LG GWA-4161B Service Manual

DVD /CD Rewri table D rive

S E RVICE MANUAL

MODEL: GWA - 4 1 6 1 B

P/NO : 3828HS1049B

N o v e m b e r, 2004

Printed in Korea

MODEL : GWA-4161B

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................3

FEATURES............................................................................................................................................................................3~4

SPECIFICATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................5~8

LOCATION OF CUSTOMER CONTROLS .........................................................................................................................9~10

DISASSEMBLY.................................................................................................................................................................11~12

1. CABINET and CIRCUIT BOARD DISASSEMBLY..........................................................................................................11

1-1. Bottom Chassis..........................................................................................................................................................11

1-2. Front Bezel Assy........................................................................................................................................................11

1-3. Cabinet and Main Circuit Board.................................................................................................................................11

2. MECHANISM ASSY DISASSEMBLY..............................................................................................................................11

2-1. Pick-up Unit................................................................................................................................................................11

2-2. Pick-up ......................................................................................................................................................................12

EXPLODED VIEW.............................................................................................................................................................13~14

MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST ......................................................................................................................15

GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................................................16

THE DIFFERENCES OF CD-R/CD-RW DISCS AND GENERAL CD-ROM.....................................................................17~23

1. Recording Layer..............................................................................................................................................................17

2. Disc Specification............................................................................................................................................................17

3. Disc Materials..................................................................................................................................................................18

4. Reading Process of Optical Disc.....................................................................................................................................19

5. Writing Process of CD-R Disc .........................................................................................................................................20

6. Writing Process of CD-RW Disc......................................................................................................................................20

7. Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area ...........................................................................................................21

8. Function of PCA and PMA area ......................................................................................................................................22

9. OPC and ROPC ..............................................................................................................................................................22

10. Writing Process of DISC................................................................................................................................................23

THE DIFFERENCES OF DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW DISCS AND DVDD-ROM.................................................................24~32

1. Recording Layer..............................................................................................................................................................24

2. Disc Specification............................................................................................................................................................25

3. Disc Materials..................................................................................................................................................................25

4. Writing Pulse Waveform of DVD+R.................................................................................................................................28

5. Writing Pulse Waveform DVD+RW.................................................................................................................................30

6. Organization of Inner Drive Area, Outer Drive Area, Lead-in Zone and Lead-out Zone .................................................31

DVD & CD DATA PROCESSING......................................................................................................................................33~36

1. Data Processing Flow......................................................................................................................................................33

2. Copy Protection and Regional Code Management Block ...............................................................................................34

3. About Prevention the DVD-ROm from to be copy...........................................................................................................35

4. About the DVD-ROM Regional Code..............................................................................................................................36

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE PICK-UP....................................................................................................................37~39

1. Block Diagram of the Pick-up(HOP-7531TS)..................................................................................................................37

2. Pick up Pin Assignment...................................................................................................................................................38

3. Signal detection of the P/U..............................................................................................................................................39

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT.............................................................................................................................................40~42

1. ALPC Circuit....................................................................................................................................................................40

2. Focus/Tracking/Sled Servo Circuit..................................................................................................................................41

3. Spindle Circuit .................................................................................................................................................................42

MAJOR IC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM AND PIN DESCRIPTION.............................................................................43~60

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE..........................................................................................................................................61~76

BLOCK DIAGRAM............................................................................................................................................................77~78

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM..........................................................................................................................................................79~87

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DIAGRAM...........................................................................................................................88~91

ELECTRICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST........................................................................................................................92

CAUTION - INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM.

INTRODUCTION

FEATURES

1 General

1) Enhanced IDE (ATAPI) interface.

2) Internal Half-height Drive.

3) CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW/+R/+R DL(Double Layer)/+RW read and write compatible CD Family and DVDROM read compatible.

4) Buffer Under-run prevention function embedded.

5) 2MB buffer memory.

6) Power loading and power eject of a disc. Bare media loading.

7) MTBF : 100,000 POH

8) Vertical and Horizontal installable.

2. Supported disc formats

1) Reads data in each CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Video CD, CD-Extra and CD-Text.

2) Reads data in Photo CD (Single and Multi session).

3) Reads standard CD-DA.

4) Reads and writes CD-R discs conforming to “Orange Book Part 2”.

