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RADIUS
User Manual
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Masimo RADIUS User Manual

Radius-7™ Wearable Pulse
CO-Oximeter
Operator's Manual
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
WITH RESPECT TO ELECTRIC SHOCK,
FIRE AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS ONLY
There may be information provided in this manual that is not relevant for your system.
General knowledge of pulse oximetry and an understanding of the features and functions of the Radius-7 Wearable Pulse CO-Oximeter are prerequisites for proper use.
Do not operate the Radius-7 Wearable Pulse CO-Oximeter without completely reading and understanding these instructions.
Cleared Use Only: The device and related accessories are CE Marked for non-invasive patient monitoring and may not be used for any processes, procedures, experiments or any other use for which the device is not intended or cleared by the applicable regulatory authorities, or in any manner inconsistent with the instructions for use or labeling.
NOTICE
Purchase or possession of this device does not carry any express or implied license to use with replacement parts which would, alone or in combination with this device, fall within the scope of one of the relating patents.
For professional use. See instructions for use for full prescribing information, including indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions and adverse events.
For further information contact:
Masimo Corporation 40 Parker Irvine, CA 92618 USA Tel.: 949-297-7000 Fax.: 949-297-7001 www.masimo.com
EU authorized representative for Masimo Corporation:
MDSS GmbH
Schiffgraben 41
D-30175 Hannover, Germany
IN ACCORDANCE WITH ANSI/AAMI ES 60601-1:2005, CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 60601-1:2008, and applicable Particular (IEC 60601-2-4 9:2011, EN/ISO 80601-2-61:2011 and related
E357969
Patents: www.masimo.com/patents.htm.
®, Adaptive Probe Off Detection®, APOD®, Discrete Saturation Transform®, DST®, FastSat®, FST®, Masimo®, Pulse CO-Oximeter®, PVI®, rainbow®, rainbow Resposable®, RRa®, SET®, Signal Extraction Technology®, Signal IQ®, SpCO®, SpHb®, SpMet® are federally registered trademarks of Masimo Corporation.
Radius-7™, rainbow Acoustic Monitoring™, RAM™ Adaptive Threshold Alarm™, In Vivo Adjustment™ and RRp™ are trademarks of Masimo Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are property of their respective owners.
© 2014 Masimo Corporation.
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Collateral (ANSI/AAMI/IEC 60601-1-8:2006) Standards for
which the product has been found to comply by UL.
Radius-7 Contents
Contents
About this Manual ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Product Description, Features and Indications for Use ---------------------------------------------- 9
Product Description ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
Indications for Use ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions ---------------------------------------------------------- 11
Safety Warnings and Cautions----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Performance Warnings and Cautions--------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Cleaning and Service Warnings and Cautions ---------------------------------------------------- 16
Compliance Warnings and Cautions---------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Chapter 1- Technology Overview ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
Signal Extraction Technology® (SET®) ------------------------------------------------------------ 19
rainbow Pulse CO-Oximetry Technology ----------------------------------------------------------- 22
rainbow Acoustic Monitoring™ (RAM™) ------------------------------------------------------------ 25
In Vivo Adjustment™ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Signal IQ® (SIQ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Adaptive Threshold Alarm (ATA)-------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
FastSat® (FST®) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Sensitivity Modes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Chapter 2- System Components ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31
General System Description ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Radius-7 Instrument Module------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Radius-7 Battery Module ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33
Radius-7 Armband ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Battery Charging Adapter ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Chapter 3- Setup------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Unpacking and Inspection --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Preparation for Use ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
Charging the Radius-7 Battery Module ------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Connecting Radius-7 to Root via Bluetooth ------------------------------------------------------- 36
Securing Radius-7 to Patient ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
Removing Radius-7 from Patient -------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
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Radius-7 Contents
Chapter 4- Operation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Using the Touchpad ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
About the Main Screen -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Navigating the Main Menu --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Navigating Radius-7 Settings on Root ------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Chapter 5- Alarms and Messages ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
About Alarms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59
Alarm Priorities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Alarm Management----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Messages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
Chapter 6- Troubleshooting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Troubleshooting Measurements -------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Troubleshooting Radius-7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
Chapter 7- Specifications -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
Measurement Range ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
Accuracy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69
Resolution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
Electrical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
Environmental ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 71
Physical Characteristics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
Alarms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
Display Indicators -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
EMC Compliance --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
Safety Standards Compliance ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73
Radio Compliance -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
Guidance and Manufacturer's Declaration- Electromagnetic Emissions --------------------- 75
Guidance and Manufacturer's Declaration- Electromagnetic Immunity --------------------- 75
Recommended Separation Distances -------------------------------------------------------------- 77
Symbols -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
Citations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 80
Chapter 8 - Service and Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------------------ 81
Cleaning ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
Battery Operation and Maintenance ---------------------------------------------------------------82
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Radius-7 Contents
Safety Checks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82
Repair Policy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
Return Procedure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
Contacting Masimo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84
Appendix ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
Concepts of Alarm Response Delay ----------------------------------------------------------------- 87
Index --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
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About this Manual

