Lindab DTH1U, DTBU, DTH2U, DTBVU, DTBCU Assembly Instructions Manual

...
lindab | we simplify construction
Assembly instructions
LindabDampers
2
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
DTBCU, DTFU, DTBLU, DSUSN, DSVUSN, DTPU, PSDRU, TDRU, TDSU
TASU, TATU, TATBU, LKSR
DAU, DA2EU, DAVU, CARU, CAR, MBU, MBFU
DRU, DSU, DTU, DTHU, DTH1U, DTH2U, DTBU, DTBVU
Dampers
3
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
FMU, FMDRU, FMDU, DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
FTCU, FTMU, FTSU
Dampers
4
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Dampers
DRU, DSU, DTU, DTHU, DTH1U, DTH2U, DTBU, DTBVU, DTBCU, DTFU, DTBLU, DSUSN, DSVUSN, DTPU, PSDRU, TDRU, TDSU, TASU, TATU, TATBU
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class D, the dampers must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
For certain manual dampers, there is the option of adding a motor later on.
The dampers allow 50 mm duct insulation without the knob being hidden. For 100 mm duct insulation, there is an insu­lation cup, IK, for DRU, DSU, DTU, TASU and TATU.
PSDRU, TDRU and TDSU
The dampers are installed by inserting the two guide pins on the T-piece or saddle into the L-shaped slots on the dam­pers. The dampers are then locked by turning them slightly clockwise.
Balancing
On DRU, PSDRU and TDRU the damper blade is stepless adjustable through 0–90° (0°=fully open, 90°=completely closed) using the knob in the cup. Locking is performed using screws for Pozidrive (PZD2) and the damper angle can be read off a stamped grade on the edge of the cup. Other types of damper normally only work in the fully open or comple­tely closed positions.
On motorized shut-off dampers and dampers adapted for a motor, the shaft end for the motor is equipped with a notch showing the position of the damper blade.
Manual dampers Ø <355 can be supplemented with a sturdy handle to facilitate adjustment. Larger dimensions are equipped with a handle as standard.
Maintenance
Dampers and motors normally don't require any maintenance.
CE marking
Our dampers with electrical actuator are regarded as a component in the duct system and does not need to be CE marked separately.
Their electrical actuators on the other hand are part of the electrical system and are CE marked. Declaration of compli­ance with the essential requirements can be found at www.belimo.ch .
5
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
CM 24 / CM 24 F CM 230 / CM 230 F
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 65–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 0,5 W 1,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 1 VA 3 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Continously rotating Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 2 Nm Min. 2 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... -L or -R -L or -R
Position indication ..................... Mechanical, removable Mechanical, removable
Running time for 95° ................. 75 s 75 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RF 95 % RF
+
1
23
L
R
+
1
203
L
R
Dampers
LM 24 A-F LM 230 A-F
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 65–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 1 W 1,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm² Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm²
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 5 Nm Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
203
0
1
CM 24 SR
Power supply ............................. AC 24 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 24 V
Power consumption .................. 0,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm²
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 2 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable 0 or 1
Running time for 95° ................. 75 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage
Protection type .......................... IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH
+
1
235
U
Y DC 0–10
V
DC 2–10
V
6
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Dampers
LM 24 A-SR LM 230 A-SR
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 230 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 1 W 1,8 W
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm² Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm²
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable Max. 95°, adjustable
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 5 Nm Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... 35 dB (A) 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
235
U
Y DC 0–10 V
DC 2–10 V
LMQ 24A LMQ-SR 24A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2-28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 19,2-28,8 V, 50/60 Hz
................................................... DC 21,6-28,8 V DC 21,6-28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 13 W 12 W
For wire sizing ........................... 23 VA 23 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm² Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm²
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0-100 % Max. 95°, adjustable 0-100 %
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 4 Nm Min. 4 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 90° ................. 2,5 s 2,5 s
Sound power level ..................... 52 dB (A) 52 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +40°C -30 to +40°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0 1
+
1
235
U
Y DC 0–10
V
DC 2–10
V
LM 24 A-SX
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–28,8 V .........................
