Measurement CIO-DAS160x1x User Manual

CIO-DAS1601/12

CIO-DAS1602/12
CIO-DAS1602/16

ANALOG & DIGITAL I/O BOARD

for ISA BUS

Standard and -P5 versions

Revision 6

© Copyright November, 2000

LIFETIME WARRANTY
Every hardware product manufactured by Measurement Computing Corp. is warranted against defects in
materials or workmanship for the life of the product, to the original purchaser. Any products found to be
defective will be repaired or replaced promptly.

LIFETIME HARSH ENVIRONMENT WARRANTY

TM

Any Measurement Computing Corp. product which is damaged due to misuse may be replaced for only
50% of the current price. I/O boards face some harsh environments, some harsher than the boards are
designed to withstand. When that happens, just return the board with an order for its replacement at only
50% of the list price. Measurement Computing Corp. does not need to profit from your misfortune. By
the way, we will honor this warranty for any other manufacture’s board that we have a replacement for!
30 DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE
Any Measurement Computing Corp. product can be returned within 30 days of purchase for a full refund
of the price paid for the product being returned. If you are not satisfied, or chose the wrong product by
mistake, you do not have to keep it. Please call for a RMA number first. No credits or returns accepted
without a copy of the original invoice. Some software products are subject to a repackaging fee.
These warranties are in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including any implied warranty
of merchantability or fitness for a particular application. The remedies provided herein are the buyer’s
sole and exclusive remedies. Neither Measurement Computing Corp., nor its employees shall be liable
for any direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential damage arising from the use of its products,
even if Measurerment Computing Corp. has been notified in advance of the possibility of such damages.

MEGA-FIFO, the CIO prefix to data acquisition board model numbers, the PCM prefix to data acquisi­tion board model numbers, PCM-DAS08, PCM-D24C3, PCM-DAC02, PCM-COM422, PCM-COM485,
PCM-DMM, PCM-DAS16D/12, PCM-DAS16S/12, PCM-DAS16D/16, PCM-DAS16S/16, PCI­DAS6402/16, Universal Library, InstaCal, Harsh Environment Warranty and Measurement Computing
Corp. are registered trademarks of Measurement Computing Corp.

IBM, PC, and PC/AT are trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. Windows is a trademark
of Microsoft Corp. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Information furnished by Measurement Computing Corp. is believed to be accurate and reliable. How­ever, no responsibility is assumed by Measurement Computing Corp. neither for its use; nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties, which may result from its use. No license is
granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or copyrights of Measurement Computing Corp.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans­mitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise with­out the prior written permission of Measurement Computing Corp.

Measurement Computing Corp. does not authorize any Measurement Computing Corp. product for use in
life support systems and/or devices without the written approval of the President of Measurement Com­puting Corp. Life support devices/systems are devices or systems which, a) are intended for surgical
implantation into the body, or b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform can be reasonably
expected to result in injury. Measurement Computing Corp. products are not designed with the compo­nents required, and are not subject to the testing required to ensure a level of reliability suitable for the
treatment and diagnosis of people

HM CIO-DAS160#_1#.lwp

Notice

.

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................

2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION .....................................................

3 HARDWARE INSTALLATION ....................................................

4 CONNECTOR PINOUTS ..........................................................

5 ANALOG CONNECTIONS ........................................................

6 REGISTER ARCHITECTURE ....................................................

7 CALIBRATION AND TEST ......................................................

8 ANALOG ELECTRONICS .......................................................

1
1
1

13.1 BASE ADDRESS .............................................................

23.2 DMA LEVEL SELECT .........................................................

23.3 1/10 MHz XTAL JUMPER ......................................................

23.4 8/16 CHANNEL SELECT .......................................................

