Linhof M 679cs Instruction Manual

Download

Page 1

M A D E I N G E R M A N Y

LINHOF M 679

Page 2

Con ten ts

1. THE DESIGN PRINCIPLE 5

1.1. THE SYSTEM OF THE M 679cs - ACCESSORIES 6

1.2. ORDERING INFORMATION 7

1.3. TECHNICAL DATA LINHOF M 679cs 8

2. CAMERA DESIGN DETAILS AND ACCESSORIES 9

2.1. FEATURES AND CONTROLS 10

2.2. THE OPTICAL BENCH 12

2.3. THE INTEGRATED LEVELLING BENCHHOLDER 13

2.4. BELLOWS AND BELLOWS CHANGE 14

2.5. THE LENS STANDARD 15

2.6. LENS CHANGE 15

2.7. COMPENDIUMS 15

2.8. REAR STANDARD 17

2.9. M 679cs GROUNDGLASS BACK 17

2.10. GROUNDGLASSES 17

2.11. FOCUSING AIDS 18

2.12. ADAPTERS FOR ROLLFILM AND DIGITAL IMAGING 20

2.13. ADAPTERS FOR DIGITAL BACKS 22

2.14. RAPID CHANGE ADAPTER SLIDE 23

2.15. UNIVERSAL ADAPTER SYSTEM 24

2.16. M 679 COMPONENTS TO USE WITH 4x5 CAMERAS 26

2.17. STAND ALONE POLAROID BACK 27

2.18. THE SYSTAINER TRANSPORTATION LINHOF M 679cs 28

2.19. TRIPODS AND TRIPOD HEADS 29

3. LENSES AND SHUTTERS 30

3.1. LENS SELECTION 31

3.2. IMAGE CIRCLE 32

3.3. LENSBOARDS 33

3.4. SHUTTERS 34

3.5. DIGITAL LENSES 35

4. CAMERA ADJUSTMENTS 36

4.1. VERTICAL AND LATERAL SHIFT (DIRECT DISPLACEMENT) 37

4.2. INDIRECT PARALLEL DISPLACEMENTS 38

4.3. VERTICAL PARALLEL SHIFTS (INDIRECT) 39

4.4. HORIZONTAL PARALLEL SHIFTS (INDIRECT) 41

4.5. COMBINED PARALLEL SHIFTS 42

4.6. SCHEIMPFLUG ADJUSTMENTS 43

4.7. DEPTH-OF-FIELD WEDGE 46

4.8. SUMMARY 47

4.9. DEPTH-OF-FIELD AND DEPTH-OF-FIELD OPTIMIZER 48

4.10. WHAT ABOUT YAWING? 50

4.11. VIEW CAMERA MOVEMENTS MADE SIMPLE 51

Page 3

Page 4

1. THE DE SIGN P RINC IPL E

The Linhof M 679cs is a modular view camera for the formats 6x6 cm /2 1/4 x 2 1/4 in. up to 6x9 cm/2 1ŕ4 x 3 1ŕ4 in. A special adapter system permits the use with commonly used medium format systems by utilizing existing magazines. The same adapters for the various medium format camera systems permit the use of all existing scan and chip backs. Therefore, the Linhof M 679cs is the ideal tool for all photographers who:

a. start working with an adjustable camera system by

utilizing their own medium format equipment,

b. need a compact camera system for digital imaging as well as

analogue professional photography on classic rollfilm.

Ease of use, almost unlimited flexibility, and a complete range of accessories make the M 679 the ideal camera. The following features mean the 679 is capable of being set up, adjusted, and used with the greatest of ease. The base of the camera is an optical bench with two parallel rails from 53 (35) -326 mm. This means lenses from 24 - 240 mm can be used without extension rails. The M 679cs has been ergonomically designed with precision micro drives and positive locks for exact, fast and errorfree use. All movements are made by rotating control knobs. This procedure guarantees effortless and precise adjustments to be made and easily seen on the viewing screen. The method of indirect displacement is used on the M 679cs which speeds up the work of any photographer. The required result either on

film or on chip is faster and more precisely achieved than with the conventional method of direct displacement. Micro drives serve for fine adjustments of lateral and horizontal shifts at the lens standard and the rear standard. The integrated panorama benchholder with stepless lateral levelling of 10° not only serves as an additional tilt or ballhead but also allows precise repetition of a shot because of its calibrated scale. Front and rear standards are steplessly moved in tilt segments. Thereby giving permanent yawfree operation, and avoiding converging lines by exact alignment of the vertical plane, for example, in architectural photography. The basic principles of large format photography are easily applied on the M 679cs due to the accuracy of all measurement scales. The front and rear standard can be turned by +/- 30° around the vertical axis and by 36° and 24° respectively around the horizontal axis. This feature enables the image circle of the lens to be fully exploited. This is an optimum in utilization of the image angle and the image circle of the lenses. The lenses mounted on lensboards are freely accessible from 3 sides and can be used in all known mechanical and electronic shutters. The groundglass back has interchangeable groundglasses for different formats. A sliding Fresnel screen and a viewer allow the uncomplicated viewing of a bright and undistorted groundglass image even if the camera is extremely displaced. A huge range of accessories permit convenient image control and fast operation by using the Linhof Rapid Change Adapter Slides.

Page 5

1. Th e Des ig n P ri nci ple

1.1. THE SYSTEM OF THE M 679cs - ACCESSORIES

- Hasselblad backs

- Polaroid back 100

- Accepts all digital backs for Hasselblad V

- Mamiya RZ

- Polaroid back RZ

- Accepts all digital backs for Mamiya RZ

- Mamiya RB

back

- Mamiya 6x8

motor back

- Linhof Rapid Rollex

slide-in back 6x7

- Horseman 6x9 cassette

- Silvestri accessories

- Accepts all digital

backs for Mamiya RB

Digital Back Adapter plates:

- for Hasselblad V, H1

- for Mamiya 645 AF/AFD

- for Contax 645

Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide for Digital Back Adapter plates:

- for Hasselblad V, H1, H2

- for Mamiya 645 AF/AFD

- for Contax 645

Magnifier viewing

Adapter for Hasselblad backs

Adapter for Mamiya RZ backs

Multi Adapter

Universal Adapter

Rapid change adapter slide M 679

system for Basic lighthood

Back with interchangeable groundglasses

Fresnel screen M 679

M 679 Polaroid Back

M 679 Systainer I

Systainer II

for accessories

Basic lighthood

Normal bellows

Wide angle

bellows

M 679

with integrated levelling benchholder

Filter holder

Basic compendium

M 679 Pro compendium

Lensboards for lenses f 24 - 250 mm

Lensboard adapter M 679 for Technika lensboards

Page 6

1.2. ORDERING INFORMATION

LINHOF M 679cs incl. bellows, front and rear standard, with integrated benchholder with stepless lateral levelling, without lens and back 000117 M 679cs Groundglass back 001698-S Groundglass scoring 3x3 021833-S Groundglass scoring 6x6 021834-S Groundglass scoring 6x7 021835-S Groundglass scoring 6x8 021836-S Groundglass scoring 6x9 021842-S Groundglass scoring 24x36 / 36x63 021837-S Groundglass scoring 37x37 / 37x71 021838-S Groundglass scoring 37x49 / 49x71 021840-S Groundglass scoring 33x44 021841-S Groundglass scoring 72x88 (Anagramm) 021839 Fresnel Screen M 679 002523 Acute Groundglass for M679cs, 37x37 / 37x49 021843-S Acute Groundglass for M679cs, 33x44 021844-S Format dial 6x7 M 679cs for format 6x6 - 6x8 (included in camera price M 679cs) 003905 Format dial 3x3 M 679cs 003906 Format dial 6x9 M 679cs 003907 Basic Lighthood M 679 002763-S Magnifier Viewing System 8x8 for Basic Lighthood 002757 M 679 Adapter for Hasselblad V backs 001694 M 679 Adapter for Mamiya RZ backs 001696 Adapter for Anagramm Scanning back 064924 Multi Adapter for Mamiya RB, Mamiya 6x8 motor cassette, Linhof Rapid Rollex 6x7, Horseman 6x7/6x8/6x9 001695 Universal Adapter for camera adapter plates 001697 Groundglass Silvestri 6x9 S-24011 Focusing Bellows with Magnifier / Silvestri 6x9 S-25010 Right Angle Attachment / Silvestri 6x9 S-25030 Polaroid Back M 679 001692 Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide M 679 24x36 / 36x63 002765-S