Power consumption .................. 2 W
For wire sizing ........................... 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100 %
Torque at nominal voltage ......... Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable 0/1
Position at Y=0 V ....................... Switch selectable 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical
Running time for 90° ................. 150 s
Sound power level ..................... 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage
Protection type .......................... IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50 °C
Ambient humidity ...................... 95 % RH
+
1
235
U
YD
C 0–10
V
DC 2–10
V
7
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Dampers
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
203
0
1
NM 24 A-F NM 230 A-F
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 85–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 1,5 W 2,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 3,5 VA 6 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100 %
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 10 Nm Min. 10 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
2
0
3
0
1
SM 24 A SM 230 A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 85–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 2 W 2,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 4 VA 6 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 20 Nm Min. 20 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
GM 24 A GM 230 A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 85–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 4,5 W 4,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 7 VA 7 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 40 Nm Min. 40 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0
or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 45 dB (A) Max. 45 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
2
0
3
0
1
8
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Dampers
TF 24 TF 230
Power supply ............................. 2AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 85–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–28,8 V Power consumption
– during opening ........................ 2,5 W 2,5 W
– stand-by ................................. 1,5 W 1,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 5 VA 5 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm² Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm²
Operating angle, adjustable ...... Mech. limited to 95° Mech. limited to 95°
Torque at rated voltage
– motor ...................................... Min. 2 Nm Min. 2 Nm
– return spring ........................... Min. 2 Nm Min. 2 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Optional through right or Optional through right or
left-hand installation L/R ........... left-hand installation L/R
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time
– motor ...................................... < 75 s (0–2 Nm) < 75 s (0–2 Nm)
– return spring ........................... < 25 s < 25 s
Degree of protection .................. IP 42 IP 42
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
1
NL1
2
M
LF 24 LF 230
Power supply ............................. 2AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 198–264 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–28,8 V Power consumption
– during opening ........................ 5 W 5 W
– stand-by ................................. 2,5 W 3 W
For wire sizing ........................... 7 VA 7 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm² Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm²
Operating angle, adjustable ...... Mech. limited to 95° Mech. limited to 95°
Torque at rated voltage
– motor ...................................... Min. 4 Nm Min. 4 Nm
– return spring ........................... Min. 4 Nm Min. 4 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Optional through right or Optional through right or
left-hand installation L/R left-hand installation L/R
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time
– motor ...................................... 40–75 s (0–4 Nm) 40–75 s (0–4 Nm)
– return spring ........................... app. 20 s app. 20 s
Sound power level
– motor ...................................... max 50 dB (A) max 50 dB (A)
– return spring ........................... app. 62 dB (A) app. 62 dB (A)
Degree of protection .................. IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
1
NL1
2
M
9
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
SFA (both 24 V and 230 V power supplay)
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–137,5 V Power consumption
– during operation ..................... 7 W
– stand-by ................................. 3,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 18 VA (Imax 20 A @ 5 ms)
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm2
Operating angle, adjustable ...... Mech. limited to 95°
Torque at rated voltage
– motor ...................................... Min. 20 Nm
– spring bias .............................. Min. 20 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Optional through right or left-hand installation L/R
Position indication ..................... Mechanical
Running time
– motor ...................................... 75 s (0 … 20 Nm)
– return spring ........................... 20 s @ -20 … 50°C / max. 60 s @ -30°C
Sound power level
– motor ...................................... 45 dB (A)
– return spring ........................... 62 dB (A)
Degree of protection .................. IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50 °C
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50 °C
1
NL
2
M
EF 24A EF 230A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 90–264 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–28,8 V Power consumption
– during operation ..................... 9,5 W 9 W
– stand-by ................................. 4,5 W 4,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 16 VA 21 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 2×0,75 mm2
Operating angle, adjustable ...... Mech. limited to 95° Mech. limited to 95°
Torque at rated voltage
– motor ...................................... Min. 30 Nm Min. 30 Nm
– spring bias .............................. Min. 30 Nm Min. 30 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Optional through right or Optional through right or
left-hand installation L/R left-hand installation L/R
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time
– motor ...................................... 75 s (0–30 Nm) 75 s (0–30 Nm)
– return spring ........................... 20 s 20 s
Sound power level
– motor ...................................... 55 dB (A) 55 dB (A)
– return spring ........................... 71dB (A) 71dB (A)
Degree of protection .................. IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50 °C -30 to +50 °C
1
NL
2
M
Dampers
10
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class C, the damper must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Rectangular air duct systems’.
For the damper, there is the option of adding a motor later on.
