Fixed Frequency Operation with Battery Voltages
Above, Below or Equal to the Output
■
Synchronous Rectification: Up to 96% Efficiency
■
25µA Quiescent Current in Burst Mode® Operation
■
Up to 600mA Continuous Output Current
■
No Schottky Diodes Required (V
■
V
Disconnected from VIN During Shutdown
OUT
■
2.5V to 5.5V Input and Output Range
■
Programmable Oscillator Frequency
OUT
< 4.3V)
from 300kHz to 2MHz
■
Synchronizable Oscillator
■
Burst Mode Enable Control
■
<1µA Shutdown Current
■
Small Thermally Enhanced 10-Pin MSOP and
(3mm × 3mm) DFN Packages
U
APPLICATIO S
■
Palmtop Computers
■
Handheld Instruments
■
MP3 Players
■
Digital Cameras
The LTC®3440 is a high efficiency, fixed frequency, BuckBoost DC/DC converter that operates from input voltages
above, below or equal to the output voltage. The topology
incorporated in the IC provides a continuous transfer
function through all operating modes, making the product
ideal for single lithium-ion, multicell alkaline or NiMH
applications where the output voltage is within the battery
voltage range.
The device includes two 0.19Ω N-channel MOSFET
switches and two 0.22Ω P-channel switches. Switching
frequencies up to 2MHz are programmed with an external
resistor and the oscillator can be synchronized to an
external clock. Quiescent current is only 25µA in Burst
Mode operation, maximizing battery life in portable applications. Burst Mode operation is user controlled and can
be enabled by driving the MODE/SYNC pin high. If the
MODE/SYNC pin has either a clock or is driven low, then
fixed frequency switching is enabled.
Other features include a 1µA shutdown, soft-start con-
trol, thermal shutdown and current limit. The LTC3440 is
available in the 10-pin thermally enhanced MSOP and
(3mm × 3mm) DFN packages.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
Burst Mode is a registered trademark of Linear Technology Corporation.
Protected by U.S. Patents including 6404251, 6166527.
The ● denotes specifications that apply over the full operating temperature
= 3.6V, RT = 60k, unless otherwise noted.
OUT
= 1.22V150nA
FB
Buck (% Switch A On)
MODE/SYNC
= 5.5V0.011µA
MODE/SYNC
SW1
SW2
GND
θ
θ
TOP VIEW
1
R
T
2
3
4
5
MS PACKAGE
10-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP
T
= 125°C,
JMAX
= 130°C/ W 1 LAYER BOARD
JA
= 100°C/ W 4 LAYER BOARD
JA
= 45°C/ W
θ
JC
ORDER PART
10
V
9
8
7
6
C
FB
SHDN/SS
V
IN
V
OUT
NUMBER
LTC3440EMS
MS
PART MARKING
LTNP
●100%
3440fa
2
LTC3440
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
30
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
100
20
80
50
70
60
40
0.1101001000
3440 G03
1
Burst Mode
OPERATION
VIN = 2.5V
VIN = 3.3V
f
OSC
= 2MHz
VIN = 4.2V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = V
The ● denotes specifications that apply over the full operating temperature
= 3.6V, RT = 60k, unless otherwise noted.
OUT
PARAMETERCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
SHDN/SS ThresholdWhen IC is Enabled●0.411.5V
When EA is at Maximum Boost Duty Cycle2.2V
SHDN/SS Input CurrentV
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life
of the device may be impaired.
Note 2: The LTC3440E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications
from 0°C to 70°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C operating
= 5.5V0.011µA
SHDN
temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation
with statistical process controls.
Note 3: Current measurements are performed when the outputs are not
switching.