1. Th e Des ig n P ri nci ple

Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide M 679 37x37 / 37x71 and 37x49 / 49x71 002766-S Adapter plate for Hasselblad V 001700 Adapter plate for Hasselblad H 1, H2 001701 Adapter plate for Mamiya 645 AF / AFD 001702 Adapter plate for Contax 645 001703 Flexible shafts for M 679cs shift (2 pcs.) 002769 Wide Angle Bellows M 679 002754 Normal Bellows M 679 (spare) 002753 Basic Compendium Lensshade M 679 incl. Filter Holder 001939 Pro Compendium M 679 incl. Filter Holder and Vignetting Mask Holder 001940 Filter Holder M 679 M105x1 and 10x10 cm 001941 Vignetting Mask Holder M 679 001942 Flat Lensboard M 679 size 0 001160 Flat Lensboard M 679 size 1 001161 Flat Lensboard M 679 size 3 001173 Recessed Lensboard M 679, size 0 001163 Recessed Lensboard M 679, size 1 / Rollei Shutter. 001164 Double Recessed Lensboard M 679 size 0 001176 Double Rec. Lensboard M 679, size 1 / Rollei Shutter 001174 3x Recessed Lensboard M 679, size 0 001175 3x Recessed Lensboard M 679, size 1 / Rollei Shutter 001177 4x Recessed Lensboard M 679, size 0 for Apo-Digitar XL 5,6/35, Copal 0 001178 Lensboard Adapter M 679 / Technika 45 lensboard 001100 Adapter Linhof Kardan for M 679 001101 Adapter Sinar / Horseman for M 679 001102 Adapter Cambo for M 679 001103 Adapter plate for Hasselblad Finder 001104 Adapter plate for Arca Swiss Bino Tube on M 679 001105-S Systainer M 679 022491 Systainer II M 679 for Accessories 022492

Page 7

1. Th e Des ig n P ri nci ple

1.3. TECHNICAL DATA LINHOF M 679cs

Overall camera dimensions in basic position Length: 170 mm, width: 153 mm, height: 294 mm with integrated panorama benchholder 6.7 x 6.0 x 11.6“

Weight Approximately 4.500 g with integrated benchholder

Maximum camera extension of non-adjusted camera in 326 mm / 12.8“ normal position (lens to film plane)

Minimum camera extension with wide-angle bellows 53 mm with recessed lensboard (lens to film plane) 40 mm with double recessed lensboard

35 mm with 4x recessed lensboard

Indirect parallel adjustment (up/down), maximum extension 168 mm / 6.6“ and tilting angle of the optical bench of 30°

Indirect vertical parallel shift (up/down) minimum extension 38 mm / 1.5“ and tilting angle of optical bench 30° (limitations with focal lengths of less than 47 mm)

Indirect horizontal parallel shift (lateral shift left/right) 168 mm / 6.6“ maximum extension

Indirect horizontal parallel shift (lateral shift left/right) 38 mm / 1.5“ minimum extension (limitations with focal lengths of less than 47 mm)

Direct cropping correction lens standard Lateral shift right - left 20 mm, Vertical shift 20 mm

Direct cropping correction rear standard Lateral shift right - left 20 mm, Vertical shift 20 mm

Panorama benchholder Tilting front 45°, rear tilting 45°

Panorama rotation 360°, lateral levelling 10° each side

Tilts of front and rear standard to optical bench 30° each front and rear

Front standard / Rear standard Vertical axis swing +/- 30°

Tilting around the horizontal axis front 18° / 12° Tilting around the horizontal axis rear 12° / 18°

Page 8

2. C A MER A DESI GN DET AIL S A ND AC C ESS ORIE S

The Linhof M 679cs is a system camera with an utmost flexibility of the individual system components. The basic idea is an optimum operation ease. Therefore the system is continuously updated to the current needs.

The basic lighthood serves as a light shield permitting viewing in brighter areas. The magnifier viewing adapter 8x8 can be linked to the basic lighthood.

Page 9

35 34

30 29

26 25 24

23 22

21 20

1010

2. Cam era D es i gn D eta ils a nd A c ce sso rie s

2.1. FEATURES AND CONTROLS

1 Normal bellows 2 Unlocking of lensboard 3 Accessory shoe for filter holder,

compendium etc.

4 Lever for change of bellows

5 Spirit level to control adjustment of lens

standard to vertical

6 Lens standard

7 Self-aligning micro drives for horizontal

shift of the lens standard

8 Scale for swinging the lens standard around

the vertical axis

9 Rack and pinion drive for tilting of the lens

standard around the horizontal axis 10 Scale for basic tilting angle of the lens standards 11 Turning knob for basic extension and for

close up focusing 12 Scale for tilting angle of the optical bench

13 Integrated panorama benchholder with stepless

self-aligning lateral levelling and panorama

rotation 14 Rack and pinion drive for lateral levelling 15 Scale for panorama rotation of the benchholder 16 Scale for lateral levelling 17 Focusing knob

18 Scale for focusing and further extension 19 Rails of the optical bench

20 Scale for basic tilting angle of the rear standard 21 Scale for tilting angle of the rear standard

22 Rack and pinion drive for tilting of the rear

standard 23 Integrated locking lever at the turning knobs 24 Scale for swinging of the rear standard

25 Scale for lateral shift (cropping correction)

Page 10

2. Cam era D es i gn D eta ils a nd A c ce sso rie s

26 Rack and pinion drive for lateral shift

of the rear standard

27 Rack and pinion drive for vertical shift

of the rear standard 28 Rear standard 29 Groundglass back for interchangeable

groundglasses and focusing aids 30 Spirit level for adjusting the rear standard to

vertical for avoiding converging lines 31 Interchangeable format groundglasses 32 3 grooves for easy change of groundglasses,

Fresnel screens and basic lighthoods 33 Unlocking device for groundglass back,

adapters and Rapid Change Adapter Slides 34 Accessory shoe 35 Spirit level for horizontal adjustment 36 Rack and pinion drive for swinging the rear

standard around the vertical axis 37 Scale for tilting of the lens standard around

the horizontal axis 38 Basis locking of the rear standard 39 Scale for focusing and increased extension 40 Depth-of-field optimizer 41 Locking lever for panorama benchholder 42 Locking knob of panorama rotation 43 2 holes for compendium guide rails 44 Basis locking of the lens standard 45 Scale for tilting of the lens standard around

the horizontal axis 46 Rack and pinion drive for swinging of the

lens standard around the vertical axis 47 Scale for swinging of the lens standard 48 Rack and pinion drive for lateral shift 49 Scale for lateral shift of the lens standard 50 Interchangeable lens 51 Lensboard M 679

3 2

49 48 47

46 45

44 43

Page 11

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.2. THE OPTICAL BENCH

The base of the camera is an optical bench with two parallel guided rails. Although extremely compact, the camera offers sufficient extension up to maximum 326 mm for long focal lengths – as well as for close ups. This means starting with wide-angle of 24 mm to tele 240 mm. The focal length is coupled with the taking format: 240 mm with 6x7 cm format corresponds to 450 mm with 4x5 in. format. The telescoping extension of the optical bench can be reached with the front and rear standard. For better balancing the extension should always be made with both standards. Focusing is effected with the same elements also realizing the extension changes: the camera can be focused with the front standard as well as with the rear standard. The rear standard has got the depth-of-field optimizer (40) guaranteeing the calculation of the exact focus point. Turning knob (11) und focusing knob (17) have integrated locking levers (23), which should always be applied after any change of the extension or change of focus. Both standards are linked to base tilt elements serving to adjust the camera to vertical for vertical parallel displacements (38, 44).