The damper allows a 50 mm duct insulation without the knob being hidden. For 100 mm insulation, an insulation cup, IK, is available.
Balancing
On LKSR the damper blade is adjusted through 0–90° (0° = fully open, 90° = completely closed) using the knob in the cup. Locking is performed using screws for Pozidrive (PZD2) and the damper angle can be read off a stamped grade on the edge of the cup.
Manual damper can be supplemented with a sturdy handle to facilitate adjustment.
Maintenance
The damper and motor normally don't require any maintenance.
Dampers
LKSR
11
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Constant/variable flow dampers
DAU, DA2EU, DAVU
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class D, the devices must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
The devices must be installed with the air flow in the direction of the arrow.
The devices allow 50 mm duct insulation without the scale or any motor being hidden.
Pressure range
50–1000 Pa over the unit.
Interference sensitivity
In order to achieve stated precision for the set flow, a straight duct of at least 3×d before and 1.5×d after the devices is required. A assembly close to a source of interference (bend, saddle, etc.) reduces control accuracy and the flow can deviate from the set value.
Changes in direction
The units are independent of their direction of installation; you can deviate from the projected direction and install them in any direction you like without affecting accuracy.
Systematic error
Control accuracy
The devices are calibrated within their entire operating range at the factory. This means the devices keep the flow con­stant to within approx. ±5 to ±10 % of the set flow. Larger deviations occur at lower flows, especially with small sizes.
Maintenance
The devices normally don't require any maintenance, but should be protected from contaminated air wherever possible.
CE marking
Our dampers with electrical actuator are regarded as a component in the duct system and does not need to be CE marked separately.
Their electrical actuators on the other hand are part of the electrical system and are CE marked. Declaration of compli­ance with the essential requirements can be found at www.belimo.ch .
12
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Technical data for the motors
LM 24 A LM 230 A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 65–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 1 W 1,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 5 Nm Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
2
0
3
0
1
DA2EU
Setting of flows
The two flows are set by moving the end stops. At delivery the stops are set at largest possible distance. If you want to limit the flow span proceed in the following way:
1. The one flow is set by turning the spindle so that the scale arrow points at the
desired flow and thereafter move one of the end stops close up to the clamp's one heel and lock the stop there.
2. The other flow is set by turning the spindle so that the scale arrow points at this flow
and thereafter move the other end stop close up to the clamp's other heel and lock this stop there.
Choice of flows
The one flow is chosen by feeding an operating voltage. This voltage, 24 or 230 V, turns the motor to one of the stops.
The other flow is chosen by breaking the operating voltage. The motor then goes to the other stop.
BELIMO
R
End stop screws
Made in Switzerland
LM230A
0
1
Constant/variable flow dampers
DAU
The flow is adjusted by loosening the central nut and using the knob to turn the scale arrow so that it points to the desired flow on the scale. The nut is then locked.
Scale arrow
Center nut
13
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Constant/variable flow dampers
DAVU
Setting of flow limits
The two flow limits are set by moving the end stops. At delivery the stops are set at lar­gest possible distance. If you want to limit the flow span proceed in the following way:
1. The one flow limit is set by turning the spindle so that the scale arrow points at the
desired flow and thereafter move one of the end stops close up to the clamp's one heel and lock the stop there.
2. The other flow limit is set by turning the spindle so that the scale arrow points at this
flow and thereafter move the other end stop close up to the clamp's other heel and lock this stop there.
3. The motor shall then be adapted so that the regulating span 2–10 V adapts to the
thus set flow span. This is done by a push on the "gear disengagement" button. The motor then automatically performs a stroke between the flow limits.
Choice of flow
The flow is chosen by feeding a control signal. This signal, 2–10 V, sets the motor in a proportional position between the flow limits.
BELIMO
R
Made in Switzerland
LM24 A-SX
0
1
End stop scr
ews
Technical data for the motor
LM 24 A-SX
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 21,6–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 2 W
For wire sizing ........................... 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm²
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100 %
Torque at nominal voltage ......... Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable 0/1
Position at Y=0 V ....................... Switch selectable 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical
Running time for 90° ................. 150 s
Sound power level ..................... 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage
Protection type .......................... IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50 °C
Ambient humidity ...................... 95 % RH
+
1
235
U
YDC 0–10
V
DC 2–10
V
14
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Air stream operated dampers
CARU, CAR
Assembly
CARU
In order to fulfil the requirements of tightness class D the damper must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
CAR
The damper is installed by simply placing it inside a duct.
