M/A-Com P5100 Series Operator's Manual
Operator’s Manual
MM102708V1
Rev. F, Aug/06
P5100 Series
Portable Radios
MM102708V1, Rev. F
MANUAL REVISION HISTORY
REV DATE REASON FOR CHANGE
A Jun/04 Initial release
B Dec/04 Added RU101219V171 and V173 coverage and corrected LED, updated CE marking information, updated radio
C May/05 Add marine channels, change lapel mic earphone assembly, update CE Mark.
D Jun/05 Update VHF maritime information for Industry Canada regulatory approval.
E Oct/05 Added P25 Trunked operation, updated options and accessories, added battery conditioning.
F Aug/06 Updated battery conditioning section and safety symbol conventions, and added WEEE statement and symbol.
M/A-COM Technical Publications would particularly appreciate feedback on any errors found in this document and suggestions on how
the document could be improved. Submit your comments and suggestions to:
Wireless Systems Business Unit
M/A-COM, Inc. fax your comments to: 1-434-455-6851
Technical Publications or
221 Jefferson Ridge Parkway e-mail us at: techpubs@tycoelectronics.com
Lynchburg, VA 24501
The software contained in this device is copyrighted by M/A-COM, Inc. Unpublished rights are reserved under the copyright laws of the
United States.
This device is made under license under one or more of the following U.S. Patents: 4,590,473; 4,636,791; 5,148,482; 5,185,796; 5,271,017;
5,377,229; 4,716,407; 4,972,460; 5,502,767; 5,146,497; 5,164,986; 5,185,795.
EDACS is a registered trademark and ProScan, ProSound, and Failsoft are trademarks of M/A-COM, Inc.
RBRC and 1-800-8-BATTERY are registered trademarks of Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation.
Cadex is a registered trademark of Buchmann Enterprises, Inc.
iTech and iQ
five
are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Intelligent Technologies LLC LTD.
All other product and brand names are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their respective holders.
This product conforms to the European Union WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC. Do not dispose of this product in a public
landfill. Take it to a recycling center at the end of its life.
display and moved safety conventions to section one.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CREDITS
NOTICE!
This manual covers M/A-COM products manufactured and sold by M/A-COM, Inc.
The voice coding technology embodied in this product is protected by intellectual property rights including patent rights, copyrights, and
trade secrets of Digital Voice Systems, Inc. The user of this technology is explicitly prohibited from attempting to decompile, reverse
engineer, or disassemble the Object Code, or in any other way convert the Object Code into human-readable form.
Repairs to this equipment should be made only by an authorized service technician or facility designated by the supplier. Any repairs,
alterations, or substitution of recommended parts made by the user to this equipment not approved by the manufacturer could void the
user’s authority to operate the equipment in addition to the manufacturer’s warranty.
This manual is published by M/A-COM, Inc. without any warranty. Improvements and changes to this manual necessitated by typographical errors,
inaccuracies of current information, or improvements to programs and/or equipment, may be made by M/A-COM, Inc., at any time and without notice.
Such changes will be incorporated into new editions of this manual. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose, without the express written permission of M/A-COM, Inc.
Copyright© 2004 - 2006 M/A-COM, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
MM102708V1, Rev. F
NOTICE!
This device is a RF transceiver intended for land mobile radio applications. The device may
have use restrictions, which require that the national authority be contacted for any system
licensing requirements, frequency use, allowable power level, etc.