Camera shown with

maximum extension.

Camera shown in compact position.

Page 12

2.3. INTEGRATED LEVELLING

BENCHHOLDER

Any studio camera requires a pan/tilt head or ballhead. The Linhof M 679cs is supplied with an already integrated panorama benchholder offering many advantages: various adjustments or extreme displacement make it necessary to know the exact angle of the tilting degree. Therefore, the integrated benchholder of the M 679cs has a precise angle scale. The maximum tilting to either side is 45°, the panorama rotation is 360°. All displacements start with the benchholder: unlock the holder (41), set the camera to the subject and lock. The built-in zero click and a retention spring facilitate the operation. The integrated panorama bench holder features a stepless lateral levelling of 10° each side by means of self-aligning micro drives. Practically all photographic problems can now be solved without the need of an additional tripod head.

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

Attention please:

Locking after each displacements with the red coloured levers is strongly advised (38, 41, 44).

The integrated panorama benchholder with 3/8“ retaining socket.

Page 13

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.4. BELLOWS AND BELLOWS CHANGE

Lenses of different focal lengths require different camera extensions. The normal bellows can be exchanged very quickly with the wideangle bellows (and vice versa): unlock each lever right and left at the inner lens and rear standard (4). The normal bellows is very flexible but at the same time stable enough to allow extreme displacements. The wide angle bellows (Code 002754) of the Linhof M 679cs is double-folded permitting extreme extensions. Therefore, the extension range is wide enough to avoid changing the bellows unnecessarily.

The wide angle bellows is used for focal length of 24 – 90 mm, the normal bellows is used for lenses with focal lengths of 90 to 240 mm.

M 679cs with wide angle bellows, 35 mm lens and lens rise.

Linhof M 679cs with normal bellows

Page 14

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.5. THE LENS STANDARD

By swinging around the vertical and horizontal axis lenses over 90 mm focal length are turned around the principle point in such a way that the framing chosen before is hardly changed. The lenses mounted on lensboards are freely accessible from 3 sides utilizing all known mechanical and electronic shutters. Linhof supplies lenses complete with shutter mounted on the appropriate lensboard. Informations for lens selection, lensboards and shutters please see chapter 3.

2.6. LENS CHANGE

Lenses/lensboards are easily changed by a click clack mechanism: just unlock a lever (2) and the lensboard is free. Insert the lensboard by simply pressing into the snap-on device. (We recommend a hand counter pressure at the standard.) The lensboard is square, the lens is exactly centered in the board which can therefore be inserted in either way right and left. Cables of digital shutters can therefore be used from any side.

2.7. COMPENDIUMS

For obtaining brilliant pictures a compendium is a must for adjustable cameras. Lenses with the huge image angle of view of applied photography require an appropriate lensshade. Such a lensshade should also offer sufficient adjustment facilities. A compendium is an indespensible accessory as it ensures best possible exposures of flarefree definition, contrast and colour saturation. For the M 679cs two compendiums with integrated filterholder are offered.

The FILTER HOLDER M 679 (001941) can also be ordered separately. This accessory is adapted to the accessory shoe accepting gelatine filter and up to 2 acryl glass filter 10x10 cm as well as screw-in filter M 105 x 1. For changing lenses the basic compendium can remain at the camera: With the counter part of the accessory shoe the compendium can be moved aside.

Filter holder on the M 679

Page 15

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

The filterholder of the Pro Compendium is inserted in the accessory shoe of the camera body. For special effects, double exposures, section framings and as a protection against unwanted side light there are vignetting blinds available.

The M 679 Professional Compendium with intelligent adaptation at the optical bench

The BASIC COMPENDIUM (001939, incl. filter holder) consists of a small flexible self-supporting bellows and is supplied complete with filterholder. The basic compendium has to be adapted to the filterholder. The self-supporting bellows can olso be utilized as basic lighthood. With the counter part of the accessory shoe the compendium can be moved aside after unlocking the knob.

The M 679 PROFESSIONAL COMPENDIUM (001940) consists of the filterholder, a M 679 normal bellows and the vignetting mask holder and will be supplied as a complete unit. This compendium is centered automatically. It is inserted into the optical bench and is therefore always in the optical axis. It is sufficient to align the compendium standard parallel to the rear standard using the red locking lever.

Page 16

2.8. REAR STANDARD

The maximum usable format is 6x9 cm. Special adapters for each system are the link for compatibility with the commonly used medium format systems by utilizing existing magazines (analogue and digital). Swinging is principally made around the vertical and horizontal axis in the format centre which means that the image center once focused sharp will remain sharp at any displacement. All backs are freely accessible from the three sides. The easily detachable groundglass back accepts the groundglasses as well as various viewing aids.

2.9. GROUNDGLASS BACK

The detachable groundglass back accepts various groundglasses and viewing aids.

The M 679cs groundglass back (001698-S) has 3 grooves for inserting the interchangeable format groundglasses, the Fresnel screen as well as the viewing aids.

2.10. GROUNDGLASSES

Several groundglasses according to the required formats are offered with grids of 3x3 cm up to 6x9 cm. The groundglass is changed with the aid of a small handgrip, therefore no screws, no

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

Interchangeable format groundglasses with scoring for stitching facilities in combination with rapid change adapter slide.

The groundglasses "S" matching the groundglass back 001698-S have the imprinted logo in the bottom left corner for better identification.

clamps. The groundglass is inserted into the first groove at the camera back. The only exception is the the Silvestri 6x9 groundglass used as an attachment to the multi adapter.

VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL FORMAT

By simple fingertip pressure the groundglass back with inserted groundglass can be unlocked and be taken off for change of vertical to horizontal format, sometimes even with attached viewing aid.

The corresponding interchangeable format groundglasses can be changed by using the handgrip.

Page 17

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

„ACUTE“ GROUNDGLASS (021843-S) The „Acute“ groundglass is known to be super bright allowing easier composition and focusing even with extremely short focal lengths. To use the original „Acute“ groundglass with the Linhof M 679 system we have framed this glass inside a metal plate matching the same outer dimensions as the original Linhof groundglass. An easy and quick exchange from the „Acute“ to the Linhof groundglass is possible at any time.

There are two formats available for the Acute groundglass M 679cs: Code No. 021843-S for format 37x37 / 37x49 mm and Code No. 021844-S for format 33x44 mm.

2.11. FOCUSING AIDS

By viewing via groundglass the image control is facilitated by various system accessories.