5) Reads and writes CD-RW discs conforming to “Orange Book Parts 3”.

6) Reads data in each DVD-ROM, DVD-R(Ver.1.0, Ver.2.0 for Authoring).

7) Reads and writes in each DVD-R(Ver.2.0 for General), DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+R DL(Double Layer) and DVD+RW.

3. Supported write method

1) For CD-R/RW Disc at once, Session at Once, Track at once and Packet Write.

2) For DVD-R Disc at Once and Incremental Recording.

3) For DVD-RW Disc at Once, Incremental Recording and Restricted Overwrite.

4) For DVD+R Sequential Recording

5) For DVD+R DL(Double Layer) Sequential Recording

6) For DVD+RW Random Write

This service manual provides a variety of service information. I

t contains the mechanical structure of the DVD/CD Rewritable Drive and the electronic circuits in schematic form. This DVD/CD Rewritable Drive was manufactured and assembled under our strict quality control standards and meets or exceeds industry specifications and standards. This DVD/CD Rewritable drive is an internal drive unit designed for use with IBM PC, HP Vectra, or compatible computer. It can write as much as 700 Mbytes of digital data into CD-R/RW disc, and can

read as much as 700 Mbytes of digital data stored in a CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW disc. It can write as much as 4.7Gbytes of digital data into DVD+R/RW disc, and can read as much as

4.7Gbytes of digital data stored in a DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R and DVD+RW disc. This DVD/CD Rewritable Drive can easily meet the upcoming MPC level 3 specification, and its Enhanced Intelligent Device Electronics (E-IDE) and ATAPI interface allows Plug and play integration in the majority of today’s PCs without the need of an additional interface card.

4. Performance

1) Average access time : CD-ROM 120ms (Random) DVD-ROM 140ms(SL)

2) Write speed : CD-R 10x, 16x CLV, 24x ZCLV, 40x CAV

CD-RW 4x, 10x, 16x CLV, 24x ZCLV

(High Speed CD-RW supported: 8x, 10x,

Ultra Speed CD-RW supported: >16x)

DVD-R 2x, 4x CLV, 8x ZCLV

DVD-RW 1x, 2x, 4x CLV

DVD+R 2.4x, 4x CLV, 8x ZCLV, 12x, 16x CAV

DVD+R DL 2.4x CLV

DVD+RW 2.4x, 4x CLV

3) Read speed: CD-ROM/R/RW 40x/40x/32x Max.

CD-DA(DAE) 24x Max.

DVD-ROM/R/RW 16x/10x/8x Max.

+R/+RW 10x/8x Max.

DVD-Video(CSS Compliant Disc)

(Single/Dual layer) 8x Max.

4) Sustained Transfer rate : CD-ROM 6,000 kB/s (40x).Max.

DVD-ROM 22.16 Mbytes/s (16x)Max.

5) Burst Transfer rate: Ultra DMA Mode2, Multi word DMA Mode2, PIO Mode4.

6) Multimedia MPC-3 compliant

5. Audio

1) 16 bit digital data output through ATA interface.

2) Software Volume Control

3) Equipped with audio line output for audio CD playback.

* Definition

Transfer Rate : 1x (DVD) = 1.385 Mbytes/s, Mbytes/s = 106bytes/s

1x(CD) = 150 kB/s, kB/s = 210bytes/s

Capacity : MB = 220bytes, kB = 210bytes

SPECIFICATIONS

1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

-CPU: IBM Compatible Pentium4 1.6GHz (or faster) (For High speed, 2GHz or faster recommended.)

-128MB Memory or greater

2. SUPPORTING OPERATING SYSTEM

2.1 Applicable disc formats

DVD DVD-ROM: 4.7GB (Single Layer)

8.5GB (Dual Layer)

DVD-R: 3.95GB (Ver.1.0 : read only)

4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for Authoring : read only)

4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for General: read & write) DVD-RW: 4.7GB (Ver.1.1) DVD+R: 4.7GB DVD+R DL: 8.5GB DVD+RW: 4.7GB

CD CD-ROM Mode-1 data disc

CD-ROM Mode-2 data disc

CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Photo-CD Multi-Session, Video CD

CD-Audio Disc

Mixed mode CD-ROM disc (data and audio) CD-Extra CD-Text CD-R (Conforming to “Orange Book Part2”: read & write) CD-RW (Conforming to “Orange Book Part3”: read & write)