3
MM102708V1, Rev. F
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 SAFETY TRAININ G INFORMATION...............................................................................................8
1.1 RF EXPOSURE GUIDELINES...................................................................................................8
1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE/ COMPATIBILITY................................................9
2 SAFETY SYMBOL CONVENTIONS................................................................................................10
3 OPERATIN G TIPS ..............................................................................................................................11
3.1 EFFICIENT RADIO OPERATION...........................................................................................11
3.1.1 Antenna Care and Replacement.....................................................................................11
3.1.2 Electronic Devices.........................................................................................................12
3.1.3 Aircraft...........................................................................................................................12
3.1.4 Electric Blasting Caps....................................................................................................12
3.1.5 Potentially Explosive Atmospheres...............................................................................12
4 MARITIME CHANNELS ...................................................................................................................13
5 BATTERIES .........................................................................................................................................14
5.1 CONDITIONING NIMH BATTERY PACKS ..........................................................................14
5.2 CONDITIONING NICD BATTERY PACKS...........................................................................14
5.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION...............................................................................................14
5.4 CHANGING THE BATTERY PACK .......................................................................................14
5.4.1 Removing the Battery Pack ...........................................................................................14
5.4.2 Attaching the Battery Pack............................................................................................15
5.5 BATTERY DISPOSAL..............................................................................................................15
Page
6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................17
6.1 WATER RESISTANCE.............................................................................................................17
7 OPTIONS AND AC CESSORIES........................................................................................................18
8 USER INTERFACE .............................................................................................................................20
8.1 CONTROLS ...............................................................................................................................21
8.1.1 Buttons and Knobs.........................................................................................................21
8.1.2 Scan Model Keypad.......................................................................................................22
8.2 DISPLAY ...................................................................................................................................23
8.2.1 Radio Status Icons .........................................................................................................24
8.2.2 LED ...............................................................................................................................25
8.2.3 Status Messages............................................................................................................. 26
8.2.4 Error Messages ..............................................................................................................27
8.3 ALERT TONES..........................................................................................................................27
8.4 UNIVERSAL DEVICE CONNECTOR (UDC).........................................................................27
9 BASIC OPERATION...........................................................................................................................28
9.1 TURNING ON THE RADIO .....................................................................................................28
9.2 SYSTEM SELECTION..............................................................................................................28
9.2.1 Scan Model....................................................................................................................28
9.2.2 Select Model..................................................................................................................28
9.3 GROUP SELECTION................................................................................................................29
9.3.1 Scan Model....................................................................................................................29
9.3.2 Select Model..................................................................................................................29
9.4 CHANNEL SELECTION...........................................................................................................29
9.4.1 Scan Model....................................................................................................................29
4
MM102708V1, Rev. F
9.4.2 Select Model..................................................................................................................29
9.5 MODIFY SCAN LIST (SCAN MODEL ONLY)......................................................................29
9.6 BACKLIGHT ON/OFF (SCAN MODEL ONLY).....................................................................30
9.7 CONTRAST ADJUST (SCAN MODEL ONLY)...................................................................... 30
9.8 DECLARING AN EMERGENCY............................................................................................. 30
9.9 LOCKING/UNLOCKING KEYPAD (SCAN MODEL ONLY)...............................................30
9.10 HIGH/LOW POWER ADJUSTMENT......................................................................................31
9.10.1 Using the Menu Button (Scan Model Only)..................................................................31
9.10.2 Using the Pre-Programmed Option Button....................................................................31
9.11 MENU (SCAN MODEL ONLY)...............................................................................................31
9.11.1 Menu Item Selection ...................................................................................................... 32
9.12 DIGITAL VOICE OPERATION ...............................................................................................35
9.12.1 Clear Mode ....................................................................................................................35
9.12.2 Digital Mode..................................................................................................................35
10 CONVENTIONAL OPERATION......................................................................................................37
10.1 RECEIVING A CALL ...............................................................................................................37
10.2 SENDING A CALL ...................................................................................................................37
11 TRUNKE D OPERATI O N ...................................................................................................................38
11.1 SCANNING TRUNKED GROUPS........................................................................................... 38
11.1.1 Turning Scan On and Off ..............................................................................................38
11.1.2 Adding Groups to a Scan List........................................................................................38
11.1.3 Deleting Groups from a Scan List .................................................................................39
11.2 SCANNING TRUNKED SYSTEMS......................................................................................... 39
11.2.1 Wide Area System Scanning ......................................................................................... 40
11.2.2 Priority System Scan......................................................................................................40