THE M 679 FRESNEL SCREEN

For increasing the brightness of the image corners when using short focal lenghts socalled Fresnel screens are used. With the Linhof M 679 the optical centre of the Fresnel screen is offset from the centre of the screen. In addition it can be moved up and down which means that the brightest part can be positioned on the darker portions of the focusing screen. Because of this a right angle viewfinder can be used without image vignetting. By turning the complete groundglass back by 90° also the darker parts of the lateral shift can be compensated. The Fresnel screen is placed over the ground-

The Acute groundglass is slotted into the first groove of the groundglass back M 679. The rear side of the metal plate accepts all Hasselblad finder systems.

glass with the grooved side towards the lens. It is slotted into the 2nd groove of the groundglass back permitting easy moving up and down.

The Fresnel screen can be moved up and down. The illustration shows the use of the Fresnel screen at lens rise. By fully utilizing the special design of the screen we have not only moved it up but also inserted the screen with the offset center in top position.

Page 18

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

FURTHER VIEWING AIDS

The following accessories are furthermore available:

Adapter plate for Arca Swiss Bino Tube (001105-S): This item is slotted into the 3rd

groove of the groundglass back accepting the Acra Swiss Bino Tube, enabling a binocular upright image control. Adapter plate for Hasselblad Finder (001104): This adapter permits the use of the Hasselblad Hasselblad reflex finder RMFX allowing to control an 6x6 image section (see illustration opposite page). This Hasselbald finder is especially recommended in combination with the Acute groundglass M 679cs.

THE BASIC LIGHTHOOD (002763-S) serves as light shield permitting viewing in brighter areas. The basic lighthood consists of a selfsupporting flexible bellows identical with the bellows of the basic compendium. The basic lighthood is slotted behind groundglass and Fresnel screen in to the third groove of the groundglass back.

THE MAGNIFIER VIEWING ADAPTER 8x8

(002757) to be attached to the basic lighthood permitting viewing of the total groundglass area.

Page 19

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.12. ADAPTERS FOR ROLLFILM

AND DIGITAL IMAGING

The Linhof M 679cs is a universal tool by using various medium format magazines for classical rollfilm photography as well as for digital backs for electronic imaging. Special adapters for each system are the link.

Medium format rollfilm backs which can be adapted at the M 679cs.

THE HASSELBLAD V ADAPTER

Acccepts the complete Hasselblad V back technique such as rollfilm magazines, Polaroid magazine 100, and all backs adaptable to Hasselblad V.

Operation when using rollfilm magazines:

Place rollfilm in the supply chamber and advance the film with the crank of the magazine to the first frame. After exposure of the first frame it is necessary to actuate the slide at the adapter four times in order to release the locking of the transport crank (1). Advance film now with the crank until the counter shows frame number 2. Stop advancing when the white index mark is visible in the small window. For every further exposure advance the film normally with the crank. For correct frame distances please observe that you can definitely see the white index mark with every exposure. When using the Hasselblad Polaroid back it is necessary to move the metal lever situated at the left lower side of the Hasselblad adapter upwards (2). This lever (3) serves for detaching the Polaroid back from the adapter by pressing it in the right hand direction. Once used, the lever can be returned to its original position.

3 For detaching the

Polaroid back from the adapter press in the right hand direction.

2 When using the

Hasselblad Polaroid back it is necessary to move the metal lever upwards (2).

Page 20

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

Multi adapter with Silvestri special groundglass 6x9

Fits on the Multi adapter: Silvestri focusing hood with magnifier.

THE MAMIYA ADAPTER

To be used for RZ magazine Pro 2, Polaroid cassette RZ and all digital backs adapted for the Mamiya RZ.

Operation when using rollfilm cassettes:

Transport film to the first frame with the winding knob on the magazine. After each exposure press lever to the right (lever situated top right at the adapter) to release for winding the next frame.

THE MULTI ADAPTER

Accepts the Mamiya RB magazine Pro SD, the Mamiya 6x8 motor cassette, Horseman back 6x7/6x8/6x9, the Linhof Rapid Rollex slide-in cassette 6x7 as well as Silvestri system accessories. Cassettes, accessories and backs are held by a slide locking mechanism. The Multi Adapter accepts all digital backs adapted to Mamiya RB.

Fits on the Multi adapter: Silvestri right angle attachment.

Page 21

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.13. ADAPTERS FOR DIGITAL BACKS

The Linhof M 679cs offers the freedom to use either the digital back of your choice or rollfilm backs without complicated modifications. An intelligent adapter system permits the operation of all commonly used digital backs and medium format rollfilm backs for 6x6 to 6x9 cm. Tailor-made accessories are available for any creative idea including the precisely milled quality adapters. You can choose adapters for digital backs or rollfilm backs. For example: Hasselblad Adapter V ( 001694), Mamiya RZ Adapter (001696) or MultiAdapter for Mamiya RB, Linhof Rapid Rollex, Horseman, Silvestri acces-

sories (001695). Or you choose the Universal Adapter (001697) in combination with the corresponding camera adapter plate for your digital back. The perfect workflow with groundglass viewing permits the Rapid Change Adapter Slide (02765-S or 02766-S) for quick change of image composition to picture taking. You have the option to enlarge the image area by stitching.

The Linhof M 679cs – the ideal platform for digital professional photography.

Page 22

Flexible shafts (code 002769) permit smooth vertical or horizontal shifting with adapted Rapid Change Adapter Slide.

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.14. RAPID CHANGE ADAPTER SLIDE

The Linhof Rapid Change Adapter Slide permits continuous work flow by rapidly changing the complete image composition to picture taking without taking off or attaching backs. At the same time the chip of the digital back is protected against dust and mechanical damage. The Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide is attached to the rear standard the same way as the groundglass back. The slide permits stitching: 2 or 3 shots enlarge the image size of the digital back. Camera adapter plates suiting the different cameras in the market firmly connect the digital back with the slide. Presently 2 different Universal slides are offered: One for chip formats 24x36 mm and one for 37x37 mm plus 37x39 mm. The corresponding groundglasses show the formats of the chip sizes with stitching. As the Rapid Change Adapter Slides (002765-S and 002766-S) are supplied with integrated groundglass back (001698-S) all viewing aids can be attached.

Rapid Change Adapter Slide with digital back

FLEXIBLE SHAFTS (002769) permit smooth vertical or horizontal shifting with adapted Rapid Change Adapter Slide.

Page 23

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.15. UNIVERSAL ADAPTER SYSTEM

Groundglass 24x36 / 36x63 (021837-S)

Universal Adapter for Camera Adapter plates (001697)

Adapter plate for H1, H2 (001701)

Groundglass 37x37 / 37x71 (021838-S)

Groundglass 37x49 / 49x71 (021840-S)

Adapter plate for Hasselblad V (001700)

Acute Groundglass 37x37 / 37x49 (021843-S) Acute Groundglass 33x44 (021844-S)

Adapter plate for Mamiya 645 AF/AFD (001702)

Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide M 679 (002765-S u. 002766-S)

Adapter plate for Contax 645 (001703)

Digital backs adapted to different medium format cameras can be combined with digital backs for use with the ingenious view camera system Linhof M 679cs.

Page 24

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

THE LINHOF M 679 UNIVERSAL ADAPTER SYSTEM offers even more compatability to

digital backs: Digital backs adapted to different medium format cameras can be combined with digital backs for use with the ingenious view camera system Linhof M 679cs.

VIEWING VIA MONITOR

A combination of precision adapters is the link of the Linhof M 679cs with the digital back. When controlling via monitor the new Universal Adapter code 001697 will be required. Now the photographer can work with digital backs of either Hasselblad V, H1, H2, Mamiya 645 AF/AFD or Contax 645 using if required in parallel the Linhof M 679 as an adjustable view camera for applied photography.