Measurement
The dampers normally don’t need any maintenance.
15
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Measuring bends
MBU, MBFU
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class D, the bends must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
The bends allow 50 mm duct insulation without the measuring points being hidden. For 100 mm insulation, an insulation cup, IK, is available.
Measurement
By measuring the pressure difference p in Pa at the measuring points, you can achieve a flow q in l/s using the equa­tion on the devices.
The specified flows only apply for air with a density of 1.2 kg/m
3
. For air of another density (r
other
) the flow (q
other_density
)
is achieved as per the formula:
q
other_density
= q
equation
×
ρ
other
1,2
Device
Dimension
mm
k-factor
MBU
100 6.85
125 10.3
160 17.0
200 26.3
250 41.7
MBFU
315 65.0
400 115
500 179
630 283
Systematic error
Straight stretches are required in order to achieve flows as per equations with specified accuracy. The systematic error m2 is 5% and 10% below the minimum requirements for straight stretches as specified.
Maintenance
The measuring bends normally don't require any maintenance.
Cleaning
The device does not limit cleaning opportunities.
16
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class D, the devices must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
FMDRU must be installed with the air flow in the direction of the arrow.
The devices allow 100 mm duct insulation without sticker or measuring points being hidden. The cup around FMDRU’s damper knob allows 50 mm duct insulation without the knob being hidden. For 100 mm insulation, an insulation cup, IK, is available.
For optimum readability (regardless of the installation position), the plate with the sticker can be turned, folded up to prevent it disappearing in any insulation or to be easily removed and positioned separately from the device.
Measurement
By measuring the pressure difference p in Pa at the measuring points, you can achieve a flow q in l/s using the equa­tion on the devices.
With FMDRU you can set the desired flow, as the damper blade is adjustable through 0–90° (0°=fully open, 90°=com­pletely closed) using the knob in the cup. Locking is performed using screws for Pozidrive (PZD2) and the damper angle can be read off a stamped grade on the edge of the cup.
The specified flows only apply for air with a density of 1.2 kg/m
3
. For air of another density (r
other
) the flow (q
other_density
)
is achieved as per the formula:
q
other_density
= q
equation
×
ρ
other
1,2
Dimension mmk-factor
80– 63 4,40
100 – 8 0 7,32
125 –100 11,2
160 –125 18,0
200–16 0 29,4
250–200 45,7
315 –25 0 73,3
40 0–315 116
500–400 191
630–500 283
Systematic error
Straight stretches are required in order to achieve flows as per equations with specified accuracy. The systematic error m2 is 5% and 10% below the minimum requirements for straight stretches as specified. For these minimum straight requirements – do not install measuring points in line with the nearest bend’s inside radius.
Maintenance
The devices normally don't require any maintenance.
Cleaning
FMU does not limit cleaning opportunities.
Flow meters
FMU, FMDRU
17
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Assembly
In order to fulfil the requirements for air-tightness class D, the device must be installed as per ‘Assembly Instruction Lindab Safe’.
The device must be installed with the air flow in the direction of the arrow.
The device allows 50 mm duct insulation without sticker or measuring points being hidden.
The cup around the damper knob allows 50 mm duct insulation without the knob being hidden. For 100 mm insulation, an insulation cup, IK, is available.
For optimum readability (regardless of the installation position), the plate with the sticker can be turned or easily remo­ved and positioned separately from the device.
Measurement
By measuring the pressure difference p in Pa at the measuring points, you can achieve a flow q in l/s using the equa­tion on the device.
You can set the desired flow, as the damper blade is adjustable through 0–90° (0°=fully open, 90°=completely closed) using the knob in the cup. Locking is performed using screws for Pozidrive (PZD2) and the damper angle can be read off a stamped grade on the edge of the cup.
The specified flows only apply for air with a density of 1.2 kg/m
3
. For air of another density (r
other
) the flow
(q
other_density
) is achieved as per the formula:
q
other_density
= q
equation
×
ρ
other
1,2
Dimension
mm
k-factor
Colour coding for measuring
points
80 2.99 transparent
100 4.90 red
125 7. 9 5 green
160 13.8 yellow
200 21.3 blue
250 34.6 black
315 5 7.8 white
400 88.8 transparent
500 14 6 red
630 234 green
Systematic error
Straight stretches are required in order to achieve flows as per equations with specified accuracy. The systematic error m2 is 5% and 10% below the minimum requirements for straight stretches as specified.
