LINEAR TECHNOLOGY LT3420, LT3420-1 Technical data

查询LT3420EDD供应商
Chargers with Automatic Refresh
Charges 220µF to 320V in 3.7 Seconds from 5V (LT3420)
Charges 100µF to 320V in 3.5 Seconds from 5V (LT3420-1)
Charges Any Size Photoflash Capacitor
Supports Operation from Two AA Cells or Any Supply from 1.8V to 16V
Controlled Peak Switch Current: 1.4A (LT3420)
1.0A (LT3420-1)
Controlled Input Current: 840mA (LT3420)
450mA (LT3420-1)
Uses Standard Transformers
Efficient Flyback Operation (>75% Typical)
Adjustable Output
Automatic Refresh
Charge Complete Indicator
No High Voltage Zener Diode Required
No Output Voltage Divider Required
Small 10-Lead MSOP Package
Small 10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) DFN Package
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APPLICATIO S
Digital Camera Flash Unit
Film Camera Flash Unit
High Voltage Power Supplies
LT3420/LT3420-1
Photoflash Capacitor
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DESCRIPTIO
The LT®3420/LT3420-1 charge high voltage photoflash capacitors quickly and efficiently. Designed for use in both digital and film cameras, these devices use a flyback topology to achieve efficiencies up to four times better than competing flash modules. A unique adaptive off-time control algorithm* maintains current-limited continuous mode transformer operation throughout the entire charge cycle, eliminating the high inrush current often found in modules.
The LT3420/LT3420-1 output voltage sensing scheme* monitors the flyback voltage to indirectly regulate the output voltage, eliminating an output resistor divider or discrete zener diode. This feature allows the capacitor to be held at a fully charged state without excessive power consumption. Automatic refresh (which can be defeated) allows the capacitor to remain charged while consuming an average input current of about 2mA, at a user-defined refresh rate. A logic high on the CHARGE pin initiates charging, while the DONE pin signals that the capacitor is fully charged.
The LT3420/LT3420-1 are available in 10-Lead MSOP and (3mm × 3mm) DFN packages.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. *Protected by U.S. Patents including 6518733.
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TYPICAL APPLICATIO
T1
LT3420
0.1µF
51.1k
1:12
8
5,6
3,4
632
SW
SEC
R
REF
GND
1
7
PHOTOFLASH
1
2k
D1
220µF
330V
CAPACITOR
C3
+
V
BAT
1.8V TO 6V
INPUT CURRENT
350mA
V
2.5V TO 10V
CHARGE
DONE
C1, C2: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 10V C3: RUBYCON 220µF PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR T1: TDK SRW10EPC-U01H003 FLYBACK TRANSFORMER D1: VISHAY GSD2004S SOT-23
DUAL DIODE. DIODES CONNECTED IN SERIES
C1
4.7µF
V
BATRFB
C2
4.7µF
4
V
9
CHARGE
8
DONE
C
CC
T
10 5
CC
Figure 1. High Charge Rate LT3420 Photoflash Circuit
320V
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION BY HIGH VOLTAGE
3420 F01
TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY
T1
60.4k
LT3420-1
0.1µF
1:10
(3mm TALL)
4
3
632
SW
SEC
1
R
REF
GND
5
6
7
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
2k
D1
100µF
330V
320V
C3
+
3420 F02
V
BAT
1.8V TO 6V
INPUT CURRENT
450mA
V
2.5V TO 6V
CHARGE
DONE
C1, C2: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 6.3V C3: RUBYCON 100µF PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR T1: KIJIMA MUSEN SBL-5.6S-2 D1: VISHAY GSD2004S SOT-23
DUAL DIODE. DIODES CONNECTED IN SERIES
C1
4.7µF
V
BATRFB
C2
4.7µF
4
V
9
CHARGE
8
DONE
C
CC
T
10 5
CC
Figure 2. Small Size LT3420-1 Photoflash Circuit
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LT3420/LT3420-1
WW
W
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ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS
(Note 1)
V
Voltage .............................................................. 16V
CC
Voltage ............................................................ 16V
V
BAT
SW Voltage (Note 2)
LT3420 ................................................................ 38V
LT3420-1............................................................ 50V
SEC Current ...................................................... ±200mA
RFB Current ........................................................... ±3mA
R
Voltage ........................................................... 2.5V
REF
CHARGE Voltage...................................................... 16V
CT Voltage .............................................................. 1.5V
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PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION
TOP VIEW
R
1
REF
V
2
BAT
3
R
FB
4
V
CC
5
GND
10-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
T
JMAX
DD PACKAGE
= 125°C, θJA = 43°C/W, θJC = 3°C/W
EXPOSED PAD IS GND (PIN 11)
AND MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB
10
C
CHARGE
9
11
DONE
8
7
SEC
6
SW
T
ORDER PART
NUMBER
LT3420EDD LT3420EDD-1
DD PART
MARKING
LBJW LBJX
DONE Voltage .......................................................... 16V
Current into DONE Pin .......................................... ±1mA
Maximum Junction Temperature .......................... 125°C
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
(Note 3) .............................................. –40°C to 85°C
Storage Temperature Range ................. –40°C to 125°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
(For MS Package only) ..................................... 300°C