This manual explains how to set up and use the Radius-7 Wearable Pulse CO-Oximeter. Important safety information relating to general use of the Radius-7
appears in this manual. Read and follow any warnings, cautions, and notes presented throughout this manual. The following are explanations of warnings, cautions, and notes.
A warning is given when actions may result in a serious outcome (for example, injury, serious adverse effect, death) to the patient or user.
WARNING: This is an example of a warning statement.
A caution is given when any special care is to be exercised by the patient or user to avoid injury to the patient, damage to this device or damage to other property.
CAUTION: This is an example of a caution statement.
A note is given when additional general information is applicable.
Note: This is an example of a note.
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Product Description, Features and Indications for Use

Product Description

The Radius-7 is a non-invasive device that measures arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate (PR), perfusion index (PI), and Pleth Variability Index (PVI®) along with optional measurements of hemoglobin (SpHb®), carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO®), total oxygen content (SpOC), methemoglobin (SpMet®), Acoustic Respiration Rate (RRa®) and Pleth Respiration Rate (RRp™).
The following key features are available for the Radius-7:
• Patient wearable device for continuous monitoring when the patient is
ambulatory.
• Bluetooth radio for transfer of parameter data to the Root patient monitoring and
connectivity platform.
• Masimo SET® and rainbow®SET technology performance.
• SpO2 and pulse rate monitoring in motion and low perfusion environments.
• Continuous and non-invasive monitoring of carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO),
methemoglobin (SpMet), and total hemoglobin (SpHb).
• Respiration rate determined by the acoustic (RRa) or plethysmographic waveform
(RRp).

Indications for Use

The Radius-7 and accessories are indicated for the continuous non-invasive monitoring of functional oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin (SpO2), pulse rate (PR), carboxyhemoglobin saturation (SpCO), methemoglobin saturation (SpMet), total hemoglobin concentration (SpHb), and/or respiratory rate (RRa). The Radius-7 and accessories are indicated for use with adult and pediatric patients during both no motion and motion conditions, and for patients who are well or poorly perfused in hospitals and hospital-type facilities.
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Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions

CAUTION: Radius-7 Wearable Pulse CO-Oximeter is to be operated by, or under the supervision of, qualified personnel only. The manual, accessories, directions for use, all precautionary information, and specifications should be read before use.

Safety Warnings and Cautions

WARNING: Do not use Radius-7 if it appears or is suspected to be damaged.
WARNING: Always use Radius-7 in conjunction with Root. Do not use parts from other
systems. Injury to personnel or equipment damage could occur.
WARNING: Do not adjust, repair, open, disassemble, or modify the Radius-7. Injury to personnel or equipment damage could occur.
WARNING: Do not start or operate the Radius-7 unless the setup was verified to be correct.
WARNING: To ensure safety, only use Masimo authorized devices with Radius-7.
WARNING: All sensors and cables are designed for use with specific devices. Verify the
compatibility of the device, cable, and sensor before use; otherwise degraded performance and/or patient injury can result.
WARNING: Explosion Hazard: Do not use the Radius-7 in the presence of flammable anesthetics or other flammable substance in combination with air, oxygen-enriched environments, or nitrous oxide.
WARNING: Do not use the Radius-7 during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or in an MRI environment.
WARNING: Radius-7 may be used during defibrillation. However, to reduce the risk of electric shock, the operator should not touch the Radius-7 during defibrillation.
WARNING: Electrical Shock Hazard: To protect against injury, follow the directions below:
• Avoid placing the device on surfaces with visible liquid spills.
• Do not soak or immerse the device in liquids.
• Do not attempt to sterilize the device.
• Use cleaning solutions only as instructed in this Operator's Manual.
• Do not attempt to clean the Radius-7 while monitoring patient.
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
WARNING: To ensure safety, avoid placing anything on the device during operation.
WARNING: As with all medical equipment, carefully route patient cabling to reduce the
possibility of patient entanglement or strangulation.
WARNING: The Armband site must be checked frequently or per clinical protocol to ensure adequate securement, circulation and skin integrity.
WARNING: Armbands applied too tightly or that become tight due to edema will cause inaccurate readings and can cause pressure injury.
WARNING: Discontinue and dispose of Armband if it appears to be stained or becomes excessively moist to minimize risk of skin irritation.
CAUTION: Electrical Shock Hazard: Do not place the Battery Charger of Radius-7 on or near the patient. Injury to patient could occur.
Note: Use and store the Radius-7 in accordance with specifications. See the Specifications section in this manual.