33.5 D/A CONVERTER REFERENCE JUMPER BLOCK .................................

33.6 BIPOLAR/UNIPOLAR AND GAIN SETTING ......................................

43.7 PACER EDGE SELECT ........................................................

53.8 BURST MODE GENERATOR ...................................................

53.9 DT-CONNECT ...............................................................

6

64.1 MAIN CONNECTOR DIAGRAM ................................................

74.2 DIGITAL I/O CONNECTOR (NOT APPLICABLE TO -P5 VERSIONS) .................

8

85.1 ANALOG INPUTS ............................................................

85.1.1 Single-Ended and Differential Inputs ..........................................

115.1.2 System Grounds and Isolation ...............................................

135.2 Wiring Configurations .........................................................

145.2.1 Common Ground / Single-Ended Inputs .......................................

145.2.2 Common Ground / Differential Inputs ........................................

145.2.3 Common Mode Voltage < +/-10V / Single-Ended Inputs ..........................

155.2.4 Common Mode Voltage < +/-10V / Differential Inputs ...........................

155.2.5 Common Mode Voltage > +/-10V ............................................

165.2.6 Isolated Grounds / Single-Ended Inputs .......................................

175.2.7 Isolated Grounds / Differential Inputs ........................................

175.3 ANALOG OUTPUTS .........................................................

19

196.1 CONTROL & DATA REGISTERS ..............................................

206.1.1 A/D DATA & CHANNEL REGISTERS (CIO-DAS1600/12) ........................

216.1.2 A/D DATA & CHANNEL REGISTERS (CIO-DAS1602/16) ........................

216.1.3 CHANNEL MUX SCAN LIMITS REGISTER ...................................

226.1.4 FOUR BIT DIGITAL I/O REGISTERS ........................................

226.1.5 D/A REGISTERS .........................................................

236.1.6 STATUS REGISTER ......................................................

246.1.7 DMA, INTERRUPT & TRIGGER CONTROL ...................................

246.1.8 PACER CLOCK CONTROL REGISTER .......................................

266.1.9 PROGRAMMABLE GAIN CONTROL REGISTER / BURST RATE ..................

276.1.10 PACER CLOCK DATA & CONTROL REGISTERS .............................

276.1.11 24-bit DIGITAL I/O REGISTERS (not applicable on -P5 versions) .................

296.1.12 CONVERT DISABLE REGISTER ...........................................

296.1.13 BURST MODE ENABLE REGISTER ........................................

306.1.14 DAS1600 MODE ENABLE REGISTER ......................................

306.1.15 BURST STATUS REGISTER ...............................................

31

317.1 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT .....................................................

317.2 CALIBRATING THE A/D & D/A CONVERTERS ..................................

32

328.1 VOLTAGE DIVIDERS ........................................................

Table of Contents

9 SPECIFICATIONS ..............................................................

338.2 LOW PASS FILTERS .........................................................

34

349.1 CIO-DAS1601/12 & CIO-DAS1602/12 ...........................................

369.2 CIO-DAS1602/16 ............................................................

1 INTRODUCTION

The installation and operation of all CIO-DAS1600 series boards are very similar. Throughout this
manual we use CIO-DAS1600 as a generic designation for the CIO-DAS1601/12, CIO-DAS1602/12, and
CIO-DAS1600/16. When required, due to the differences in the boards, the specific board name is used.

2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

We recommend you install and run the InstaC
shipped with your board prior to installing the board in your computer. InstaC

TM

installation, test and calibration utility that was

al

TM

will show you how to

al

properly set the switches and jumpers on the board prior to physically installing the board in your
computer.

Refer to the Software Installation Manual for detailed instructions regarding the installation of the

TM

InstaC

al

software.

3 HARDWARE INSTALLATION

The CIO-DAS1600 has a variety of switches and jumpers to set before installing the board in your
computer. By far the simplest way to configure your board is to use the Insta

TM

part of your CIO-DAS1600 software package. Insta

will show you all available options, how to

Cal

configure the various switches and jumpers to match your application requirements, and will create a
configuration file that your application software (and the Universal Library) will refer to so the software
you use will automatically know the exact configuration of the board.

Please refer to the Software Installation Manual regarding the installation and operation of Insta
The following hard copy information is provided as a matter of completeness, and will allow you to set
the hardware configuration of the CIO-DAS1600 board if you do not have immediate access to

TM

Insta

and/or your computer.

Cal

TM

program provided as

Cal

Cal

TM

.

3.1 BASE ADDRESS

Unless there is already a board in your system using
address 300 hex (768 decimal), leave the switches as they
are set at the factory.

In Figure 3-1, the CIO-DAS1600 is set at base address
300 hex. This means the DAS-16 compatible section of
the board is at 300 hex and the DIO-24 compatible
section of the board is at 700 hex.