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ORDER PART
TOP VIEW
1
R
REF
V
2
BAT
R
3
FB
V
4
CC
GND
5
MS PACKAGE
10-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP
T
= 125°C, θJA = 100°C/W, θJC = 45°C/W
JMAX
(4-LAYER BOARD)
10 9 8 7 6
C
T
CHARGE DONE SEC SW
NUMBER
LT3420EMS LT3420EMS-1
MS PART MARKING
LTYH LTAJG
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = V
PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Minimum Operating Voltage, V
Maximum Operating Voltage, V
VCC UVLO Hysteresis 40 mV
Minimum V
Maximum V
V
UVLO Hysteresis 275 mV
BAT
R
Threshold Voltage 0.98 1.00 1.02 V
REF
R
Pin Bias Current V
REF
Quiescent Current V
Quiescent Current in Shutdown V
Voltage 1.6 1.8 V
BAT
Voltage 16 V
BAT
CC
CC
The denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
= 3.3V, V
BAT
= 0V, Switching 2 4 µA
RREF
V
= V
RFB
RREF
CHARGE
– 0.2V (Note 4)
BAT
= 1.1V, Not Switching 90 130 µA
= 0V, VIN = 3.3V 0.01 1 µA
= VCC unless otherwise noted. (Note 3)
CHARGE
2.2 2.5 V
0.975 1.025 V
16 V
3420fb
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LT3420/LT3420-1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at T
The denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
= 25°C. VCC = V
A
= 3.3V, V
BAT
= VCC unless otherwise noted. (Note 3)
CHARGE
PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Primary Side Current Limit LT3420 (Note 5) 1.20 1.4 1.60 A
LT3420-1 (Note 5) 0.75 0.9 1.05 A
Secondary Side Current Limit LT3420 (Note 5) 20 40 50 mA
LT3420-1 (Note 5) 5 15 25 mA
Leakage Blanking Pulse Width LT3420 200 ns
LT3420-1 0 ns
Refresh Timer Charge/Discharge Current VCT = 0.75V 1.5 2.5 3.5 µA
Refresh Timer Upper Threshold 0.9 1.0 1.1 V
Refresh Timer Lower Threshold 0.45 0.5 0.55 V
Switch V
CESAT
LT3420, SW = 1A (Note 5) 220 340 mV LT3420-1, SW = 0.5A (Note 5) 130 230 mV
Switch Leakage Current VSW = 38V (LT3420), VSW = 50V (LT3420-1) 0.01 1 µA
CHARGE Input Voltage High 1.5 V
CHARGE Input Voltage Low 0.2 V
CHARGE Pin Bias Current V
V
= 3V 4.5 15 µA
CHARGE
= 0V 0.01 0.1 µA
CHARGE
DONE Output Signal High 100k from VCC to DONE 3.3 V
DONE Output Signal Low 33µA into DONE Pin 100 200 mV
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of a device may be impaired.
Note 2: Rated breakdown with LT3420 in power delivery mode and power switch off.
Note 3: The LT3420/LT3420-1 are guaranteed to meet performance
operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls.
Note 4: Bias current flows out of R Note 5: Current limit and V
to static test for DD package.
specifications from 0°C to 70°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Graphs apply to both the LT3420 and LT3420-1 unless otherwise noted.
Output Voltage in Refresh Mode, LT3420
335
330
325
320
(V)
315
OUT
V
310
305
300
295
–50
050
–25 25 75 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
FIGURE 1 CIRCUIT V
CC
V
BAT
= 3.3V
= 3.3V
100
3420 G01
Output Voltage in Refresh Mode, LT3420
335
330
325
320
(V)
315
OUT
V
310
305
300
295
2.5
FIGURE 1 CIRCUIT V
CC
V
BAT
TA = 25°C
4.03.53.0 5.55.04.5 6.0 VIN (V)
= V
= V
pin.
FB
guaranteed by design and/or correlation
CESAT
Charge Time, LT3420
10
FIGURE 1 CIRCUIT UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
8
6
TIME (s)
4
C
= 100µF
OUT
IN
IN
3420 G02
2
0
2
V
CHARGED
OUT
FROM 50V TO 320V
= 25°C
T
A
C
= 220µF
OUT
453
V
(V)
BAT
6
3420 G03
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LT3420/LT3420-1
TEMPERATURE (°C)
–50
CURRENT (mA)
100
3420 G09
050
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
–25 25 75 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
–50
CURRENT (mA)
100
3420 G12
050
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
–25 25 75 125
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Graphs apply to both the LT3420 and LT3420-1 unless otherwise noted.
Output Voltage in Refresh Mode, LT3420-1
335
330
325
320
(V)
315
OUT
V
310
305
300
295
–50
050
–25 25 75 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT V
CC
V
BAT
Charge Pin Input Current
10
TA = 25°C
8
6
4
CURRENT (µA)
2
= 3.3V
= 3.3V
100
3420 G04
Output Voltage in Refresh Mode, LT3420-1
335
330
325
320
(V)
315
OUT
V
310
305
300
295
2.5
FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT V V TA = 25°C
VIN (V)
CC BAT
Primary Current Limit, LT3420
1.7
1.5
1.3
CURRENT (A)
1.1
= V
IN
= V
IN
5.03.0 4.03.5 4.5 6.0
5.5
3420 G05
Charge Time, LT3420-1
10
8
6
TIME (s)
4
2
0
C
2
3
OUT
C
OUT
= 40µF
V
BAT
FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT
CHARGED
V
OUT
FROM 50V TO 320V
= 25°C
T
A
= 100µF
4
(V)
Secondary Current Limit, LT3420
5
6
3420 G06
4
0
2
34
CHARGE PIN VOLTAGE (V)
6
57 10
Efficiency of Figure 1 Circuit, LT3420
90
TA = 25°C
V
OUT
VIN = 5V
(V)
80
VIN = 3.3V
70
60
EFFICIENCY (%)
50
40
50 150 350250
100 200 300
VCC = V
89
3420 G07
= V
BAT
IN
3420 G10
0.9 –25 25 75
–50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
Primary Current Limit, LT3420-1
1.2
1.1
1.0
CURRENT (A)
0.9
0.8 –25 25 75
–50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
100
100
125
3420 G08
Secondary Current Limit, LT3420-1
125
3420 G11
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TEMPERATURE (°C)
–50
V
BAT
PIN VOLTAGE (V)
100
3420 G18
050–25 25 75 125
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
V
+
V
ENABLE VOLTAGE IS HYSTERETIC
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Graphs apply to both the LT3420 and LT3420-1 unless otherwise noted.
