MAXIM MAX2852 Technical data

19-5010; Rev 1; 3/10

EVALUATION KIT

AVAILABLE

General Description

The MAX2852 is a single-chip RF receiver IC designed
for 5GHz wireless HDMI applications. The IC includes
all circuitry required to implement the complete receiver
function and crystal oscillator, providing a fully integrated
transmit path, VCO, frequency synthesis, and baseband/
control interface. It includes a fast-settling, sigma-delta
RF fractional synthesizer with 76Hz frequency program­ming step size. The IC also integrates on-chip I/Q ampli­tude and phase-error calibration circuits.

The receiver includes both an in-channel RSSI and an
RF RSSI.

The receiver chip is housed in a small, 68-pin thin QFN
leadless plastic package with exposed pad.

Applications

5GHz Wireless HDMIK (WHDI)

5GHz FDD Backhaul and WiMAXK

5GHz Receiver

Features

S 5GHz Single IEEE 802.11a Receiver

4900MHz to 5900MHz Frequency Range

4.5dB Rx Noise Figure
70dB Rx Gain-Control Range with 2dB Step
Size, Digitally Controlled
60dB Dynamic Range Receiver RSSI
RF Wideband Receiver RSSI
Programmable 20MHz/40MHz Rx I/Q Lowpass
Channel Filters
Sigma-Delta Fractional-N PLL with 76Hz
Resolution
Monolithic Low-Noise VCO with -35dBc
Integrated Phase Noise
4-Wire SPI™
I/Q Analog Baseband Interface
On-Chip Digital Temperature Sensor Readout
Complete Baseband Interface

+2.7V to +3.6V Supply Voltage

S

S

Small, 68-Pin Thin QFN Package (10mm x 10mm)

Digital Interface

MAX2852

SPI is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.
HDMI is a trademark of HDMI Licensing, LLC.
WiMAX is a trademark of WiMAX Forum.

Ordering Information

PART TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE

MAX2852ITK+

*EP = Exposed pad.
+Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.

Typical Operating Circuit appears at end of data sheet.

-25NC to +85NC

68 Thin QFN-EP*

_______________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1

For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.

5GHz Receiver

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

V

Pins to GND ................................................-0.3V to +3.9V

CC_

RF Inputs Maximum Current: RXRF+, RXRF-

to GND ................................................................-1mA to +1mA

RF Outputs: TXRF+, TXRF- to GND .....................-0.3V to +3.9V

Analog Inputs: TXBBI+, TXBBI-, TXBBQ+, TXBBQ-, XTAL

to GND ..............................................................-0.3V to +3.9V

Analog Outputs: RXBBI+, RXBBI-, RXBBQ+,

RXBBQ-, RSSI, CLKOUT2, VCOBYP, CPOUT+,

MAX2852

CPOUT- to GND ...............................................-0.3V to +3.9V

Digital Inputs: ENABLE, CS, SCLK, DIN to GND ...-0.3V to +3.9V

Digital Outputs: DOUT, CLKOUT to GND ............-0.3V to +3.9V

Short-Circuit Duration

Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

CAUTION! ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE

DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, ENABLE set according to operating mode, CS = high, SCLK
= DIN = low, transmitter in maximum gain, T
using the Typical Operating Circuit. 100mV
calibration mode. Typical values measured at V
40MHz. PA control pins open circuit, V

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Supply Voltage, V

Supply Current

Rx I/Q Output Common-Mode
Voltage

Tx Baseband Input Common­Mode Voltage Operating Range

Tx Baseband Input Bias Current Source current 10 20

LOGIC INPUTS: ENABLE, SCLK, DIN, CS

Digital Input-Voltage High, V

Digital Input-Voltage Low, V
Digital Input-Current High, I
Digital Input-Current Low, I

CC

Shutdown mode, T
Clock-out only mode 7.4 11
Standby mode 60 89
Receive mode 135 174
Transmit calibration mode, one transmitter is on 214 261
Receive calibration mode 268 327

IH

IL

IH

IL

= -25NC to +85NC. Power matching and termination for the differential RF output pins

A

differential I and Q signals applied to I/Q baseband inputs of transmitters in transmit

RMS

= 2.85V, LO frequency = 5.35GHz, TA = +25NC. Channel bandwidth is set to

CC

CC_PA_BIAS

is disconnected.) (Note 1)