VIEWING VIA GROUNDGLASS

For digital photography with professional displacements via groundglass control we recommend the Linhof Rapid Change Adapter Slide which is now also offered as Universal Adapter Slide with additional Adapter plates. This slide

permits the quick and easy move from composition to exposure. The digital back and the Universal Adapter Slide with corresponding Adapter plate are perfectly linked by a safety locking system with either Hasselblad H1 and H2, Hasselblad V, Mamiya 645 AF/AFD or Contax 645.

CHIP SIZE 24x36 mm

We offer 2 alternatives for different chip sizes relating to the exposure area: For sensor size 24x36 mm you will require our Universal Adapter Slide code 002765-S with corresponding groundglass code 021837-S. Thanks to integrated stops (white marks) stitching is made possible: 3 exposures will enlarge the exposure area to 36x63 mm.

CHIP SIZE 37x37 mm

For larger chip formats of 37x37 mm and 37x49 mm the Universal Adapter Slide code 002766-S is available. Chip format 37x37 mm with groundglass code 021840-S can be enlarged by stitching (2 exposures) reaching a total format of 37x71 mm.

CHIP SIZE 37x49 mm

Also here the Universal Adapter Slide code 002766-S is needed in combination with groundglass code 021840-S. Exposure area can be enlarged by stitching. By two exposures the area will reach 49x71 mm.

ACUTE GROUNDGLASS

The M 679cs Acute groundglass can also be used with the Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide. Scorings are for formats 37x37/ 37x49 (021843-S) and 33x44 (021844-S).

Page 25

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

Mamiya RZ (001696)

Cambo (001103)

Multi-Adapter (001695)

Hasselblad-V-Adapter (001694)

Sinar, Horseman (001102)

Linhof Kardan (001101)

Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slide (002765-S, 002766-S)

2.16. M 679 COMPONENTS

TO USE WITH 4x5 CAMERAS

The Universal Adapter (001697) as well as both Universal Rapid Change Adapter Slides (002765-S and 002766-S) can be attached to 9x12 / 4x5 view cameras such as Linhof Kardan, Sinar, Horseman and Cambo. The Linhof Adapters (001101, 001102 and 001103) for different Linhof and non-Linhof cameras offer compatibility to the Linhof M 679. Lenses mounted on M 679 lensboards can be attached to these adapters.

Adapter for 4x5” cameras for using M 679 components

Page 26

Polaroid back for Linhof M 679

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.17. STAND ALONE POLAROID BACK

This Polaroid back especially developed for the Linhof M 679 utilizes the 600 range of Polaroid films. This Polaroid back is used independently from the individual format. Instant photography over the entire area for quick image composing and exposure control.

Page 27

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori es

2.18. THE SYSTAINER TRANSPORTATION

LINHOF M 679cs

The Linhof M 679cs is packed and dispatched in an "intelligent box", called systainer with the following advantages: No packing waste and the systainer offers a shock-resistant transportation facility accepting the camera with bellows plus back plus one lens, one adapter, one rollfilm magazine and the operating manual of the M 679. Furthermore, films can be stored.

The Systainer serves as transport packing and camera case.

The patented latch allows quick and safe linking of several systainers which can then be transported on a single handle.

When packing the camera for transportation with all adjustments in neutral position the rails should be set to the index marks on both sides approximately 5. The normal bellows, one lens mounted on lensboard as well as the groundglass back can remain at the camera.

All knobs / clamping elements should be firmly but not excessively locked. The patented latch allows quick and safe linking of several systainers which can then be transported on a single handle for any further amount of accessories.

Page 28

2. Ca mer a De s ig n Det ail s an d A cc ess ori esr

PLEASE NOTE:

When inserting the M 679cs into the systainer case, please ensure the following:

1. All movements are set to zero.

2. The main track focusing should be set

to 5 mm front and rear.

3. The red lock levers are facing upwards.

2.19. TRIPODS AND TRIPOD HEADS

Obviously, the selection of a tripod combination that matches the stability and precision of the camera is of vital importance. For studio work a medium sized studio stand (Linhof Studiomatic I, 003467) is recommended with precision adjustable cross arm and accessory tray for magazines and backs. For shooting on location we recommend the Linhof Twin Shank Pro Tripod (003317 or

003333). For most tasks the M 679cs integrated levelling panorama benchholder will be sufficient. For extreme tiltings of the camera (more than 45Ż) we recommend the Linhof 3-Way Levelling Head (003663).

Linhof 3-Way Levelling Head (003663)

Linhof Twin Shank Pro Tripod (003317 or 003333)

Page 29

3. L E NSE S AND SH UTTE RS

Apo-Sironar-digital HR 4,5 / 28 mm in Copal shutter on recessed M 679 lensboard (001176) with cable release extension.

Apo-Digitar-Makro 5,6 / 120 mm in Copal shutter on flat lensboard (001160) with cable release extension.

Photographers who have so far worked with larger formats should note that in medium format photography identical focal lengths produce different results. 240 mm of the format 6x7 cm corresponds to a focal length of 450 mm when using the format 4x5 in. whereas a 120 mm lens is already a long focal length for the digital format 37x49 mm. Medium format photographers should know that lenses for images taken with adjustable cameras will need a larger image circle than those designed for non-adjustable medium format cameras. Only lenses with large image circles permit camera displacements. The angle of view is the key of different lens designs. When using the rapid change adapter slide for „stitching“ images you have to control the image circle necessary for such multi exposures.

MAIN LENS CHARACTERISTICS

Focal length, aperture, size of shutter, diameter of filter (screw-in filter or slip-in filter) and image circle. For details please refer to the Linhof product and price listing or contact the lens manufacturer.

Page 30

3. Le nse s an d S hu tte rs

3.1. LENS SELECTION

As a general rule, three different lenses are considered the minimum in order to exploit the creative possibilities offered by cameras with adjustment facilities. The format diagonal of the picture format corresponds to the normal focal length (see sketch). The tables show the possible lens combination for the corresponding format. For special applications also makro lenses 1 : 4 to 4 : 1, enlarging lenses or repro lenses can be used. The new generation of digital lenses offer a specially high resolution necessary to produce optimum image information at small chip sizes in digital imaging technique.

The table shows the context of the used picture for-

0,5 x long format side = extreme wide angle

2 x long format side = long standard length

normal focal length

Format diagonal =

PICTURE FORMAT

mat, the format diagonals and the corresponding focal lengths.

*Stitch: When using the Rapid Change Adapter Slide the image format and the corresponding image circle is enlarged is enlarged.

short format side = wide angle

Picture Format digital

Format diagonal

Focal length

short normal long

30 x 30 mm 42 mm 24, 28, 35 45, 47, 55,6070, 72, 80,

90, 100

24 x 36 mm 43 mm 24, 28, 35 45, 47, 55,6070, 72, 80,

90, 100

63 x 36 mm stitch*

72 mm 35, 45, 47 72 100, 120,

150

49 x 37 mm 61 mm 35, 45, 47 55, 60, 72 100, 120,

150, 180

71 x 49 mm Stitch*

Picture Format analogue

6 x 6 cm 85 mm 35, 38, 45,

6 x 7 cm 91 mm 35, 38, 45,

86 mm 35, 45, 55,4772, 80, 90,

100

Format diagonal

Focal length

short normal long

72, 75, 80,90100, 120,

47, 55, 58, 65

75, 80, 90,

47, 55, 58,

100

120, 150, 180, 210

135, 150

120, 135, 150, 180

65, 72

6 x 8 cm 100 mm 35, 38, 45,

47, 55, 58, 65, 72, 75

6 x 9 cm 108 mm 35, 38, 45,

47, 55, 58,

80, 90, 100, 120

90, 100, 120, 135

120, 135, 150, 180, 210

150, 180, 210, 240

65, 72, 75, 80

The Linhof price and product listing contains the complete range of currently available lenses. For further details you should contact your Linhof experts.