Maintenance
The device normally doesn't requires any maintenance.
Flow meters
FMDU
18
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Assembly
Mount the dampers according to “Assembly Instructions Lindab Safe” to meet with the requirements for tightness class C.
Consider required straight distance after or before disturbance, as mentioned on the card attached to the measurement nozzles, to obtain accurate flow measurement. Dampers with dimension 400, 500 and 630 are provided with transport protections. Remove these before assembly.
The damper may not be loaded with weight from connected ducts, specially when assembled vertically.
Measuring
Measurement accuracy
Consider required straight distance after or before disturbance, as mentioned on the card attached to the measurement nozzles, to obtain accurate flow measurement.
Balancing
Connect the measuring hoses to the damper measuring nozzles.
Loosen the locking screws (3), which have Philips slot no.1. adjust the handle so that requisited pressure drop recei­ves. Fasten the screws (3) and remount the tightness screws (2), so that the slot gets airtight.
For dimension 400,500 and 630 - remove the tightness screws (2). Then loosen the locking screws (3), which have Philips slot no. 2. Adjust the handle so that requisited pressure drop receives. Fasten the screws (3) and remount the tightness screws (2), so that the slot gets airtight.
Disconnect the hoses and plug the nozzles.
Maintenance
The product normally doesn't requires any maintenance.
Cleaning
By fully open the damper, one get access to the duct. Do not forget to readjust the damper after cleaning.
The balancing graphs show the flow, q, as a function of the measured pressure, p
m
, in the measure nozzles.
q=k ·
p
m
The formula is only accurate for air with the density 1,2 kg/m³. For air with other density, (r
other
), the flow, (q
other
), is
given according to the formula.
q
other
= q
equation
×
ρ
other
1,2
The balancing graphs should only be used to balance the system. They should not be used to calculate the pressure drop in the system, in those cases the dimensioning graphs should be used.
Measuring pressure ∆p
m
Damper with flow meter
DIRU
19
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
To set the air flow:
1. Determine the k factor on the scale on the damper, k.
2. Measure the pressure difference by connecting a measuring device to the damper’s nozzles, p
m
.
3. Calculate the flow by using the formula,
q=k ·
p
m
.
4. Compare the calculated flow to the required.
5. Adjust the damper if necessary and repeat steps 1-4 until you get the required flow.
Don’t forget to plug the nozzles after measuring.
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
2
2
3
3
1
20
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
15 20 30 40 50 100
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
2345 10
v
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
Ø100
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
∆p
t
Ø100
10
820304050 120100
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
1,5 2,0
2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0
4,5
5,0 5,5
6,0
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
85
80
L
WA
[dB]
25 30 40 50 100 150
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
34510
v
1,5
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0 10
Ø125
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
∆p
t
Ø125
15
12 20 30 40 50 180100
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
1,5 2,0
3,0 4,0 5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
40
35
45
50
55
60
65
70
L
WA
[dB]
q
1510 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
v
11109876
5432
[Pa]
[l/s]
[m/s]
∆p
m
k
Ø80
1,5
1,0
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
∆p
t
Ø80
10
52030405075
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
k
123451015
1,51,0 2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
40
35
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
L
WA
[dB]
Flow graphs for balancing
The balancing graphs show the flow as a function of the measured pressure, pm. These graphs should be used to balance the system.
Pressure drop graphs with noise genera­tion for dimensioning
The dimensioning graphs show the pressure drop over the damper with flow meter, pt. They should be used to determine the pressure drop and to provide information about sound power levels at different settings.