11.2.3 ProScan..........................................................................................................................40
11.2.4 Menu Selection (Scan Model Only) ..............................................................................40
11.2.5 Pre-Programmed Keypad Key (Scan Model Only).......................................................41
11.3 EMERGENCY OPERATION....................................................................................................41
11.3.1 Receiving an Emergency Call .......................................................................................41
11.3.2 Declaring an Emergency Call........................................................................................ 41
11.4 INDIVIDUAL CALLS (SCAN MODEL ONLY) .....................................................................41
11.4.1 Receiving and Responding To an Individual Call (Trunked Mode Only).....................41
11.4.2 Sending an Individual Call (Trunked Mode Only)........................................................42
11.5 TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT CALLS................................................................................43
11.5.1 Receiving a Telephone Interconnect Call......................................................................43
11.5.2 Sending a Telephone Interconnect Call (Scan Model Only).........................................43
11.6 STATUS/MESSAGE OPERATION (SCAN MODEL ONLY) ................................................44
11.6.1 Status Operation.............................................................................................................44
11.6.2 Message Operation ........................................................................................................ 44
11.6.3 Dynamic Regroup Operation......................................................................................... 44
11.6.4 Emergency Operation....................................................................................................44
11.6.5 Macro Key Operation ....................................................................................................44
11.7 PORTABLE DATA....................................................................................................................45
11.7.1 Displays .........................................................................................................................45
11.7.2 DATA OFF Operation...................................................................................................46
11.7.3 DATA ON Operation ....................................................................................................46
11.7.4 Exiting Data Calls.......................................................................................................... 46
11.7.5 Scan Lockout Mode.......................................................................................................47
5
MM102708V1, Rev. F
11.7.6 Data Lockout Mode.......................................................................................................47
11.8 PAGE (P25 TRUNKING ONLY)..............................................................................................47
12 PROJECT 25 (P25) CONVENTIONAL OPERATION....................................................................48
12.1 GROUP CALLS IN P25 MODE................................................................................................48
12.1.1 Transmitting a Group Call............................................................................................. 48
12.1.2 Receiving a Group Call .................................................................................................48
12.2 INDIVIDUAL CALLS IN P25 MODE......................................................................................48
12.2.1 Transmitting an Individual Call.....................................................................................48
12.2.2 Receiving an Individual Call .........................................................................................49
12.3 EMERGENCY GROUP CALLS IN P25 MODE ......................................................................49
12.3.1 Declaring an Emergency Group Call............................................................................. 49
12.3.2 Receiving an Emergency Group Call ............................................................................50
13 OPERATION FOLLOWING WATER CONTACT.........................................................................51
13.1 RADIO MICROPHONE ............................................................................................................51
13.2 RADIO SPEAKER.....................................................................................................................51
14 BATTERY WAR RANT Y ....................................................................................................................52
15 WARRANTY ........................................................................................................................................53
TABLES
Table 1-1: RF Exposure Compliance Testing Distances .................................................................................9
Table 7-1: Options and Accessories...............................................................................................................18
Table 8-1: Scan Model Radio Key Functions................................................................................................23
Table 8-2: Display Icons................................................................................................................................24
Table 8-3: LED Color and Status...................................................................................................................25
Table 8-4: Alert Tones...................................................................................................................................27
Table 9-1: Menu Item Information ................................................................................................................33
Table 9-2: Transmit/Receive Mode Compatibility for Digital Voice Operation..........................................36
FIGURES
Figure 5-1: Removing the Battery Pack.........................................................................................................15
Figure 5-2: Attaching the Battery Pack..........................................................................................................15
Figure 8-1: Top View.....................................................................................................................................20
Figure 8-2: Side View....................................................................................................................................20
Figure 8-3: Scan Model Front Panel Controls ...............................................................................................21
Figure 8-4: Scan Model Radio Keypad..........................................................................................................22
Figure 8-5: Radio Display.............................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 8-6: Battery Charge Icons (Full Cycle) ..............................................................................................24
Figure 8-7: LED.............................................................................................................................................25
Figure 9-1: Menu Display..............................................................................................................................31
Figure 9-2: Backlight Menu Display..............................................................................................................32
6
MM102708V1, Rev. F
Figure 9-3: Information Display....................................................................................................................35
Figure 11-1: Calls Received Lists..................................................................................................................42
Figure 11-2: WHC Individual Call Display...................................................................................................42
Figure 13-1: Radio Microphone.....................................................................................................................51
7
MM102708V1, Rev. F
1 SAFETY TRAINING INFORMATION
The M/A-COM P5100 portable radio generates RF electromagnetic energy during
transmit mode. This radio is designed for and classified as “Occupational Use Only,”
meaning it must be used only during the course of employment by individuals aware
of the hazards and the ways to minimize such hazards. This radio is NOT intended
for use by the “General Population” in an uncontrolled environment.