Efficiency for Figure 2 Circuit, LT3420-1 Input Current, LT3420
90
TA = 25°C
80
70
60
EFFICIENCY (%)
50
40
50 150 350250
140
120
100
80
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)
60
2.5
VIN = 3.3V
100 200 300
V
TA = 25°C
4.0 7.0
5.5 8.5
VIN = 5V
(V)
OUT
VCC (V)
VCC = V
BAT
= V
IN
3420 G13
10
3420 G16
1000
FIGURE 1 CIRCUIT
= V
V T
900
800
700
600
AVERAGE INPUT CURRENT (mA)
500
50 150 350250
V
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
PIN VOLTAGE (V)
CC
V
2.0
1.9
1.8 –50
= 3.3V
CC
BAT
= 25°C
A
100 200 300
V
OUT
Minimum Operating VoltageQuiescent Current in Refresh Mode V
CC
V
050
–25 25 75 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
(V)
ENABLE VOLTAGE IS HYSTERETIC
+
V
100
3420 G14
3420 G17
LT3420/LT3420-1
Input Current, LT3420-1
600
FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT
= V
V
550
T
500
450
400
AVERAGE INPUT CURRENT (mA)
350
300
50
= 3.3V
CC
BAT
= 25°C
A
150 200 250
100
Minimum Operating Voltage
BAT
V
(V)
OUT
300 350
3420 G15
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LT3420/LT3420-1
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PI FU CTIO S
R
(Pin 1): Reference Resistor Pin. Place a resistor (R2)
REF
from the R
(Pin 2): Battery Voltage Input. This pin should be
V
BAT
connected to the power supply or battery, which supplies power to transformer T1. Must be locally bypassed.
RFB (Pin 3): Feedback Resistor Pin. Place a resistor (R1) from the SW pin to the R following formula:
R
1
=++
R
1
=++
V
OUT
N: Transformer Turns Ratio
R
SEC
VD: Diode Forward Voltage Drop
pin to GND. 2k is recommended.
REF
pin. Set R1 according to the
FB
R
2
2
N
R
2
2
N
: Desired Output Voltage
: Transformer Secondary Resistance
RNV V
14 2
(. • ) ( )
[]
()( )
[]
SEC OUT D
RNV V
SEC OUT D
2
(LT3420)
(LT3420-1)
GND (Pin 5): Ground. Tie directly to local ground plane.
SW (Pin 6): Switch Pin. This is the collector of the internal
NPN power switch. Minimize the metal trace area con­nected to this pin to minimize EMI.
SEC (Pin 7): Transformer Secondary Pin. Tie one end of the transformer secondary to this pin. Take care to use the correct phasing of the transformer (Refer to Figures 1 and 2).
DONE (Pin 8): Done Output Pin. Open collector NPN output. DONE is pulled low whenever the chip is delivering power to the output and goes high when power delivery stops.
CHARGE (Pin 9): Charge Pin. Drive CHARGE high (1.5V or more) to commence charging of the output capacitor. Drive to 0.2V or less to put the part in shutdown mode.
CT (Pin 10): Refresh Timer Capacitor Pin. Place a capacitor from the CT pin to GND to set the refresh timer sample rate according to the following formula:
R2: Resistor from the R Choice
VCC (Pin 4): Input Supply Pin. Must be locally bypassed with a 4.7µF or larger ceramic capacitor.
Pin to GND. 2k is a Typical
REF
CT = 2.5 • 10–6 • t
t
REFRESH
EXPOSED PAD (Pin 11) (DD Package only): GND. Must be soldered to local ground plane on PCB.
: Desired Refresh Period in Seconds.
REFRESH
6
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BLOCK DIAGRA S
V
BAT
DONE
8
REFRESH
10
C3
CHARGE
V
CC
C2
CT
TIMER
ENABLE
QQ
MASTER
LATCH
S
ONE-
9
SHOT
CHIP
4
V
ENABLE
CC
Q5 Q3
BLOCK ENABLE
R
LT3420/LT3420-1
T1
1:12
C1
R1
R2
R
V
BAT
2 3 1 6
D3
R
FB
REF
R
Q
S
DRIVER
PRIMARY
SW
Q1
D1
SECONDARY
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
+
Q2
+
A3 A2
REFERENCE
ONE-
SHOT
1V
POWER DELIVERY BLOCK
A1
Q4
+
20mV
+
10mV
+
0.014
5
GND
0.25
LT3420
7
SEC
3420 F03
V
OUT
+
C4
CHARGE
V
Figure 3. Block Diagram, LT3420
T1
V
BAT
C1
R1
R2
DONE
8
REFRESH
10
CT
C3
CC
C2
TIMER
ENABLE
QQ
MASTER
LATCH
S
ONE-
9
SHOT
CHIP
4
V
ENABLE
CC
Q5 Q3
BLOCK ENABLE
R
A3 A2
R
V
BAT
2 3 1 6
D3
R
FB
REF
R
Q
S
DRIVER
+
Q2
+
REFERENCE
ONE-
SHOT
1V
POWER DELIVERY BLOCK
A1
20mV
+
Q4
10mV
+
+
PRIMARY
SW
Q1
0.02
0.66
LT3420-1
1:10
5
GND
7
SEC
3420 F04
D1
SECONDARY
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
V
OUT
+
C4
Figure 4. Block Diagram, LT3420-1
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LT3420/LT3420-1
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OPERATIO
Overview
The following text focuses on the operation of the LT3420. The operation of the LT3420-1 is nearly identical with the differences discussed at the end of this section.