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Li-Ion to 3.3V Efficiency
(f
= 300kHz)
OSC
100
90
Burst Mode
OPERATION
80
70
VIN = 2.5V
60
50
EFFICIENCY (%)
40
30
f
= 300kHz
OSC
20
0.1101001000
1
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
VIN = 4.2V
VIN = 3.3V
3440 G01
Li-Ion to 3.3V Efficiency,
Power Loss (f
100
Burst Mode
90
OPERATION
80
70
VIN = 2.5V
60
50
EFFICIENCY (%)
40
30
20
0.1101001000
1
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
= 1MHz)
OSC
VIN = 3.3V
VIN = 4.2V
VIN = 3.3V
f
OSC
= 1MHz
3440 G02
1000
100
POWER LOSS (mW)
10
1
0.1
Li-Ion to 3.3V Efficiency
(f
= 2MHz)
OSC
Switch Pins During Buck/Boost
SW1
2V/DIV
SW2
2V/DIV
= 3.78V50ns/DIV3440 G04
V
IN
V
= 3.3V
OUT
= 250mA
I
OUT
Switch Pins on the Edge of
Buck/Boost and Approaching Boost
SW1
2V/DIV
SW2
2V/DIV
= 3.42V50ns/DIV3440 G05
V
IN
V
= 3.3V
OUT
= 250mA
I
OUT
Switch Pins on the Edge of
Buck/Boost and Approaching Buck
SW1
2V/DIV
SW2
2V/DIV
= 4.15V50ns/DIV3440 G06
V
IN
V
= 3.3V
OUT
= 250mA
I
OUT
3440fa
3
LTC3440
TEMPERATURE (°C)
–55
5
E/A SOURCE CURRENT (µA)
10
15
20
–2553565
3440 G12
95125
VIN = V
OUT
= 3.6V
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Switch Pins in Buck Mode
Switch Pins in Boost Mode
V
Ripple During Buck,
OUT
Buck/Boost and Boost Modes
SW1
2V/DIV
SW2
2V/DIV
= 5V250ns/DIV3440 G07
V
IN
V
= 3.3V
OUT
I
= 250mA
OUT
SW1
2V/DIV
SW2
2V/DIV
= 2.5V250ns/DIV3440 G08
V
IN
V
= 3.3V
OUT
I
= 250mA
OUT
V
OUT
10mV/DIV
AC Coupled
L = 10µH1µs/DIV
C
= 22µF
OUT
I
= 250mA
OUT
f
= 1MHz
OSC
Active Quiescent CurrentBurst Mode Quiescent CurrentError Amp Source Current
CURRENT (µA)
OUT
+ V
IN
V
550
500
450
VIN = V
OUT
= 3.6V
CURRENT (µA)
OUT
+ V
IN
V
40
VIN = V
30
20
OUT
= 3.6V
3440 G09
Buck
= 5V
V
IN
Buck/Boost
= 3.78V
V
IN
Boost
V
= 2.5V
IN
400
–55
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G10
Output FrequencyNMOS R
1.10
VIN = V
1.05
1.00
FREQUENCY (MHz)
0.95
0.90
–55
= 3.6V
OUT
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G13
10
–55
0.30
VIN = V
SWITCHES B AND C
0.25
(Ω)
0.20
DS(ON)
NMOS R
0.15
0.10
–55
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
DS(ON)
= 3.6V
OUT
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G11
95125
3440 G14
Feedback Voltage
1.236
VIN = V
1.216
FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V)
1.196
–55
= 3V
OUT
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G15
3440fa
4
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
LTC3440
Feedback Voltage Line RegulationError Amp Sink CurrentPMOS R
90
VIN = V
80
70
LINE REGULATION (dB)
60
–55
= 2.5V TO 5.5V
OUT
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G16
430
VIN = V
= 3.6V
OUT
410
390
E/A SINK CURRENT (µA)
370
350
–55
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G17
0.30
VIN = V
SWITCHES A AND D
0.25
(Ω)
0.20
DS(ON)
PMOS R
0.15
0.10
–55
Boost Max Duty CycleMinimum Start VoltageCurrent Limit
90
VIN = V
R
85
80
= 60k
T
OUT
= 3.6V
2.40
2.35
3000
2500
2000
DS(ON)
= 3.6V
OUT
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
VIN = V
PEAK SWITCH
95125
= 3.6V
OUT
3440 G18
DUTY CYCLE (%)
75
70
–55
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G19
2.30
MINIMUM START VOLTAGE (V)
2.25
–55
–2553565
TEMPERATURE (°C)
95125
3440 G20
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
1500
1000
–55
–2553565
AVERAGE INPUT
95125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
3440 G21
3440fa
5
LTC3440
U
UU
PI FU CTIO S
RT (Pin 1): Timing Resistor to Program the Oscillator
Frequency. The programming frequency range is 300kHz
to 2MHz.