The P5100 portable radio has been tested and complies with the FCC RF exposure limits for
“Occupational Use Only.” In addition, this M/A-COM radio complies with the following Standards and
Guidelines with regard to RF energy and electromagnetic energy levels and evaluation of such levels for
exposure to humans:
• FCC OET Bulletin 65 Edition 97-01 Supplement C, Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for
Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.
• American National Standards Institute (C95.1 – 1992), IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect
to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
• American National Standards Institute (C95.3 – 1992), IEEE Recommended Practice for the
Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields – RF and Microwave.
1.1 RF EXPOSURE GUIDELINES
To ensure that exposure to RF electromagnetic energy is within the FCC allowable limits
for occupational use, always adhere to the following guidelines:
CAUTION
• DO NOT operate the radio without a proper antenna attached, as this may damage the radio and may
also cause the FCC RF exposure limits to be exceeded. A proper antenna is the antenna supplied with
this radio by M/A-COM or an antenna specifically authorized by M/A-COM for use with this radio.
(Refer to
• DO NOT transmit for more than 50% of total radio use time (“50% duty cycle”). Transmitting more
than 50% of the time can cause FCC RF exposure compliance requirements to be exceeded. The radio
is transmitting when the “TX” indicator appears in the display. The radio will transmit by pressing the
“PTT” (Push-To-Talk) button.
• ALWAYS transmit using low power when possible (refer to Section
battery charge, low power can reduce RF exposure.
• ALWAYS use M/A-COM authorized accessories (antennas, batteries, belt clips, speaker/mics, etc).
Use of unauthorized accessories may cause the FCC Occupational/Controlled Exposure RF
compliance requirements to be exceeded. (Refer to
• ALWAYS keep the device and its antenna at least 2 cm (0.8 inches) from the body and at least 5 cm
(2 inches) from the face when transmitting to ensure FCC RF exposure compliance requirements are
not exceeded. This radio has been tested for RF exposure compliance at the distances listed in
1-1
. However, to provide the best sound quality to the recipients of your transmission, hold the
antenna at least 5 cm (2 inches) from mouth, and slightly off to one side.
Table 7-1: Options and Accessories.)
9.10). In addition to conserving
Table 7-1: Options and Accessories.)
Table
8
Table 1-1: RF Exposure Compliance Testing Distances
MM102708V1, Rev. F
RADIO FREQUENCY
800 MHz 1.1 cm 2.5 cm
VHF (136-174 MHz) 1.1 cm 2.5 cm
UHF-H (450-512 MHz) 1.1 cm 2.5 cm
UHF-L (378-430 MHz) 1.1 cm 2.5 cm
TESTED DISTANCES
(worst case scenario)
Body Face
The information in this section provides the information needed to make the user aware of an RF
exposure, and what to do to assure that this radio operates within the FCC RF exposure limits of this
radio.
1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE/ COMPATIBILITY
During transmissions, this M/A-COM radio generates RF energy that can possibly cause interference with
other devices or systems. To avoid such interference, turn off the radio in areas where signs are posted to
do so. DO NOT operate the transmitter in areas that are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation such as
hospitals, aircraft, and blasting sites.
9
MM102708V1, Rev. F
2 SAFETY SYMBOL CONVENTIONS
The following conventions are used to alert the user to general safety precautions that must be observed
during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this product. Failure to comply with these
precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and
intended use of the product. M/A-COM, Inc. assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply
with these standards.
The WARNING symbol calls attention to a procedure, practice, or the like,
which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal
injury. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING symbol until the conditions
identified are fully understood or met.
