CfU
N
CfU
12
CfU
23
CfU31
RMS
I
1rms INrms
I
1rms I2rms I3rms
I
1rms I2rms I3rms INrms
THD
THD
I1
THDIN
THD
I1
THD
I2
THD
I3
THD
I1
THD
I2
THD
I3
THDIN
Cf
CfI1 CfIN CfI1 CfI2 CfI3 CfI1 CfI2 CfI3 CfIN
U, I, f
freq
freqU1 freqI
1
freqU12 freqI1
freqU1 freqI1
P
±
P1
±
P
tot
±
P1 ±P
2
±
P
3
±
P
tot
Q
±
Q1
±
Q
tot
±
Q1 ±Q
2
±
Q
3
±
Q
tot
S
S1 S
tot
S
1 S2 S3 Stot
PF
±
PF1
±
PF
tot
±
PF1 ±PF
2
±
PF
3
±
PF
tot
Power &
Energy
DPF
±
DPF1
±
DPF1 ±DPF
2
±
DPF
3
±
DPF
tot
Pst (1min)
Pst
1min1
Pst
1min12
Pst
1min23
Pst
1min31
Pst
1min1
Pst
1min 2
Pst
1min 3
Pst
Pst1 Pst
12
Pst
23
Pst31 Pst1 Pst2 Pst3
Flicker
Plt
Plt1 Plt
12
Plt23 Plt31 Plt1 Plt2 Plt3
%
- u
-
i
-
u
0
i0 u
-
i-
Unba-
lance
RMS
U
+ U-
I+ I-
U+ U- U0 I+ I- I0
Uh
1÷50
U1h
1÷50
UNh
1÷50
U12h
1÷50 U23h1÷50
U31h
1÷50
U1h
1÷50 U2h1÷50 U3h1÷50 UNh1÷50
Harmon
ics
Ih
1÷50
I1h
1÷50
INh
1÷50
I1h
1÷50
I2h
1÷50
I1h
1÷50
I1h
1÷50 I2h1÷50 I3h1÷50 INh1÷50
Note: Frequency measurement depends on synchronization (reference) channel, which can be voltage or current.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 73
In the same manner recording quantities are related to connection type too. When user selects Signals in RECORDER menu, channels selected for recording are chosen according to the Connection type, according to the next table.
4 Recommended Recording Practice and Instrument Connection 74
Table 4.2: Quantities recorder by instrument
Value
1-phase 3W 4W
RMS
U
1Rms UNRms
U
12Rms U23Rms U32Rms
U
1Rms U2Rms U3Rms UNRms U12Rms U23Rms U32Rms
THD
THDU1 THDUN THD
U12
THD
U23
THD
U31
THD
U1
THDU2 THDU3 THD
UN
THD
U12
THD
U23
THD
U31
Voltage
CF
CfU1 CfUN CfU
12
CfU
23
CfU32 CfU1 CfU2 CfU3 CfUN CfU
12
CfU
23
CfU31
RMS
I
1rms INrms
I
1rms I2rms I3rms
I
1rms I2rms I3rms INrms INCrms
THD
THD
I1
THDIN THD
I1
THD
I2
THD
I3
THD
I1
THD
I2
THD
I3
THDIN
Current
CF
CfI1 CfIN CfI1 CfI2 CfI3 CfI1 CfI2 CfI3 CfIN
U, I, f
Frequency f
freqU1 | freqI
1
freqU12| freqI1 freqU1 | freqI1
P
+
1
P
1
P
+
tot
P
tot
P
+
1
P
1
P
+
2
P
2
P
+
3
P
3
P
+
tot
P
tot
P
Q
+i
Q
1
+
c
Q
1
i
Q
1
c
Q
1
+i
tot
Q
+c
tot
Q
i
tot
Q
c
tot
Q
+i
Q
1
+
c
Q
1
i
Q
1
c
Q
1
+
i
Q
2
+
c
Q
2
i
Q
2
c
Q
2
+
i
Q
3
+
c
Q
3
i
Q
3
c
Q
3
+
i
tot
Q
+c
tot
Q
i
tot
Q
c
tot
Q
Power
S
+
1
S
1
S
+
tot
S
tot
S
+
1
S
1
S
+
2
S
2
S
+
3
S
3
S
+
tot
S
tot
S
eP
+
1
eP
1
eP
+
tot
eP
tot
eP
+
1
eP
1
eP
+
2
eP
2
eP
+
3
eP
3
eP
+
tot
eP
tot
eP
eQ
+i
eQ
1
+
c
eQ
1
i
eQ
1
c
eQ
1
+i
tot
eQ
+c
tot
eQ
i
tot
eQ
c
tot
eQ
+i
eQ
1
+
c
eQ
1
+
i
eQ
2
+
c
eQ
2
+
i
eQ
3
+
c
eQ
3
+
i
tot
eQ
+c
tot
eQ
i
eQ
1
c
eQ
1
i
eQ
2
c
eQ
2
i
eQ
3
c
eQ
3−itot
eQ
c
tot
eQ
Energy
eS
+
1
eS
1
eS
+
tot
eS
tot
eS
+
1
eS
1
eS
+
2
eS
2
eS
+
3
eS
3
eS
+
tot
eS
tot
eS
Pf
+i
PF
1
+
c
PF
1
i
PF
1
c
PF
1
+i
tot
PF
+c
tot
PF
i
tot
PF
c
tot
PF
+i
PF
1
+
c
PF
1
+
i
PF
2
+
c
PF
2
+i
PF
3
+c
PF
3+itot
PF
+c
tot
PF
i
PF
1
c
PF
1
i
PF
2
c
PF
2
i
PF
3
c
PF
3
i
tot
PF
c
tot
PF
Power & Energy
Power factor
DPF
+i
DPF
1
+
c
DPF
1
i
DPF
1
c
DPF
1
-
+i
DPF
1
+
c
DPF
1
+
i
DPF
2
+
c
DPF
2
+
i
DPF
3
+
c
DPF
3
i
DdPF
1
c
DPF
1
i
DPF
2
c
DPF
2
i
DPF
3
c
DPF
3
Pst (1min)
Pst
1min1
Pst
1min12
Pst
1min23
Pst
1min31
Pst
1min1
Pst
1min2
Pst
1min3
Pst (10min)
Pst1 Pst
12
Pst
23
Pst31 Pst1 Pst2 Pst3
Flicker
Plt (2h)
Plt1 Plt
12
Plt23 Plt31 Plt1 Plt2 Plt3
Unbalance %
- u
-
i
-
u
0
i0 u
-
i-
Uh
1÷50
U1h
1÷50
UNh
1÷50
U12h
1÷50 U23h1÷50 U31h1÷50
U1h
1÷50 U2h1÷50 U3h1÷50 UNh1÷50
Harmonics
Ih
1÷50
I1h
1÷50
INh
1÷50
I1h
1÷50 I2h1÷50 I1h1÷50
I
1h1÷50 I2h1÷50 I3h1÷50 INh1÷50
5 Theory and internal operation 75
5 Theory and internal operation
This section contains basics theory of measuring functions and technical information of the internal operation of the PowerQ4 instrument, including descriptions of measuring methods and logging principles.