10
•
T
=
810
=
610
R
T
10
•
f
SW
Hz
f
OSC
MODE/SYNC (Pin 2): MODE/SYNC = External CLK : Synchronization of the internal oscillator. A clock frequency of
twice the desired switching frequency and with a pulse
width between 100ns and 2µs is applied. The oscillator
free running frequency is set slower than the desired
synchronized switching frequency to guarantee sync. The
oscillator RT component value required is given by:
R
where fSW = desired synchronized switching frequency.
SW1 (Pin 3): Switch Pin Where the Internal Switches A
and B are Connected. Connect inductor from SW1 to SW2.
An optional Schottky diode can be connected from SW1 to
ground. Minimize trace length to keep EMI down.
SW2 (Pin 4): Switch Pin Where the Internal Switches C
and D are Connected. For applications with output volt-
ages over 4.3V, a Schottky diode is required from SW2 to
V
to ensure the SW pin does not exhibit excess voltage.
OUT
GND (Pin 5): Signal and Power Ground for the IC.
(Pin 6): Output of the Synchronous Rectifier. A filter
V
OUT
capacitor is placed from V
(Pin 7): Input Supply Pin. Internal VCC for the IC. A
V
IN
ceramic bypass capacitor as close to the V
(Pin 5) is required.
SHDN/SS (Pin 8): Combined Soft-Start and Shutdown.
Grounding this pin shuts down the IC. Tie to >1.5V to
enable the IC and >2.5V to ensure the error amp is not
clamped from soft-start. An RC from the shutdown command signal to this pin will provide a soft-start function by
limiting the rise time of the VC pin.
FB (Pin 9): Feedback Pin. Connect resistor divider tap
here. The output voltage can be adjusted from 2.5V to
5.5V. The feedback reference voltage is typically 1.22V.
VC (Pin 10): Error Amp Output. A frequency compensation
network is connected from this pin to the FB pin to
compensate the loop. See the section “Compensating the
Feedback Loop” for guidelines.
Exposed Pad (Pin 11, DFN Package Only): Ground. This
pin must be soldered to the PCB and electrically connected
to ground.
to GND.
OUT
pin and GND
IN
6
3440fa
BLOCK DIAGRA
SW1SW2
V
2.5V TO 5.5V
+
IN
7
2.7A
SW A
SW BSW C
SUPPLY
CURRENT
LIMIT
+
–
UVLO
+
W
34
GATE
DRIVERS
AND
ANTICROSS
CONDUCTION
PWM
LOGIC
AND
OUTPUT
PHASING
COMPARATORS
PWM
I
SENSE
AMP
–0.4A
–
+
–
SW D
–
+
REVERSE
CURRENT
LIMIT
ERROR
AMP
CLAMP
LTC3440
V
OUT
V
OUT
6
1.22V
+
FB
–
9
2.5V TO 5.5V
R1
R
T
R
T
1
MODE/SYNC
1 = Burst Mode
OPERATION
0 = FIXED FREQUENCY
2
2.4V
OSC
SYNC
–
SLEEP
Burst Mode
OPERATION
CONTROL
5µs DELAY
5
GND
+
SHUTDOWN
10
8
V
C
SHDN/SS
R2
R
SS
V
IN
C
SS
3440 BD
3440fa
7
LTC3440
OPERATIO
U
The LTC3440 provides high efficiency, low noise power
for applications such as portable instrumentation. The
LTC proprietary topology allows input voltages above,
below or equal to the output voltage by properly phasing
the output switches. The error amp output voltage on the
VC pin determines the output duty cycle of the switches.