Figure 3-1. Base Address & Wait EN Switch

Note: Wait State Enable is typically not required. Leave the WAIT EN switch in the UP (not enabled)
position

1

3.2 DMA LEVEL SELECT

1

1

1

If you are installing the board in an old XT bus computer, DMA level 3 is

probably used by the hard disk controller. Set the DMA level switch
to level 1 position (Figure 3-2).

If you have a 386 or higher computer, the hard disk controller does
not use either DMA level 1 or 3 so either level can be selected. The
default level is level 1.

Figure 3-2. DMA Level Select Switch

There are other boards that use DMA levels. Some network boards do and so do some IEEE-488
interface boards. Check to see if you have other boards in your computer that use DMA channels 1 or 3.

3.3 1/10 MHz XTAL JUMPER

The 1/10 MHz XTAL jumper selects the frequency of the square wave
used as a clock by the A/D pacer circuitry. This pacer circuitry controls
the sample timing of the A/D. The output driving the A/D converter is
also available at the CTR 2 output pin on the main connector.

10

To maintain full compatibility with the original DAS-16, the
CIO-DAS1600 required a 1 MHz crystal oscillator. When the DAS-16
was redesigned, a faster 10MHz crystal was added. A jumper is
provided to maintain compatibility with older software. The
CIO-DAS1600 has the jumper because the DAS-16 has the jumper and
some existing software requires the jumper to be in the 1 MHz position
while other software requires a 10 MHz oscillator. The CIO-DAS1600
is shipped with the jumper in the 1 MHz position (Figure 3-3).

Figure 3-3. 1 or 10 MHz Select Jumper

Default 1MHz Show n

CLK SEL

1

3.4 8/16 CHANNEL SELECT

The analog inputs of the CIO-DAS1600 can be configured as eight differential or 16 single-ended. Use
the single-ended input mode if you have more than eight analog
inputs to sample. Using the differential input mode allows up to
10 volts of common mode (ground loop) rejection and will
provide better noise immunity.

The CIO-DAS1600 comes from the factory configured for 16
single-ended inputs and the 8/16 switch is in the position shown in
Figure 3-4. Set it for the type and number of inputs you desire.
This switch is located under the metal shield. If you need access
to this switch, this shield may be removed by removing the two
screws on the back of the CIO-DAS1600.

Figure 3-4. 8/16 Channel Select Switch

6

6/8 CHANNEL SELECT SWITCH

Channel

6-

Single-Ended I

M

ode Shown

8

nput

2

3.5 D/A CONVERTER REFERENCE JUMPER BLOCK

The jumper block located near the center of the CIO-DAS1600 allows you to use the on board precision
voltage reference to select the output ranges of the digital to analog converters.

Analog output is provided by two 12-bit multiplying D/A converters. This type of converter accepts a
reference voltage and provides an output proportional to that. The proportion is controlled by the D/A
output code (0 to 4095). Each bit represents 1/4096 of full scale.

A precision −5V and −10V reference provide onboard D/A ranges of 0 to 5V, 0 to 10V, ±5V, ±10V.
Other ranges between 0V and 10V are available if you provide a precision voltage reference at pin 10 or
26 of the main connector.

When the DAC0 reference is supplied onboard, pin 26 of the 37 pin connector is unused and can be
employed as a simultaneous sample & hold trigger for use with the CIO-SSH16. To do so, place the
jumper between the two pins SH (Figure 3-5).

Figure 3-5. D/A Output Range Jumper Block

3.6 BIPOLAR/UNIPOLAR AND GAIN SETTING

The Bipolar or Unipolar configuration of the A/D converter is set by a switch (Figure 3-6). The switch
controls all A/D channels. Though you cannot run some channels bipolar and some unipolar, you can
measure a unipolar input in the bipolar mode. (e.g. you can monitor a 0 to 5V input with a ±5 V channel)

3

The input amplifier gain is controlled by a software programmed register located at BASE + B hex (11
decimal). The codes have different meaning for each board in the CIO-DAS1600 family. Refer to the
Register Architecture section for details on this register.