Page 31

3. Le nse s an d S hu tte rs

3.2. IMAGE CIRCLE

In order to make optimum use of the decisive advantage of the M 679cs, i.e. its wide range of displacements lenses are needed with large image circle and first-class image reproduction quality right up to the edge of the image circle. The most important camera displacement is the parallel adjustment to eliminate or reduce converging verticals. For this, the lens must have an image circle far beyond the size of the taking format.The image circle stated in the technical specifications of the lens manufacturers always refer to a focusing distance of infinity and a working aperture of f/22. For shorter distances (e.g.for table shots), the image circle diameter will increase so that even larger adjustments are required. For digital lenses the the corresponding working aperture is referred as f/11. The Linhof M 679cs offers the necessary long mechanical adjustment facilities. Please always ensure that the image circle of the lens covers the mechanical displacements. As a practical hint: when looking through the lens onto the groundglass at working aperture all four edges of the picture format have to be visible.

Shift limits

Image circles and shift limits. Within the limit of a sufficiently large image circle the picture format can be displaced.

Ima

Picture format

r o

irc

rma

m fo

Shift limits

Page 32

3. Le nse s an d S hu tte rs

2.3. LENSBOARDS

The lensboards of the M 679cs are square accepting the lens exactly in the centre. According to focal lengths and lens design different lensboards are offered, flat or recessed with different holes corresponding to the required shutter sizes.

Left: flat lensboard, center: recessed lensboard, right: lensboard adapter for Technika 45 lensboards (001100)

With all symmetrically designed lenses (normally with lenses longer than 90 mm) the adjustment of the lens standard is effected by swinging around the principle point of the lens thus avoiding any movement of the picture. For the use of lenses already mounted on Technika 9x12 lensboard a special lensboard adapter is offered with the M 679cs.

4x Recessed Lensboard for

Apo-Digitar XL 5,6/35 in Copal Shutter

This lensboard (001178) allows the use of the 5,6/35 mm lens in Copal shutter with the Linhof M 679cs including the Rapid Change Adapter Slide. The decisive advantage is the availability of an increased omni directional shift range of 12 mm. Despite of the depth of the recessed board an easy and comfortable shutter operation is provided thanks to the re-arrangement of the release lever and aperture scales.

Page 33

3. Le nse s an d S hu tte rs

3.4. SHUTTERS

The shutter of a lens controls the exposure, i.e. aperture and time. We offer all lenses in central mechanical and electronically controlled shutters which can also be mounted by Linhof on the corresponding lensboards.

Mechanical Copal shutters

Central shutters with stepless adjustment or adjustment in increments. Copal size 0: 1 – 1/500s + B + T Copal size 1: 1 – 1/400s + B + T

Electronic shutters

Electronically controlled shutters enable easy control via computer software thus utilizing all features of one-shot or multi-shot digital backs. These electronic shutters offer considerably more „increments“ for aperture and controlled time exposure.

The Rollei electronic view camera shutter

Electronically controlled via remote control Rollei LensControl S. Sizes 0 an 1. Shutter speeds B and 30s to 1/500s in third-stop increments. In tenth-stop increments adjustable 5-blade-iris aperture. Weight 306 g.

Schneider Electronic shutter

This is electronically controllable via the computer. Size 0. Shutter speeds B and 32s to 1/60s in tenth-stop increments adjustable 5-blade-iris aperture. Weight 180 g.

Schneider electronic shutter and shutter control with Linhof M 679cs and digital back.

Page 34

3. Le nse s an d S hu tte rs

3.5. DIGITAL LENSES

The lens is an important link of the quality chain in professional photography. Digital lenses adjusted to the needs of digital imaging technique offer optimum sharpness fully utilizing the high resolution chip sensors. These lenses meet high quality requirements concerning contrast , correction of distortion and absence of color fringes. New digital wide angle lenses with image circles from 60 to 110 mm have the capacity for adjustment, correction of perspective, „converging lines“ as well as for depth of field control according to the Scheimpflug law. For close-up and makro photography there exist special makro lenses optimized for a 1 : 1 and higher reproduction ratio. The full range of available digital lenses can be found in the current Linhof price and product listing.

Digital lenses on Linhof M 679 lensboards ranging from 24 to 210 mm focal lengths in electronic or mechanical shutters ( Rollei, Schneider, Copal).

Page 35

4. C A MER A ADJU STM E NTS

Only by the possibility of displacing lens and rear standard all advantages of a view camera are fully utilized. These displacements serve for control of perspective, positioning of the depthof-field and creative image composing. Any camera displacement requires the appropriate lens with the sufficient image circle. Before starting to use camera movements, return all camera controls to zero.

Page 36

Scale for lateral shift at the rear standard

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.1. VERTICAL AND LATERAL SHIFT

(DIRECT DISPLACEMENT)

Horizontal and vertical parallel displacements are operated with self-aligning micro drives. Direct adjustments are recommended for precise cropping corrections and should normally be made after having finished all settings thus avoiding any movement of the tilting axis out of their centre position . When working with extremely short lenses (24, 28, 35, 38 mm ) we recommend the direct camera displacement using the horizontal and vertical shift facilities. In general their range of adjustment is sufficient and all displacements remain parallel.

Direct parallel adjustment (vertical shift) with self aligning micro drives at the lens standard (M 679cs with Apo-Sironar 4,5/35 mm and wide angle bellows).

Page 37

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.2. INDIRECT PARALLEL DISPLACEMENTS

Parallel movements (rise and shift of the front and back standards) are primarily used to eliminate converging verticals or horizontals in subjects with predominantly parallel lines. While vanishing lines are simply the normal perspective rendition resulting from an oblique position of the image plane relative to the main subject plane, the experienced professional will see that through proper use of camera adjustments pictures do not show any of the unwanted perspectives so often found in architectural and industrial subjects. Whether up, down or lateral shift of the lens or rear standard: Most parallel adjustments are executed indirectly. In other words:

The front and rear standard is simply placed parallel to the main

view of the subject.

vertical parallel shift

The possible adjustments increase linear with the camera extension. The M 679cs offers an up/down or lateral shift of 168 mm each at maximum camera extension (tilting angle 30°). At minimum camera extension the possible indirect parallel shift is approximately 38 mm. The sketch shows extension and adjustment which can be achieved with normal bellows.

horizontal parallel shift

(view from above)

Page 38

4.3. VERTICAL PARALLEL SHIFTS

(INDIRECT)

Indirect vertical shifts (lens rise or lens drop) are used to produce an image without converging lines when shooting from a low or high view point.

LENS RISE:

With all adjustments in neutral position and with the aid of the integrated panorama benchholder the camera is set to the subject. Focus until the object appears in focus on the groundglass. Adjust lens and rear standards to vertical with the aid of the spirit level. If necessary, refocus. The picture was taken with a 58 mm wide angle lens.

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

1. Set the camera to the subject, composing the image.

2. Adjust lens and rear standards ti vertical with the aid of the spirit level, if necessary make cropping correction, focus.

Page 39

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

LENS DROP

When working in the studio shooting is often made from a high view point (still life, tabletops etc.): with the aid of the integrated panorama benchholder the camera is set to the subject determining the image on the groundglass and focus. Adjust front and rear standards to vertical with the aid of the spirit level, refocus.