The LT3420 uses an adaptive on-time/off-time control scheme to provide excellent efficiency and precise control of switching currents. Please refer to Figure 3 for the fol­lowing overview of the part’s operation. At any given instant, the master latch determines which mode the LT3420 is in: “charging” or “refresh”. In charging mode, the circuitry enclosed by the smaller dashed box is enabled, providing power to charge photoflash capacitor C1. The output volt­age is monitored via the flyback pulse on the primary of the transformer. When the target output voltage is reached, the charging mode is terminated and the part enters the refresh mode. In refresh mode, the power delivery block is disabled, reducing quiescent current, while the refresh timer is en­abled. The refresh timer simply generates a user program­mable delay, after which the part reenters the charging mode. Once in the charging mode, the LT3420 will again provide power to the output until the target voltage is reached. Figure 5 is an oscillograph photo showing both the initial charging of the photoflash capacitor and the subse­quent refresh action. The upper waveform is the output voltage. The middle waveform is the voltage on the CT pin. The lower waveform shows the input current. The mode of the part is indicated below the photo.
The user can defeat the refresh timer and force the part into charging mode by toggling the CHARGE pin
V
OUT
100V/DIV
V
CT
1V/DIV
I
IN
1A/DIV
MODE
SHUTDOWN
Shutdown, Charging and Refresh of Photoflash Capacitor
CHARGING
1s/DIV
REFRESH
3420 F05
(highlowhigh). The low to high transition on the CHARGE pin fires a one-shot that sets the master latch, putting the part in charging mode. Bringing CHARGE low puts the part in shutdown. The refresh timer can be programmed to wait indefinitely by simply grounding the
pin. In this configuration, the LT3420 will only reenter
C
T
the charging mode by toggling the CHARGE pin.
Power Delivery Block
The power delivery block consists of all circuitry enclosed by the smaller dashed box in Figure 3. This circuit block contains all elements needed for charging and output voltage detection. To better understand the circuit opera­tion, follow the subsequent description of one cycle of operation and refer to Figure 6. Assume that initially there is no current in the primary or secondary of the trans­former, so the output of comparator A1 is low, while that of A2 is high (note the small offset voltages at the inputs of A1 and A2). The SR latch is thus set and the power NPN switch, Q1, is turned on. Current increases linearly in the primary of the transformer at a rate determined by the V
BAT
voltage and the primary inductance of the transformer. As the current builds up, the voltage across the 14m resistor increases. When this voltage exceeds the 20mV offset voltage of A1, the output of A1 goes high, resetting the SR latch and turning off Q1. The current needed to reset the latch is approximately 1.4A (~20mV/14mΩ).
When Q1 turns off, the secondary side current quickly jumps from zero current to the primary side current di­vided by N (the turns ratio of transformer T1). In this ex­ample, the peak secondary current is 116mA (1.4A/12). Diode D1 now conducts, providing power to the output. Since a positive voltage exists across the secondary wind­ing of the transformer, the secondary current decreases linearly at a rate determined by the secondary inductance and the output voltage (neglecting the diode voltage drop). When the secondary side current drops below 40mA (10mV/0.25), the output of A2 goes high, setting the SR latch and turning on Q1. The initial primary current is sim­ply the minimum secondary current times N, in this case
0.48A (40mA • 12) . Q1 will now remain on until the pri­mary current again reaches 1.4A. This cycle of operation repeats itself, automatically adjusting the On and Off timesFigure 5. Demonstrating 3 Operating Modes of LT3420:
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OPERATIO
LT3420/LT3420-1
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I
SW
1A/DIV
I
SEC
200mA/DIV
V
SW
20V/DIV
2µs/DIV
Figure 6a. Switching Waveforms with V
= 100V, VCC = V
OUT
BAT
= 3.3V
3420 F06a
of Q1 so that the peak current of Q1 is 1.4A and the mini­mum secondary current is 40mA (typical values).
The previously described charging cycle must be halted when the output voltage reaches the desired value. The LT3420 monitors the output voltage via the flyback pulse on the SW pin. When Q1 turns off, the secondary side conducts current turning on diode D1. Since the diode is conducting and the SEC pin is at nearly ground, the voltage across the secondary is nearly equal to V across the primary is therefore close to V proportional to V pin. The current flows out of the R
/N flows through R1 and into the R
OUT
pin through a resis-
REF
. The voltage
OUT
/N. A current
OUT
FB
tor creating a ground referred voltage. When this voltage exceeds an internal 1V reference voltage, the output of comparator A3 goes high which resets the master latch. The Q output of the master latch goes low, disabling the entire power delivery block and enabling the refresh timer.
Leakage Spike Blanking
I
SW
1A/DIV
I
SEC
200mA/DIV
V
SW
20V/DIV
2µs/DIV
Figure 6b. Switching Waveforms with
= 300V, VCC = V
V
OUT
BAT
= 3.3V
3420 F06b
C3, from its initial voltage towards 1V. When the voltage on C3 reaches 1V, the polarity of the current source changes and 2.5µA discharges C3. When the voltage on C3 reaches
0.5V, the refresh timer sends a set pulse to the master latch, which puts the LT3420 into the charging mode.