Figure 3-6. Bipolar/Unipolar Select Switch

3.7 PACER EDGE SELECT

The original Keithley MetraByte DAS-1600 was designed such that A/D conversion was initiated on the
falling edge of the convert signal. Neither the original DAS-16, nor any of the other DAS-16 derivative
converts on the falling edge. In fact, we are not aware of any A/D board that uses the falling edge to
initiate the A/D conversion.

When using the falling edge to start the conversion, the A/D may be falsely triggered by 8254 pacer clock
initialization glitching (easy to avoid but a real possibility in the DAS-1600). Converting on the falling
edge mode also may lead to timing differences if the CIO-DAS1600 board is being used as a replacement
for an older DAS16 series board.

Because using the falling edge trigger is undesirable, we have designed a jumper into the CIO-DAS1600
which allows you to choose which edge of the internal pacer signal
starts the A/D conversion. The jumper has no effect on an external
pacer signal (EXTCLOCK). The only reason we supply you the
option of a falling edge trigger is to provide complete compatibility

TRIGGER EDGE SELECT
JUMPER BLOCK

Falling Edge A/D Trigger
DAS-1600 Method

for those who have developed software for a DAS-1600 using the
AS-1600 drivers, AND, when using the CIO-DAS1600 with that

J9

software you observe sample timing differences.

Rising Edge A/D Trigger

The CIO-DAS1600 is shipped with this jumper in the rising edge
position. Figure 3-7 to the right shows the edge selection options.
For compatibility with all third party packages, with all DAS-16

J9

DAS-16 Method

Default
Setting

software and with CIO-DAS1600 software, leave this jumper in the
rising edge position

Figure 3-7. Trigger Edge Select Jumper

AUXILIARY TRIGGER
There is a position for a header connector at the rear of the CIO-DAS1600. This connector provides the
same function as that found on the DAS-1600.

The A/D trigger signal can come from this connector, if installed. A jumper controls which pin the
trigger signal comes in from. We do not install this connector (nor is it installed on the DAS-1600).

4

3.8 BURST MODE GENERATOR

The burst mode generator is a clock signal that paces the A/D at the maximum multi-channel sample rate,
then periodically, performs additional maximum rate scans. In this way, the channel to channel skew
(time between successive samples in a scan) is minimized without taking a large number of undesired
samples (Figure 3-8).

.

Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Ch3

4uS

The length of the delay between
bu rsts is se t b y o n e o f the inte rn a l
cou n ter s o r m a y be co n tro lled v ia
exte rn a l trigge r.

Figure

Delay

. Burst Mode Timing

3-8

Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Ch3

Burst mode pacer fixed at
4 uS - CIO-DAS1600/12

13.3 uS - CIO-DAS1600/16

The CIO-DAS1600 burst mode generator takes advantage of the fast A/D. The burst mode skew is 4 µs
between channels for the CIO-DAS160#/12. It is 13.3 µs for the CIO-DAS1602/16.

3.9 DT-CONNECT

There is no hardware configuration or installation required for DT-Connect. Software enables/disables
DT-Connect, and of course, you must have a DT-Connect equipped accessory board, (Measurement
Computing’s MEGA-FIFO, for example) before using the DT-Connect.

DT-CONNECT IN MASTER MODE ONLY

The CIO-DAS1600 implements DT-Connect MASTER MODE only. DT-Connect is always enabled and
is never busy. The ENABLED and BUSY signal levels are fixed in hardware. Since DT-Connect is
always enabled, any A/D conversions are always transferred out through the DT-Connect port regardless
of the bus transfer method specified. The CIO-DAS1600 can only operate in DT-Connect schemes where
it is the sole master.

To assure that DT-Connect is properly initialized prior to any A/D transfer, the DT-Connect DT-Request
handshake line is reset each time the programmable gain (Base + 11 decimal) register is written to.
Therefore, it is not possible to use the DT-Connect for A/D sets which involve setting the gain between
samples. This is not really a problem because any such scheme would be low speed and therefore store
data to disk, obviating the need to use DT-Connect to store data on the MEGA-FIFO.

Please see the data sheet on the MEGA-FIFO, a 128 million-sample buffer board as an example of a
DT-Connect accessory.