5.1 Measurement methods
5.1.1 Measurement aggregation over time intervals
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 4.4)
The basic measurement time interval for:
Voltage
Current
Active, reactive and apparent power
Harmonics
Unbalance
is 10-cycle time interval. The 10/12-cycle measurement is resynchronized on each Interval tick according to the IEC 61000-4-30 Class S. Measurement methods are based on the digital sampling of the input signals, synchronised to the fundamental frequency. Each input (4 voltages and 4 currents) is simultaneously sampled 1024 times in 10 cycles.
5.1.2 Voltage measurement (magnitude of supply voltage)
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.2)
All voltage measurements represent RMS values of 1024 samples of the voltage magnitude over a 10-cycle time interval. Every 10 interval is contiguous, and not overlapping with adjacent 10 intervals.
U1
U2
U3
UN
U12
U23
U31
Figure 5.1: Phase and phase-to-phase (line) voltage
Voltage values are measured according to the following equation:
Phase voltage:
=
=
1024
1
2
1024
1
j
j
pp
uU [V], p: 1,2,3,N
(1)
5 Theory and internal operation 76
Line voltage:
=
=
1024
1
2
)(
1024
1
j
j
g
j
p
uuUpg [V], pg: 12,23,31
(2)
Phase voltage crest factor:
p
pPk
Up
U
U
Cf =
, p: 1,2,3,N
(3)
Line voltage crest factor:
pg
pgPk
Upg
U
U
Cf =
, pg: 12, 23, 31
(4)
The instrument has internally 3 voltage measurement ranges. Middle voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV) systems can be measured on lowest voltage range with assistance of voltage transformers. Its voltage factor should be entered into Voltage ratio: 1:1 variable in MEASURING SETUP menu.
5.1.3 Current measurement (magnitude of supply current)
Standard compliance: Class S (Section A.6.3)
All current measurements represent RMS values of the 1024 samples of current magnitude over a 10-cycle time interval. Each 10-cycle interval is contiguous and non­overlapping. Current values are measured according to the following equation:
Phase current:
=
=
1024
1
2
1024
1
j
j
pp
II [A], p: 1,2,3,N
(5)
Phase current crest factor:
Ix
Ix
Ix
cr
max
= , p: 1,2,3,N
(6)
The instrument has internally two current ranges: 10% and 100% range of nominal transducer current. Additionally Smart current clamps models offer few measuring ranges and automatic detection.
5.1.4 Frequency measurement
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.1)
During RECORDING with aggregation time Interval: 10 sec frequency reading is obtained every 10 s. As power frequency may not be exactly 50 Hz within the 10 s time
clock interval, the number of cycles may not be an integer number. The fundamental frequency output is the ratio of the number of integral cycles counted during the 10 s time clock interval, divided by the cumulative duration of the integer cycles. Harmonics and interharmonics are attenuated with 2-pole low pass filter in order to minimize the effects of multiple zero crossings. The measurement time intervals are non-overlapping. Individual cycles that overlap the 10 s time clock are discarded. Each 10 s interval begin on an absolute 10 s time clock, with uncertainty as specified in 6.2.14.
5 Theory and internal operation 77
For RECORDING with aggregation time Interval: <10 sec and on-line measurements, frequency reading is obtained from 10 cycles, in order to decrease instrument response
time. The frequency is ratio of 10 cycle’s, divided by the duration of the integer cycles.
Frequency measurement is performed on chosen “Synchronization channel”, in “Measuring setup” menu.
5.1.5 Phase power measurements
Standard compliance: IEEE STD 1459-2000 (Section 3.2.2.1; 3.2.2.2) IEC 61557-12 (Annex A)
All active power measurements represent RMS values of the 1024 samples of instantaneous power over a 10-cycle time interval. Each 10-cycle interval is contiguous and non-overlapping.
Phase active power:
==
==
1024
1
1024
1
1024
1
1024
1
j
j
p
j
p
j
j
pp
IUpP [W], p: 1,2,3
(7)
Apparent and reactive power, power factor and displacement power factor (Cos φ) are calculated according to the following equations:
Phase apparent power:
ppp
IUS
= [VA], p: 1,2,3
(8)
Phase reactive power:
22
)(
pppp
PSQSignQ = [VAr], p: 1,2,3
(9)
Sign of reactive power:
[
]
[]
⎪ ⎨
+
=
00
00
360180,1
1800,1
)(
p
p
p
QSign
ϕ
ϕ
p: 1,2,3
(10)
Phase power factor:
p
p
p
S
P
PF
= , p: 1,2,3
(11)
Cos φ (Displ. factor):
ppp
iCosuCosCos
ϕϕϕ
=
, p: 1,2,3
(12)
5.1.6 Total power measurements
Standard compliance: IEEE STD 1459-2000 (Section 3.2.2.2; 3.2.2.6) IEC 61557-12 (Annex A)
Total active, reactive and apparent power and total power factor are calculated according to the following equation:
Total active power: 321 PPPPt
++=
[W],
(13)
Total reactive power (vector):
321 QQQQt
++=
[VAr],
(14)
Total apparent power (vector):
(
)
22
QtPtSt += [VA],
(15)
5 Theory and internal operation 78
Total power factor (vector):
St
Pt
PFtot =
.