The CAUTION symbol calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the
like, which, if not performed correctly or adhered to, could result in a risk of
CAUTION
danger, damage to the equipment, or severely degrade the equipment performance.
The NOTE symbol calls attention to supplemental information, which may
improve system performance or clarify a process or procedure.
The ESD symbol calls attention to procedures, practices, or the like, which
could expose equipment to the effects of Electro-Static Discharge. Proper
precautions must be taken to prevent ESD when handling circuit modules.
WARNING - The electrical hazard symbol indicates there is an electrical
hazard present.
10
3 OPERATING TIPS
Antenna location and condition are important when operating a portable radio. Operating the radio in low
lying areas or terrain, under power lines or bridges, inside of a vehicle or in a metal framed building can
severely reduce the range of the unit. Mountains can also reduce the range of the unit.
In areas where transmission or reception is poor, some improvement may be obtained by ensuring that the
antenna is vertical. Moving a few yards in another direction or moving to a higher elevation may also
improve communications. Vehicular operation can be aided with the use of an externally mounted
antenna.
Battery condition is another important factor in the trouble free operation of a portable radio. Always
properly charge the batteries.
3.1 EFFICIENT RADIO OPERATION
Hold the portable radio approximately three inches from your mouth and speak into the microphone at a
normal voice level.
Keep the antenna in a vertical position when receiving or transmitting a message.
Do not hold the antenna when the radio is powered on.
MM102708V1, Rev. F
Do NOT hold onto the antenna when the radio is powered on!
3.1.1 Antenna Care and Replacement
Always keep the antenna at least 0.4 inches (1.1 cm) away from the body and 1
inch (2.5 cm) from the face when transmitting to ensure FCC RF exposure
compliance requirements are not exceeded.
Do not use the portable radio with a damaged or missing antenna. A minor burn
may result if a damaged antenna comes into contact with the skin. Replace a
damaged antenna immediately. Operating a portable radio with the antenna
missing could cause personal injury, damage the radio, and may violate FCC
regulations.
Use only the supplied or approved antenna. Unauthorized antennas,
modifications or attachments could cause damage to the radio unit and may
violate FCC regulations. (Refer to Table 7-1: Options and Accessories.)
11
MM102708V1, Rev. F
3.1.2 Electronic Devices
RF energy from portable radios may affect some electronic equipment. Most modern
electronic equipment in cars, hospitals, homes, etc. are shielded from RF energy.
However, in areas in which you are instructed to turn off two-way radio equipment,
CAUTION
always observe the rules. If in doubt, turn it off!
3.1.3 Aircraft
Always turn off a portable radio before boarding any aircraft!
• Use it on the ground only with crew permission.
• DO NOT use while in-flight!!
3.1.4 Electric Blasting Caps
To prevent accidental detonation of electric blasting caps, DO NOT use two-way
radios within 1000 feet of blasting operations. Always obey the "Turn Off TwoWay Radios" signs posted where electric blasting caps are being used. (OSHA
Standard: 1926.900)
3.1.5 Potentially Explosive Atmospheres
Areas with potentially explosive atmosphere are often, but not always, clearly
marked. These may be fuelling areas, such as gas stations, fuel or chemical
transfer or storage facilities, and areas where the air contains chemicals or
particles, such as grain, dust, or metal powders. Sparks in such areas could
cause an explosion or fire resulting in bodily injury or even death.
Turn OFF two-way radios when in any area with a potentially explosive
atmosphere. It is rare, but not impossible, that a radio or its accessories could
generate sparks.
12
4 MARITIME CHANNELS
As part of FCC Equipment Authorization Part 80 licensing, a maritime frequency usage plan has been
included in this manual for reference.
The antenna connector (between antenna and radio) is a nominal 50Ω impedance.
MM102708V1, Rev. F
13
MM102708V1, Rev. F
5 BATTERIES
The P7100 series portable radios use rechargeable, recyclable Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) or Nickel Metal
Hydride (NiMH) batteries. Please follow the directions below to maximize the useful life of each type of
battery.
If the battery is ruptured or is leaking electrolyte that results in skin or eye
contact with the electrolyte, immediately flush the affected area with water.
