T O P O L O GY OV E R V IE W — P OW E R PAT H C O NT R O L A N D B ATT ERY- F E D SY S TE M S
2
Battery-Fed (Charger-Fed) Systems
First generation USB system applications incorporated a currentlimited battery charger directly between the USB port and the
battery (see Figure 1). In this battery-fed topology, the battery
directly powers the system and the power available to the system
from the USB can be expressed as:
= I
P
SYS
because V
linear chargers, input current approximately equals charge current,
so a simple current limit is sufficient. Connecting the system load
directly to the battery eliminates the need for a load sharing diode.
Disadvantages of this topology include low efficiency, 500mA
maximum charge current from the USB, no system power when the
battery voltage is low (i.e., a dead or missing battery), and loss of
nearly half of the available power within the linear battery charger
element as heat. Furthermore, an additional resistor and signal
transistor is required to increase charge current when a wall
adapter is present.
V
•
USB
BAT
is the only voltage available to the system load. For
BAT
AC ADAPTER
V
USB
Figure 1: Simplified Battery-Fed Control Circuit
IN
LINEAR
CC/CV
CHARGER
BAT
+
BAT
SYSTEM
LOAD
Linear PowerPath Power Managers
Second generation USB charging systems, commonly referred to
as PowerPath systems, develop an intermediate voltage between
the USB port and the battery (see Figure 2). In PowerPath systems,
the USB port supplies current to an intermediate voltage, V
current-limited switch. V
powers both the linear battery charger
OUT
and the system load with priority going to the system load. By
decoupling the battery from the system load, charging can be carried out opportunistically. PowerPath systems also offer instant-on
operation because the intermediate voltage is available for system
loads as soon as power is applied to the circuit—this allows the end
product to operate immediately when plugged in, regardless of the
battery’s state of charge. In a linear PowerPath system, nearly all of
AC ADAPTER
USB
V
BUS
LINEAR USB
CURRENT LIMIT
LINEAR
CC/CV
CHARGER
OUT
, via a
IDEAL
DIODE
the 2.5W available from the USB port is accessible to the system
load provided the system load does not exceed the input current
limit. Furthermore, if the system requires more power than is available
from the input, an ideal diode also supplies current to the load
from the battery. Thus, a linear PowerPath system offers significant
advantages over a battery-fed system. But significant power may still
be lost, especially if the system load exceeds the input current limit
and the battery voltage is low, resulting in a large differential between
the input voltage and both the system voltage and the battery voltage. An optional external PFET can reduce the ideal diode voltage
drop during heavy load conditions.
OUT
SYSTEM
LOAD
GATE
BAT
OPTIONAL:
AUGMENTS
INTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
Figure 2: Simplified Linear Power Manager Circuit
+
BAT
Switch Mode PowerPath Power Managers
T O P O L O GY OV E R V IE W — P OW E R PAT H C O NT R O L A N D B ATT ERY- F E D SY S TE M S
3
Third generation USB charging systems feature a switch mode-based
topology (see Figure 3). This type of PowerPath device produces an
intermediate bus voltage from a USB-compliant step-down switching
regulator that regulates a small differential voltage above the battery
voltage. Linear Technology refers to this as Bat-Track™ adaptive
output control because the output voltage tracks the battery voltage.
The differential voltage between the battery and the system is large
enough to allow full charging through the linear charger, but small
enough to minimize power lost in the charger, thereby increasing
system efficiency and maximizing power available to the load. The
switching average input current limit allows the use of nearly all of
the 2.5W available from the USB port, independent of operating
AC ADAPTER
USB
V
BUS
SWITCHING
USB CURRENT LIMIT
LINEAR
CC/CV
CHARGER
conditions. By ensuring that the Bat-Track regulation loop does
not allow the output voltage to drop below 3.5V (even with severely
discharged batteries) this topology also provides instant-on functionality. As in linear PowerPath systems, an ideal diode allows the
battery to supplement input power during heavy load transients.
An optional external PFET can reduce the ideal diode voltage drop.