2.2 Writing method

(1) For CD-R/RW.......................Disc at Once (DAO)

Session at Once (SAO) Track at Once (TAO) Packet Writing

(2) For DVD-R/RW.....................Disc at Once

Incremental Recording

Restricted Overwrite (DVD-RW only)

(3) For DVD/+RW......................Random Write

(4) For DVD+R...........................Sequential Recording

(5) For DVD+R DL.....................Sequential Recording

* Operating System

Window 98 Second Edition Windows Millennium Edition (Me) Window 2000 Professional Window XP Home Edition, Professional

* Recording tool

(1) RecordNow (Sonic) (2) DLA (sonic) (3) Nero(Ahead) (4) In CD(Ahead) (5) Easy CD Creator (Roxio) (6) Direct CD (Roxio)

2.3 Disc diameter..............................................120mm

80mm (Horizontal only)

2.4 Data capacity

• User Data/Block DVD-ROM/R/RW/+R/+RW ...............2,048 bytes/block

CD (Yellow Book)..........................................2,048 bytes/block(Mode 1 & Mode 2 Form 1)

2,336 bytes/block (Mode 2) 2,328 bytes/block (Mode 2 Form 2) 2,352 bytes/block (CD-DA)

2.5 RPC (Regional Playback Control) Phase2, No Region

3. DRIVE PERFORMANCE

3.1 Host interface ..................................................................X3T13 ATA/ATAPI5/1321D

INF-8090i Rev.5.3

3.2 Read/Write & Rotational speed

<Read> CD-R/ROM, data/CD-I ...................................17x ~ 40x (CAV), Approx. 8,100r/min

CD-RW...........................................................15x ~ 32x (CAV), Approx. 6,500 r/min

CD-DA (DAE).................................................15x ~ 32x (CAV), Approx. 6,500 r/min

CD-DA (Audio out)/VideoCD.......................... 6x ~ 15x (CAV), Approx. 3,130 r/min

DVD-ROM ............Single layer......................6.7x ~ 16x (CAV), Approx. 9,420 r/min

Dual layer........................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 5,180 r/min

DVD-Video(CSS) ...........................................3.3x-8x(CAV)

DVD-R...................3.95GB............................4.2x ~ 10x (CAV), Approx. 5,950 r/min

4.7GB..............................4.2x ~ 10x (CAV), Approx. 5,950 r/min

DVD-RW................4.7GB..............................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 4,720 r/min

DVD+R..................4.7GB ..............................4.2x ~ 10x (CAV), Approx. 5,950 r/min

DVD+R DL ............8.5GB..............................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 4,720r/min

DVD+RW...............4.7GB..............................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 4,720 r/min

<Write> CD-R..............................................................4x, 8x, 16x (CLV), 24x, 40x (CAV)

CD-RW...........................................................4x (CLV), High speed Disc 8x, 10x (CLV)

Ultra speed Disc 16x(CLV), 24x(ZCLV)

DVD-R............................................................2x, 4x (CLV)

DVD-RW ........................................................1x, 2x, 4x (CLV), 8x (ZCLV)

DVD+R DL.....................................................2.4x (CLV)

DVD+R...........................................................2.4x, 4x (CLV), 8x (ZCLV), 12x, 16x (CAV)

DVD+RW .......................................................2.4x, 4x (CLV)

* Rotational speed (CLV, ZCLV)

CD-ROM/R/RW..............................................1x: Approx. 500 (Inside)

to 210 r/min (Outside)

DVD-R/RW/ROM/+R/RW................................1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 580 r/min(Outside)

3.3 Data transfer rate

3.3.1 Sustained transfer rate

<Read> CD-ROM/R.....................................................2,550 ~ 6,000 kbytes/s (40x) Max.

CD-RW...........................................................2,250 ~ 4,800 kbytes/s (32x) Max.

CD-DA(DAE)..................................................2,250 ~ 4,800 kbytes/s (32x) Max.

DVD-ROM ............Single layer......................9.28 ~ 22.16 Mbytes/s (16x) Max.

Dual layer........................4.58 ~ 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

DVD-R............................................................5.73 ~ 13.85 Mbytes/s (10x) Max.