If the battery electrolyte gets in the eyes, flush with water for 1 5 minutes an d
consult a physician immediately.
5.1 CONDITIONING NIMH BATTERY PACKS
Condition a new NiMH battery before putting it into use. This also applies to rechargeable NiMH
batteries that have been stored for long periods (weeks, months, or longer). Conditioning requires fully
charging and fully discharging the battery three (3) times using a “battery analyzer/conditioner/charger.”
M/A-COM recommends either the Cadex
iTECH
®
iQ
five®
battery conditioners, purchased directly from M/A-COM. These units condition a battery
pack by automatically charging and discharging (cycling) the battery.
®
C7400 or the Intelligent Technologies Co. BC3506QP-5
Failure to properly condition NiMH battery packs before initial use will result in
shortened performance by the battery.
CAUTION
5.2 CONDITIONING NICD BATTERY PACKS
A new NiCD battery does not require conditioning before use. Periodically condition NiCD batteries to
avoid the memory effect. If a NiCD battery is repeatedly charged and not fully discharged, the result is
lower voltage and lower capacity. Fortunately, both voltage and capacity are restored through battery
conditioning.
Always use M/A-COM authorized chargers and conditioners. Use of
unauthorized chargers and conditioners may void the warranty.
CAUTION
5.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For more information regarding the proper care of portable radio batteries or establishing a battery
maintenance program, refer to ECR-7367 which may be ordered by calling toll free 1-800-368-3277, then
select option 7.
5.4 CHANGING THE BATTERY PACK
14
5.4.1 Removing the Battery Pack
1. Make sure the power to the radio is turned OFF.
2. Press the latch at the bottom of the battery pack.
3. Lift the battery pack from the bottom.
4. Remove the battery pack from the radio.
Figure 5-1: Removing the Battery Pack
5.4.2 Attaching the Battery Pack
Make sure the power to the radio is turned OFF.
MM102708V1, Rev. F
1. Align the tab on the top of the battery pack with the slot at the top of the battery cavity.
2. Push the battery pack down to attach the battery to the radio.
3. Verify that the battery pack is properly latched to the radio.
Figure 5-2: Attaching the Battery Pack
5.5 BATTERY DISPOSAL
In no instance should a battery be incinerated. Disposing of a battery by burning
will cause an explosion.
CAUTION
15
MM102708V1, Rev. F
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY PACK DISPOSAL – The product you have
purchased contains a rechargeable battery. The battery is recyclable. At the end of
its useful life, under various state and local laws, it may be illegal to dispose of this
battery into the municipal waste stream. Check with your local solid waste officials
for details in your area for recycling options or proper disposal. Canadian and U.S.
users may call Toll Free 1-800-8-BATTERY® for information and/or procedures for
returning rechargeable batteries in your locality.
16
6 INTRODUCTION
This manual describes how to use the P5100 series portable radio. The P5100 series portable radio is
available without a front mounted keypad (P5130 – Select model) and with a 6-button front mounted
keypad (P5150 – Scan model radio). The P5100 series radios are synthesized, microprocessor-based, high
performance portable FM radios providing reliable two-way communications in the Enhanced Digital
Access Communications Systems (EDACS
communications systems.
In P25 Trunked and EDACS modes, the user selects a communications system and group. In these modes,
channel selection is transparent to the user and is controlled via digital communication with the system
controller. This provides advanced programmable features and fast access to communication channels.
In conventional mode, the user selects a channel and communicates directly on that channel. In this mode,
a system refers to a set of channels. A channel is a transmit/receive radio frequency pair.
The exact operation of the radio will depend on the operating mode, the radio’s programming, and the
particular radio system. Most features described in this manual can be enabled through programming.
Consult the particular features programmed into the P5100.
For further detail about features and operation refer to the appropriate maintenance manual or contact the
system administrator.
MM102708V1, Rev. F
®
) and P25 Trunked environments as well as conventional
6.1 WATER RESISTANCE
The P5100 series portable radios operate reliably even under adverse conditions. These radios meet MILSTD-810F specifications for driven rain, humidity, and salt fog.
17
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