Interface/Control
The CHARGE pin serves two functions. The first is to enable or shutdown the part depending on the level of the pin (high = enable, low = shutdown). The second is to force the part into the charging mode (lowhigh transi­tion). The LT3420 also has a DONE pin, which signals whether or not the part is done charging the photoflash capacitor. The DONE pin is an open collector NPN switch (Q5) so an external pull-up resistor is needed. Whenever the part is in charging mode, DONE will be low. DONE will go high when the charging mode is complete. Both the CHARGE and DONE pins can be easily interfaced to a microprocessor in a digital or film camera.
Another function of the LT3420 is leakage spike blanking when the power switch, Q1, turns off. Right after Q1 turns off, a one-shot turns on Q2 for 200ns (typ). With Q2 on, comparator A3 is disabled. This function may prevent A3 from false tripping on the leakage inductance spike on the SW pin. In practice, the PNP transistor Q3 filters out the leakage spike.
Refresh Timer
When the refresh timer is enabled, a 2.5µA current source is switched on, charging up the external timing capacitor,
LT3420-1 Differences
The LT3420-1 has different primary and secondary cur­rent limit levels. The primary current limit level of the LT3420-1 is 1A (typ) and the secondary current limit is 15mA (typ). The LT3420-1 has no leakage spike blanking which causes no problems since the PNP transistor, Q3, provides adequate filtering. Finally, the breakdown voltage of the SW pin of the LT3420-1 is higher at 50V.
3420fb
9
LT3420/LT3420-1
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
COMPONENT SELECTION
Choosing the Right Transformer
The flyback transformer plays a key role in any LT3420/ LT3420-1 application. A poorly designed transformer can result in inefficient operation. Linear Technology Corpora­tion has worked with a number of transformer manufactur­ers to develop specific transformers for use with the LT3420/LT3420-1. These predesigned transformers are sufficient for a large majority of the applications that may be encountered. In some cases, the reader may choose to design his own transformer or may simply be curious about the issues involved in designing the transformer. The fol­lowing is a brief discussion of the issues relating to trans­former design.
Transformer Turns Ratio
The turns ratio for the transformer, N, should be high enough so that the absolute maximum voltage rating for the NPN power switch is not exceeded. When the power switch turns off, the voltage on the collector of the switch (SW Pin) will “fly” up to the output voltage divided by N plus the battery voltage (neglecting the voltage drop across the rectifying diodes). This voltage should not
exceed the 38V (LT3420) or 50V (LT3420-1) breakdown rating of the power switch.
Choose the minimum N by the following formula.
Transformer Primary Inductance
A flyback transformer needs to store substantial amounts of energy in the core during each switching cycle. The transformer, therefore, will generally require an air gap. The use of an air gap in the core makes the energy storage ability, or inductance, much more stable with temperature and variations in the core material. Most core manufactur­ers will supply standard sizes of air gaps with a given type of core, resulting in different A
values. AL is the induc-
L
tance of a particular core per square turns of winding. To get a certain inductance, simply divide the desired induc­tance by the A
value and take the square root of the result
L
to find the number of turns needed on the primary of the transformer.
The LT3420/LT3420-1 detect the output voltage via the flyback pulse on the SW pin. Since this can only occur while the power switch is off, an important criteria is that the value of the primary inductance of the transformer be larger than a certain minimum value. The switch off time
should be 500ns or larger for the LT3420 and 350ns or larger for the LT3420-1. The minimum inductance can be
calculated with the following formula:
9
••
L
L
500 10
PRI
PRI
•( . – . )
NN
14 004
••
350 10
≥−
•(.–. )
NN
10 0015
V
OUT
()
LT
3420
9
V
OUT
()
LT
3420 1
V
N
N
MIN
MIN
OUT
≥−
38
50
V
V
OUT
V
LT
3420
()
BAT
LT
3420 1
()
BAT
For an LT3420 design, a 5V battery voltage and a 330V output results in a N
of 10 so a turns ratio of 10 or greater
MIN
should be used.
10
V
: Target Output Voltage
OUT
N: Transformer Turns Ratio
Transformer Leakage Inductance
The leakage inductance of the transformer must be care­fully minimized for both proper and efficient operation of the part. The DC voltage rating of the SW pin on the LT3420 is 38V while on the LT3420-1 it is 50V. These ratings are for DC blocking voltages only and additional precautions
3420fb
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LT3420/LT3420-1
must be taken into account for the dynamic blocking voltage capabilities of the LT3420/LT3420-1. The dynamic blocking voltage capability of both parts is 38V.
Table 1 summarizes the various breakdown voltages of the SW pin for both parts.
Table 1. SW Pin Voltage Ratings
PART SW PIN DC RATING SW PIN DYNAMIC RATING
LT3420 38V 38V
LT3420-1 50V 38V
Figure 7 shows what to examine in a new transformer design to determine if the specifications for the SW pin are met.
The first leakage inductance spike labeled “A” must not exceed the dynamic rating of the SW pin. If it does exceed the rating, then the transformer leakage inductance must be lowered. The flyback waveform after the initial spike labeled “B” must not exceed the DC rating of the SW pin. If it does exceed the rating, then the turns ratio of the transformer must be lowered. In measuring the voltage on the SW pin, care must be taken in minimizing the ground loop of the voltage probe. Careless probing will result in inaccurate readings.
Note also the magnitude of the initial current spike in the primary of the transformer labeled “C” when the power switch turns on. If the leakage inductance is lowered to a very low level, the internal capacitances of the transformer will be high. This will result in the initial spike of current in the primary becoming excessively high. The level of “C” should be kept to 4A or less in a typical design for both the LT3420 and LT3420-1. Please note that by inserting a loop of wire in the primary to measure the primary current, the leakage inductance of the primary will be made artificially high. This may result in erroneous voltage measurements on the SW pin.