Performance Warnings and Cautions

WARNING: Radius-7 is not an apnea monitor.
WARNING: Radius-7 should not be used as a replacement or substitute for ECG-based
arrhythmia analysis.
WARNING: Radius-7 may be used during defibrillation, but this may affect the accuracy or availability of the parameters and measurements.
WARNING: Do not use during electrocautery. This may affect the accuracy or availability of the parameters and measurements.
WARNING: Radius-7 is intended only as an adjunct device in patient assessment. It should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis or therapy decisions. It must be used in conjunction with clinical signs and symptoms.
WARNING: If any measurement seems questionable, first check the patient’s vital signs by alternate means and then check Radius-7 for proper functioning.
WARNING: When the Radius-7 is connected to Root, all audible alarms will be provided on the Root.
WARNING: Always pair Radius-7 with Root.
WARNING: Avoid placing Radius-7 against a surface that may cause the alarm to be muffled.
WARNING: Misapplied sensor or sensors that become partially dislodged may cause either
over or under reading of actual arterial oxygen saturation.
WARNING: With very low perfusion at the monitored site, the reading may read lower than core arterial oxygen saturation.
WARNING: Venous congestion may cause under reading of actual arterial oxygen saturation. Therefore, assure proper venous outflow from monitored site.
WARNING: Excessive venous pulsations may cause erroneous low SpO2 readings (e.g. tricuspid valve regurgitation,Trendelenburg position).
WARNING: Interfering Substances: Dyes or any substance containing dyes, that change usual blood pigmentation may cause erroneous readings.
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
WARNING: SpO2 is empirically calibrated in healthy adult volunteers with normal levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb).
WARNING: If SpO2 values indicate hypoxemia, a laboratory blood sample should be taken to confirm the patient’s condition.
WARNING: Inaccurate SpO2 readings may be caused by:
• Improper sensor application.
• Elevated levels of COHb and MetHb: High levels of COHb or MetHb may
occur with a seemingly normal SpO2. When elevated levels of COHb or MetHb are suspected, laboratory analysis (CO-Oximetry) of a blood sample should be performed.
• Intravascular dyes such as indocyanine green or methylene blue.
• Externally applied coloring and texture such as nail polish, acrylic nails,
glitter, etc.
• Elevated levels of bilirubin.
• Severe anemia.
• Low arterial perfusion.
• Motion artifact.
WARNING: Inaccurate SpHb and SpOC readings may be caused by:
• Improper sensor application.
• Intravascular dyes, such as indocyanine green or methylene blue.
• Externally applied coloring and texture, such as nail polish, acrylic nails,
glitter, etc.
• Elevated PaO
levels.
2
• Elevated levels of bilirubin.
• Low arterial perfusion.
• Motion artifact.
• Low arterial oxygen saturation levels.
• Elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels.
• Elevated methemoglobin levels.
• Hemoglobinopathies and synthesis disorders such as thalassemias, Hb
s, Hb c, sickle cell, etc.
• Vasospastic disease such as Raynaud's.
• Elevate altitude
• Peripheral vascular disease.
• Liver disease.
• EMI radiation interference.
WARNING: Inaccurate SpCO and SpMet readings may be caused by:
• Improper sensor application.
• Intravascular dyes such as indocyanine green or methylene blue.
• Abnormal hemoglobin levels.
• Low arterial perfusion.
• Low arterial oxygen saturation levels.
• Elevated total bilirubin levels.
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
• Motion artifact.
• SpCO readings may not be provided if SpO2 readings are less than 90%
• SpCO readings may not be provided if SpMet readings are greater than
2%
WARNING: SpCO readings may not be provided if there are low arterial oxygen saturation levels or elevated methemoglobin levels.
WARNING: Inaccurate respiration rate measurements may be caused by:
• Improper sensor application.
• Low arterial perfusion.
• Motion artifact.
• Low arterial oxygen saturation.
• Excessive ambient or environmental noise.
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
CAUTION: Do not place the Radius-7 on electrical equipment that may affect the device, preventing it from working properly.