(16)
Figure 5.2: Vector representation of total power calculus
5.1.7 Energy
Standard compliance: IEC 61557-12 (Annex A)
Energy counters are linked to RECORDER functionality. Energy counters measure energy only when RECORDER is active. After power off/on procedure and before start of recording, all counters are cleared. Instrument use 4-quadrant measurement technique which use two active energy counters (eP+, eP-) and two reactive (eQ+, eQ-), as shown on bellow.
Figure 5.3: Energy counters and quadrant relationship
Instrument has 3 different counters sets:
1. Total counters TotEN are intended for measuring energy over a complete
recording. When recorder starts it sums the energy to existent state of the counters.
2. Last integration period LastIP counter measures energy during recording over
last interval. It is calculated at end of each interval.
3. Current integration period CurrIP counter measures energy during recording over
current time interval.
5 Theory and internal operation 79
5.1.8 Harmonics
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A and S (Section 5.7) IEC 61000-4-7 Class I
Calculation called fast Fourier transformation (FFT) is used to translate AD converted input signal to sinusoidal components. The following equation describes relation between input signal and its frequency presentation.
FFT
Voltage harmonics and THD
10 periods
t
n
1234
56
50
U
FFT
10 periods
t
n
12345 6 50
I
Uh
n
Ih
n
Current harmonics and THD
Figure 5.4: Current and voltage harmonics
⎟ ⎠
⎜ ⎝
++=
=kk
k
tf
k
cctu
ϕπ
1
512
1
0
2
10
sin)(
(17)
f1 – frequency of signal fundamental (in example: 50 Hz) c
0
– DC component
k – ordinal number (order of the spectral line) related to the frequency basis
N
C
T
f
1
1
=
T
N
– is the width (or duration) of the time window (TN = N*T1; T1 =1/f1). Time window is
that time span of a time function over which the Fourier transform is performed.
ck – is the amplitude of the component with frequency
1
10
f
k
fCk=
ϕ
k
– is the phase of the component ck
U
c,k
– is the RMS value of component ck Phase voltage and current harmonics are calculated as RMS value of harmonic subgroup (sg): square root of the sum of the squares of the RMS value of a harmonic and the two spectral components immediately adjacent to it.
n-th voltage harmonic:
−=
+
=
1
1
2
)10(,
k
knCnp
UhU p: 1,2,3
(18)
5 Theory and internal operation 80
n-th current harmonic:
−=
+⋅
=
1
1
2
)10(,kknCnp
IhI p: 1,2,3
(19)
Total harmonic distortion is calculated as ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic subgroups to the RMS value of the subgroup associated with the fundamental:
Total voltage harmonic distortion:
2
40
2
1
=
⎟ ⎠
⎜ ⎝
=
n
p
np
p
U
hU
hU
THD
, p: 1,2,3
(20)
Total current harmonic distortion:
2
50
2
1
=
⎟ ⎠
⎜ ⎝
=
n
p
np
Ip
hI
hI
THD
, p: 1,2,3
(21)
50
100 150 200
Uc,k
Uh
1
{
Uh2
{
Uh3
{
Uh4
{
Freqency
Figure 5.5: Illustration of harmonic subgroup for 50 Hz supply
5.1.9 Flicker
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.3) IEC 61000-4-15
Flicker is a visual sensation caused by unsteadiness of a light. The level of the sensation depends on the frequency and magnitude of the lighting change and on the observer. Change of a lighting flux can be correlated to a voltage envelope on figure bellow.
5 Theory and internal operation 81
0 0.1 0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
time (s)
voltage(V)
Figure 5.6: Voltage fluctuation
Flickers are measured in accordance with standard IEC 61000-4-15 “Flicker meter­functional and design specifications”. It defines the transform function based on a 230V/60W lamp-eye-brain chain response. That function is a base for flicker meter implementation and is presented on figure bellow.
Figure 5.7: Curve of equal severity (Pst=1) for rectangular voltage changes on LV
power supply systems
P
st1min
– is a short flicker estimation based on 1-minute interval. It is calculated as
running average and is used to get quick preview of 10 minutes.
P
stp
– short term flicker is calculated according to IEC 61000-4-15
5 Theory and internal operation 82
3
1
3
N
Pst
P
N
i
i
ltp
=
= p: 1,2,3
(22)
5.1.10 Voltage and current unbalance
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A (Section 5.7.1)
The supply voltage unbalance is evaluated using the method of symmetrical components. In addition to the positive sequence component U+, under unbalanced conditions there also exists negative sequence component U- and zero sequence component U0. These quantities are calculated according to the following equations:
)(
3
1
3
2
21
UaUaUU
rrr
r
++=
+
)(
3
1
3210
UUUU
rrr
r
++=
,
)(
3
1
32
2
1
UaUaUU
rrr
r
++=
,
(23)
where
0
120
13
2
1
2
1
j
eja =+= .
For unbalance calculus, instrument use the fundamental component of the voltage input signals (U1, U2, U3), measured over a 10-cycle time interval. The negative sequence ratio u-, expressed as a percentage, is evaluated by:
100(%) ×=
+
U
U
u
(24)
The zero sequence ratio u0, expressed as a percentage, is evaluated by:
100(%)
0
0
×=
+
U
U
u
(25)
Note: In 3W systems zero sequence component U
0
is by definition zero.
The supply current unbalance is evaluated in same fashion.
5.1.11 Voltage events
Voltage dips (U
Dip
), swells (U
Swell
), minimum (U
Rms(1/2)Min
) and maximum (U
Rms(1/2)Max
)
measurement method
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A& S (Section 5.4.1)
The basic measurement for event is U
Rms(1/2)
.