The measurements shown in Figure 7 should be made with both V
OUT
and V
at the maximum levels for the
BAT
given application. This results in the highest voltage and current stress on the SW pin.
Transformer Secondary Capacitance
The total capacitance of the secondary should be mini­mized for both efficient and proper operation of the LT3420/ LT3420-1. Since the secondary of the transformer under­goes large voltage swings (approaching 600V
P-P
), any
capacitance on the secondary can severely affect the
MUST BE LESS THAN 4A FOR BOTH THE LT3420 AND LT3420-1
“C”
I
PRI
0A
MUST BE LESS THAN 38V FOR THE LT3420
“B”
“A”
V
SW
0V
Figure 7. New Transformer Design Check (Not to Scale)
MUST BE LESS THAN 50V FOR THE LT3420-1
MUST BE LESS THAN 38V FOR BOTH THE LT3420 AND LT3420-1
3420 F07
3420fb
11
LT3420/LT3420-1
U
WUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
efficiency of the circuit. In addition, the effective capaci­tance on the primary is largely dominated by the actual secondary capacitance. This is simply a result of any secondary capacitance being multiplied by N2 when re­flected to the primary. Since N is generally 10 or higher, a small capacitance of 10pF on the secondary is 100 times larger, or 1.0nF, on the primary. This capacitance forms a resonant circuit with the primary leakage inductance of the transformer. As such, both the primary leakage induc­tance and secondary side capacitance should be mini­mized.
Table 2 shows various predesigned transformers along with relevant parameters. Contact the individual trans­former manufacturer for additional information or customization.
Table 2a. Predesigned Transformers, LT3420
PART RATIO (µH) LxWxH (mm) VENDOR
SRW10EPC 1:12 24 10.9x10.8x5.2 TDK
-U01H003 (847) 803-6100
6375-T108 1:12 15 10.8x9.5x3.6 Sumida
SBL-6.4 1:12 17.5 10.3x6.4x5.2 Kijima Musen
Table 2b. Predesigned Transformers, LT3420-1
PART RATIO (µH) LxWxH (mm) VENDOR
SBL-5.6S-2 1:10 15 5.6x8.5x3.0 Kijima Musen
LDT565630T 1:10.2 14.5 5.8x5.8x3.0 TDK
-002 (847) 803-6100
TURNS L SIZE
www.components.tdk.com
(847) 956-0666 www.sumida.com
852-2489-8266 kijimahk@netvigator.com
TURNS L SIZE
852-2489-8266 kijimahk@netvigator.com
www.components.tdk.com
DIODE SELECTION
The rectifying diode(s) should be low capacitance type with sufficient reverse voltage and forward current rat­ings. The peak reverse voltage that the diode(s) will see is approximately:
V
+
PK-R
VNV
()
(• )•.165
OUT BAT
The peak current of the diode is simply:
14
.
I
PK-SEC
I
PK-SEC
For the circuit of Figure 1 with V and I
PK-SEC
A
=
3420
()
LT
N
10
.
A
=
3420 1
()
LT
N
of 3.3V, V
BAT
PK-R
is 590V
is 116mA. Table 3 shows various diodes that can work with the LT3420/LT3420-1. These are chosen for low capacitance and high reverse blocking voltage. Use the appropriate number of diodes to achieve the necessary reverse breakdown voltage.
Table 3
PART VOLTAGE (V) (pF) VENDOR
GSD2004S 2x300 5 Vishay (Dual diode) (402) 563-6866
BAS21 250 1.5 Philips Semiconductor (Single diode) (800) 234-7381
MMBD3004S 2x300 5 Diodes Inc.
MAX REVERSE CAPACITANCE
www.vishay.com
www.philips.com
(805) 446-4800 www.diodes.com
12
3420fb
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LT3420/LT3420-1
CAPACITOR SELECTION
The V
and VCC decoupling capacitors should be multi-
BAT
layer ceramic type with X5R or X7R dielectric. This insures adequate decoupling across wide ambient temperature ranges. A good quality ceramic capacitor is also recom­mended for the timing capacitor on the CT pin. Avoid Y5V or Z5U dielectrics.
Selectively Disabling the LT3420/LT3420-1
The LT3420/LT3420-1 can be disabled at any time, even during the charge phase. This may be useful when a digital camera enters a sensitive data acquisition phase. Figure 8 illustrates this feature. Midway through the charge cycle, the CHARGE pin is brought low, which disables the part. After the sensitive data operation is complete, the CHARGE pin is brought high and the charging operation continues.
Measuring Efficiency
Measuring the efficiency of a circuit designed to charge large capacitive loads is a difficult issue, particularly with photoflash capacitors. The ideal way to measure the efficiency of a capacitor charging circuit would be to find the energy delivered to the output capacitor (0.5 • C • V2) and divide it by the total input energy. This method does not work well here because photoflash capacitors are far from ideal. Among other things, they have relatively high leakage currents, large amounts of dielectric absorption,
and significant voltage coefficients. A much more accu­rate, and easier, method is to measure the efficiency as a function of the output voltage. In place of the photoflash capacitor, use a smaller, high quality capacitor, reducing errors associated with the non-ideal photoflash capacitor. Using an adjustable load, the output voltage can be set anywhere between ground and the maximum output voltage. The efficiency is measured as the output power (V
• I
OUT
) divided by the input power (VIN • IIN). This
OUT
method also provides a good means to compare various charging circuits since it removes the variability of the photoflash capacitor from the measurement. The total efficiency of the circuit, charging an ideal capacitor, would be the time average of the given efficiency curve, over time as V
changes.