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
21
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
35 40 50 100 150 200
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
2345 10
v
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10
12
15
Ø150
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
∆p
t
Ø150
20 30 40 50 260100 200
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
43,5 5
678
9
10
12
15
40
35
30
45
50
55
60
65
70
L
WA
[dB]
40 50 250100 150 200
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
2345 10
v
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
10
9,0
12
15 16
Ø160
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø160
20 30 40 50 300100 200
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
5
4
3,5
6
789
10
12
15
16
40
30
35
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
L
WA
[dB]
60 400300100 150 200
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
2345 10
v
7,0
8,0
9,0
10
12
15
20
25
29
Ø200
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø200
30 40 50 475100 200 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
78
91012
15
20
25
29
40
35
30
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
L
WA
[dB]
Flow graphs for balancing Pressure drop graphs with noise genera-
tion for dimensioning
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
22
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
100 600400 500150 200 300
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
3
45 10
v
8
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ø250
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø250
50 100 200 300 740500
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
810121520
25
30
35
40
45
40
35
30
45
50
55
60
85
80
75
70
65
L
WA
[dB]
150 900200 300 400 500
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
34510
v
14
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60 65
Ø300
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø300
100
70 200 300 5001060
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
15 20
25 30
35
40
50
60
65
35
30
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
L
WA
[dB]
150 1000200
300
400 500
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
324510
v
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
70
60
75
Ø315
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø315
100
80 200 300 500 1170
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
13
15
20 25 30
40
50
60
70
75
30
35
45
50
55
60
65
40
L
WA
[dB]
Flow graphs for balancing Pressure drop graphs with noise genera-
tion for dimensioning
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
23
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
250 1500300 400 500 1000
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
324510
v
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
130
Ø400
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø400
130 200 300 50
01
8901000
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
15 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
130
35
40
30
35
45
50
55
60
65
70
L
WA
[dB]
2500400 1000500 1500 2000
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
34510
v
25
50
40
30
60
80
70
90
100
150
190
Ø500
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø500
200 2000300 500 29501000
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
40
30
25
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
190
40
35
30
45
50
55
60
65
75
70
L
WA
[dB]
4000600 1000 1500 2000
q
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
∆p
m
k
[m/s]
[l/s]
[Pa]
334510
v
38
40
50
60
70
90
100
150
80
200
250
300
310
Ø630
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
[Pa]
p
t
Ø630
500
310 1000 200046803000
[l/s]
[m/s]
q
v
k
123451015
4038 50 60 70 80 90 100
150
200
250
300 310
40
35
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
L
WA
[dB]
Flow graphs for balancing Pressure drop graphs with noise genera-
tion for dimensioning
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
24
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Measurement accuracy
If the velocity profile is asymmetric, the measurement values can differ from the ideal values. For this reason, the flow meter should never be located right up to any flow disturbance. The method error in the table below will differ, depen­ding on the distance to the flow disturbance.
l = straight distance before and
after disturbances
Method
error ± 7%
ØD
l
l ≥ 1 D
l
ØD
l
l ≥ 1 D
l
l
ØD
l ≥ 3 D
l
ØD
l ≥ 3 D
Damper with flow meter
DIRU, DIRBU, DIRVU
25
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Assembly
The damper which is considered as a component (not ready-to-use-product) are only to be put into operation after it has been built into machines or duct systems and when the system is found to be in conformity with all relevant regula­tions.
Mount the damper according to “Assembly Instructions Lindab Safe” to meet the requirements for tightness class C.
Dampers with dimension 400, 500 and 630 are provided with transport protections. Remove these before assembly. Consider required straight distance after or before disturbance, as mentioned on the card attached to the measurement nozzles, to obtain accurate flow measurement.
The damper may not be loaded with weight from connected ducts, specially when assembled vertically. Make sure that there is enough free space for moving parts.
Installation, electrical connection and commissioning are only to be performed by authorised personnel and in accor­dance with the requirements of the installation.
Electrical connection shall be done according to the wiring diagram on the motor, in the catalogue and the markings on the cable. The damper must not be used in an explosive atmosphere or connected to flue ducts.
The damper can have sharp edges and corners which may cause injuries. It also has moving parts.
Do not lift the dampers by the electric cable.
Before initial operation, check the following:
• electrical connection has been properly completed.
• Safety devices are in place.
• Leftover installation materials and foreign materials have been removed from the casing.
• Make sure the damper is functional by checking the end positions: press the button on the motor and move the lever to each end.
When putting in operation, check the following:
• Smoothness of motor operation and no abnormal noises.
Measuring
By measuring the pressure difference p in Pa between the measure nozzle, you can through the equation
q=k ·
p
m
on the damper derive the flow q [l/s]. Do not forget to plug the nozzles after measuring.
q
other density
= q
equation
×
ρ
other
1,2
Balancing
The damper is delivered fully open. Set the maximum and minimum flow by connecting hoses to the measurement no­zzles. Press the button on the motor and move the lever until required pressure for maximum flow receives. Fasten the left screw on the motor. Repeat the procedure to set the minimum flow and fasten the right screw.