U
Rms(1/2)
is value of the RMS voltage measured over 1 cycle, commencing at a fundamental zero crossing and refreshed each half-cycle. The cycle duration for U
Rms(1/2)
depends on the frequency, which is determined by the
last 10-cycle frequency measurement. The U
Rms(1/2)
value includes, by definition,
harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling voltage, etc.
Voltage dip
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.4.2) The dip threshold is a percentage of Nominal voltage defined in EVENT SETUP menu. The dip threshold can be set by the user according to the use. Instrument event evaluation depends on Connection type:
5 Theory and internal operation 83
On single-phase systems, a voltage dip begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage falls
below the dip threshold, and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage is equal to or above
the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage (see Figure 5.8)
On three-phase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for
evaluation simultaneously:
o a dip begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage of one or more channels is below
the dip threshold and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage on all measured channels is equal to or above the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage.
o a voltage dip begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage of one channel falls below
the dip threshold, and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage is equal to or above
the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.
A voltage dip is characterized by a pair of data: residual voltage U
Dip
and dip duration:
U
Dip
is the residual voltage, the lowest U
Rms(1/2)
value measured on any channel
during the dip
The start time of a dip is time stamped with the time of the start of the U
Rms(1/2)
of the channel that initiated the event, and the end time of the dip is time stamped with the time of the end of the U
Rms(1/2)
that ended the event, as defined by the
threshold.
The duration of a voltage dip is the time difference between the start time and the
end time of the voltage dip.
U nominal
Swell limit
Dip duration
U
dip
Uswell
half cycle period (10 ms @ 50 Hz)
U
t
Dip limit
Interruption
limit
Urms(1/2) [n] Urms(1/2) [n+1]
Uint
Interrupt duration
Swell duration
Figure 5.8 Voltage events definition
Voltage swell
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.4.3)
5 Theory and internal operation 84
The swell threshold is a percentage of nominal voltage defined in Voltage events setup menu. The swell threshold can be set by the user according to the use. Instrument permits swell evaluation:
on single-phase systems, a voltage swell begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage rises
above the swell threshold, and ends when the U
Rms
voltage is equal to or bellow
the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage (see Figure 5.8),
on three-phase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for
evaluation simultaneously:
o A swell begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage of one or more channels is
above the swell threshold and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage on all measured channels is equal to or bellow the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage.
o A swell begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage of one channel rises above the
swell threshold, and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage is equal to or bellow
the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.
A voltage swell is characterized by a pair of data: maximum swell voltage magnitude, and duration:
U
Swell
– maximum swell magnitude voltage is the largest U
Rms(1/2)
value measured
on any channel during the swell.
The start time of a swell is time stamped with the time of the start of the U
Rms(1/2)
of the channel that initiated the event and the end time of the swell is time stamped with the time of the end of the U
Rms(1/2)
that ended the event, as defined
by the threshold.
The duration of a voltage swell is the time difference between the beginning and
the end of the swell.
Voltage interrupt
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A & S (Section 5.5)
Measuring method for voltage interruptions detection is same as for dips and swells, and is described in previous sections. The interrupt threshold is a percentage of nominal voltage defined in Voltage events setup menu. The interrupt threshold can be set by the user according to the use. Instrument permits interrupt evaluation:
On single-phase systems, a voltage interruption begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage
falls below the voltage interruption threshold and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
value is equal to, or greater than, the voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis (see Figure 5.8),
on polyphase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for
evaluation simultaneously:
o a voltage interruption begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltages of all channels fall
below the voltage interruption threshold and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage on any one channel is equal to, or greater than, the voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis.
o a voltage interrupt begins when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage of one channel fall
below the interrupt threshold, and ends when the U
Rms(1/2)
voltage is equal to or above the interrupt threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.
A voltage interrupt is characterized by a pair of data: minimal interrupt voltage magnitude, and duration:
5 Theory and internal operation 85
U
Int
– minimum interrupt magnitude voltage is the lowers U
Rms(1/2)
value measured
on any channel during the interrupt.
The start time of a interrupt is time stamped with the time of the start of the
U
Rms(1/2)
of the channel that initiated the event, and the end time of the interrupt is
time stamped with the time of the end of the U
Rms(1/2)
that ended the event, as
defined by the threshold.
The duration of a voltage dip is the time difference between the start time and the
end time of the voltage dip.
5.1.12 Alarms
Generally alarm can be seen as an event on arbitrary quantity. Alarms are defined in alarm table (see section 3.12.3 for alarm table setup). The basic measurement time interval for: voltage, current, active, reactive and apparent power, harmonics and unbalance alarms is 10-cycle time interval. Flicker alarms are evaluated according to the flicker algorithm (Pst
1min
>1min, Pst > 10min, Plt > 10min).
Each alarm has attributes described in table bellow. Alarm occurs when 10-cycle measured value on phases defined as Phase, cross Threshold value according to defined Trigger slope, minimally for Minimal duration value.
Table 5.1: Alarm definition parameters
Quantity
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Active, reactive and apparent power
Harmonics
Unbalance
Flickers
Phase
L1, L2, L3, L12, L23, L31, All, Tot
Trigger slope
< - Fall , > - Rise
Threshold value
[Number]
Minimal duration
200ms ÷ 10min
Each captured alarm is described by following parameters
Table 5.2: Alarm signatures
Date
Date when selected alarm has occurred
Start
Alarm start time - when first value cross threshold.
Phase
Phase on which alarm occurred
Level
Minimal or maximal value in alarm
Duration
Alarm duration.
5.1.13 Data aggregation in RECORDING
Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 4.5.3)
Time aggregation period (IP) during recording is defined with parameter Interval: x min in RECORDER menu.
5 Theory and internal operation 86
A new recording interval commence after previous interval run out, at the beginning of the next 10 cycle time interval. The data for the IP time interval are aggregated from 10­cycle time intervals, according to the figure bellow. The aggregated interval is tagged with the absolute time. The time tag is the time at the conclusion of the interval. There is no gap or overlap, during recording, as illustrated on figure bellow.
Figure 5.9: Synchronization and aggregation of 10 cycle intervals
For each aggregation interval instrument computes average value for measured quantity. Depending from the quantity, this can be (root means square) or arithmetical average. Equations for both averages are shown bellow.