This architecture is suitable for systems with large (>1.5AHr) batteries
and high (>2W) system power.
SW
OUT
SYSTEM
LOAD
IDEAL
DIODE
GATE
BAT
+
OPTIONAL:
AUGMENTS
INTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
BAT
Figure 3: Simplified Switch Mode Power Manager Circuit
T O P O L O GY OV E R V IE W — P OW E R PAT H C O NT R O L A N D B ATT ERY- F E D SY S TE M S
4
External High Voltage Switching Regulator Control
Several Linear Technology power manager ICs (both linear and
switching) provide the ability to adaptively control the output of an
external high voltage switching regulator (see Figure 4). The WALL
pin detects the presence of a high voltage supply (e.g., car battery,
12V wall adapter, FireWire input) and enables Bat-Track adaptive
output control via the buck regulator’s V
pin. Similar to a switching
C
PowerPath system, the output of the high voltage buck is regulated
to a small differential voltage above the battery voltage with a
minimum output voltage of approximately 3.5V. This functionality
maximizes charger efficiency while still allowing instant-on operation
even when the battery is deeply discharged. Compared to the
HV INPUT
USB
V
IN
HIGH VOLTAGE
HIGH VOLTAGE
BUCK REGULATOR
BUCK REGULATOR
V
C
C
CHARGER/POWER
V
BUS
MANAGER
SW
FB
ACPRWALLV
OUT
SYSTEM
LOAD
GATE
OPTIONAL:
AUGMENTS
INTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
BAT
+
BAT
traditional approach of converting a high voltage input to 5V
to power the system, this technique can reduce system power
®
dissipation by over 50%. By choosing an LT
3653 as the high
voltage regulator, further system improvements can be made (see
Figure 5). The LT3653 accurately controls its maximum output current,
which eliminates the potential for localized heating, reduces the
required current rating of the power components and provides a
robust solution to withstand harsh overload and short circuit conditions. In addition, the unique LT3653 architecture eliminates a power
PFET and output capacitor from the application schematic.
SW
LT3653
HIGH VOLTAGE
HV INPUT
USB
BUCK REGULATOR
V
IN
V
V
BUS
I
SENSE
HVOK
C
WALLV
C
CHARGER/POWER
MANAGER
V
OUT
ACPR
OUT
SYSTEM
LOAD
GATE
OPTIONAL:
AUGMENTS
INTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
BAT
+
BAT
Figure 4: Simplified HV Switching Regulator Control Circuit
Table 1: Comparison of USB-Compliant Battery Charging System Topologies
SizeSmallModerateLarger
ComplexitySimpleModerateMore Complex
Solution CostLowModerateHigher
USB Charge CurrentLimited to 500mALimited to 500mA500mA and Higher (~2.3W)
Autonomous Control of Input Power
NoYesYes
Sources
Instant-On OperationNoYesYes
System Load Efficiency
<USB Limit)
(I
BUS
System Load Efficiency (I
>USB Limit)Good (V
SYS
Good (V
Battery Charger EfficiencyGood (V
)Exceptional (>90%) Excellent (~90%)
BAT/VBUS
)Good (V
BAT/VBUS
)Good (V
BAT/VBUS
)Excellent (~90%)
BAT/VBUS
)Excellent (~90%)
BAT/VBUS
Power DissipationHighModerateLow
Bat-Track Adaptive Output Control/
NoYesYes
Interface to HV Buck
L i t h iu m- Io n/ Po ly me r
Linear Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Chargers
We produce a comprehensive line of high performance battery
chargers for any rechargeable battery chemistry, including lithium-ion,
lithium-polymer, lead acid, and nickel-based. Our linear battery
charger ICs are completely autonomous in operation and offer many
standard features for battery safety and management, including
on-chip battery preconditioning, status signaling, thermal regulation
and NTC thermistor interface.