Measurement accuracy
Consider required straight distance after or before disturbance, as mentioned on the card attached to the measurement nozzles, to obtain accurate flow measurement. The accuracy is ±7 % when required distance is complied.
Damper with flow meter
DIRBU, DIRVU
26
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
End stop screws
Maintenance
The product normally doesn't requires any maintenance but before maintenance, service or repair make sure that:
• power supply is interrupted (all-pole circuit breaker)
• observe personnel safety regulations
Do not use high-pressure cleaner when cleaning the damper. Care must be taken during cleaning so the motor are not damaged.
Cleaning
By fully open the damper, one get access to the duct. Do not forget to readjust the damper after cleaning.
CE-marking
Our dampers with electrical actuators are considered as ductwork components and does not need to be separately marked. Their electrical actuators however are a part of the electrical system and are consequently marked. Declaration of Conformity is to be found at www.belimo.com.
Damper with flow meter
DIRBU, DIRVU
27
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Technical data for the motors
LM 24 A LM 230 A
Power supply ............................. AC 19,2–28,8 V, 50/60 Hz AC 85–265 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 19,2–28,8 V
Power consumption .................. 1 W 1,5 W
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA 4 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2 Cable 1 m, 3×0,75 mm2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100% Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 5 Nm Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable Switch selectable
0 or 1 0 or 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A) Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage II Safety insulated
Protection type .......................... IP 54 IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 to +50°C -30 to +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RH 95 % RH
+
1
23
0
1
+
1
2
0
3
0
1
Technical data for the motor
LM 24 A-SR
Power supply ............................. AC 24 V, 50/60 Hz
DC 24 V
Power consumption .................. 1 W vid nominellt vridmoment
For wire sizing ........................... 2 VA
Connection ................................ Cable 1 m, 4×0,75 mm
2
Operating angle ......................... Max. 95°, adjustable 0–100%
Torque at rated voltage.............. Min. 5 Nm
Direction of rotation ................... Switch selectable
0 eller 1
Position indication ..................... Mechanical
Running time for 95° ................. 150 s
Sound power level ..................... Max. 35 dB (A)
Protection class ......................... III Safety extra-low voltage
Protection type .......................... IP 54
Ambient temperature range ...... -30 till +50°C
Ambient moisture ...................... 95 % RF
DIRVU
DIRBU
+
23
0
1
+
1
203
0
1
Damper with flow meter
DIRBU, DIRVU
28
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
UltraLink® Controller FTCU
Planning
The longer distance to disturbance, i.e. the longer straight duct before the UltraLink®, the higher the measurement accuracy will be. It is not recommended to mount the Ultra­Link
®
so that the first flow sensor (* in the table on the next page) is placed on an outer radius of a fitting. Never use an UltraLink
®
on the outlet side of a duct fan. Place it on the inlet side or in worst case use a flow conditioner if it must be placed on the outlet side.
The sensor and the damper bodies can rotate relative to each other. This means that the sensors can be optimally positioned independently of the desired position of the display and damper body. View table on next page for directions on how to position the sensor body for optimal performance.
Mounting
Position the Controller so that the display is visible from some direction. For future connections it is important that the screws on the lid of the display can be removed. Make sure the airflow arrow is pointing in the direction of the airflow. Note the ID-number of the monitor. The ID can be found on the label of the box the monitor was delivered in or on the label on the monitor and are the three last num­bers of the serial number.
Mount the Controller into the air duct system according to the mounting instructions for Lindab Safe. Do not use the flow sensors as handles when you mount the Controller since they may break and changes in their positions might influence the measurement accuracy. When the sensor body is positioned accurately it should be connected with screws to the damper body in the same way as when you connect ducts and fittings.
The Controller can be connected to a RTU (remote termi­nal unit) via analog or RS485 communication (Modbus). To be able to connect cords to the terminal board the rubber cable grommet on the back of the display unit must be punctured, preferably using an awl or something pointy to ensure tightness to the environment. When the cords have been connected they must be strain relieved. The cords can be attached to the shelf by using cable ties that are attached around cut outs in the shelf. You must under no circumstances make any holes or connect anything with screws to the sensor body since this will have an impact on measurement accuracy.