RMS average
=
=
N
j
jRMS
A
N
A
1
2
1
,
Where: A
RMS
– quantity average over given aggregation interval A – 10-cycle quantity value N – number of 10 cycles measurements per aggregation interval.
(26)
Arithmetic average:
=
=
N
j
javg
A
N
A
1
1
Where: A
avg
– quantity average over given aggregation interval A – 10-cycle quantity value N – number of 10 cycles measurements per aggregation interval.
(27)
In the next table averaging method for each quantity is specified:
Table 5.3: Data aggregation methods
Group
Value Aggregation method
U
Rms
RMS
THDU RMS
Voltage
Ucf Arithmetic
Current I
Rms
RMS
5 Theory and internal operation 87
THDI RMS Icf Arithmetic
Frequency f Arithmetic
P Arithmetic Q Arithmetic
S Arithmetic
PF Arithmetic
Power
DPF (cos φ) Arithmetic
U+ RMS U- RMS U0 RMS u- RMS
Symmetry
u0 RMS Uh
1÷50
RMS Harmonics
Ih
1÷50
RMS
Parameter which will be recorded during recording session depends on Connection and synchronization channel, as shown in Table 4.2. For each parameter:
minimum,
average,
maximum,
active average,
value is recorded per time-interval. An active average value is calculated upon the same principle (arithmetic or RMS) as average value, but taking in account just measurements with “active” attribute set:
RMS active average NMA
M
A
M
j
jRMSact
=
=
;
1
1
2
(28)
Where: A
RMSact
– quantity average over active part of given aggregation interval, A – 10-cycle quantity value marked as “active”, M – number of 10 cycles measurements with active value.
Arithmetic active average:
=
=
M
j
javgact
NMA
M
A
1
;
1
(29)
Where: A
avgact
– quantity average over active part of given aggregation interval, A – 10-cycle quantity value in “active” part of interval, M – number of 10 cycles measurements with active value.
Active attribute for particular quantity is set if:
Phase/line RMS value is greater than lower limit of a measuring range (details in
technical specification): voltage and current effective value, harmonics and THD, voltage flicker.
Type of a load coincides with two- or four-quadrant area (details in Power and
energy recording): active, reactive and apparent power, power factor and
displacement power factor.
5 Theory and internal operation 88
Frequency and unbalance measurement are always considered as active values for recording. Table bellows show number of signal for each parameter group in RECORDER.
Table 5.4: Total number of recorded quantities
1W 3W 4W
U,I,f
13 quantities 52 values per interval
20 quantities 80 values per interval.
35 quantities 140 values per interval.
Power & Energy
16 quantities 64 values per interval
12 quantities 48 values per interval
60 quantities 240 values per interval
Flicker
3 quantities 12 values per interval
9 quantities 36 values per interval
9 quantities 36 values per interval
Symmetry
2 quantities 8 values per interval
4 quantities 16 values per interva
Harmonics
202 quantities 800
303 quantities 1212 values per interval
416 quantities 1628 values per interval
Total
235 347 517
5.1.14 Power and energy recording
Active power is divided into two parts: import (positive-motor) and export (negative­generator). Reactive power and power factor are divided into four parts: positive inductive (+i), positive capacitive (+c), negative inductive (-i) and negative capacitive (­c). Motor/generator and inductive/capacitive phase/polarity diagram is shown on figure below:
5 Theory and internal operation 89
Figure 1: Motor/generator and inductive/capacitive phase/polarity diagram
5.1.15 Waveform snapshoot
During measurement campaign PowerQ4 has ability to take waveform snapshot. This is particularly useful for memorizing characteristic or extreme network behavior. Instruments internally store 10 cycles of samples which can be later observed with MEMORY LIST menu (see 3.11) or with PowerView. Each Waveform snapshoot store:
- all displayed measurement for particular connection type (see section 4.3 for details)
- 10 cycles (1024 samples) of all measurement signals
5.1.16 Inrushes
Inrush logger is intended for analysis of voltage and current fluctuations during start of motor or other high power consumers. I
½Rms
values per 10 ms (half period) are measured and average is logged in each preset interval. Inrush logger starts when the preset trigger occurs.
5 Theory and internal operation 90
Figure 5.10: Inrush (waveform and RMS)
Inrush logging starts when the trigger even occurs. Storage buffer is divided into pre­buffer (measured values before trigger point) and post-buffer (measured values after trigger point).
Triggering
Input: I1, I2, I3, IN - trigger channels Level: predefined TRMS value Slope: rise / fall
Slope: rise
t
t
Slope: fall
Pre-post - buffer: 20 / 80 % of total buffer Pre - buffer is treated as negative time
Total buffer
Start logging
Stop logging
Trigger point
pre-buff.
post-buff.
Pre-buffer and post-buffer
Figure 5.11: Inrush triggering
5 Theory and internal operation 91
5.2 EN 50160 Standard Overview
EN 50160 standard define, describes and specifies the main characteristics of the voltage at a network user’s supply terminals in public low voltage and medium voltage distribution networks under normal operating conditions. This standard describes the limits or values within which the voltage characteristics can be expected to remain over the whole of the public distribution network and do not describe the average situation usually experienced by an individual network user. An overview of EN 50160 limits are presented on table bellow.
Table 5.5: EN 50160 standard overview
Supply voltage phenomenon
Acceptable limits
Meas. Interval
Monitoring Period
Acceptance Percentage
Power frequency 49.5 ÷ 50.5 Hz
47.0 ÷ 52.0 Hz
10 s 1 Week 99,5%
100%
230V ± 10% 95%
Supply voltage variations, U
Nom
230V +10%
-15%
10 min 1 Week
100%
Flicker severity Plt Plt 1 2 h 1 Week 95%
Voltage Dips (1min) 10 to 1000 times
(under 85% of U
Nom
)
10 ms
1 Year
100%
Short Interruptions ( 3min)
10 ÷ 100 times (under 1% of U
Nom
)
10 ms
1 Year
100%
Accidental long interruptions (> 3min)
10 ÷ 50 times (under 1% of U
Nom
)
10 ms
1 Year
100%
Voltage unbalance u- 0 ÷ 2 %,
occasionally 3%
10 min 1 Week 95%
Total harm. distortion, THDU 8% 10 min 1 Week 95% Harmonic Voltages, Uhn See Table 5.6 10 min 1 Week 95%
5.2.1 Power frequency
The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz, for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system. Under normal operating conditions the mean value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of: 50 Hz ± 1 % (49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year; 50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time.