L i - I O N /P O LY M ER BAT TE R Y CH A R G ER S
5
LTC®4095: USB Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Charger in 2mm x 2mm DFN
INPUT
4.3V TO 5.5V
UP TO 7V
TRANSIENTS
500mA Single Cell Li-Ion Charger
IN
LTC4095
SUSP
GND
CHRGHPWR
PROG
BAT
NTC
R
PROG
1.74k
+
Li-Ion
LTC4078/X: Dual Input Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Charger with Overvoltage Protection
2k
1%
800mA (WALL)
500mA (USB)
+
3.9k
Li-Ion
WALL
ADAPTER
USB
PORT
2k
1%
1.24k
1%
LTC4078/X
DCIN
USBIN
IUSB
IDC
BAT
BATDET
ITERM
GND
LTC4095:
Actual Size
Demo Circuit
High Voltage Dual Input Battery Charger for Li-Ion Battery Pack
L i - I O N /P O LY M ER BAT TE R Y CH A R G ER S
6
L i t h iu m- Io n/ Po ly me r
Part Number
Number of Battery
Cells (Series)
Maximum Charge
Current (A)
Input Voltage
(V)Cell Type
Integrated
Power Transistor
Charge Termination
(Plus Indication)
Package
(mm x mm)
Linear Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Chargers
LTC4054L10.154.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
~
C/10ThinSOT
™
LTC1734L10.184.55 to 8Li-Ion/PolyExternalExternal μCThinSOT
LTC4065L/X10.253.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4080*/X*
¶
10.53.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4081*10.53.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
~
~
~
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
Timer + C/103x3 DFN-10, MSOP-10E
Timer + C/103x3 DFN-10
LTC4056*10.74.5 to 6.5Li-Ion/PolyExternalTimerThinSOT
LTC173410.74.55 to 8Li-Ion/PolyExternalExternal μCThinSOT
LTC4065*10.753.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4065-4.4*10.753.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4065A*10.753.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4069*10.753.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4069-4.4*10.753.75 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4054*/X*
¶
10.84.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4057*10.84.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4059*10.93.75 to 8Li-Ion/Poly, Ni
LTC4059A*10.93.75 to 8Li-Ion/Poly, Ni
LTC4058*/X*
LTC4068*/X*
LTC4075*/X*
LTC4075HVX*
LTC4078*/X*
¶
¶
¶
¶
¶
10.954.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
10.954.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
10.954.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
10.954.3 to 6, 22 maxLi-Ion/Poly
10.954.3 to 6, 22 maxLi-Ion/Poly
LTC4076*10.954.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4077*10.954.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC3550-1*10.954.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC3550*10.954.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC3552-1*10.954.25 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC3552*10.954.25 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4095*10.954.3 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4064*11.04.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4061*11.04.5 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4061-4.4*11.04.5 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4062*
LTC4063*
†
§
LTC4096*/X*
¶
11.04.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
11.04.3 to 8Li-Ion/Poly
11.24.25 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4097*11.24.25 to 5.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4053*11.254.25 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
LTC4052
#
11.34.5 to 10Li-Ion/Poly
LTC173311.54.5 to 6.5Li-Ion/Poly
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
‡
‡
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-6
C/10ThinSOT
External μCThinSOT
External μC2x2 DFN-6
External μC2x2 DFN-6
C/103x3 DFN-8
C/x3x3 DFN-8
C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/103x3 DFN-10
C/x3x5 DFN-16
C/x3x5 DFN-16
C/x3x5 DFN-16
C/x3x5 DFN-16
Timer + C/102x2 DFN-8
Timer + C/10MSOP-10E
Timer + C/x
3x3 DFN-10
Timer + C/x3x3 DFN-10
Timer + C/x3x3 DFN-10
Timer + C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/x3x3 DFN-10
C/x2x3 DFN-12
Timer + C/103x3 DFN-10, MSOP-10E
Timer + C/10MSOP-8E
Timer + C/10MSOP-10E
LTC17311, 21.54.5 to 12Li-Ion/PolyExternalTimer + C/10MSOP-8, S0-8
‡
LTC17321, 21.54.5 to 12Li-Ion/Poly, Ni
* USB 2.0 Compatible,
#
Pulse Charger
†
Onboard Comparator, ‡ Constant-Current Mode (Voltage Mode Disabled), § Onboard LDO, ¶ “X” (No Trickle Charge) Versions Useful when the System Load Exceeds the Trickle Charge Current at Very Low Battery Voltages
ExternalTimer + C/10MSOP-10
L i t h iu m- Io n/ Po ly me r
4 . 1 V BAT TE R Y FL O AT V O LTAG E
4.1V/Cell Battery Float Voltage
Our 4.1V per cell float voltage chargers improve battery life and high temperature safety margin by accurately charging the battery to a level
slightly below full charge.