REMAINING PERSPECTIVE

Since totally corrected images can sometimes appear unreal a so-called "remaining perspective" is often desirable. This is an uncomplicated procedure: read off the angle of tilting of the optical bench and reduce the base tilt of the standard by approximately 25%.

1. Set the camera to the object, frame the image. The package is seen with converging verticals.

2. Adjust front and rear standard to vertical with the aid of the spirit level. The package is seen with undistorted verticals.

Page 40

4.4. HORIZONTAL PARALLEL SHIFTS

Horizontal shifts (lateral displacement or cross front movements) are used to obtain frontal views from a lateral camera position, producing an image without vanishing lines and perspective distortion. This is a common requirement when standing in front of reflecting surfaces (mirrors, windows) or when the view from a centre position directly in front of the subject is obstructed or includes unwanted subject matter. To ensure correct perspective, start by placing the camera (and the filmplane) parallel to the main object plane: The camera has to be rotated with the bench panorama holder to the object until reaching the desired framing on the groundglass. Then turn the back standard around the vertical axis until you reach the main view of the object preferably utilizing the grid lines of the groundglass. Now transfer the angle of rotation of the panorama of the rear standard to the lens standard for obtaining exact parallelism.

1. Shooting with non-displaced camera:

the main view shows converging lines.

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

2. Shooting with camera and parallel adjustments: the main view is seen undistorted.

1a. Set camera to the object, frame the image

(camera is shown from above).

2b. Adjust rear standard parallel to main view.

Transfer angle to lens standard.

Page 41

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.5. COMBINED PARALLEL SHIFTS

Horizontal and vertical shifts can, of course, also be applied in combination. A typical example is the reproduction of a package where the front cover is to be shown as a rectangle and both the top and the side should be visible as well.

PRACTICAL HINT:

All camera adjustments should start at the panorama benchholder (1). Then follows - if necessary - the adjustment of the standards to vertical. All control elements are situated above the panorama benchholder at the optical bench (2). The final adjustment facilities (level 3) for the camera are swings and tilts by rack and pinion drives. Finally the cropping correction is made (4).

4 3

1. Select the appropriate camera view point, adjust the groundglass, determine framing.

2. Adjust both standards vertically with the aid of the spirit level for avoiding converging lines.

3. Swing rear standard for parallel position to the book cover. Set camera to grid net lines of the groundglass. Read off angle and transfer to the lens standard. Refocus (illustration shows camera from top). Make cropping correction when necessary.

Page 42

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.6. SCHEIMPFLUG ADJUSTMENTS

When talking about camera movements, the term "Scheimpflug" is often subject to a certain amount of misinterpretation. Even by experienced photographers, the use of Scheimpflug adjustments to control focus and depth-of-field is either looked upon as a highly complex mathematical problem or considered a simple adjustment procedure which a modern view camera should do more or less automatically by itself. Neither opinion really corresponds with the photographic practice, as the truth is somewhere in the middle, but once there is a certain understanding of the theory behind all Scheimpflug adjustments, their practical application becomes as simple and fool proof routine.

THE SCHEIMPFLUG RULE

To provide sharp focus over the entire picture

when main object plane is at an angle to the

camera, the object main plane, the lens plane

and the image plane must intersect in one

common line.

This rule can be applied by swinging the groundglass or (and) the lens standard. Scheimpflug by swinging the lens standard does not alter the given perspective "consuming" however much of the image circle (limits of the

adjustment possibilities). Groundglass-Scheimpflug exaggerates the perspective rendition but "saves" image circle.

PRACTICAL PROCEDURE

Before starting with any Scheimpflug adjustments, the plane of sharp focus running from the near to the far object point should be determined. The most simple application can be found with two dimensional objects, such as plane of table, carpet, meadows or wall: the main object plane has a certain angle to the image plane. First determine one near object point and one far object point of the object plane. Near and far object point should be seen

image plane

lens plane

object main plane (for example plane of table, carpet, meadows)

on the opposite side of the groundglass. The amount and direction to any camera adjustment required to fulfill the Scheimpflug condition can easily be determined by looking at the camera and the subject from the side. It will be seen that the more distant objects in the infinity range (buildings) require relatively small adjustments of a few degrees which will steadily increase with closer focusing distances. In extreme closeup work, with reproduction ratios between 1:4 and natural size 1:1, the amount of swings or tilts needed will often require the adjustments of both the front and the rear standard (for instance small table-top subjects, tools, electronic components and assemblies etc.).

Page 43

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

DISPLACEMENTS, WHERE?

The M 679 with its highly practical centre rotation of the lens standard, also allows direct Scheimpflug adjustments with the front simply by focusing to the near object point and swinging/tilting the lens standard until also the far object point comes into focus. As a result of the centre rotation, only a slight focus adjustment will become necessary.

Displacement with rear standard:

+ only slight focusing necessary + desired plus of perspective rendition + centre raise of the lens are used: positive for a

clear quality of the image

+ extremely simple control of depth-of-field:

turning axis always remains in focus

– distortions unavoidable – rays do not meet the groundglass centrally

thus complicating the viewing of the image

Displacement with the lens standard:

+ no perspective distortion + easy viewing of the image

on the groundglass

– refocusing necessary during

adjustments

– border rays of the lens will be used,

i.e. the limit of the image circle is quickly reached. Vignetting is possible

DOUBLE SCHEIMPFLUG

There are many objects where the desired sharpness is in an oblique plane. In this case, both axis - the vertical and the horizontal axis - have to be swung. First swing the horizontal or lateral axis, then swing around the vertical axis in order to avoid any yawing. By swinging of the image and lens plane any desired focal plane can be achieved.

Utilizing the advantages of both procedures:

1. Displacements with the rear standard - centre of ground-

glass remains in focus.

2. Angle value is transferred to lens standard (reduced by angle value of adjustment in per cent values), swing in opposite direction, refocus.

Displacements with rear and lens standard: Tilting at the horizontal axis

Displacements with rear and lens standard: swinging around the vertical axis (illustration shows camera from above).

Page 44

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

PPRACTICAL EXAMPLE

The design of the M 679cs permits turning and swinging of the lens in the principle point (focal length over 90 mm). Tilting and swinging of the groundglass is made exactly in the horizontal and vertical axis. This design therefore permits the easy use of the Scheimpflug rule (the example shows a typcial still life situation in the studio). This systematic operation can, of course, be facilitated by starting to swing the lens standard. In this case, however, continue as refocusing is necessary.

1. Set the camera with the panorama benchholder to the object. If possible focus an object point (M) on the groundglass axis (swinging axis) which should be in the desired focal plane.

2. Now, swing rear standard toward the expected direction until the near and far point become simultaneously sharp (N + F both in the desired plane). The Scheimpflug adjustment is made. The plane of sharpness runs from the foreground to the background. But the foreground is still distorted.

3. Whilst maintaining the perspective rendition the tilting angle of the rear standard is transferred to the lens standard reduced by the percentage of angle value. For example: the tilting angle of the rear standard is 18°, minus 18% of 18 (approximately 3), results into the required angle of the lens standard of 15°. The rear standard will then be reset to zero. Finally, refocus.

4545

Page 45

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.7. DEPTH-OF-FIELD WEDGE

Since the objects to be handled are normally 3-dimensional you have to use additionally a small lens aperture.

Example: The height of a building is the area

of the required depth-of-field. In order to reach this position with the smallest possible lens aperture the focal plane is set in such a way that the object is intersected in the centre as the depth-of-field zone, which extends to either side of the plane of focus, increases uniformly. The area of the depth-of-field is like a wedge. This will become smaller when being nearer to the camera. Table-top shooting with increased depth-of-field necessitate placing flat objects near to the camera whereas higher objects should be placed in a more distant position of the camera. Most still lifes are typical examples.