5

4 CONNECTOR PINOUTS

4.1 MAIN CONNECTOR DIAGRAM

The CIO-DAS1600 analog connector is a 37-pin “D” connector accessible from the rear of the PC
through the expansion back plate. An additional signal, SS&H OUT, is available at pin 26. It is required
when the CIO-SSH16 Simultaneous Sample and Hold card is used with a CIO-DAS1600 (Figure 4-1).

CH0 LOW / CH8 HIGH 18

LLG ND 19

CH1 LOW / CH9 HIGH 17
CH2 LOW / CH10 HIGH 16
CH3 LOW / CH11 HIGH 15
CH4 LOW / CH12 HIGH 14
CH5 LOW / CH13 HIGH 13
CH6 LOW / CH14 HIGH 12
CH7 LOW / CH15 HIGH 11

D/ A 0 RE F IN 10

D/A 0 OUT 9

-5V REF OU T 8
DIG GND 7

DI G IN 1 6

DI G IN 3 5
DIG. OUT 1 4
DIG. OUT 3 3
CTR 0 OUT 2

+5V PC BUS 1

37 C H 0 H IGH
36 C H 1 H IGH
35 C H 2 H IGH
34 C H 3 H IGH
33 C H 4 H IGH
32 C H 5 H IGH
31 C H 6 H IGH
30 C H 7 H IGH
29 LLGND
28 LLGND
27 D /A 1 OU T
26 D /A 1 R E F IN / SS &H O U T
25 DIG IN 0 / TR IGGE R
24 D IG IN 2 / C T R 0 GAT E
23 D IG OUT 0
22 D IG OUT 2
21 CTR 0 CLOCK IN
20 C T R 2 O U T

37 PIN CONNECTOR

Figure 4-1. Main Analog Connector Pinout

The connector accepts female 37-pin D-type connectors, such as those on the C73FF-2, two foot cable
with connectors. If frequent changes to signal connections or signal conditioning is required we strongly
recommend purchasing the CIO-MINI37 screw terminal board and the mating C37FF-2 cable

6

4.2 DIGITAL I/O CONNECTOR (NOT APPLICABLE TO -P5 VERSIONS)

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

The digital I/O connector is mounted at the rear of the CIO-DAS1600 and will accept a 40-pin header
connector. The optional BP40-37 cable assembly brings the signals to a back plate with a 37-pin male
connector mounted in it. When connected through the BP40-37, the CIO-DAS1600 digital connector is
identical to the CIO-DIO24 connector. The pin out of the 40- pin digital connector and the BP40-37 cable
assembly are shown in Figure 4-2 below.

NC 40

NC 38
PORT A0 36
PORT A1 34
PORT A2 32
PORT A3 30
PORT A4 28
PORT A5 26
PORT A6 24
PORT A7 22
PORT C0 20
PORT C1 18
PORT C2 16
PORT C3 14
PORT C4 12
PORT C5 10
PORT C6 8
PORT C7 6

GND

4

+5V 2

39 NC
37 GND
35 +5V
33 GND
31 NC
29 GND
27 NC
25 GND
23 NC
21 GND
19 PORT B0
17 PORT B1
15 PORT B2
13 PORT B3
11 PORT B4
9PORTB5
7PORTB6
5PORTB7
3NC
1 NC

GND

+5V

GND

NC

GND

NC

GND

NC

GND
ORT B 0
ORT B 1
ORT B 2
ORT B 3
ORT B 4
ORT B 5
ORT B 6
ORT B 7

NC
NC

19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

PORT A 0

37

PORT A 1

36

PORT A 2

35
34

PORT A 3

33

PORT A 4

32

PORT A 5

31

PORT A 6

30

PORT A 7

29

PORT C 0
PORT C 1

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20

PORT C 2
PORT C 3
PORT C 4
PORT C 5
PORT C 6
PORT C 7
GND
+5V

Figure 4-2. Digital 40-Pin Connector Pinout - BP40-37 Cable Assembly to Back Panel Pinout

7

5 ANALOG CONNECTIONS

5.1 ANALOG INPUTS

Analog signal connection is one of the most challenging aspects of applying a data acquisition board. If
you are an Analog Electrical Engineer then this section is not for you, but if you are like most PC data
acquisition users, the best way to connect your analog inputs may not be obvious. Though complete
coverage of this topic is well beyond the scope of this manual, the following section provides some
explanations and helpful hints regarding these analog input connections. This section is designed to help
you achieve the optimum performance from your CIO-DAS1600 series board.