7
Part Number
Number of
Battery Cells
(Series)
Maximum
Charge
Current (A)
Input
Voltage (V)
Battery Charger
Type
USB 2.0
Compatible
Interface
to High Voltage
Buck
PowerPath
Control
Integrated DC/DC
Converters
Package
(mm x mm)
Linear and Switch Mode Battery Chargers, Power Managers, Smart Battery Chargers and PMICs —4.1V/Cell Float Voltage
¶
LTC407010.05
UnlimitedShunt––––2x3 DFN-8, MSOP-8E
LTC407110.05UnlimitedShunt––––2x3 DFN-8, MSOP-8E
LTC3455-110.52.7 to 5.5Linear
LTC1734-4.110.74.55 to 8Linear
LTC3559-110.954.3 to 5.5Linear
LTC4055-1114.3 to 5.5Linear
LTC4064 (4.0V)114.25 to 6.5Linear
LTC4089-111.26 to 36Linear
‡
LTC1733
11.54.5 to 6.5Linear
LTC4066-111.54.3 to 5.5Linear
LTC4085-111.54.35 to 5.5Linear
LTC3557-111.54.35 to 5.5Linear
LTC3577-1/-411.54.35 to 5.5Linear
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~~~
~~~
–
2 Bucks4x4 QFN-24
~
–––ThinSOT
––2 Bucks3x3 QFN-16
–
~
–4x4 QFN-16
–––MSOP-10E
–
~
–3x6 DFN-22
–––MSOP-10E
–
–
~
~
–
–3x4 DFN-14
4x4 QFN-24, 4x4 QFN-24
3 Bucks, 1 LDO4x4 QFN-28
3 Bucks, 2 LDOs,
4x7 QFN-44
10-LED Boost
LTC3576-111.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
LTC3555-311.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
LTC3586-111.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
~~~
~
~
–
–
3 Bucks, 1 LDO4x6 QFN-38
3 Bucks, 1 LDO4x5 QFN-28
~
1 Boost,
~
4x6 QFN-38
1 Buck-Boost,
2 Bucks, 1 LDO
LTC4098-111.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
LTC4099*11.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
LTC4160-111.54.35 to 5.5Bat-Track Linear
~~~
~~~
~
–
~
–3x4 QFN-20
–3x4 QFN-20
–3x4 QFN-20
LTC1731-4.1124.5 to 12Linear––––MSOP-8/SO-8
LTC1731-8.2224.5 to 12Linear––––MSOP-8/SO-8
LTC1732-4
1, 224.5 to 12Linear––––MSOP-10
LTC4050-4.1/8.2124.5 to 12Linear––––MSOP-10
LTC4001-1124 to 5.5Switch Mode––––4x4 QFN-16
§
LT3650-4.1
LTC1980
LTC4110
/8.2#1, 224.75 to 32Switch Mode––––3x3 DFN-12, MSOP-12E
†
†
*
1, 224.1 to 12Switch Mode––––SSOP-24
1–436 to 20Switch Mode/
––
~
–5x7 QFN-38
Flyback
LTC415513.54.35 to 5.5Switch Mode
~
–
~
–4x5 QFN-28
LT3651-4.1144.8 to 32Switch Mode––––5x6 QFN-36
LT3651-8.2249 to 32Switch Mode––––5x6 QFN-36
§
LT3652/HV1–3/1–424.95 to 32
LTC4007/-13, 446 to 28Switch Mode––
†
LTC4100
LTC4101
LTC4008
LTC4009
LTC4012
LTC1760
LTC1960
* I
*
†
*
†
†
/-11–446 to 28Switch Mode––––4x4 QFN-20
†
/-1/-31–446 to 28Switch Mode––
†
*
†
*
2
C Controlled, † Programmable, ‡ SEL Pin = OV Programs for 4.1V or 4.2V, § 7.5V Start-up Voltage for 1-Cell Operation, # 11.5V Start-up Voltage, ¶ 500mA with External PFET