Since the VC pin is a filtered signal, it provides rejection of
frequencies from well below the switching frequency. The
low R
, low gate charge synchronous switches pro-
DS(ON)
vide high frequency pulse width modulation control at
high efficiency. Schottky diodes across the synchronous
switch D and synchronous switch B are not required, but
provide a lower drop during the break-before-make time
(typically 15ns). The addition of the Schottky diodes will
improve peak efficiency by typically 1% to 2% at 600kHz.
High efficiency is achieved at light loads when Burst Mode
operation is entered and when the IC’s quiescent current
is a low 25µA.
LOW NOISE FIXED FREQUENCY OPERATION
Oscillator
The frequency of operation is user programmable and is
set through a resistor from the R
⎛
⎞
e
610
f
=
⎜
⎝
Hz
⎟
⎠
R
T
pin to ground where:
T
An internally trimmed timing capacitor resides inside the
IC. The oscillator can be synchronized with an external
clock applied to the MODE/SYNC pin. A clock frequency of
twice the desired switching frequency and with a pulse
width between 100ns and 2µs is applied. The oscillator R
T
component value required is given by:
10
•
810
R
=
T
f
SW
where fSW = desired synchronized switching frequency.
For example to achieve a 1.2MHz synchronized switching
frequency the applied clock frequency to the MODE/SYNC
pin is set to 2.4MHz and the timing resistor, RT, is set to
66.5k (closest 1% value).
Error Amp
The error amplifier is a voltage mode amplifier. The loop
compensation components are configured around the
amplifier to provide loop compensation for the converter.
The SHDN/SS pin will clamp the error amp output, VC, to
provide a soft-start function.
Supply Current Limit
The current limit amplifier will shut PMOS switch A off
once the current exceeds 2.7A typical. The current amplifier delay to output is typically 50ns.
Reverse Current Limit
The reverse current limit amplifier monitors the inductor
current from the output through switch D. Once a negative
inductor current exceeds – 400mA typical, the IC will shut
off switch D.
Output Switch Control
Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of how the four
internal switches are connected to the inductor, VIN, V
OUT
and GND. Figure 2 shows the regions of operation for the
LTC3440 as a function of the internal control voltage, VCI.
The VCI voltage is a level shifted voltage from the output of
the error amp (VC pin) (see Figure 5). The output switches
are properly phased so the transfer between operation
modes is continuous, filtered and transparent to the user.
When VIN approaches V
the Buck/Boost region is
OUT
reached where the conduction time of the four switch
region is typically 150ns. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the
various regions of operation will now be described.
V
IN
7
PMOS A
SW1
3
NMOS B
Figure 1. Simplified Diagram of Output Switches
SW2
4
V
OUT
V
6
OUT
PMOS D
NMOS C
3440 F01
8
3440fa
OPERATIO
LTC3440
U
75%
D
MAX
BOOST
D
MIN
BOOST
D
MAX
BUCK
DUTY
CYCLE
Figure 2. Switch Control vs Internal Control Voltage, V
Buck Region (VIN > V
A ON, B OFF
PWM CD SWITCHES
FOUR SWITCH PWM
D ON, C OFF
PWM AB SWITCHES
0%
BOOST REGION
BUCK REGION
)
OUT
BUCK/BOOST REGION
3440 F02
V4 (≈2.05V)
V3 (≈1.65V)
V2 (≈1.55V)
V1 (≈0.9V)
INTERNAL
CONTROL
VOLTAGE, V
CI
CI
Switch D is always on and switch C is always off during this
mode. When the internal control voltage, VCI, is above
voltage V1, output A begins to switch. During the off time
of switch A, synchronous switch B turns on for the
remainder of the time. Switches A and B will alternate
similar to a typical synchronous buck regulator. As the
control voltage increases, the duty cycle of switch A
increases until the maximum duty cycle of the converter in
Buck mode reaches D
D
MAX_BUCK
= 100 – D4SW %
MAX_BUCK
, given by:
where D4SW = duty cycle % of the four switch range.
D4SW = (150ns • f) • 100 %
where f = operating frequency, Hz.