5.2.2 Supply voltage variations
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week 95 % of the 10 min mean U
Rms
values of the supply voltage shall be within the range of U
Nom
± 10 %, and all
U
Rms
values of the supply voltage shall be within the range of U
Nom
+ 10 % / - 15 %.
5.2.3 Voltage dips (Indicative values)
Under normal operating conditions the expected number of voltage dips in a year may be from up to a few tens to up to one thousand. The majority of voltage dips have duration less than 1 s and a retained voltage greater than 40 %. However, voltage dips with greater depth and duration can occur infrequently. In some areas voltage dips with
5 Theory and internal operation 92
a retained voltage between 85 % and 90 % of U
Nom
can occur very frequently as a result
of the switching of loads in network users’ installations.
5.2.4 Short interruptions of the supply voltage
Under normal operating conditions the annual occurrence of short interruptions of the supply voltage ranges from up to a few tens to up to several hundreds. The duration of approximately 70 % of the short interruptions may be less than one second.
5.2.5 Long interruptions of the supply voltage
Under normal operating conditions the annual frequency of accidental voltage interruptions longer than three minutes may be less than 10 or up to 50 depending on the area.
5.2.6 Supply voltage unbalance
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean RMS values of the negative phase sequence component (fundamental) of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component (fundamental). In some areas with partly single phase or two phase connected network users’ installations, unbalances up to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.
5.2.7 THD voltage and harmonics
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less or equal to the value given in table bellow. Moreover, THDU values of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order
40) shall be less than or equal to 8 %.
Table 5.6: Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply
Odd harmonics Even harmonics
Not Multiples of 3 Multiples of 3 Order h Relative
voltage (U
Nom
)
Order h Relative
voltage (U
Nom
)
Order h Relative
voltage (U
Nom
)
5 6,0 % 3 5,0 % 2 2,0 % 7 5,0 % 9 1,5 % 4 1,0 % 11 3,5 % 15 0,5 % 6..24 0,5 % 13 3,0 % 21 0,5 % 17 2,0 % 19 1,5 % 23 1,5 % 25 1,5 %
5.2.8 4.4.2 Flicker severity
Under normal operating conditions, in any period of one week the long term flicker severity caused by voltage fluctuation should be Plt 1 for 95 % of the time.
6 Technical specifications 93
5.2.9 PowerQ4 recorder setting for EN 50160 survey
PowerQ4 is able to perform EN 50160 surveys on all values described in previous sections. In order to simplify procedure, PowerQ4 has predefined recorder configuration (EN510160) for it. By default all current parameters (RMS, THD, etc.) are also included in survey, which can provide additional survey information’s. Additionally, user can during voltage quality survey simultaneously record other parameters too, such as power, energy and current harmonics. In order to collect voltage events during recording, Include voltage events options in recorder should be enabled. See section 3.12.2 for voltage events settings.
Figure 5.12: Predefined EN50160 recorder configuration
After recording is finished, EN 50160 survey is performed on PowerView software. See PowerView manual or details.
6 Technical specifications
6.1 General specifications
Working temperature range:
-10
°C ÷ +50 °C
Storage temperature range:
-20
°C ÷ +70 °C
Max. humidity:
95 % RH (0
°C ÷ 40 °C), non-condensing
Pollution degree: 2 Protection classification: double insulation Over voltage category: CAT IV 600 V / CAT III 1000 V Protection degree: IP 42 Dimensions: (220 x 115 x 90) mm Weight (without accessories): 0.65 kg
Display: graphic liquid crystal display (LCD) with backlight,
320 x 200 dots. Memory: 8 MB Flash Batteries: 6 x 1.2 V NiMh rechargeable AA batteries Provide full operation for up to 15 hours* External DC supply: 12 V, 1 A min Maximum power consumption: 150 mA – without batteries
1 A – while charging batteries Battery charging time: 4 hours * Communication:
USB 1.0
Standard USB Type B 2400 baud ÷ 921600 baud
6 Technical specifications 94
RS-232
8 pin PS/2 – type
2400 baud ÷ 115200 baud * The charging time and the operating hours are given for batteries with a nominal capacity of 2500mAh
6.2 Measurements
Note: In order to get resolution and accuracy specified in this section, measuring data
should be observed by PowerView (Waveform Snapshoot or On-Line View). PowerQ4 display resolution is reduced due to screen space constraints and enhanced visibility of presented measurements (larger screen fonts and space between measurements).
6.2.1 General description
Max. input voltage (Phase – Neutral): 1000 V
RMS
Max. input voltage (Phase – Phase): 1730 V
RMS
Phase - Neutral input impedance: 6 M Phase – Phase input impedance: 6 M AD converter 16 bit 8 channels,
simultaneous sampling Reference temperature 23 °C ± 2 °C Temperature influence 60 ppm/°C
NOTE: Instrument has 3 voltage ranges. Range has to be chosen according to the network nominal voltage, according to the table bellow.
Nominal phase voltage: U
Nom
Recommended Voltage range
50 V ÷ 110 V Voltage Range 1: 50 V ÷ 110 V (L-N) 110 V ÷ 240 V Voltage Range 2: 110 V ÷ 240 V (L-N) 240 V ÷ 1000 V Voltage Range 3: 240 V ÷ 1000 V (L-N)
Nominal phase-to-phase voltage: U
Nom
Recommended Voltage range
86 V ÷ 190 V Voltage Range 1: 89 V ÷ 190 V (L-L) 190 V ÷ 414 V Voltage Range 2: 190 V ÷ 414 V (L-L) 415 V ÷ 1730 V Voltage Range 3: 240 V ÷ 1730 V (L-L)
NOTE: Assure that all voltage clips are connected during measurement and logging period. Unconnected voltage clips are susceptible to EMI and can trigger false events. It is advisable to short them with instrument neutral voltage input.