2–646 to 28Switch Mode––
146 to 28Switch Mode––
2–646 to 28Switch Mode––
2–646 to 28Switch Mode––
2–686 to 28Switch Mode––
Switch Mode––––3x4 DFN-12, MSOP-12E
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
–SSOP-24
–SSOP-24
–SSOP-24
–SSOP-20
–4x4 QFN-20
–TSSOP-48
–5x7 QFN-38, SSOP-36
L O W CU R R E NT / C O IN CE L L BAT TE RY C H A RG E R S
8
Low Current/Coin Cell Battery Chargers
L i t h iu m- Io n/ Po ly me r
Our coin cell battery chargers enable highly accurate charging of low
capacity, charge-sensitive coin cells used in thin, compact devices
such as Bluetooth headsets and hearing aids.
LTC4054L: 150mA Standalone Li-Ion Battery Charger for
Coin Cells
V
IN
4.5V TO 6.5V
1µF
90mA Li-Ion Coin Cell Charger
100
90
CONSTANT
80
CURRENT
70
60
50
40
30
CHA RGE C URREN T (mA)
LTC4054L Complete Charge Cycle
20
10
0
0
= 5V
V
CC
= 130°C/W
O
JA
= 1.69k
R
PROG
= 25°C
T
A
0.250.75
0.5
TIM E (HO URS)
V
CC
LT4351
GND
PROG
CONSTANT
VOLTAGE
1.75
1.5
BAT
LTC4054L-4.2
1.252.25
1.0
2.0
1.69k
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
90mA
Li-Ion
COIN
CELL
BAT T E RY VO LTA GE ( V )
LTC4054L:
Actual Size
Demo Circuit
LTC4065L: 250mA Standalone Linear Li-Ion Battery Charger in
2mm x 2mm DFN
V
IN
4.3V TO 5.5V
Standalone Li-Ion Charger
110
100
90
CONSTANT
CURRENT
80
70
60
50
40
CHARGE CURRENT (mA)
30
20
V
CC
10
R
PROG
0
0
0.5
LTC4065L Complete Charge Cycle
= 5V
= 2k
1
R1
510
2
1.5
TIME (HOURS)
TERMINATION
2.5
V
CC
LTC4065L
CHRG
EN
CONSTANT
VOLTAGE
CHRG
TRANSITION
CHARGE
3 3.5 4
BAT
PROG
GND
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.3
100mA
BAT T E RY VO LTA GE ( V )
4.2V
+
Li-Ion
BATTERY
R3
2k
Part Number
Charge Current Range
(mA)Input Voltage (V)
Battery Charger
TypeStandalone
Charge Termination
(Plus Indication)
Thermal
Regulation
Integrated
Power Transistor
Package
(mmx mm)
Coin Cell Li-Ion Battery Chargers
LTC40700.001-50
†
UnlimitedShunt
~~
–
~
2x3 DFN-8
MSOP-8E
LTC40710.001-50UnlimitedShunt
~~
–
~
2x3 DFN-8
MSOP-8E
LTC4054L10-1504.25 to 6.5Linear
~
C/10
~~
ThinSOT
LTC1734L10-1804.55 to 8Linear–––ExternalThinSOT
LTC4065L/LX
*
LTC4059/A90-9003.75 to 8Linear––
“X” (No Trickle Charge) Versions Useful when the System Load Exceeds the Trickle Charge Current at Very Low Battery Voltages, † 500mA with ext PFET
*
15-2503.75 to 5.5Linear
~
Timer + C/10
~~
~~
2x2 DFN-6
2x2 DFN-6
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