OUT
Adjustable Input Current
With many types of modern batteries, the maximum allowable current that can be drawn from the battery is limited. This is generally accomplished by active circuitry or a polyfuse. Different parts of a digital camera may require high currents during certain phases of operation and very little at other times. A photoflash charging circuit should be able to adapt to these varying currents by drawing more current when the rest of the camera is drawing less, and vice-versa. This helps to reduce the charge time of the photoflash capacitor, while avoiding the
V
CHARGE
V
OUT
50V/DIV
CHARGE
NO
CHARGE
Figure 8. Halting the Charge Cycle at Any Time
0.5s/DIV
3420 F08
5V/ DIV
3420fb
13
LT3420/LT3420-1
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
risk of drawing too much current from the battery. The input current to the LT3420/LT3420-1 circuit can be adjusted by driving the CHARGE pin with a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal. The microprocessor can adjust the duty cycle of the PWM signal to achieve the desired level of input current. Many schemes exist to achieve this function. Once the target output voltage is reached, the PWM signal should be halted to avoid overcharging the photoflash capacitor, since the signal at the CHARGE pin overrides the refresh timer.
A simple method to achieve adjustable input current is shown in Figure 9. The PWM signal has a frequency of
1kHz PWM
SIGNAL
ON
Figure 9. Simple Logic for Adjustable Input Current
A2
1kHz. When ON is logic high, the circuit is enabled and the CHARGE pin is driven by the PWM signal. When the target output voltage is reached, DONE goes high while CHARGE is also high. The output of A1 goes high, which forces CHARGE high regardless of the PWM signal. The part is now in the Refresh mode. Once the refresh period is over, the DONE pin goes low, allowing the PWM signal to drive the CHARGE pin once again. This function can be easily implemented in a microcontroller. Figure 10 shows the input current for the LT3420 and LT3420-1 as the duty cycle of the PWM signal is varied.
A1
A3
DONE CHARGE TO
LT3420 CIRCUIT
3420 F09
800
600
400
INPUT CURRENT (mA)
200
0
10
LT3420
LT3420-1
30 50 70
DUTY CYCLE (%)
90
3420 F10
Figure 10. Input Current as Duty Cycle is Varied
14
3420fb
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LT3420/LT3420-1
BOARD LAYOUT
The high voltage operation of the LT3420/LT3420-1 demands careful attention to board layout. You will not get advertised performance with careless layout. Fig­ures 11 and 12 show the recommended component placement. Keep the area for the high voltage end of the secondary as small as possible. Note the larger than minimum spacing for all high voltage nodes. This is
R2
V
CC
GND
C2
C1
necessary to meet the breakdown specifications for the circuit board. If the Photoflash capacitor is placed far from the LT3420/LT3420-1 circuit, place a small (20nF­50nF) ceramic capacitor with sufficient voltage rating close to the part. This insures adequate bypassing. Remember that LETHAL VOLTAGES ARE PRESENT in this circuit. Use caution when working with the circuit.
CHARGE DONE
C3
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
+
R1
T1
V
OUT
V
V
GND
V
BAT
BAT
D1B
D1A
3420 F11
Figure 11. Suggested Layout (MS10 Package)
CHARGE DONE
R2
CC
C2
C1
C3
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
+
R1
T1
V
OUT
D1B
D1A
Figure 12. Suggested Layout (DD Package)
3420 F12
3420fb
15
LT3420/LT3420-1
TYPICAL APPLICATIO S
Professional Charger uses Multiple LT3420 Circuits in Parallel to Charge Large Photoflash Capacitors Quickly
U
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION BY HIGH VOLTAGE TRAINED PERSONEL ONLY
V
CC
R3 100k
Q1 2N3904
C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C7: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 10V T1-T3: TDK SRW10EPC-U01H003 FLYBACK TRANSFORMER D1-D3: VISHAY GSD2004S SOT-23
DUAL DIODE. DIODES CONNECTED IN SERIES Q1: 2N3904 OR EQUIVALENT * CAN CHARGE ANY SIZE PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR ** USE AS MANY SLAVE CHARGERS AS NEEDED.
V
BAT
1.8V TO 6V
V
2.5V TO 10V
CHARGE
V
BAT
R4 100k
V
BAT
V
D1
C1
4.7µF
V
BATRFB
CC
CC
C2
4.7µF
0.1µF
C4
4.7µF
C5
4.7µF
C6
4.7µF
C7
4.7µF
4
9
8
C3
4
9
8
4
9
8
V
CC
CHARGE
DONE
C
V
BATRFB
V
CC
CHARGE
DONE
C
V
BATRFB
V
CC
CHARGE
DONE
C
5, 6 8
3, 4
R1
52.3k
2
36
LT3420
R
T
10 5
2
T
10 5
2
T
10 5
GND
5, 6
3, 4
36
LT3420
R GND
5, 6
3, 4
36
LT3420
R GND
SW
SEC
REF
SW
SEC
REF
SW
SEC
REF
T1 1:12
1
7
MASTER CHARGER
1
R2 2k
8
T2 1:12
1
7
SLAVE** CHARGER
1
8
T3 1:12
1
1
7
SLAVE** CHARGER
1
3420 TA01
D2
D3
+
320V
650µF* 350V PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR
16
3420fb
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO S
LT3420 Photoflash Charging Circuit Uses Small Transformer
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION BY HIGH VOLTAGE TRAINED PERSONEL ONLY
1.8V TO 5V
2.5V TO 10V
CHARGE
C1: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 6.3V C2: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 10V C4: RUBYCON 220µF PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR D1: VISHAY GSD2004S SOT-23