DVD-RW ........................................................4.58 ~ 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

DVD+R...........................................................5.73 ~ 13.85 Mbytes/s (10x) Max.

DVD+R DL.....................................................4.58 ~ 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

DVD+RW .......................................................4.58 ~ 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

<Write> CD-R .....................4x, 8x,16x (CLV)..............0.6, 1.2, 2.4 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)

24x (ZCLV)......................1.8 ~ 3.6 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)

40x(CAV).........................2.4 ~ 6.0 Mbytes/s(Mode-1)

CD-RW..................4x, 8x, 12x (CLV).............0.6, 1.2, 1.8 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)

16x (ZCLV)......................1.8 ~ 2.4 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)

24x (ZCLV)......................1.8 ~ 3.6 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)

DVD-R...................2x, 4x(CLV), 8x(ZCLV)....2.77, 5.44, 5.44~11.08 Mbytes/s

DVD-RW................1x, 2x, 4x(CLV)................1.38, 2.77, 5.44 Mbytes/s

DVD+R..................2.4x, 4x(CLV) ..................3.32, 5.54 Mbytes/s

8x(ZCLV).........................5.44~11.08 Mbytes/s

12x, 16x (CAV)................8.91~16.62Mbytes/s

8.91~22.16Mbytes/s

DVD+R DL.....................................................2.4x (CLV) 5.54Mbytes/s

DVD+RW...............2.4x, 4x (CLV) .................3.32, 5.54 Mbytes/s

3.3.2 Burst transfer rate

Ultra DMA Mode 2..........................................33.3 Mbytes/s Max.

Multiword DMA Mode 2..................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

PIO Mode 4....................................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

3.4 Access time (Random)

* Typical value

DVD-ROM(SL)...............................................140 ms Typ.

(Note 1)

DVD-ROM(DL)...............................................175 ms Typ.

(Note 1)

CD-ROM ........................................................120 ms Typ.

(Note 1)

Note :

1) Average random access time is the typcal value of more than 50 times including latency and error correction time. Test Disc : DVD : ALMEDIO TDV-520 / TDR-820

CD : ALMEDIO TCDR-701 / HITACH HCD-1

*) Typical value defines a measured value in normal temperature (20 deg.C.) and horizontal position.

3.5 Data error rate (Measured with 5 retries maximum) DVD-R/RW/ROM...<10

-12

DVD+R/RW...........<10

-12

CD-ROM/R/RW.....<10

-12

(Mode-1)

<10-9(Mode-2)

Condition : It is assumed that the worst case raw error rate of the disc is 10

-3

3.6 Data buffer capacity .......................................................2Mbytes

4. Quality and Reliability

4.1 MTBF..................................................125,000 Power On Hours(Consecutive/Cumulative POH)

Assumption : ..........................Used in a normall office environment at room temperature.

-POH per year.........................3,000

-ON/OFF cycles per year........600

-Operating duty cycle..............20% of power on time (Seek: 5% of operating time)

4.2 Tray cycle test...................................30,000 times

No degeneration in the mechanical part after test

4.3 Actuator mechanism........................1,000,000 full stroke seek

4.4 MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) ...........0.5 h

4.5 Component life .................................5 years or 2,000 h of Laser radiating time

Assumption : ..........................Used in a normall office environment.

5. POWER REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Source voltage

+5V +5% tolerance, less than 100 mVp-p Ripple voltage +12V +10% tolerance, less than 100 mVp-p Ripple voltage

5.2 Current

Idle (Hold track state)..............+5V DC 0.6A Typ. < 1.0 A Max.

+12V DC 0.5A Typ. < 1.0 A Max.

Write (Active)..........................+5V DC 0.9A Typ. < 1.3 A Max.

+12V DC 0.5A Typ. < 1.2 A Max.

Read (Active)..........................+5V DC 0.6A Typ. < 1.2 A Max.

+12V DC 0.6A Typ. < 1.2 A Max.

Seek (Acess) ..........................+5V DC 0.7A Typ. < 1.2 A Max.

+12V DC 1.0A Typ. < 1.8 A Max.

5.3 Standby

Sleep mode (No disc).............2.5 W Typ. 3.0 W Max.