CAUTION: Failure to charge Radius-7 promptly after a Low Battery alarm may result in the device shutting down.
CAUTION: If using Radius-7 during full body irradiation, keep the sensor out of the radiation field. If the sensor is exposed to the radiation, the reading might be inaccurate or the device might read zero for the duration of the active irradiation period.
CAUTION: When patients are undergoing photodynamic therapy they may be sensitive to light sources. Pulse oximetry may be used only under careful clinical supervision for short time periods to minimize interference with photodynamic therapy.
CAUTION: High ambient light sources such as surgical lights (especially those with a xenon light source), bilirubin lamps, fluorescent lights, infrared heating lamps, and direct sunlight can interfere with the performance of the sensor.
CAUTION: To prevent interference from ambient light, ensure that the sensor is properly applied, and cover the sensor site with opaque material, if required. Failure to take this precaution in high ambient light conditions may result in inaccurate measurements.
CAUTION: If the Low Perfusion message is frequently displayed, find a better perfused monitoring site. In the interim, assess the patient and, if indicated, verify oxygenation status through other means.
CAUTION: To minimize radio interference, other electrical equipment that emits radio frequency transmissions should not be in close proximity to Radius-7.
CAUTION: In order to maintain Bluetooth connectivity with Root, ensure that the Radius-7 is within approximately 7 m radius and line of sight of Root.
CAUTION: When using multiple Radius-7 and Root systems, re-dock the Battery Module to Root to ensure proper pairing before connecting the Radius-7 to the patient.
CAUTION: To ensure that alarm limits are appropriate for the patient being monitored, check the limits each time Radius-7 is used.
CAUTION: If the Radius-7 and Root become unable to communicate, parameters and measurements will not show on the Root; however, this will not affect Radius-7's ability to monitor the patient.
Note: Before securing Radius-7 onto the patient, make sure the Battery Module is sufficiently charged.
Note: Always charge Radius-7 when it is not in use to ensure that the Radius-7 Battery Module remains fully charged.
Note: All batteries lose capacity with age, thus the amount of run time at Low Battery will vary depending upon the age of the Battery Module.
Note: The Radius-7 display enters standby mode after 30s of inactivity. The Radius-7 display entering standby mode does not affect the monitoring of the patient.
Note: A functional tester cannot be used to assess the accuracy of Radius-7.
Note: When monitoring acoustic respiration, Masimo recommends minimally monitoring
both oxygenation (SpO2) and respiration (RRa).
Note: When using Radius-7 in the Maximum Sensitivity setting, performance of the "Sensor Off" detection may be compromised. If the sensor becomes dislodged from the patient in this
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
setting, false readings may occur due to environmental "noise" such as light, vibration, and excessive air movement.

Cleaning and Service Warnings and Cautions

WARNING: Do not attempt to reprocess, recondition or recycle the Radius-7 as these processes may damage the electrical components, potentially leading to patient harm.
WARNING: Electric Shock Hazard: The battery in the Battery Module should not be removed from the Radius-7.
WARNING: Do not incinerate the Radius-7 Battery Module.
CAUTION: Only perform maintenance procedures specifically described in the manual.
Otherwise, return the Radius-7 for servicing.
CAUTION: Electrical Shock: Before cleaning Radius-7, always turn it off and physically disconnect it from Root.
CAUTION: Do not use petroleum-based or acetone solutions, or other harsh solvents, to clean the Radius-7. These substances affect the device’s materials and device failure can result.
CAUTION: Do not submerge the Radius-7 in any cleaning solution or attempt to sterilize by autoclave, irradiation, steam, gas, ethylene oxide or any other method. This will seriously damage the device.
CAUTION: To prevent damage, do not soak or immerse Radius-7 in any liquid solution.