Airflow
IP42
Patented
Status
m³/h
l/s
m/s
°C
Mode
29
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Distur-
bance * Placement of first flow sensor
Measurement uncertainty
± % or 1 l/s depending wich is the
greatest
a
2-4·Ød >4-5·Ød >5·Ød
Bend
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 5 5 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Outer radius (Not recom-
mended)
20 10 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Outer radius (Not recom-
mended)
20 10 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
decrease
5 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
increase
10 5 5
30
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
UltraLink® Monitor FTMU
Airflow
IP42
Patented
Status
m³/h
l/s
m/s
°C
Mode
Monitor FTMU
Monitor FTMU Ø125
Serial no. 132600052
UltraLink
Lindab
®
Planning
The longer distance to disturbance, i.e. the longer straight duct before the UltraLink®, the higher the measurement accuracy will be. It is not recommended to mount the UltraLink
®
so that the first flow sensor (* in the table on the next page) is placed on an outer radius of a fitting. Never use an UltraLink
®
on the outlet side of a duct fan. Place it on the inlet side or in worst case use a flow conditioner if it must be placed on the outlet side. View table on next page for directions on how to position the UltraLink
®
for optimal
performance.
Mounting
Place the Monitor so that the display is visible from some direction. For future connections it is important that the screws on the lid of the display can be removed.
Make sure the air flow arrow is pointing in the direction of the air flow.
Note the ID-number of the Monitor. The ID can be found on the label of the box the Monitor was delivered in or on the label on the Monitor and are the three last numbers of the serial number.
Mount the Monitor into the air duct system according to the mounting instructions for Lindab Safe.
Do not use the flow sensors as handles when you mount the Monitor since they may break and changes in their posi­tions might effect the measurement accuracy.
Minimum straight distance after the Monitor is 1·Ød.
31
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Distur-
bance * Placement of first flow sensor
Measurement uncertainty
± % or 1 l/s depending wich is the
greatest
a
2–4רd >4–5רd >5רd
Bend
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 5 5 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Outer radius
(Not recommended)
20 10 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Outer radius
(Not recommended)
20 10 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
decrease
5 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
increase
10 5 5
32
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
UltraLink® Sensor FTSU
Planning
The longer distance to disturbance, i.e. the longer straight duct before the UltraLink®, the higher the measurement accuracy will be. It is not recommended to mount the UltraLink
®
so that the first flow sensor (* in the table on the next page) is placed on an outer radius of a fitting. Never use an UltraLink
®
on the outlet side of a duct fan. Place it on the inlet side or in worst case use a flow conditioner if it must be placed on the outlet side. View table on next page for directions on how to position the UltraLink
®
for optimal performance.
Mounting
Place the Sensor so that the double USB cable can be accessed.
Make sure the air flow arrow on the Sensor is pointing in the direction of the air flow.
Mount the Sensor into the duct system according to the mounting instructions for Lindab Safe.
Do not use the flow sensors as handles when you mount the Sensor since they may break and changes in their positions might effect the measurement accuracy.
Minimum straight distance after the Sensor is 1·Ød.
Air flow
direction
33
We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice
Distur-
bance * Placement of first flow sensor
Measurement uncertainty
± % or 1 l/s depending wich is the greatest
a
2–4רd >4–5רd >5רd
Bend
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 5 5 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Outer radius (Not recom-
mended)
20 10 5
Bend
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Inner radius 10 5 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Outer radius (Not recom-
mended)
20 10 5
T-p ie ce
a
Ød
*
Side 10 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
decrease
5 5 5
Reducer
a
Ød
Duct diameter
increase
10 5 5
www.lindab.com
At Lindab, good thinking is a philosophy that gui-
des us in everything we do. We have made it our
mission to create a healthy indoor climate – and
to simplify the construction of sustainable buil-
dings. We do that by designing innovative pro-
ducts and solutions that are easy to use, as well
as offering efficient availability and logistics. We
are also working on ways to reduce our impact on
our environment and climate. We do that by de-
veloping methods to produce our solutions using
a minimum of energy and natural resources, and
by reducing negative effects on the environment.
We use steel in our products. It’s one of few materi-
als that can be recycled an infinite number of times
without losing any of its properties. That means
less carbon emissions in nature and less energy
wasted.
We simplify construction
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