6. AUDIO PERFORMANCE

Item Typical Test Signal Test Condition Note

Output Level 0.7 Vrms 1KHz 0 dB No Filter Frequency response +/-3dB 20-20kHz 0dB at 47kΩ THD 0.1% 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF

Headphone output level(Optional) - - - None

AUDIO OUT

7. Acoustic noise

Less than 50dB, A scale, at 0.5 m away from the drive Note : 1. Disc : Less than unbalance 0.3 x10-4Nm

2. Installation : Horizontal

3. Ambient temperature : Normal temperature

4. Except loading, unloading and seek

8. Dimensions

External dimensions (W x H xD) 146x41.3x184.7mm Front bezel (WxHxD) 148x42x5 mm

9. Mass .................................................880g+/-10g(net)

* Please Contact the friendly staff of LG Service Care at: Website http: //www.LGEservice.com

LOCA TION OF CUSTOMER CONTROLS

1. Disc tray

This is the tray for the disc. Place the disc on the ejected disc tray, then lightly push the tray (or push the eject button) and the CD will be loaded. NOTE: Don’t pull out or push in the disc tray forcibly. This might cause damage to the loading section of the drive.

2. Stop/Eject button

This button is pressed to open the CD tray. This button works only when power is supplied to the drive. If an Audio CD is playing, pressing this button will stop it, and pressing it again will open the tray.

3. Emergency Eject Hole

Insert a paper clip here to eject the Disc tray manually or when there is no power.

4. Drive activity indicator

Green colored LED is used to indicate the operation of Super Multi DVD Drive.

Drive Activity Indicators

Stop/Eject Button

Disc Tray

Emergency Eject Hole

Front Panel

1. Power Connector

Connects to the power supply (5-and 12-V DC) of the host computer. NOTE : Be careful to connect with the proper polarity. Connecting the wrong way may damage the system (and is not guaranteed). Usually this connector can only be attached one-way.

2. IDE Interface Connector

Connect to the IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) Interface using a 40-pin flat IDE cable. NOTE : Do not connect or disconnect the cable when the power is on, as this could cause a short circuit and damage the system. Always turn the power OFF when connecting or disconnecting the cable.

3. Jumper Connector

This jumper determines whether the drive is configured as a master or slave. Changing the master-slave configuration takes effect after power-on reset.

4. Analog Audio Output Connector

Provides output to a sound card (analog signal). Generally you need this to play a regular audio CD.

5. Digital Audio Output Connector

This connector is not supported.

RESERVED

ANALOG AUDIO

INTERFACE

POWER

39 40

GND

+12

C S M S L A

R G L

Digital Audio Output Connector

Jumper Connector

Analog Audio Output Connector

IDE Interface Connector

Power Connector

Rear Panel

1. CABINET and CIRCUIT BOARD DISASSEMBL Y

1-1. Bottom Chassis

A. Release 4 screws (A) and remove the Bottom Chassis

in the direction of arrow (1). (See Fig.1-1)

1-2. Front Bezel Assy

A. Insert and press a rod in the Emergency Eject

Hole and then the CD Tray will open in the direction of arrow (2).

B. Remove the Tray Door in the direction of arrow

(3) by pushing the stoppers forward.

C. Release 3 stoppers and remove the Front Bezel Assy.

1-3. Cabinet and Main Circuit Board

A. Remove the Cabinet in the direction of arrow (4).

(See Fig. 1-3)

B. Release 2 hooks (a) and remove the CD Tray

drawing forward.

C. Remove the Main Circuit Board in the direction of

arrow (5).

D. At this time, be careful not to damage the 4

connectors, are positioned at left and bottom sides, of the Main Circuit Board.

2. MECHANISM ASSY DISASSEMBL Y

2-1. Pick-up Unit

A. Release screws (B). B. Separate the Pick-up Unit in the direction of arrow (6).

Main Circuit Board

Cabinet

(4)

(5)

Hooks (a)

Fig. 1-1

Fig. 1-2

DISASSEMBLY

Fig. 1-3

Mechanism Assy

Pick-up Unit

(6)

(B)

Fig. 2-1

(1)

(A)

Bottom Chassis

(A)

(3)

Stoppers

Emergency Eject Hole

(2)

Tray Door

CD Tray

Front Bezel Assy

2-2. Pick-up

A. Release 1 screw (C) and remove the Pick-up.

Pick-up Unit

Pick-up

(C)

Fig. 2-2

030

PBM00 (MAIN C.B.A)

PBF00 (FRONT C.B.A)

007

A02

A01

A03

021

028

029

452

032

452

020

021

050

014

413

001

413

430

010

009

008

011

012

005

035

016

015

004

006

A B C D E F GH

013

452

024

452

031

027

026

033

025

430

419

020

449

023

003

002

13 14

EXPLODED VIEW

ATIP Absolute Time in Pre-groove. With an additional modulation of the “Wobble”, the “Groove” contains a time

code information.