Compliance Warnings and Cautions

WARNING: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Masimo shall void the warranty for this equipment.
WARNING: In accordance with international telecommunication requirements, the frequency band of 2.4 GHz and 5.15 to 5.25 GHz is only for indoor usage to reduce potential for harmful interference to co-channel mobile satellite systems.
CAUTION: Disposal of Product: Comply with local laws in the disposal of the device and/or its accessories.
CAUTION: Dispose of used batteries according to required country or regional instructions.
Note: Use Radius-7 in accordance with the Environmental Specifications section in the
Operator's Manual.
Note: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or
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Radius-7 Safety Information, Warnings and Cautions
television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to
which the receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the Class B limits for medical devices according to the EN 60601-1-2: 2007, Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in all establishments, including domestic establishments.
Note: This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
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Chapter 1- Technology Overview

The following chapter contains general descriptions about parameters, measurements, and the technology used by Masimo products.

Signal Extraction Technology® (SET®)

Masimo Signal Extraction Technology's signal processing differs from that of conventional pulse oximeters. Conventional pulse oximeters assume that arterial blood is the only blood moving (pulsating) in the measurement site. During patient motion, however, the venous blood also moves, causing conventional pulse oximeters to read low values, because they cannot distinguish between the arterial and venous blood movement (sometimes referred to as noise).
Masimo SET pulse oximetry utilizes parallel engines and adaptive filtering. Adaptive filters are powerful because they are able to adapt to the varying physiologic signals and/or noise and separate them by looking at the whole signal and breaking it down to its fundamental components. The Masimo SET signal processing algorithm, Discrete Saturation Transform® (DST®), in parallel with Fast Saturation Transform (FST®), reliably identifies the noise, isolates it and, using adaptive filters, cancels it. It then reports the true arterial oxygen saturation for display on the monitor.

Masimo rainbow SET Parallel Engines

This figure is for conceptual purposes only.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

Masimo SET DST

This figure is for conceptual purposes only.

General Description for Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)

Pulse oximetry is governed by the following principles:
• Oxyhemoglobin (oxygenated blood) and deoxyhemoglobin (non-oxygenated
blood) differ in their absorption of red and infrared light (spectrophotometry).
• The amount of arterial blood in tissue changes with your pulse
(photoplethysmography). Therefore, the amount of light absorbed by the varying quantities of arterial blood changes as well.

Successful Monitoring for SpO2, PR and PI

Stability of the SpO2 readings may be a good indicator of signal validity. Although stability is a relative term, experience will provide a good feeling for changes that are artifactual or physiological and the speed, timing, and behavior of each.
The stability of the readings over time is affected by the averaging time being used. The longer the averaging time, the more stable the readings tend to become. This is due to a dampened response as the signal is averaged over a longer period of time than during shorter averaging times. However, longer averaging times delay the response of the oximeter and reduce the measured variations of SpO2 and pulse rate.
Functional Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
The Radius-7 is calibrated to measure and display functional oxygen saturation (SpO2): the amount of oxyhemoglobin expressed as a percentage of the hemoglobin that is available to transport oxygen.
Note that dyshemoglobins are not capable of transporting oxygen, but are recognized as oxygenated hemoglobins by conventional pulse oximetry.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

General Description for Perfusion Index (PI)

The Perfusion Index (PI) is the ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the non-pulsatile or static blood in peripheral tissue. PI thus represents a non-invasive measure of peripheral perfusion that can be continuously and non-invasively obtained from a pulse oximeter.

General Description for Pulse Rate (PR)

Pulse rate (PR), measured in beats per minute (BPM) is based on the optical detection of peripheral flow pulse.