The input voltage, VIN, where the four switch region begins
is given by:
V
V
=
IN
OUT
1150–(• )
ns f
V
The point at which the four switch region ends is given by:
= V
V
IN
Boost Region (V
(1 – D) = V
OUT
IN
< V
(1 – 150ns • f) V
OUT
)
OUT
Switch A is always on and switch B is always off during
this mode. When the internal control voltage, VCI, is above
voltage V3, switch pair CD will alternately switch to
provide a boosted output voltage. This operation is typical
to a synchronous boost regulator. The maximum duty
cycle of the converter is limited to 75% typical and is
reached when VCI is above V4.
Burst Mode Operation
Burst Mode operation is when the IC delivers energy to the
output until it is regulated and then goes into a sleep mode
where the outputs are off and the IC is consuming only
25µA. In this mode the output ripple has a variable
frequency component that depends upon load current.
During the period where the device is delivering energy to
the output, the peak current will be equal to 400mA typical
and the inductor current will terminate at zero current for
each cycle. In this mode the maximum average output
current is given by:
Beyond this point the “four switch,” or Buck/Boost region
is reached.
Buck/Boost or Four Switch (VIN ~ V
OUT
)
When the internal control voltage, VCI, is above voltage V2,
switch pair AD remain on for duty cycle D
MAX_BUCK
, and
the switch pair AC begins to phase in. As switch pair AC
phases in, switch pair BD phases out accordingly. When
the VCI voltage reaches the edge of the Buck/Boost range,
at voltage V3, the AC switch pair completely phase out the
BD pair, and the boost phase begins at duty cycle D4SW.
V
.•
01
I
OUT MAX BURST
()
≈
VV
IN
+
OUTIN
A
Burst Mode operation is user controlled, by driving the
MODE/SYNC pin high to enable and low to disable.
The peak efficiency during Burst Mode operation is less
than the peak efficiency during fixed frequency because
the part enters full-time 4-switch mode (when servicing
the output) with discontinuous inductor current as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. During Burst Mode operation, the
control loop is nonlinear and cannot utilize the control
3440fa
9
LTC3440
OPERATIO
U
voltage from the error amp to determine the control mode,
therefore full-time 4-switch mode is required to maintain
the Buck/Boost function. The efficiency below 1mA
becomes dominated primarily by the quiescent current
and not the peak efficiency. The equation is given by:
Efficiency Burst
η
≈
25 AI
µ+
LOAD
LOAD
( bm) • I
where (ηbm) is typically 79% during Burst Mode operation for an ESR of the inductor of 50mΩ. For 200mΩ of
inductor ESR, the peak efficiency (ηbm) drops to 75%.
V
IN
7
V
dI
A
3
SW1
B
IN
≈
dT
L
+–
L
5
GND
4
SW2
V
OUT
6
D
INDUCTOR
C
I
Burst Mode Operation to Fixed Frequency Transient
Response
When transitioning from Burst Mode operation to fixed
frequency, the system exhibits a transient since the modes
of operation have changed. For most systems this transient is acceptable, but the application may have stringent
input current and/or output voltage requirements that
dictate a broad-band voltage loop to minimize the transient. Lowering the DC gain of the loop will facilitate the
task (10M FB to V
) at the expense of DC load regulation.
C
Type 3 compensation is also recommended to broad band
the loop and roll off past the two pole response of the LC
of the converter (see Closing the Feedback Loop).
400mA
0mA
T1
3440 F03
Figure 3. Inductor Charge Cycle During Burst Mode Operation
V
IN
7
V
dI
A
3
SW1
B
OUT
≈ –
L
dT
–+
L
5
GND
4
SW2
V
OUT
6
D
400mA
INDUCTOR
C
I
0mA
T2
3440 F04
Figure 4. Inductor Discharge Cycle During Burst Mode Operation
3440fa
10
OPERATIO
LTC3440
U
SOFT-START
The soft-start function is combined with shutdown. When
the SHDN/SS pin is brought above typically 1V, the IC is
CHIP
pin.