Wobble The pre-groove in the Disc is not a perfect spiral but is wobbled.

With : – A typical amplitude of 30 nm

– A spatial peried of 54~64 µm CW Continuous Wave. The laser light output is at a constant level. DOW Direct Over-Write. The action in which new information is recored over previously recorded information in

CD-RW disc.

Overwrite

The action in which new information is recorded over previously recorded information.

(Pre-)Groove

The guidance track in which clocking and time code information is stored by means of an FM modulated wobble.

Land Land is characterized in the following way:

When radial signals are concerned,land is defined as the area between the grooves. When HF signal are concerned,land is defined as the area between the marks(pits) in tangential direction.

Hybrid Disc A Multisession disc of which the first Session is mastered. On a hybrid disc, recorded and

mastered information may co-exist.

Mastered Information,stored as pits on the disc during the manufacturing process of the disc. Information (when making the master)

OPC Optimum Power Control. Procedure is determined optimum recording power according to CD-

R/RW Media in recording start step.

ROPC Running OPC. The purpose is to continuously adjust the writing power to the optimum power

that is required. When the optimum power may change because of changed conditions of disc and change in operating temperature.

Jitter The 16 value of the time variation between leading and trailing edges of a specific (I3 … I11) pit

or land as measured by Time Interval Analysis. Deviation The difference between a fixed value of Pit length and Land length. TOC Table Of Contents : in the Lead-in Area the subcode Q-channel contains information about the

Tracks on the disc. Packet A method of writing data on a CD in small increments.

Writing Two kinds of packets can be written : Fixed-length and Variable-length. Write The shape of the HF write signal used to modulate the power of the laser.

Strategy The Write Strategy must be used for recordings necessary for disc measurements. Information Wobble, ATIP, Disc Identification, Write Power, Speed Range OPC Parameters, etc are

Area recorded in the Information area of CD-RW Disc Finalization The action in which (partially) unrecorded or logically erased tracks are finished and the Lead-in

and/or Lead-out areas are recorded or overwritten with the appropriate TOC subcode. Logical Erase

A method to remove information from a disc area by overwriting it with an EFM signal containing

mode 0 subcode

A logically erased area is equivalent to an unrecorded Physical Erase

The action in which previously recorded information is erased by overwriting with a CW laser

output.

After a Physical Erase action, the erased area on the CD-RW disc is in the unrecorded state

again. Session

An area on the disc consisting of a Lead-in area, a Program area, a lead-out area. Multi session

A session that contains or can contain more than one session composed Lead-in and Lead-out

GLOSSARY

The differences of CD-R/CD-RW discs and General CD-ROM

1.Recording Layer

Recordable CD has a wobbled pre-groove on the surface of disc for laser beam to follow track.

2.Disc Specification

Read-only Disc

CD-R and CD-RW Disc

3~1 1T

1.6um

0.4~0.5 um

(Pit)Groove

Land

Track pitch(p)

Radial Direction

Groove

Land

Radial Error Signal

The Groove wobble

Average center

Actual center

CD-ROM (READ-ONLY DISC)

a=30nm

ITEM CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

Standard Yellow Book Orange Book II Orange Book III

Record Not available Write once Re-Writeable

Tracking Signal I11/Itop > 0.6 > 0.6 0.55 > M11> 0.70

(HF Modulation)

Read Laser Power(mW) < 0.5 mW < 0.7 mW < 1.0 mW

Jitter < 35 nsec < 35 nsec < 35 nsec

Reflectivity (R

top) 70 % 65 % 15 % ~ 25 %

Remark)

Write Laser Power(mW) 14-65 mW 6-45 mW

3.Disc Materials

1) CD-ROM disc

Laser Beam

Groove

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Organic Dye Layer

Reflective Layer

Protective Layer

Label Printing

2) CD-R disc

Pigment Reflective Layer Color

Phtalocyanine Gold/Silver Yellow/White

Cyanine Gold/Silver Dark Green/Bright Green

Azo Gold/Silver Dark Blue

• It is composed of Silver _ colored aluminum plate and Reflective layer.