General Description for Pleth Variability Index (PVI)

The pleth variability index (PVI) is a measure of the dynamic changes in the perfusion index (PI) that occur during the respiratory cycle. The calculation is accomplished by measuring changes in PI over a time interval where one or more complete respiratory cycles have occurred. PVI is displayed as a percentage (0-100%).
The utility of PVI is unknown at this time and requires further clinical studies. Technical factors that may affect PVI include probe malposition and patient motion.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

rainbow Pulse CO-Oximetry Technology

rainbow Pulse CO-Oximetry technology is governed by the following principles:
1. Oxyhemoglobin (oxygenated blood), deoxyhemoglobin (non-oxygenated blood),
carboxyhemoglobin (blood with carbon monoxide content), methemoglobin (blood with oxidized hemoglobin) and blood plasma constituents differ in their absorption of visible and infrared light (using spectrophotometry).
2. The amount of arterial blood in tissue changes with pulse
(photoplethysmography). Therefore, the amount of light absorbed by the varying quantities of arterial blood changes as well.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview
The Radius-7 uses a multi-wavelength sensor to distinguish between oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, blood with carbon monoxide, oxidized blood and blood plasma.
The Radius-7 utilizes a sensor with various light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that pass light through the site to a diode (detector). Signal data is obtained by passing various visible and infrared lights (LEDs, 500 to 1400nm) through a capillary bed (for example, a fingertip, a hand, a foot) and measuring changes in light absorption during the blood pulsatile cycle. This information may be useful to clinicians. The maximum radiant power of the strongest light is rated at ≤ 25 mW. The detector receives the light, converts it into an electronic signal and sends it to the Radius-7 for calculation.
1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
(7 + wavelengths)
2. Detector
Once the Radius-7 receives the signal from the sensor, it utilizes proprietary algorithms to calculate the patient’s functional oxygen saturation (SpO carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO [%]), methemoglobin (SpMet [%]), total hemoglobin concentration
[%]), blood levels of
2
(SpHb [g/dL]) and pulse rate (PR). The SpCO, SpMet and SpHb measurements rely on a multi-wavelength calibration equation to quantify the percentage of carbon monoxide and methemoglobin and the concentration of total hemoglobin in arterial blood. The maximum skin surface temperature is measured to be less than 41 º C (106º F) in a minimum 35 º C (95 º F) ambient. This is verified by Masimo sensor skin temperature test procedures.

General Description for Total Hemoglobin (SpHb)

Pulse CO-Oximetry is a continuous and non-invasive method of measuring the levels of total hemoglobin (SpHb) in arterial blood. It relies on the same principles of pulse oximetry to make its SpHb measurement.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

General Description for SpOC

Oxygen (O2) is carried in the blood in two forms, either dissolved in plasma or combined with hemoglobin. The oxygen content calculated by the Pulse CO-Oximeter is referred to as SpOC and is measured in units of ml O2/dL blood.
The above approximations result in the following reduced equation for oxygen content via the Pulse CO-Oximeter:
SpOC (ml/dL*) = 1.31 (ml O2/g) x SpHb (g/dL) x SpO2 + 0.3 (ml O2/dL)
*When ml O2/g Hb is multiplied by g/dL of SpHb, the gram unit in the denominator of ml/g cancels the gram unit in the numerator of g/dL resulting in ml/dL (ml of oxygen in one dL of blood) as the unit of measure for SpOC.

General Description for Carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO)

Pulse CO-Oximetry is a continuous and non-invasive method of measuring the levels of carboxyhemoglobin concentration (SpCO) in arterial blood. The device displays the data as a percentage value for the SpCO, which reflect blood levels of carbon monoxide bound to hemoglobin.

General Description for Methemoglobin (SpMet)

Pulse CO-Oximetry is a continuous and non-invasive method of measuring the levels of methemoglobin concentration (SpMet) in arterial blood. The device displays the data as a percentage value for the SpMet.

SpCO, SpMet, and SpHb Measurements During Patient Motion

The Radius-7 displays measurements of SpCO, SpMet, and SpHb during patient motion. However, because of the changes in the physiological parameters such as blood volume, arterial-venous coupling, etc. that occur during patient motion, the accuracy of such measurements may not be reliable during excessive motion. In this case, the measurement value for SpCO, SpMet, or SpHb displays as dashes (---) and a message (Low SpCO SIQ, Low SpMet SIQ, or Low SpHb SIQ) displays to alert the clinician that the device does not have confidence in the value due to poor signal quality caused by excessive motion or other signal interference.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

rainbow Acoustic Monitoring™ (RAM™)

rainbow Acoustic Monitoring (RAM) continuously measures a patient’s respiration rate based on airflow sounds generated in the upper airway. The Acoustic Sensor, which is applied on the patient's neck, translates airflow sounds generated in the upper airway to an electrical signal that can be processed to produce a respiration rate, measured as breaths per minute.
Respiratory sounds include sounds related to respiration such as breath sounds (during inspiration and expiration), adventitious sounds, cough sounds, snoring sounds, sneezing sounds, and sounds from the respiratory muscles [1].
These respiratory sounds often have different characteristics depending on the location of recording [2] and they originate in the large airways where air velocity and air turbulence induce vibration in the airway wall. These vibrations are transmitted, for example, through the lung tissue, thoracic wall and trachea to the surface where they may be heard with the aid of a stethoscope, a microphone or more sophisticated devices.