C
15µA
enabled but the EA duty cycle is clamped from the V
V
IN
SOFT-START
CLAMP
V
TO PWM
COMPARATORS
CI
ENABLE
A detailed diagram of this function is shown in Figure 5.
The components R
and CSS provide a slow ramping
SS
voltage on the SHDN/SS pin to provide a soft-start
function.
ERROR AMP
V
1.22V
+
FB
–
9
V
C
10
SHDN/SS
8
C
+
1V
–
OUT
R1
P1
R2
R
SS
ENABLE SIGNAL
C
SS
3440 F05
Figure 5. Soft-Start Circuitry
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
COMPONENT SELECTION
LTC3440
R
1
T
MODE/SYNC
2
MULTIPLE
VIAS
L1
D1
GND
SW1
3
4
5
GND
SW2
D2
C2
Figure 6. Recommended Component Placement. Traces Carrying
High Current are Direct. Trace Area at FB and VC Pins are Kept
Low. Lead Length to Battery Should be Kept Short
SHDN/SS
V
V
OUT
V
10
C
FB
9
8
7
IN
6
C1
V
OUT
R1R2
V
IN
3440 F06
Inductor Selection
The high frequency operation of the LTC3440 allows the
use of small surface mount inductors. The inductor current ripple is typically set to 20% to 40% of the maximum
inductor current. For a given ripple the inductance terms
are given as follows:
VVV
L
>
f IRipple V
•••
L
>
f IRipple V
•••
2
•–
IN MINOUTIN MIN
()()
OUT MAXOUT
VVV
OUTIN MAXOUT
OUT MAXIN MAX
()
()
•–
()
()
()()
H
µ
,
2
µ
H
where f = operating frequency, MHz
3440fa
11
LTC3440
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
Ripple = allowable inductor current ripple
(e.g., 0.2 = 20%)
V
V
V
I
OUT(MAX)
= minimum input voltage, V
IN(MIN)
IN(MAX)
OUT
= maximum input voltage, V
= output voltage, V
= maximum output load current
For high efficiency, choose an inductor with a high frequency core material, such as ferrite, to reduce core loses.
The inductor should have low ESR (equivalent series
2
resistance) to reduce the I
R losses, and must be able to
handle the peak inductor current without saturating. Molded
chokes or chip inductors usually do not have enough core
to support the peak inductor currents in the 1A to 2A
region. To minimize radiated noise, use a toroid, pot core
or shielded bobbin inductor. See Table 1 for suggested
components and Table 2 for a list of component suppliers.
The bulk value of the capacitor is set to reduce the ripple
due to charge into the capacitor each cycle. The steady
state ripple due to charge is given by:
%_
Ripple Boost
Ripple Buck
%_
IVV
OUT MAXOUTIN MIN
=
IVV
() ()
OUT MAXIN MAXOUT
=
•–•
()()
CVVf
()
2
••
CV f
OUTOUT
•–•
()
•••
OUTIN MAXOUT
()
100
%
100
%
The output capacitance is usually many times larger in
order to handle the transient response of the converter.
For a rule of thumb, the ratio of the operating frequency to
the unity-gain bandwidth of the converter is the amount
the output capacitance will have to increase from the
above calculations in order to maintain the desired transient response.
The other component of ripple is due to the ESR (equivalent series resistance) of the output capacitor. Low ESR
capacitors should be used to minimize output voltage
ripple. For surface mount applications, Taiyo Yuden ceramic capacitors, AVX TPS series tantalum capacitors or
Sanyo POSCAP are recommended.
Input Capacitor Selection
Since the V
pin is the supply voltage for the IC it is
IN
recommended to place at least a 4.7µF, low ESR bypass
capacitor.
To achieve a 1%-2% efficiency improvement above 50mW,
Schottky diodes can be added across synchronous switches
B (SW1 to GND) and D (SW2 to V
). The Schottky
OUT
diodes will provide a lower voltage drop during the breakbefore-make time (typically 15ns) of the NMOS to PMOS
transition. General purpose diodes such as a 1N914 are
not recommended due to the slow recovery times and will
compromise efficiency. If desired a large Schottky diode,
such as an MBRM120T3, can be used from SW2 to V
OUT
.