• Groove (Pit) of aluminum plate make a track.

• Laser wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read): 0.5mW

• Signal is detected by the

difference of reflective beam intensity between “pit” and

“Land” on the disc.

• It is so-called WORM (Write Once Read Many) CD.

• It is composed of polycarbonate layer, Organic dye layer, Reflective layer, and Protective

layer.Gold/Silver Reflective layer is used to enhance the reflectivity

• According to the kinds of Organic dye layer, it is divided by Green CD, Gold CD, Blue CD.

• Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (read) : 0.7 mW

• Recording Power : 8x(14~20mW), 16x(25~35mW)

• When some part of dye layer is exposed to laser heat, it’s color changs black.Therefore, writing and

reading is enabled by the difference of reflectivity between changed part and unchanged part.

• Polycarbonate layer has Pre_Groove which make a Track.

Laser Beam

Pit

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Reflective Layer

Protective Layer

Label Printing

3) CD-RW Disc

Reading process of Optical Disc

Laser Beam

Groove

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Recording Layer

Dielectric Layer(TL)

Dielectric Layer(UL)

Protective Layer

Label Printing

• It is composed of polycarbonate layer, alloy(silver, arsenic) layer, aluminum reflectivity layer, protective layer.

• An crystalized alloy layer is transformed into noncrystalized by the laser heat. Therefore, writing and reading

is enabled by the difference of reflectivity.

• It is possible to overwrite about 1000 times.

• Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read) : 1.0mW

• Recording Power : Erase (4~18mW), Write (6~45mW)

• When disc rewriting, new data is overwritten previously recorded data.

• Polycarbonate layer has a Pre-Groove which make a track.

Lens

Beam Spot

Focusing Lens

Laser Spot at Constant Read Intensity

Reflected Light Signal

Laser Spot Position (Time)

Previously Recorded Marks

Groove Land Mirror

top

Numerical aperture: NA=nsinθ,

n: Refractive index

Focus depth : H =

/NA

laser spot diameter : D =

/NA

5.Writing Process of CD-R Disc

a b c d e f g

Incident Laser Power

(Read)

(Write)

Laser Spot Position (Time)

a b c d e f g

Laser Spot Position (Time)

Laser Spot

Recorded Mark

Reflected Light Signal

Below "ORP"– Mark Too Short

At Optimum Record Power ("ORP")

Above "ORP" – Mark Too Long

Time

6.Writing process of CD-RW Disc

Write Power

Erase Power

Read Power

Groove

Crystal

Amorphous

Recorded state

(lower reflectivity)

Melting/

quenching

Heating/

gradual cooling

Crystal phase

Erased state

(higher reflectivity)

7.Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area

1) Layout of CD-ROM disc

Center hole Clamping and Label Area Information Area

Lead-in Area

Diameter 15 mm

Diameter 46 mm

Diameter 120 mm

Program Area

Read Only Disc

Lead-out Area

Program Area Lead-out Area

Center hole

Clamping and Label Area

Information Area

PCA PMA

Test Area Count Area

Diameter 15 mm

Diameter 45 mm

Diameter 120 mm

Unrecorded Disc

Tsl-00:35:65 Tsl-00:15:05

Tsl-00:13:25

Tsl

99:59:74 00:00:00

in out

Test Area : for performing OPC procedures. Count Area : to find the usable area immediately in T.A Tsl : start time of the Lead-in Area, as encoded in ATIP PMA : Program Memory Area

Disc Center

2) Layout of CD-R/RW disc

8. Function of PCA and PMA area

1) PCA (Power Calibration Area)

• PCA area is used to determine the correct Laser Power for a disc. – Method 1 : PCA area is divided by a track. – Method 2 : The previous Calibration value is referred. – Method 3 : ROPC is used to determine Laser Power value automatically in data writing.

• CD-R Disc can write maximum 99 Tracks but CD-RW Disc can write unlimited tracks because it has a rewritable

function.