= +25NC

A

Analog Outputs ................................................................. 10s

Digital Outputs ................................................................... 10s

RF Input Power .............................................................. +10dBm

RF Output Differential Load VSWR ........................................6:1

Continuous Power Dissipation (T

68-Pin Thin QFN (derate 29.4mW/NC above +70NC) ....2352mW

Operating Temperature Range .......................... -25NC to +85NC

Junction Temperature .....................................................+150NC

Storage Temperature Range ............................ -65NC to +160NC

Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ................................+300NC

Soldering Temperature (reflow) ......................................+260NC

= +85NC)

A

2.7 3.6 V
10

0.9 1.1 1.3 V

0.5 1.1 V

V

-

CC

0.4

0.4 V

-1 +1

-1 +1

FA

mA

FA

V

FA
FA

2 ______________________________________________________________________________________

5GHz Receiver

DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, ENABLE set according to operating mode, CS = high, SCLK
= DIN = low, transmitter in maximum gain, T
using the Typical Operating Circuit. 100mV
calibration mode. Typical values measured at V
40MHz. PA control pins open circuit, V

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

LOGIC OUTPUTS: DOUT, CLKOUT

Digital Output-Voltage High, V

Digital Output-Voltage Low, V

Digital Output Voltage in
Shutdown Mode

Sourcing 1mA

OH

Sinking 1mA 0.4 V

OL

Sinking 1mA V

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—Rx MODE

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, RF frequency = 5.351GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. LO frequency
= 5.35GHz. Reference frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low, with power matching at RXRF+ and
RXRF- differential ports using the Typical Operating Circuit. Receiver I/Q output at 100mV
resistance and 10pF load capacitance. The RSSI pin is loaded with 10kI load resistance to ground. Typical values measured at V
= 2.85V, channel bandwidths of 40MHz, T

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

RECEIVER SECTION: RF INPUT TO I/Q BASEBAND LOADED OUTPUT (Includes 50I to 100I RF Balun and Matching)

RF Input Frequency Range 4.9 5.9 GHz

Peak-to-Peak Gain Variation
over RF Frequency Range at
One Temperature

RF Input Return Loss All LNA settings -6 dB

Total Voltage Gain

RF Gain Steps Relative to
Maximum Gain

Baseband Gain Range

Baseband Gain Step 2 dB
RF Gain-Change Settling Time Gain settling to within Q0.5dB of steady state; RXHP = 1 400 ns

Baseband Gain-Change Settling
Time

4.9GHz to 5.35GHz 0.3 2.6

5.35GHz to 5.9GHz 2.2 5.3

Maximum gain; Main address 1 D7:0 = 11111111 61 68
Minimum gain; Main address 1 D7:0 = 00000000 -2 +0.5
Main address 1 D7:D5 = 110 -8
Main address 1 D7:D5 = 101 -16
Main address 1 D7:D5 = 001 -32
Main address 1 D7:D5 = 000 -40

From maximum baseband gain (Main address 1 D3:D0
= 1111) to minimum baseband gain (Main address 1
D3:D0 = 0000)

Gain settling to within Q0.5dB of steady state; RXHP = 1 200 ns

= -25NC to +85NC. Power matching and termination for the differential RF output pins

A

differential I and Q signals applied to I/Q baseband inputs of transmitters in transmit

RMS

= 2.85V, LO frequency = 5.35GHz, TA = +25NC. Channel bandwidth is set to

CC

CC_PA_BIAS

A

is disconnected.) (Note 1)

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

-

V

CC

0.4

OL

loaded with 10kI differential load

RMS

27.5 30 32.5 dB

V

V

CC

dB

dB

dB

MAX2852

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3

5GHz Receiver

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—Rx MODE (continued)

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, RF frequency = 5.351GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. LO frequency
= 5.35GHz. Reference frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low, with power matching at RXRF+ and
RXRF- differential ports using the Typical Operating Circuit. Receiver I/Q output at 100mV
resistance and 10pF load capacitance. The RSSI pin is loaded with 10kI load resistance to ground. Typical values measured at V
= 2.85V, channel bandwidths of 40MHz, T

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

MAX2852

DSB Noise Figure

Out-of-Band Input IP3

1dB Gain Desensitization by
Alternate Channel Blocker

Input 1dB Gain Compression

Output 1dB Gain Compression

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

A

Balun input referred,
integrated from 10kHz
to 9.5MHz at I/Q base­band output for 20MHz
RF bandwidth