DUAL DIODE. DIODES CONNECTED IN SERIES T1: KIJIMA MUSEN SBL-6.4 * MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF 60°C DICTATED BY TRANSFORMER
V
BAT
V
DONE
LT3420/LT3420-1
T1*
1:12
3
LT3420
C3
0.1µF
R1
47.5k
2
1
SW
SEC
R
GND
REF
632
1
5
7
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
R2 2k
D1
220µF
330V
C1
4.7µF
V
BATRFB
CC
C2
4.7µF 9
8
4
V
CC
CHARGE
DONE
C
T
10 5
300V
C4
+
3420 TA02
90
VCC = V
80
70
60
EFFICIENCY (%)
50
40
50
100
Efficiency
= V
BAT
IN
VIN = 3.3V
150 200 250
V
OUT
VIN = 5V
300 350
(V)
3420 TA03
3420fb
17
LT3420/LT3420-1
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
U
MS Package
10-Lead Plastic MSOP
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1661)
0.889 ± 0.127
± .005)
(.035
5.23
(.206)
MIN
0.305
± 0.038 ± .0015)
(.0120
TYP
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.254
(.010)
GAUGE PLANE
0.18
(.007)
NOTE:
1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE
5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX
3.20 – 3.45
(.126 – .136)
DETAIL “A”
DETAIL “A”
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
0° – 6° TYP
0.53 ± 0.152 (.021 ± .006)
SEATING
PLANE
3.00 ± 0.102 (.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 3)
4.90 ± 0.152
(.193 ± .006)
(.043)
0.17 – 0.27
(.007 – .011)
TYP
1.10
MAX
12
0.50
(.0197)
BSC
8910
3
7
6
45
0.497 ± 0.076
(.0196 ± .003)
REF
3.00 ± 0.102 (.118 ± .004)
(NOTE 4)
0.86
(.034)
REF
0.127
± 0.076
(.005 ± .003)
MSOP (MS) 0603
18
3420fb
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
LT3420/LT3420-1
U
DD Package
10-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm × 3mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699)
0.675 ±0.05
3.50 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)2.15 ±0.05
PACKAGE OUTLINE
0.25 ± 0.05
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(SEE NOTE 6)
0.200 REF
NOTE:
1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
0.50 BSC
2.38 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)
3.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES)
0.75 ±0.05
1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
R = 0.115
TYP
2.38 ±0.10 (2 SIDES)
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
106
15
0.25 ± 0.05
0.50 BSC
0.38 ± 0.10
(DD10) DFN 1103
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no represen­tation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
3420fb
19
LT3420/LT3420-1
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
LT3420-1 Photoflash Circuit Uses Tiny (3mm Tall) Transformer
U
60.4k
5
8
SW
SEC
R
GND
REF
T1
1:10.2
632
4
1
7
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
1
2k
D1
100µF
330V
320V
Charge Time
10
8
C3
+
3420 TA04
6
TIME (s)
4
2
0
C
2
3
OUT
C
OUT
= 40µF
V
BAT
V
CHARGED
OUT
FROM 50V TO 320V
= 100µF
4
(V)
5
6
3420 TA05
V
BAT
1.8V TO 6V
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION BY HIGH VOLTAGE TRAINED PERSONEL ONLY
V
CC
2.5V TO 6V
CHARGE
DONE
C1, C2: 4.7µF, X5R or X7R, 6.3V C3: RUBYCON 100µF PHOTOFLASH CAPACITOR T1: TDK LDT565630T-002 FLYBACK TRANSFORMER D1: VISHAY GSD2004S SOT-23
DUAL DIODE. DIODES CONNECTED IN SERIES
C1
4.7µF
C2
4.7µF 9
8
4
V
BATRFB
V
CC
CHARGE
DONE
C
LT3420-1
T
10 5
0.1µF
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
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LTC3405/LTC3405A 300mA (I
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DC/DC Converter I
LTC3411 1.25A (I
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OUT
DC/DC Converter I
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LT3464 85mA (ISW), Constant Off-Time, High Efficiency V
Step-Up DC/DC Converter with Integrated Schottky ThinSOT Package and Output Disconnect
LTC3467 1.1A (ISW), 1.3MHz, High Efficiency Step-Up V
DC/DC Converter ThinSOT Package
LTC3468/LTC3468-1/ Photoflash Capacitor Charger in ThinSOT Fast Photoflash Charge Times; 4.6sec for LT3468, 5.5sec for LTC3468-2 LT3468-1, 5.7sec for LT3468-2
ThinsSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation.
Linear Technology Corporation
20
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com
= 0.85V to 5V, V
IN
= <1µA, ThinSOTTM Package
SD
= 0.5V to 5V, V
IN
= <1µA, ThinSOT Package
SD
= <1µA, ThinSOT Package
SD
= <1µA, ThinSOT Package
SD
= <1µA, MS Package
SD
= <1µA, QFN Package
SD
= <1µA, MS Package
SD
= 2.3V to 10V, V
IN
= 2.4V to 16V, V
IN
OUT(MAX)
OUT(MAX)
= 2.7V to 6V, V
IN
= 2.5V to 5.5V, V
IN
= 2.5V to 5.5V, V
IN
= 2.5V to 5.5V, V
IN
= 0.5V to 4.5V, V
IN
= 2.5V to 5.5V, V
IN
OUT(MAX)
OUT(MAX)
= 5V, IQ = 19µA/300µA,
= 6V, IQ = 38µA, ISD = <1µA,
= 0.8V , IQ = 20µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 0.6V, IQ = 20µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 0.6V, IQ = 40µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 0.8V, IQ = 60µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 5.25V, IQ = 12µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 2.5V, IQ = 25µA,
OUT(MIN)
= 34V, IQ = 25µA, ISD = <0.5µA,
= 40V, IQ = 1.2mA, ISD = <1µA,
LT/LT 0305 REV B • PRINTED IN USA
© LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2002
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