2) PMA (Program Memory Area)

• It has a track information (track No, track Start/End time) of every track before writing completed. – PMA area has the last written point and the next writable point of a disc. – In case of CD to CD copy, some writer may not write PMA area.

* When Disc is Finalized,

PMA information is transferred to the Lead_In area so that general Driver can read it.

* Because PCA and PMA area exist before Lead-In area, General CD Player or CD-ROM Drive can’t read

these areas.

9. OPC and ROPC

1) OPC (Optimum Power Control)

• This is the first step of writing process, because CD writer has its own laser power value and media have different writing characteristics,

– This is determined by the Writing characteristic, speed, temperature, and humidity. – Laser wavelength is determined by the environmental temperature (775~795nm) and Optical Laser Power is

determined by the test and retry.

• Asymmetry and optimum writing Power

– EFM signal Asymmetry is determined by the writing power.

Therefore, Optical Power which has the same value to the preset power value can be estimated by measuring HF signal Asymmetry on the PCA area.

• Measurement of Asymmetry

* Parameter setting (Beta) : Using AC coupled HF signal before equalization

Beta = (A1+A2)/(A1-A2)

Time

P << Po

Time

P = Po

HF Signal

Time

P >> Po

2) ROPC (Running Optimum Power Control)

• Variable primary factor of Optimum Power – Change of Power sensitivity on the Disc. (limited to 0.05 *Po) – Wavelength shift of the laser diode due to the operating temperature change. – Change of the Spot aberration due to the Disc skew,

Substrate thickness, Defocus.

– Change of Disc or Optics conditions due to the long term OPC

==> It is necessary to adjust continuously to obtain the Optimum Power.

• Principle of Running OPC – To meet the factors mentioned above,

a horizontal _ direction movement of a curve is uesd.

– Beta = f(B-level) = constant on the Recorded Disc – Procedure of ROPC

a. Reference B-level is determined during OPC Procedure. b. During Recording, B-level value is controlled to have a close

Reference B-level value.

c. Normalization of B-level is used to eliminate the effect of reflectivity fluctuation.

==> The reflected B-level value is normalized by the disc reflectivity itself.

CD-R/RW Media

Write Strategy Determination

PCA Test Area

Program Area

PMA Area

Lead-In Area

Lead-out Area

OPC

PCA Count Area

ROPC

* Recording Capacity of CD-R/RW (74Minute Recording media)

• (2048 Byte/Sector) X (75 Sector/Second) X (60 Second/Minute) X 74 Minute = 681,984,000 Bytes = 682 Mbytes

• But the actual recording capacity is about 650 Mbytes. (according to the ISO 9660 standard, approximately 30 Mbytes are used to make directory structure and volume names.)

Incident recording pulse

Reflected recording pulse

Sampled timing B

11T

Sample B-level (Write Power)

Level B

Sampled at timing B

Pwo decided by OPC

Recording Power

Level B with Pwo

normalized to recording power

Sample Disc Reflectivity (Read power)

10. Writing Process of DISC

The differences of DVD-R/RW , DVD+R/R W discs and DVD-ROM

1.Recording Layer

LPP (Land Pre-Pit)

DVD+R/RW Disc

DVD-R/RW Disc

0.74

0.4 um

DVD-ROM (Read Only Disc)

2.Disc Specification

3.Disc Materials

1) DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM

Media T ype

User data capacity

Single-Layer

Read Only

4.7GB

Dual-Layer

Read Only

8.54GB

DVD-R DVD-RW DVD+R DVD+RW

Dye Phase change Dye Phase change

4.7GB 4.7GB 4.7GB 4.7GB

Wavelength

650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm

Reflectivity

45~85% 18~30nm 45~85% 18~30% 45~85% 18~30nm

Track pitch

0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74

Minimum pit length

0.4 0.44 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Modulation

>0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6

Channel bit-rate

26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz

Wobble Frequency

- - 140KHz 140KHz 817.4KHz 817.4KHz

Addressing

26.16MHz 26.16MHz Wobble & LPP Wobble & LPP Wobble(ADIP) Wobble(ADIP)

Read Power (mW)

0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1

Write Power (mW)

- -

JItter

<8% <8% <8% <8% <9% <9%

Bonding layer

Polycarbonate

Semi-reflective Polycarbonate

Reflective layer

Label Polycarbonate

Label

Bonding layer Reflective layer

Polycarbonate

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