rainbow Acoustic Monitoring Architecture

The following figure illustrates how a respiratory sound produced by a patient can be turned into a numerical measurement that corresponds to a respiratory parameter.
Patient
Respiratory airflow to sound
Signal Processing
Digital signal to respiratory measurement
Sensor
Sound to electrical signal
Envelope Detection
Acquisition System
Electrical signal to digital signal
RRa Estimation
Patient
The generation of respiratory sounds is primarily related to turbulent respiratory airflow in upper airways. Sound pressure waves within the airway gas and airway wall motion contribute to the vibrations that reach the body surface and are recorded as respiratory sounds.
Although the spectral shape of respiratory sounds varies widely from person to person, it is often reproducible within the same person, likely reflecting the strong influence of individual airway anatomy [2-6].
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview
Acoustic Sensor
The sensor captures respiratory sounds (and other biological sounds) much like a microphone does. When subjected to a mechanical strain, (e.g., surface vibrations generated during breathing), the sensor becomes electrically polarized.
The degree of polarization is proportional to the applied strain. The output of the sensor is an electric signal that includes a sound signal that is modulated by inspiratory and expiratory phases of the respiratory cycle.
Acquisition System
The acquisition system converts the electric signal provided by the sensor into a digital signal. This format allows the signal to be processed by a computing device.
Signal Processing
The digital signal produced by the acquisition system is converted into a measurement that corresponds to the respiratory parameter of interest. As shown in the previous figure, this can be performed by, for example, determining the digital signal envelope or outline which in turn may be utilized to determine the respiratory rate. In this way, a real-time, continuous breath rate parameter can be obtained and displayed on a monitor which, in many cases, may be real-time and continuous.
The respiratory cycle envelope signal processing principle is similar to methods that sample airway gasses and subsequently determine a respiratory rate.
Citations
[1] A.R.A. Sovijärvi, F. Dalmasso, J. Vanderschool, L.P. Malmberg, G. Righini, S.A.T. Stoneman. Definition of terms for applications of respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev 2000; 10:77, 597-610.
[2] Z. Moussavi. Fundamentals of respiratory sounds analysis. Synthesis lectures on biomedical engineering #8. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2006.
[3] Olsen, et al. Mechanisms of lung sound generation. Semin Respir Med 1985; 6: 171-179.
[4] Pastercamp H, Kraman SS, Wodicka GR. Respiratory sounds – Advances beyond the stethoscope. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1977; 156: 974-987.
[5] Gavriely N, Cugell DW. Airflow effects on amplitude and spectral content of normal breath sounds. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80: 5-13.
[6] Gavrieli N, Palti Y, Alroy G. Spectral characteristics of normal breath sounds. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 307-314.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

In Vivo Adjustment™

The In Vivo Adjustment feature lets clinicians manually adjust one or more clinical parameters to match that of a corresponding laboratory reference for continuous trending. To remind clinicians that the feature is active, an offset value displays alongside the adjusted parameter value.
In Vivo Adjustment for a parameter can be turned on by accessing the In Vivo screen in the settings menu of that parameter. After enabling the feature, set an offset value. Once the feature is enabled, a positive or a negative offset value appears on the main display underneath the parameter value.
The In Vivo offset is set to zero for any of the following:
• Cable or sensor is disconnected from instrument.
• Sensor goes off patient causing a sensor initialization to occur.
• Eight hours has elapsed since the In Vivo value was activated.
• Restoration of factory defaults.
• The user turns off In Vivo.