Balun input referred,
integrated from 10kHz
to 19MHz at I/Q base­band output for 40MHz
RF bandwidth

20MHz RF channel;
two-tone jammers at
+25MHz and +48MHz
frequency offset with

-39dBm/tone

40MHz RF channel;
two-tone jammers at
+50MHz and +96MHz
frequency offset with

-39dBm/tone

Blocker at Q40MHz offset frequency for 20MHz RF
channel

Blocker at Q80MHz offset frequency for 40MHz RF
channel

Max RF gain (Main address 1 D7:D5 = 111) -32
Max RF gain - 8dB (Main address 1 D7:D5 = 110) -24
Max RF gain - 16dB (Main address 1 D7:D5 = 101) -16
Max RF gain - 32dB (Main address 1 D7:D5 = 001) 0

Over passband frequency range; at any gain setting;
1dB compression point

Maximum RF gain (Main
address 1 D7:D5 = 111)

Maximum RF gain - 16dB
(Main address 1 D7:D5 = 101)

Maximum RF gain (Main
address 1 D7:D5 = 111)

Maximum RF gain - 16dB
(Main address 1 D7:D5 = 101)

-65dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max (Main address 1
D7:D0 = 11101001)

-49dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max - 16dB (Main
address 1 D7:D0 = 10101001)

-45dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max - 32dB (Main
address 1 D7:D0 = 00111111)

-65dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max (Main address 1
D7:D0 = 11101001)

-49dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max - 16dB (Main
address 1 D7:D0 = 10101001)

-45dBm wanted signal; RF
gain = max - 32dB (Main
address 1 D7:D0 = 00101001)

loaded with 10kI differential load

RMS

4.5

15

4.5

15

-13

-5

11

-13

-5

11

-24

-24

0.63 V

dB

dBm

dBm

dBm

P-P

CC

4 ______________________________________________________________________________________

5GHz Receiver

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—Rx MODE (continued)

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, RF frequency = 5.351GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. LO frequency
= 5.35GHz. Reference frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low, with power matching at RXRF+ and
RXRF- differential ports using the Typical Operating Circuit. Receiver I/Q output at 100mV
resistance and 10pF load capacitance. The RSSI pin is loaded with 10kI load resistance to ground. Typical values measured at V
= 2.85V, channel bandwidths of 40MHz, T

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Baseband -3dB Lowpass Corner
Frequency

Baseband Filter Stopband
Rejection

Baseband -3dB Highpass Corner
Frequency

Steady-State I/Q Output DC Error
with AC-Coupling

I/Q Gain Imbalance 1MHz baseband output, 1-sigma value 0.1 dB
I/Q Phase Imbalance 1MHz baseband output, 1-sigma value 0.2 degrees
Sideband Suppression 1MHz baseband output (Note 2) 40 dB

Receiver Spurious Signal
Emissions

RF RSSI Output Voltage -20dBm input power 1.75 V
Baseband RSSI Slope 19.5 26.5 35.5 mV/dB

Baseband RSSI Maximum Output
Voltage

Baseband RSSI Minimum Output
Voltage

RF Loopback Conversion Gain

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

A

Main address 0 D1 = 0 9.5
Main address 0 D1 = 1 19
Rejection at 30MHz offset frequency for 20MHz channel 57 70
Rejection at 60MHz offset frequency for 40MHz channel 57 70
Main address 5 D1 = 1 600
Main address 5 D1 = 0 10

50Fs after enabling receive mode and toggling RxHP
from 1 to 0, averaged over many measurements if I/Q
noise voltage exceeds 1mV
ting, no input signal, 1-sigma value

LO frequency -75
2 x LO frequency -62
3 x LO frequency -75
4 x LO frequency -60

Tx VGA gain at maximum (Main address 9 D9:D4
= 111111); Rx VGA gain at maximum - 24dB (Main
address 1 D3:D0 = 0101)

, at any given gain set-

RMS

loaded with 10kI differential load

RMS

2 mV

2.3 V

0.5 V

-6 +2 +10 dB

CC

MHz

dB

kHz

dBm/

MHz

MAX2852

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5

5GHz Receiver

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—Tx CALIBRATION MODE

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, RF frequency = 5.351GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. LO frequency
= 5.35GHz. Reference frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low, with power matching at TXRF+ and
TXRF- differential ports using the Typical Operating Circuit. 100mV
transmitter (differential DC-coupled). Typical values measured at V