A low capacitance Schottky diode is recommended
from GND to SW1 such as a Phillips PMEG2010EA or
equivalent.
where C
12
= output filter capacitor, F
OUT
3440fa
WUUU
f
RCP
Hz
UG
=
π
1
211•• •
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LTC3440
Output Voltage > 4.3V
A Schottky diode from SW to V
is required for output
OUT
voltages over 4.3V. The diode must be located as close to
the pins as possible in order to reduce the peak voltage on
SW2 due to the parasitic lead and trace inductance.
Input Voltage > 4.5V
For applications with input voltages above 4.5V which
could exhibit an overload or short-circuit condition, a 2Ω/
1nF series snubber is required between the SW1 pin and
GND. A Schottky diode such as the Phillips PMEG2010EA
or equivalent from SW1 to VIN should also be added as
close to the pins as possible. For the higher input voltages
VIN bypassing becomes more critical, therefore, a ceramic
bypass capacitor as close to the VIN and GND pins as
possible is also required.
Operating Frequency Selection
There are several considerations in selecting the operating
frequency of the converter. The first is, what are the
sensitive frequency bands that cannot tolerate any spectral noise? For example, in products incorporating RF
communications, the 455kHz IF frequency is sensitive to
any noise, therefore switching above 600kHz is desired.
Some communications have sensitivity to 1.1MHz and in
that case a 2MHz converter frequency may be employed.
Other considerations are the physical size of the converter
and efficiency. As the operating frequency goes up, the
inductor and filter capacitors go down in value and size.
The trade off is in efficiency since the switching losses due
to gate charge are going up proportional with frequency.
Additional quiescent current due to the output switches
GATE charge is given by:
Buck: 500e
Boost: 250e
Buck/Boost: F • (750e
–12
• VIN • F
–12
• (VIN + V
) • F
OUT
–12
• VIN + 250e
–12
• V
OUT
)
where F = switching frequency
Closing the Feedback Loop
The LTC3440 incorporates voltage mode PWM control.
The control to output gain varies with operation region
(Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost), but is usually no greater than
15. The output filter exhibits a double pole response is
given by:
f
FILTER POLE
f
FILTER POLE
where C
_
_
is the output filter capacitor.
OUT
•• •
π12
LC
V
IN
••
π2
LV
OUT
OUT
()
Hz in Bucke
()
Hz in Booste
mod=
mod=
The output filter zero is given by:
f
FILTER ZERO
where R
_
ESR
=
•••
2
is the capacitor equivalent series resistance.
1
RC
π
ESROUT
Hz
A troublesome feature in Boost mode is the right-half
plane zero (RHP), and is given by:
2
V
f
RHPZ
=
2• •• •
IN
ILV
π
OUTOUT
Hz
The loop gain is typically rolled off before the RHP zero
frequency.
A simple Type I compensation network can be incorporated to stabilize the loop but at a cost of reduced bandwidth and slower transient response. To ensure proper
phase margin, the loop requires to be crossed over a
decade before the LC double pole.
The unity-gain frequency of the error amplifier with the
Type I compensation is given by:
Most applications demand an improved transient response
to allow a smaller output filter capacitor. To achieve a
higher bandwidth, Type III compensation is required. Two
zeros are required to compensate for the double-pole
response.
3440fa
13
LTC3440
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
f
POLE
≈
1
π
••• •
232 1
1
3
eRC
P
Hz
1
Which is extremely close toDC
=
f
ZERO
1
2
ZERO
POLE
=
2
=
2
ERROR
AMP
f
f
Figure 7. Error Amplifier with Type I Compensation
1
π
•• •
RC
ZP
1
1
21
π
•• •
RC
Z
1
1
2
π
•• •
RC
ZP
1.22V
+
FB
9
–
V
C
10
2
Hz
Hz
C
P1
Hz
V
OUT
R1
R2
3440 F07
traces and external components. Following the recommendations for output voltage >4.3V and input voltage
>4.5V will improve this condition. Additional short-circuit
protection can be accomplished with some external circuitry.