6.2.2 Phase Voltages
UpRms, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N]
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 20 V
RMS
÷ 150.0 V
RMS
10 mV
Range 2: 50 V
RMS
÷ 360 V
RMS
Range 3: 200 V
RMS
÷ 1500 V
RMS
100 mV
0.2 % U
RMS
1.5 min
U
pRms(1/2)
p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 20 V
RMS
÷ 150.0 V
RMS
10 mV 0.5 %
6 Technical specifications 95
Range 2: 50 V
RMS
÷ 360 V
RMS
Range 3: 200 V
RMS
÷ 1500 V
RMS
U
RMS
1.5 min
CfUp, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
1 ÷ 2.5 0.01 5% CfU
UpPk: p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Range 1: 20 V ÷ 255 Vpk 0.5 % UPk Range 2: 50 V ÷ 510 Vpk 0.5 % UPk Range 3: 200 V ÷ 2250 Vpk
100 mV
0.5 % UPk
6.2.3 Line voltages
U
pgRms
, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 20 V
RMS
÷ 260 V
RMS
Range 2: 47 V
RMS
÷ 622 V
RMS
Range 3: 346 V
RMS
÷ 2600 V
RMS
100 mV
0.25 % U
RMS
1.5 min
U
pRms(1/2)
pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 20 V
RMS
÷ 260 V
RMS
Range 2: 47 V
RMS
÷ 622 V
RMS
Range 3: 346 V
RMS
÷ 2600 V
RMS
10 mV
0.5 % U
RMS
1.5 min
Cf
Upg
, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
1 ÷ 2.5 0.01 5% CfU
U
pgPk
, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Range 1: 20 V ÷ 442 Vpk Range 2: 47 V ÷ 884 Vpk Range 3: 346V ÷ 3700 Vpk
100 mV
0.5 % UPk
6.2.4 Current
Input impedance : 100 k
IpRms, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 50.0 mV
RMS
÷ 200 mV
RMS
0.25 %
Range 2: 50.0 mV
RMS
÷ 2 V
RMS
100
μV
0.25 %
1.5 min
6 Technical specifications 96
Peak value IpPk, INPk, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Range 1: 50 mV ÷ 280 mV
RMS
2 %
Range 2: 50 mV ÷ 3 Vpk
100 μV
2%
I
p½ Rms
, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Crest factor Range 1: 20.0 mV
RMS
÷ 200 mV
RMS
1 %
Range 2: 20.0 mV
RMS
÷ 2 V
RMS
100
μV
1 %
1.5 min
Crest factor CfIp p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
1 ÷ 10 0.01 5 %
Current accuracy with clamps
Measurement accessory Measuring range Overall current accuracy A 1033 1000 A 20 A ÷ 1000 A 1.3 %
A 1227
3000 A
300 A
30 A
300 A ÷ 6000 A
30 A ÷ 600 A
3 A ÷ 60 A
1.5 %
1.5 %
1.5 %
A 1122 5 A 100 mA ÷ 5 A 1.3 %
Note: Overall accuracy is calculated as:
2
2
taint
y
ClampUnce
r
ertaint
y
PowerQ4Un
c
1,1
5
rtainty
SystemUnc
e
+=
6.2.5 Frequency
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
10.00 Hz ÷ 70.00 Hz 2 mHz ± 10 mHz
6.2.6 Flickermeter
Fl. Type Measuring range Resolution Accuracy*
P
lt1min
0.4 ÷ 4 0.001 5 % P
lt1min
Pst 0.4 ÷ 4 0.001 5 % Pst Plt 0.4 ÷ 4 0.001 5 % Plt
* Guaranteed only in 49 ÷ 51Hz frequency range
6.2.7 Power
Measuring range
(W, VAr, VA)
Resolution Accuracy
Excluding clamps 0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M
± 0.5 %
With A 1227
Flex clamps 3000A
0.000 k ÷ 999.9k
± 1.5 %
Active power
P*
With A 1033
1000 A
000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k
4 digits
± 1.3 %
ive
po
we
Excluding clamps 0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M
4 digits
± 0.5 %
6 Technical specifications 97
With A 1227 Flex clamps
0.000 k ÷ 999.9k
± 1.5 %
With A 1033
1000 A
000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k
± 1.3 %
Excluding clamps 0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M
± 0.5 %
With A 1227 Flex clamps
0.000 k ÷ 999.9k
± 1.5 %
Apparent
power S***
With A 1033
1000 A
000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k
4 digits
± 1.3 %
*Accuracy values are valid if cos φ ≥ 0.80, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
**Accuracy values are valid if sin φ ≥ 0.50, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
***Accuracy values are valid if cos φ ≥ 0.50, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
6.2.8 Power factor (Pf)
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
-1.00 ÷ 1.00 0.01 ±0.02
6.2.9 Displacement factor (Cos φ)
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
0.00 ÷ 1.00 0.01 ±0.02
6.2.10 Energy
Measuring range
(Wh, VArh, VAh)
Resolution Accuracy
Excluding clamps 1 ÷ 9 G
± 0.5 %
With A 1227 Flex clamps
1 ÷ 9 G
± 1.4 %
Active
energy eP*
With A 1033
1000 A
1 ÷ 9 G
12 digits
± 1.3 %
Excluding clamps 1 ÷ 9 G
± 0.5 %
With A 1227 Flex clamps
1 ÷ 9 G
± 1.4 %
Reactive
power eQ**
With A 1033
1000 A
1 ÷ 9 G
12 digits
± 1.3 %
Excluding clamps 1 ÷ 9 G
± 0.5 %
With A 1227 Flex clamps
1 ÷ 9 G
± 1.4 %
Apparent
energy eS***
With A 1033
1000 A
1 ÷ 9 G
12 digits
± 1.3 %