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Tx I/Q Input Impedance (R||C)

MAX2852

Tx Calibration Ftone Level

Tx Calibration Gain Range Adjust Local address 27 D2:D0 35 dB

Minimum differential resistance 100
Maximum differential capacitance 1.2 pF

At Tx gain code (Main address 9 D9:D4) = 100010 and

-15dBc carrier leakage (Local address 27 D2:D0 = 110
and Main address 1 D3:D0 = 0000)

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, frequency = 5.35GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. Reference fre­quency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low. Typical values measured at V
quency = 5.35GHz, T

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

RF Channel Center Frequency 4.9 5.9 GHz

Channel Center Frequency
Programming Step

Closed-Loop Integrated Phase
Noise

Charge-Pump Output Current 0.8 mA

Spur Level

Reference Frequency 40 MHz

Reference Frequency Input
Levels

CLKOUT Signal Level 10pF load capacitance

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

A

Loop BW = 200kHz, integrate phase noise from 1kHz to
10MHz

f

OFFSET

f

OFFSET

AC-coupled to XTAL pin 800 mV

= 0 to 19MHz -42
= 40MHz -66

sine and cosine signal applied to I/Q baseband inputs of

RMS

= 2.85V, channel bandwidths of 40MHz, TA = +25NC.) (Note 1)

CC

-28 dBV

= 2.85V, TA = +25NC, LO fre-

CC

76.294 Hz

-35 dBc

-

V

CC

0.8

VCC -

0.1

kI

dBc

V

P-P

RMS

P-P

6 ______________________________________________________________________________________

5GHz Receiver

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—MISCELLANEOUS BLOCKS

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, TA = -25NC to +85NC. Reference frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE
= high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low. Typical values measured at V

PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

ON-CHIP TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Digital Output Code

Read-out at DOUT pin through
Main address 3 D4:D0

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—TIMING

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, frequency = 5.35GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. Reference
frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low. Typical values measured at V

5.35GHz, T

SYSTEM TIMING

Shutdown Time 2

Maximum Channel Switching
Time

Maximum Channel Switching
Time With Preselected VCO
Sub-Band

Rx Turn-On Time (from
Standby Mode)

Rx Turn-Off Time (to Standby
Mode)

4-WIRE SERIAL-INTERFACE TIMING (See Figure 1)

SCLK Rising Edge to CS
Falling Edge Wait Time

Falling Edge of CS to Rising
Edge of First SCLK Time

DIN to SCLK Setup Time t
DIN to SCLK Hold Time t

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

A

PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Loop bandwidth = 200kHz, settling to within
Q1kHz from steady state

Loop bandwidth = 200kHz, settling to within
Q1kHz from steady state

Measured from CS rising edge, Rx gain settles
to within 0.5dB of steady state

From CS rising edge

t

CSO

t

CSS

DS

DH

= 2.85V, TA = +25NC.) (Note 1)

CC

= +25NC

T

A

T

= +85NC

A

T

= -20NC

A

17
25

9

= 2.85V, LO frequency =

CC

2 ms

56

2

0.1

6 ns

6 ns

6 ns
6 ns

Fs

Fs

Fs

Fs

MAX2852

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7

5GHz Receiver

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—TIMING (continued)

(Operating conditions, unless otherwise specified: VCC = 2.7V~3.6V, frequency = 5.35GHz, TA = -25NC to +85NC. Reference
frequency = 40MHz, ENABLE = high, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low. Typical values measured at V

5.35GHz, T

SCLK Pulse-Width High t
SCLK Pulse-Width Low t

MAX2852

Last Rising Edge of SCLK to
Rising Edge of CS or Clock to
Load Enable Setup Time

CS High Pulse Width

Time Between Rising Edge of
CS and the Next Rising Edge
of SCLK

SCLK Frequency f
Rise Time t
Fall Time t

SCLK Falling Edge to Valid
DOUT

Note 1: The MAX2852 is production tested at T

Note 2: For optimal Rx and Tx quadrature accuracy over temperature, the user can utilize the Rx calibration and Tx calibration

= +25NC.) (Note 1)

A

PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

CH

CL

t

CSH

t

CSW

t

CS1

CLK

t

specified otherwise. Minimum/maximum limits at TA = -25NC and +85NC are guaranteed by design and characterization.
There is no power-on register settings self-reset; recommended register settings must be loaded after VCC is applied.

circuit to assist quadrature calibration.