In an overload or short-circuit condition the LTC3440
voltage loop opens and the error amp control voltage on
pin slams to the upper clamp level. This condition
the V
C
forces boost mode operation in order to attempt to provide
more output voltage and the IC hits a peak switch current
limit of 2.7A. When switch current limit is reached switches
B and D turn on for the remainder of the cycle to reverse
the volts • seconds on the inductor. Although this prevents
current run away, this condition produces four switch
operation producing a current foldback characteristic and
the average input current drops. The IC is trimmed to
guarantee greater than 1A average input current to meet
the maximum load demand, but in a short-circuit or
overload condition the foldback characteristic will occur
producing higher peak switch currents. To minimize this
affect during this condition the following circuits can be
utilized.
V
OUT
1.22V
ERROR
AMP
+
FB
9
–
C
V
C
10
P1
R
Z
C
P2
3440 F08
C
R1
R2
Z1
Figure 8. Error Amplifier with Type III Compensation
Short-Circuit Improvements
The LTC3440 is current limited to 2.7A peak to protect the
IC from damage. At input voltages above 4.5V a current
limit condition may produce undesirable voltages to the IC
due to the series inductance of the package, as well as the
Restart Circuit
For a sustained short-circuit the circuit in Figure 9 will
force a soft-start condition. The only design constraint is
that R2/C2 time constant must be longer than the softstart components R1/C1 to ensure start-up.
V
IN
R1
SOFT-START
SO/SS
4.7nF
1M
NMOS
VN2222
C1
D1
1N4148
M2
C2
10nF
Figure 9. Soft-Start Reset Circuitry for a Sustained Short-Circuit
M1
NMOS
VN2222
3440 F09
R2
1M
V
OUT
14
3440fa
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LTC3440
Simple Average Input Current Control
A simple average current limit circuit is shown in
Figure 10. Once the input current of the IC is above
approximately 1A, Q1 will start sourcing current into the
FB pin and lower the output voltage to maintain the
average input current. Since the voltage loop is utilized to
perform average current limit, the voltage control loop is
maintained and the V
voltage does not slam. The averag-
C
ing function of current comes from the fact that voltage
loop compensation is also used with this circuit.
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO S
3-Cell to 3.3V at 600mA Converter
L1
4.7µH
V
IN =
3 CELLS
D1
2.7V TO 4.5V
+
C1
10µF
*
3
SW1
7
V
8
SHDN/SS
2
MODE/SYNC
1
R
R
T
45.3k
LTC3440
IN
T
f
OSC
= 1.5MHz
SW2
V
OUT
GND
FB
V
C
INPUT_VOLTAGE
FB_PIN
C1
V1
10µF
Q1
2N3906
R1
0.5Ω
VIN_PIN
Figure 10. Simple Input Current Control
Utilizing the Voltage Loop
1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2).
CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE
TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
1.65 ± 0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
2.38 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
106
15
0.50 BSC
0.38 ± 0.10
0.25 ± 0.05
(DD10) DFN 1103
18
3440fa
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
U
MS Package
10-Lead Plastic MSOP
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1661)
0.889
± 0.127
(.035 ± .005)
LTC3440
5.23
(.206)
MIN
0.305 ± 0.038
(.0120 ± .0015)
TYP
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.254
(.010)
GAUGE PLANE
0.18
(.007)
NOTE:
1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS.
MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.
INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX
3.20 – 3.45
(.126 – .136)
DETAIL “A”
DETAIL “A”
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
0° – 6° TYP
0.53 ± 0.152
(.021 ± .006)
SEATING
PLANE
3.00 ± 0.102
(.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 3)
4.90 ± 0.152
(.193 ± .006)
0.17 – 0.27
(.007 – .011)
TYP
1.10
(.043)
MAX
12
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
0.497 ± 0.076
6
45
(.0196 ± .003)
REF
3.00 ± 0.102
(.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 4)
0.86
(.034)
REF
0.127
± 0.076
(.005 ± .003)
MSOP (MS) 0603
8910
7
3
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.