*Accuracy values are valid if cos φ ≥ 0.80, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
**Accuracy values are valid if sin φ ≥ 0.50, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
***Accuracy values are valid if cos φ ≥ 0.50, I ≥ 10 % I
Nom
and U ≥ 80 % U
Nom
6 Technical specifications 98
6.2.11 Voltage harmonics and THD
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
Uh
N
< 3 % U
Nom
10 mV 0.15 % U
Nom
3 % U
Nom
< Uh
N
< 20 % U
Nom
10 mV 5 % UhN
U
Nom
: nominal voltage (RMS)
Uh
N
: measured harmonic current
n: harmonic component 1st ÷ 50
th
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
0 % U
Nom
< THD
U
< 20 % U
Nom
0,1 %
±
0.3
U
Nom
: nominal voltage (RMS)
6.2.12 Current harmonics and THD
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
Ih
n
< 10 % I
Nom
10 mV 0.15 % I
Nom
10 % I
Nom
< Ih
n
< 100 % 10 mV 5 % IhN
I
Nom
: Nominal current (RMS)
Ih
N
: measured harmonic current
n: harmonic component 1st ÷ 50
th
Measuring range Resolution Accuracy
0 % I
Nom
< THD
I
< 100 % I
Nom
0,1 %
±
0.6
100 % I
Nom
< THD
I
< 200 % I
Nom
0,1 %
±
1.5
I
Nom
: Nominal current (RMS)
6.2.13 Unbalance
Unbalance range Resolution Accuracy
u-
u0
0.5 % ÷ 5.0 % 0.1 % 0.15 %
i-
i0
0.0 % ÷ 17 % 0.1 % 1%
6.2.14 Time and duration uncertainty
Real time clock (RTC) uncertainty
Operating range Accuracy
-20 °C ÷ +70 °C
± 3.5 ppm 0.3
sec per day
0 °C ÷ +40 °C
± 2.0 ppm 0.17
sec per day
Event duration and recorder time-stamp and uncertainty
Measuring Range Resolution Error Event Duration 30 ms ÷ 7 days 1msec
± 1 cycle
6 Technical specifications 99
6.3 Standards compliance
6.3.1 Compliance to the IEC 61557-12
General and essential characteristic
Power quality assessment function -S
SD
Indirect current and direct voltage measurement
Classification according to 4.3
SS
Indirect current and indirect voltage measurement
Temperature K50 Humidity + altitude Standard
Measurement characteristic
Function symbols Class according
to IEC 61557-12
Measuring range
Measuring method IEC 61000-4-30 Class
P 1 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
Q 1 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
S 1 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
eP 1 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
eQ 2 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
eS 1 5 % ÷ 200% I
Nom
(1)
PF 0.5 - 1 ÷ 1 f 0.02 10 Hz ÷ 70 Hz S I, IN 0.5 5 % I
Nom
÷ 200 % I
Nom
S U 0.2 20 V ÷ 1000 V S Pst,Plt 5 0.4 ÷ 4 S Udip, U
swl
0.5 5 V ÷ 1500 V S
U
int
0.5 0 V ÷ 100 V A
u
­,
u
0
0.2 0.5 % ÷ 17 % A
Uhn 1 0 % ÷ 20 % U
Nom
S
THD
u 1 0 % ÷ 20 % U
Nom
S
Ih
n
1 0 % ÷ 100 % I
Nom
A
THD
i 2 0 % ÷ 100 % I
Nom
A (1) - Measurement range depends on current sensor. However according to the IEC 61557-12, if current sensor has I
Nom
defined as I
Nom
= k · A/V, then measurement range
is: 2 % I
Nom
÷ 200 % I
Nom
.
6 Technical specifications 100
6.3.2 Compliance to the to the IEC 61000-4-30
IEC 61000-4-30 Section and Parameter
PowerQ4 Parameter
Class
Measurement Method - IEC 61000-4­30 Section
Uncertainty
Measuring range
(1)
Influence Quantity range
(2)
Aggregation Method
(3)
5.1 Frequency freq S 5.1.1 ±10 mHz 10 Hz ~ 70 Hz 40 Hz ÷ 70 Hz Arithmetic
5.2 Magnitude of the Supply U
Rms
S 5.2.1 ±0.5 % of U
Nom
10 %~150 % U
Nom
10 %~150 % U
Nom
RMS
5.3 Flicker Pst S 5.3.1 5 %
(4)
0.4 ~ 4.0 0 ~ 10
IEC 61000­4-15
5.4 Dips and Swells
U
Dip, USwell
duration
S 5.4.1
0.5 % ± 1 cycle
> 10 % U
Nom
1.5 cycle ~ 7 days
5.5 Interruptions
U
Int
duration
S 5.4.1
0.5 % ± 1 cycle
< 150 % U
Nom
1.5cycle ~ 7 days
– –
5.7 Unbalance u
­,
u
0
A 5.7.1 ±0.15 % 0.5 % ~5 % 0 % ~ 5 % RMS
5.8 Voltage Harmonics UhN S 5.8.1
IEC 61000-4-7 Class II
0 % ÷ 20 % U
Nom
0 % ÷ 20 % U
Nom
RMS
A.6.3 Magnitude of the current I
Rms
S A.6.3.1 0.5 % 2 % ÷ 200 % I
Nom
2 % ÷ 200 % I
Nom
RMS
A.6.4 Harmonic currents
Ihn A
A.6.5
IEC 61000-4-7 Class II
0 % ÷ 40 % I
Nom
0 % ÷ 40 % I
Nom
RMS
A.6.4 Inrush current I
½Rms
S A.6.4.1 1 % 2 % ÷ 200 % I
Nom
(1) The instrument meets the uncertainty requirements for signals within the measuring range. (2) The instrument tolerate signals in the influence quantity range without shifting the measurement of other parameters out of their uncertainty requirement, and without instrument damage. (3) RMS aggregation according to the IEC 61000-4-30 section 4.4 and 4.5, Arithmetic according to the section 5.1.13 in this manual. (4) Guaranteed only in 49 ÷ 51Hz frequency range
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