1 Plane of focus 2 Depth-of-field wedge

at full aperture

3 Depth-of-field wedge with

stopped-down lens

How to gain depth-of-field

As the depth-of-field zone, which extends to either side of the plane of focus, increases uniformly when the lens is stopped down, it is important to adjust the camera in such a way that the plane of focus runs through the middle of the object. Since the depth-of-field increases at same aperture with increasing distance from the camera, a wedge type area for the sharpness is the result.

Page 46

4.8. SUMMARY

1. Use Scheimpflug adjustments for depth-of-

field control only for subjects which are in an oblique position to the camera from the near point to the far point.

2. Without stopping down only 2-dimensional subjects (carpets, walls etc.) will have an overall sharpness.

3. Scheimpflug adjustments are a logical way to control depth-of-field as long as there is one major and clearly defined plane of focus.

4. If overall sharpness over an expanded 3-dimensional space without clearly defined sharpness planes is required, this can only be achieved in the conventional way through a correspondingly small lens aperture as determined by a suitable depth-offield calculator.

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

Typical studio situation

With the aid of the integrated panorama tilt head the camera is set to the object.

To avoid converging vertical details lens and rear standard are adjusted to vertical with the aid of the spirit level.

Scheimpflug for increased depth-of-field. In this case, the lens standard has to be tilted. Use micro drives for direct vertical and lateral shifts. Determine depth-offield and aperture with the aid of the depth-of-field optimizer.

Page 47

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.9. DEPTH-OF-FIELD AND

DEPTH-OF-FIELD OPTIMIZER

Generally speaking, only one plane can remain sharp. Everything behind or before becomes increasingly unsharp. The area the photographer is not visualizing this sharpness is called depth-of-field. This depth-of-field is based on the following factors:

1. Reproduction range.

The smaller the reproduction range, the larger the depth-of-field area.

2. Stopped-down lens.

The more the lens is stopped down, the larger is the depth-of-field. Please observe that the physically given defraction of the lenses result into a decrease of the lens performance. Therefore, never stop down too much if unnecessary.

The general rule for the ideal point of focus with a desirable depth-of-field zone is: Focus on 50% of the difference of the camera extension, i.e. on the middle between near and far point focusing of the camera.

Depth-of-field optimizer

The M 679cs offers an integrated depth-of-field optimizer. For the depth-of-field optimizer, interchangeable format dials are available:

• Format dial 3x3 for digital backs, chip size from 24x26 to 37x49 mm

• Format dial 6x7 for formats 6x6 – 6x8 cm (included in camera price)

• Format dial 6x9 cm

Depth-of-field at

stopped down lens

If the optical bench is tilted more than 20° the calculated aperture value can be reduced by 1/3 f/stop. If the depth-of-field requirements result in an excessively large extension difference, try to reduce the distance by re-arranging the depth-of-field zone using Scheimpflug adjustments. Sometimes it is necessary to increase the taking distance to eliminate or reduce depth-of-field problems.

Depth-of-field at

full aperture

When stopping down a non-displaced camera the depth-of-field increases more in the background than in the foreground depending on distance and aperture.

Page 48

3. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

Here is how it works:

1. Focus on the most distant subject point, rotate

format equivalent dial triangle on triangle to basic position (illustration shows format 6x7).

2. Focus on the near point of the subject (triangle in the illustration = 6). Read off the working aperture on the dial opposite to the triangle (here 45) and set the lens accordingly. The optimizer is calculated for a reproduction range of 1 : 8. Reproduction range 1 : 4 = + 1/3 stop (32 2/3), 1 : infinity = – 1/3 stop (45 1/3).

3. Refocus to half of the extension value shown or 2 f stops (triangle in the illustration = 3 or f 22). Lock integrated lever of focusing knob. The optimum sharpness is found.

CLOSE-UP FOCUSING

Focusing of studio cameras is normally handled with the rear standard. However, a reproduction range of 1:1 requires enormous displacements even for smaller depth-of-field operations. In this case, focusing with the lens standard is strongly recommended which changes not only the front focal distance but also the image distance (increasing focal distance = diminishing image distance and vice versa). By doing this, focusing is faster with less movements. Thanks to the adjustment technique by identical rack and pinion comfort and identical precision micro drives and clamping elements for both standard rails the Linhof M 679cs fully supports this technique. Only the final focusing on the most distant subject point and the near point of the subject for finding of the optimum aperture at the aperture dial is effected with the back standard.

Page 49

4 Cam era A dj u st men ts

4.10. WHAT ABOUT YAWING

Yaw can occur when a camera system does not allow the photographer to adjust the standards to a vertical position after inclining the monorail. In this case yawing occurs with indirect displacements and the use of the Scheimpflug rule, with the result that one or both standards swung around their axis in a non-vertical position, reduce the sharpness, and adjustments already made cannot be fully utilized. The design of the Linhof M 679cs will always avoid yawing when correctly handled: with indirect up and down shifts, tilted base and vertical standards, the standards will always remain vertical. When adjusting according to the Scheimpflug rule such as tilting or turning

the lens around the center axis the depth-offield zone will always be clearly defined and controlled. When utilizing double Scheimpflug with the M 679cs the rule is: right before left. This means: first tilt the horizontal axis with the aid of the micro drives situated on the right side. Then rotate around the vertical axis. The operating elements are now on the left side of the camera (seen from the groundglass). This sequence is also necessary for lateral indirect parallel displacements and necessary Scheimpflug around the horizonal axis - first finish your adjustments according to Scheimpflug, then adjust the standards to parallel.

Page 50

4. Ca mer a Ad j us tme nts

4.11. VIEW CAMERA MOVEMENTS

MADE SIMPLE

View camera adjustments become less complicated if you stick to a predetermined method of operation taking into account the following rules.

• Before starting to use camera movements,

return all camera controls to zero.

• Framing with the M 679cs is as easy as with

a non-adjustable medium format camera: set the camera to the object. If necessary: adjust lens and rear standard to vertical with the aid of the spirit level or swing the standards around the vertical axis.

• If an image with parallel lines and right

angles is required: align camera/groundglass so that it is parallel to the main subject front.

• Use Scheimpflug adjustments for depth-of-

field control, if necessary. Scheimpflug can only help if one dimension of the subject is dominating (for example flat tart). With uniform bodies (for example ball, cube) Scheimpflug will not necessarily be advantageous unless one plane is of priority.

• In the event that a shot needs to be

marginally re-framed after composition this can easily be done by direct cropping correction.

• Still missing depth-of-field can now only be

reached by stopping down of the lens.

• Focus precisely with the aid of the depth-

of-field optimizer calculating the necessary aperture.

• If required depth-of-field cannot be ob-

tained, the reproduction ratio should be changed by increasing the focal distance.

• Should a certain combination of camera

movements fail to produce the desired effect, a solution will often be found by returning all adjustments to zero and repeating the above procedure.

• After any adjustment made precise locking

is required, however, do not clamp the micro drives too extensively. The red locking levers for panorama benchholder and the standards should be carefully tightened.

Page 51

LINHOF PRÄZISIONS-SYSTEMTECHNIK GMBH

RUPERT-MAYER-STRASSE 45

81379 MÜNCHEN

GERMANY

TEL. +49.89.724920

FAX +49.89.72492250

www.linhof.de [email protected]

TECHNISCHE ÄNDERUNGEN VORBEHALTEN SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE 025105 / 0607 E