Prior to jumping into actual connection schemes, you should have at least a basic understanding of
Single-Ended/Differential inputs and system grounding/isolation. If you are already comfortable with
these concepts you may wish to skip to the next section (on wiring configurations).

5.1.1 Single-Ended and Differential Inputs

The CIO-DAS1600 provides either eight differential or 16 single-ended input channels.

Single-Ended Inputs

A single-ended input measures the voltage between the input signal and ground. In this case, in
single-ended mode the CIO-DAS1600 measures the voltage between the input channel and LLGND. The
single-ended input configuration requires only one physical connection (wire) per channel and allows the
CIO-DAS1600 to monitor more channels than the (2-wire) differential configuration using the same
connector and onboard multiplexor. However, since the CIO-DAS1600 is measuring the input voltage
relative to its own low level ground, single-ended inputs are more susceptible to both EMI
(Electro-Magnetic Interference) and any ground noise at the signal source. Figure 5-1a and 5-1b show the
theory of single-ended input configuration

CH IN

LL GND

I/O

Connector

+

-

Inp u t

Amp

To A/D

Single-Ended Input

Figure 5-1a. Single-Ended Voltage Input Theory

8

~

CH IN

Vs

1

g

Any voltage differential between grounds
g1 and g2 sh ows up as an error signal
at the input amplifier

Vs + Vg2 - Vg1

LL GND

g

2

+

-

Inp u t

Amp

To A /D

Single-ended input with Comm on Mode Voltage

Figure 5-1b. Single-Ended Voltage Input Theory

Differential Inputs

Differential inputs measure the voltage between two distinct input signals. Within a certain range
(referred to as the common mode range), the measurement is almost independent of signal source to
CIO-DAS1600 ground variations. A differential input is also much more immune to EMI than a
single-ended one. Most EMI noise induced in one lead is also induced in the other, the input only
measures the difference between the two leads, and the EMI common to both is ignored. This effect is a
major reason there is twisted pair wire as the twisting assures that both wires are subject to virtually
identical external influence. Figure 5-2a and 5-2b below show a typical differential input configuration.

CH High

CH Low

LL GN D

I/O

Connector

+

Inp ut
Amp

-

Differential Input

Figure 5-2a . Differential Input Theory

9

To A/ D

~

Vs

Vs

Vcm

CH High

CH Low

LL GND

+

-

Inp u t
Amp

To A/ D

Vcm = Vg2 - Vg1

Common M ode Voltage (Vcm) is ignored

gg1 2

Differential
Inp u t

by differential inp ut configuration. How ever,
no te th a t Vc m + V s must re ma in within
the amplifier’s com mon m ode range of ±10V

Figure 5-2b. Differential Input Theory

Before moving on to the discussion of grounding and isolation, it is important to explain the concepts of
common mode, and common mode range (CM Range). Common mode voltage is depicted in the diagram
above as Vcm. Though differential inputs measure the voltage between two signals, without (almost)
respect to the either signal’s voltages relative to ground, there is a limit to how far away from ground
either signal can go. Though the CIO-DAS1600 has differential inputs, it will not measure the difference
between 100V and 101V as 1 Volt (in fact the 100V would destroy the board!). This limitation or
common mode range is depicted graphically in Figure 5-3. T he CIO-DAS1600 common mode range is
+/- 10 Volts. Even in differential mode, no input signal can be measured if it is more than 10V from the
board’s low level ground (LLGND).

+13V
+12V
+11V
+10V
+9V
+8V
+7V
+6V
+5V
+4V
+3V
+2V
+1V

W ith V c m= + 5 VDC ,
+Vs mus t be les s t h an +5 V, o r th e c ommo n mo de r an g e will b e ex c eede d ( >+10 V)

Gray area represents com m on m ode ran
Both V+ and V- must always remain withi
the co mmo n m o d e ra n ge re lat ive to L L G

Vcm

-1V

-2V

-3V

-4V

-5V

-6V

-7V

-8V

-9V

-10V

Figure 5-3. Common Mode Range

10