Offset Value

When In Vivo Adjustment is activated for a specific parameter, the offset value appears beneath that specific parameter on the secondary display connected to the device. A positive value means that the displayed parameter value has been increased (according to a laboratory reference value as entered by a clinician) and a negative value means the displayed parameter value has been decreased (according to a laboratory reference value as entered by a clinician).
In Vivo Adjustment can be set to On or Off. The factory default setting is Off. If set to On, the parameter value is adjusted and an offset value appears. The offset value is set by the user.
Note: When In Vivo Adjustment is enabled for a specific parameter, the alarm states for that parameter are based on the offset values as opposed to the measured values. Check the alarm limits each time In Vivo Adjustment is enabled.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

Signal IQ® (SIQ)

The display provides a visual indicator of the plethysmogram signal quality and an alert when the displayed SpO indicator displayed is called the Signal IQ. The Signal IQ can be used to identify the occurrence of a patient’s pulse and the associated signal quality of the measurement.
The Signal IQ is shown as a “pulse bar” indicator, where the peak of the bar coincides with the peak of an arterial pulsation. Even with a plethysmographic waveform obscured by artifact, the device locates the arterial pulsation. The pulse tone (when enabled) coincides with the peak of the Signal IQ bar. As saturation increases or decreases, the pulse tone will ascend or descend accordingly, for each 1% change in saturation.
The height of the Signal IQ bar indicates the quality of the measured signal. A high vertical bar indicates that the SpO2 measurement is based on a good quality signal. A small vertical bar indicates that the SpO signal quality is very low the accuracy of the SpO Signal IQ” is indicated by a bar height of two bars or less and the bars turn red. When this occurs, proceed with caution and do the following:
• Assess the patient.
• Check the sensor and ensure proper sensor application. The sensor must be well
• Determine if an extreme change in the patient's physiology and blood flow at the
After performing the above, if the “Low Signal IQ” indication occurs frequently or continuously, obtaining an arterial blood specimen for oximetry analysis may be considered to verify the oxygen saturation value.
values are not based on adequate signal quality. The signal quality
2
measurement is based on data with low signal quality. When the
2
measurement may be compromised. A “Low
2
secured to the site to maintain accurate readings. Also, misalignment of the sensor’s emitter and detector can result in smaller signals.
monitoring site occurred.
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Radius-7 Chapter 1- Technology Overview

Adaptive Threshold Alarm (ATA)

The Adaptive Threshold Alarm (ATA) feature is an optional feature that helps reduce the frequency of non-actionable alarms.
ATA establishes the alarm limit threshold based upon the patient-specific baseline value of the SpO2 parameter which is determined from the recent history of SpO2 values. An Adaptive Threshold Limit is continuously determined for the patient and SpO2 values outside the Adaptive Threshold Limit trigger an audible alarm. The Adaptive Threshold Limit is bound by the standard SpO2 low alarm limit and the Rapid Desat low alarm limit. SpO2 values that exceed the Rapid Desat limit, whether it occurs rapidly or not, will activate an audible alarm.
Prior to activating ATA, please review and select the appropriate standard low alarm limit and other alarm settings. Once ATA is selected, the Rapid Desat Alarm protection is always active. If the ATA low alarm limit is violated, ATA generates an audible alarm.
It is important to note that once activated, ATA has the following automatic safety features:
Reminder Tones
If an SpO2 value from a patient drops below the standard low alarm limit set by the user, a visual alert will display and a reminder tone will repeat every 15 minutes as long as the condition persists. If the SpO2 value drops below the ATA low alarm limit, an audible alarm will be activated.
Rapid Desat Alarm Protection
The Rapid Desat feature is always active when ATA is turned on. This means that deep desaturations (5% or 10%) from the standard SpO2 low alarm limit immediately generate an audible alarm. When used with ATA, it also serves as absolute low alarm limit protection. SpO2 values exceeding the Rapid Desat low alarm limit, whether rapid or not, will activate an audible alarm. The user can change the Rapid Desat default setting from 5% to 10%. ATA does not allow a Rapid Desat default setting of 0%.
When ATA is turned Off, the device uses the standard alarm limits and standard alarm delays.

FastSat® (FST®)

FastSat enables rapid tracking of arterial oxygen saturation changes. Arterial oxygen saturation data is averaged using pulse oximeter averaging algorithms to smooth the trend.
When the Radius-7 is set to FastSat On, the averaging algorithm evaluates all the saturation values providing an averaged saturation value that is a better representation of the patient’s current oxygenation status. With FastSat, the averaging time is dependent on the input signal.
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