6 ns

R

F

D

= +25NC; minimum/maximum limits at TA = +25NC are guaranteed by test, unless

A

= 2.85V, LO frequency =

CC

6 ns
6 ns

50 ns

6 ns

40 MHz

2.5 ns

2.5 ns

12.5 ns

8 ______________________________________________________________________________________

5GHz Receiver

Rx EVM vs. Rx BASEBAND

Typical Operating Characteristics

(VCC = 2.8V, f
balun, T

A

141

140

139

138

137

136

135

SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

134

133

132

2.6 3.6

71

70

69

68

67

66

65

MAXIMUM GAIN (dB)

64

63

62

4.9 5.9

-15

-20

-25

LNA = MAX = -8dB

EVM (dB)

-30

LNA = MAX = -16dB

-35

-40

-90 10

= 5.35GHz, f

LO

= 40MHz, CS = high, SCLK = DIN = low, RF BW = 20MHz, Tx output at 50I unbalanced output of

REF

= +25NC, using the MAX2852 Evaluation Kit.)

Rx MODE SUPPLY CURRENT

45

40

TA = +85°C

TA = -20°C

TA = +25°C

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

MAX2852 toc01

35

30

25

20

NOISE FIGURE (dB)

15

10

5

3.53.43.2 3.32.8 2.9 3.0 3.12.7

0

0 14 15

Rx MAXIMUM GAIN vs.

TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY

80

TA = -20°C

TA = +25°C

TA = +85°C

5.75.55.35.1

FREQUENCY (GHz)

MAX2852 toc04

70

60

LNA = MAX - 16dB

50

40

30

GAIN (dB)

20

10

0

-10
0 16

Rx EVM vs. INPUT POWER

(CHANNEL BANDWIDTH = 20MHz)

MAX2852 toc07

12

10

8

6

Rx EVM (%)

4

2

0

-30 0

LNA = MAX

LNA = MAX = -24dB

INPUT POWER (dBm)

LNA = MAX = -40dB

LNA = MAX = -32dB

-10-30-50-70

Rx NOISE FIGURE vs. VGA GAIN

SETTINGS (BALUN INPUT REFERRED)

MAX - 40dB

MAX - 32dB

MAX - 24dB

MAX - 16dB

MAX - 8dB

MAX

131210 113 4 5 6 7 8 91 2

Rx VGA GAIN SETTINGS

Rx GAIN vs. BASEBAND VGA GAIN

LNA = MAX

LNA = MAX - 8dB

LNA = MAX - 32dB

LNA = MAX - 24dB

BASEBAND VGA GAIN CODE

LNA = MAX - 40dB

14128 104 62

OUTPUT LEVEL

VGA GAIN = 2/4/6/8/10/12/14

VGA GAIN = 0

VGA GAIN =

3/5/7/9/11/13/15

-5-10-15-20-25

Rx BASEBAND OUTPUT LEVEL (dBV

)

rms

MAX2852 toc02

MAXIMUM GAIN (dB)

0.60

0.55

MAX2852 toc05

0.50

)

RMS

0.45

(V

1dB

0.40

0.35

OUTPUT V

0.30

0.25

0.20

MAX2852 toc08

Rx EVM (%)

Rx MAXIMUM GAIN vs. FREQUENCY

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

4.9 5.9

Rx OUTPUT V

TA = -20°C

0

LNA = MAX GAIN

LNA = MAX - 8dB

LNA = MAX - 16dB

LNA = MAX - 24dB

LNA = MAX - 32dB

LNA = MAX - 40dB

FREQUENCY (GHz)

vs. GAIN SETTING

1dB

TA = +25°C

6

BASEBAND VGA GAIN CODE

TA = +85°C

8 10

5.75.55.35.1

Rx EVM vs. OFDM JAMMER POWER AT

20MHz AND 40MHz OFFSET FREQUENCY

WITH WANTED SIGNAL AT -66dBm

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

-40 10

20MHz OFFSET

40MHz OFFSET

INPUT POWER (dBm)

50-5-10-15-20-25-30-35

MAX2852

MAX2852 toc03

MAX2852 toc06

14122 4

MAX2852 toc09

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9